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Journal articles on the topic 'British land policy in Zimbabwe'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Rakodi, C. "Urban Land Policy in Zimbabwe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 28, no. 9 (1996): 1553–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a281553.

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Related to the functions of the central state and local state, a range of interventions in the urban land-development process may be pursued. Typically, policies and practices related to land are devised at different times for different purposes and are administered by different agencies. Rarely are the relationships between them, their implementation, and their overall impact considered systematically, especially for developing countries. In this paper I evaluate urban land policy in Zimbabwe. I consider tenure, land-use planning and development control, taxation, and direct public sector intervention in the land market. Particular attention is given to the local administrative context and to the relationship between central and local government as portrayed in the paths of land delivery for private developers, municipalities, and central government. The overall conclusion is that Zimbabwe's urban land administration system works effectively. However, it is formal and complex, which is restricting its ability to play an appropriate role in catering for rapid urban growth and the needs of low-income residents.
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2

Dejonghe, Trudo. "The Place of Sub-Sahara Africa in the Worldsportsystem." Afrika Focus 17, no. 1-2 (2001): 79–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0170102005.

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The place of Sub-Sahara Africa in the Worldsportsystem The contemporary world sportsystem is developed through globalisation with its homogenisation and heterogenisation processes. The result of these opposite forces is the division of the world in 6 classes. Sub-Sahara Africa underwent, with the exception of South-Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe, a total and passive acceptance of the western (British) modern sports. The place of that part of Africa is analogue to and correlates with its place in Wallerstein’s worldsystem periphery. The introduction of modern sports is associated with the spatial diffusion of the 19th century British hegemonic cultural imperialism. The purpose of this policy was a transformation of the traditional society into a modern functional world-culture and the incorporation of that part of the world in the world-system. The anti-western feelings after the independence resulted in a political Pan-Africanism. However, sport and more specific soccer, a typical product of the western domination, has not been rejected. On the contrary, local politicians used it to create a national identity. The strong link between soccer and soil resulted in a strong form of topophily. This connection was transformed into sportnationalism and created in the, through artificial borders developed, nations a unity and a national pride. The outcome of sport games was used to demonstrate the successes in politics and economics. The absence of any political platform on which the Third World had a strong voice brought about that the international sport scene, such as the FIFA, was used for the unification of the Third World against the former colonial powers. Nowadays, the globalisation processes result in an increasing labour migration of African football players to the rich core competitions in Europe. This form of migration can be classified as another form of “cash crop” or in this case “foot drain..” “As Roman imperialism laid the foundation of modern civilisation and led wild barbarians of these islands (Britain) along the path of progress, so in Africa today we are repaying the debt, and bringing to the dark places of the earth – the abode of barbarism and cruelty – the torch of culture and progress… we hold these countries because it is the genius of our race to colonise, to trade and to govern” (quote by the English educationist Sir Frederick Lugard (1858-1954) in Mandell, 1986: p.102).
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3

Zinyama, L. M., D. J. Campbell, and T. Matiza. "Land policy and access to land in Zimbabwe: the Dewure resettlement scheme." Geoforum 21, no. 3 (1990): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7185(90)90017-z.

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4

Bowyer-Bower, T. A. S. "Criticism of Environmental Policy for Land Management in Zimbabwe." Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 5, no. 1 (1996): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997465.

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5

Coldham, Simon. "The Land Acquisition Act, 1992 of Zimbabwe." Journal of African Law 37, no. 1 (1993): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300011141.

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The gazetting of the Land Acquisition Bill on 24 January, 1992 unleashed what has been described as the fiercest debate ever known in the history of Zimbabwe. However, the issue of land reform had been back on the political agenda ever since the expiry of the Lancaster House Constitution on 18 April, 1990, and pressures from a variety of quarters, both internal and external, had been brought to bear on the government during the intervening period. In particular, its adoption in 1990 of a document declaring National Land Policy had generated intense controversy. In accordance with the principles set out in that document the government has sought to facilitate the acquisition of land for resettlement purposes, first by amending section 16 of the Lancaster House Constitution and subsequently by enacting the Land Acquisition Act. In formulating its policy the government has recognized both the need to redress inequalities in land distribution and the need to take into account current national and international socio-economic realities. The result is a compromise.
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6

FITZMAURICE, SUSAN. "Ideology, race and place in historical constructions of belonging: the case of Zimbabwe." English Language and Linguistics 19, no. 2 (2015): 327–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674315000106.

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This article explores the ways in which constructions of identities of place are embedded in the ideology of race and social orientation in Zimbabwe. Using newspaper reports, memoirs, speeches, advertisements, fiction, interviews and ephemera produced around key discursive thresholds, it examines the production of multiple meanings of key terms within competing discourses to generate co-existing parallel lexicons. Crucially, labels like ‘settler’, ‘African’ and ‘Zimbabwean’, labels that are inextricably linked to access to and association with the land in colonial and postcolonial Zimbabwe, shift their reference and connotations for different speakers in different settings and periods. For example, the term ‘settler’, used to refer to white colonists of British origin who occupied vast agricultural lands in colonial Zimbabwe, is appropriated in post-independent Zimbabwe to designate blacks settled on the land in the Fast Track Land Reform Programme. The analysis of semantic pragmatic change in relation to key discursive thresholds yields a complex story of changing identities conditioned by different experiences of a raced national biography.
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7

Coldham, Simon. "STATUTE NOTE." Journal of African Law 45, no. 2 (2001): 227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0221855301001729.

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LAND ACQUISITION AMENDMENT ACT, 2000 (ZIMBABWE)Since Zimbabwe became independent in 1980 the issue of land reform and, in particular, the issue of land acquisition and redistribution has seldom been off the political agenda. For the first ten years of independence there were constitutional constraints on the acquisition of land for resettlement purposes, but the National Land Policy of 1990 set out plans for an accelerated programme of resettlement. In order to achieve its ambitious targets the government of Zimbabwe saw the need to strengthen its powers of compulsory acquisition both by amending section 16 of the Constitution (which provided strong protection against the compulsory acquisition of property) and by enacting the Land Acquisition Act to provide a statutory basis for the new policy. These reforms were extremely controversial both inside and outside the country and a clause excluding the right to fair compensation for expropriated land was dropped partly in response to international pressure.
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8

Onslow, Sue. "Race and Policy: Britain, Zimbabwe and the Lancaster House Land Deal." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 45, no. 5 (2017): 844–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2017.1370221.

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9

Mazwi, Freedom, Rangarirai Muchetu, and Musavengana Chibwana. "Land, Agrarian Reform in Zimbabwe Viewed from a Transformative Social Policy Perspective." Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 47, no. 1 (2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0304-615x/2168.

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10

Taylor, Ian, and Paul Williams. "The limits of engagement: British foreign policy and the crisis in Zimbabwe*." International Affairs 78, no. 3 (2002): 547–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.00266.

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11

Mufune, P. "Land Reform Management in Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe." International Journal of Rural Management 6, no. 1 (2010): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097300521100600101.

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12

Langton, DUBE MAKUWERERE. "Autocracy, Institutional Constraints and Land Expropriation: A Conceptual Analysis of Land Redistribution in Zimbabwe." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 10, no. 2 (2020): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v10i2.17040.

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Using the Zimbabwean case, this article explores the assertion that autocracies are better placed than democracies in land redistribution because of lower institutional constraints and concentration of power which makes policy implementation easier. This is rightly so, because such political systems have the notoriety of neutralizing or eliminating the veto gauntlet which is normally strengthened by institutional autonomy. Extant literature on land reform continues to grapple with overarching questions as to why countries redistribute land, relating to the type of conditions that incubate the need for reform and the political purpose that redistribution serve in this world. Equally important, is the need to interrogate the real beneficiaries of land reform. The study notes that in the post-Cold War globalized era of ‘fractured sovereignty’, redistribution from above remains attractive despite its protracted nature. However, against a post-colonial settler land discourse that memorializes race, privilege, dispossession, and restitution, the article evinces that land redistribution is tainted by elitism, clientelism, and partisanship which eventually distort its structural transformative power.
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13

Chavunduka, Charles, Romeo Dipura, and Vimbai Vudzijena. "Land, investment and production in agrarian transformation in Zimbabwe." Land Use Policy 105 (June 2021): 105371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105371.

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14

Juana, J. S. "A quantitative analysis of Zimbabwe's land reform policy: An application of Zimbabwe SAM multipliers." Agrekon 45, no. 3 (2006): 294–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2006.9523749.

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15

Mutambara, Solomon, Michael B. K. Darkoh, and Julius R. Atlhopheng. "LAND TENURE SECURITY ISSUES IN SMALLHOLDER IRRIGATION SCHEMES IN ZIMBABWE." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 9, no. 3 (2015): 1871–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v9i3.4921.

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The main objective of the study was to examine land tenure practices and their implications on the sustainability of the smallholder irrigation schemes in Zimbabwe. The different phases of land reforms in Zimbabwe have not been focusing on community irrigation schemes and the evolution of land rights. The farmers’ ownership feelings were stronger for their dryland plots than they were on irrigation plots as the irrigation schemes were regarded as an off-farm employment while their dry-land plots were regarded as transgenerational family assets. Farmers had different perceptions about the security of tenure, inheritability, subletting and disposal of the irrigation plots. The differences in tenure practices and perception attested to the absence of land policy for community irrigation schemes. The existence of informal land markets in some schemes and their absence in others affirmed the Market for the Poor (M4P) assertion that where formal rules and their application are weak, the business environment is governed by the informal rules and the absence of both formalrules and informal institutions make the environment for markets dysfunctional. Some farmers felt theirrigation plots should remain state owned to allow smooth running of schemes and management of farmers’ group dynamics of the irrigation. Some, however, felt the irrigation plots should be privately owned in order to allow farmers to invest and to access financial and input markets.Â
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16

Muchefa, Livingstone, and Calvin Phiri. "Orality versus Written Legislation: Oral History as used in Zimbabwe`s Post-2000 Land Reform Programme." Oral History Journal of South Africa 4, no. 2 (2018): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2309-5792/336.

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Zimbabwe became a colony of the British Empire on 13 September 1890, and attained independence in 1980. During the colonial period of 1890 to 1980 land was expropriated primarily from the indigenous Ndebele and the Shona tribal groups through the institutionalisation of legislation that brought about the segregation of Africans and paved the way for settlement and farming by whites. Between 1980 and 1990 there was little progress in terms of resettlement programmes because of financial constraints and the terms and conditions of the Lancaster House Agreement regarding the willing seller willing buyer principle. There were serious economic challenges in the decade 1990 to 2000, but the period post 2000 witnessed brisk land repossessions which were spearheaded by war veterans and politicians. At the heart of the “land invasions,” as they were popularly termed, lay historical injustices. This paper seeks to provide an insight into the centrality of the oral tradition or oral history as legal basis for the land repossessions that took place. Neither legal recourse nor visiting archives and other information centres for the purposes of authentication were a priority. The Lancaster Constitution was viewed as an obstacle when dealing with land. The National Archives of Zimbabwe is placed in context within the situation discussed.
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17

Thompson, Guy. "“Pumpkins Just Got in There”: Gender and Generational Conflict and “Improved” Agriculture in Colonial Zimbabwe." International Review of Social History 55, S18 (2010): 175–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859010000544.

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SummaryThis essay explores how gender and generational dynamics in peasant communities in colonial Zimbabwe were reshaped between 1930 and 1965 by factors introduced by colonization. British rule brought dramatically greater market opportunities and access to new agricultural tools. Some peasants readily adopted ploughs, combining these new tools with indigenous methods of production and environmental management to increase output and market sales while developing new hybrid ways of working the land. These options allowed some young men to evade the demands of, and obligations to, their fathers, while the new methods often increased women’s workloads, exacerbating gender tensions. In the wake of World War II, Rhodesian state agricultural programmes sought to reshape African farming practices dramatically, initiatives that were justified as protecting the environment and modernizing the peasant sector. These measures permanently allocated and demarcated peasant land, imposed onerous environmental protection measures, and encouraged peasants to follow labour-intensive production methods based on European techniques. These conditions restricted young men’s access to land and imposed intense demands on women of all ages; in practice, however, these changes led to a renegotiation of gender and generational dynamics, most obviously in a wave of protests that threatened state control of the countryside.
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18

Aldrich, Richard J. "Never‐never land and wonderland? British and American policy on intelligence archives." Contemporary Record 8, no. 1 (1994): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13619469408581285.

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19

Tatsvarei, Simbarashe, Abbyssinia Mushunje, Saul Ngarava, and Clifton Makate. "Determinants of Informal Land Renting Decisions by A1 and A2 Farmers in Mashonaland East Province of Zimbabwe." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 6(J) (2018): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i6(j).2595.

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Land rental markets are critical in developing economies as they contribute to efficiency, equity and welfare gains to farmers involved under conditions of low transaction costs. Despite lack of policy consistency in Zimbabwe, A1 and A2 farmers have been involved in these land rental markets, albeit in an informal manner. This study sought to establish the determinants of farmers’ decision to take part in these informal markets. A survey was carried out in Mashonaland East province with a sample of 339 households selected through multi-stage sampling methods and data analysed using a bi-variate Tobit model. Results showed that combined together, the proportion of farmers involved in informal land rental markets are as much as those not participating. Determinants of renting-in were identified as gender, household income, permanent labour, cultivated area, tenure certainty, irrigable land size and crop diversification. Factors affecting renting-out decisions were age, permanent labour, irrigable land size and crop diversification and these results are not in any way different from findings from previous studies. The conclusion was that household characteristics and land endowments factors were strong in decisions to rent-in land while land endowments factors were dominant in decisions to rent-out land. Any future considerations for formalising land rental markets should consider these important factors having a bearing on land rental decisions.
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20

Tatsvarei, Simbarashe, Abbyssinia Mushunje, Saul Ngarava, and Clifton Makate. "Determinants of Informal Land Renting Decisions by A1 and A2 Farmers in Mashonaland East Province of Zimbabwe." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 6 (2018): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i6.2595.

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Land rental markets are critical in developing economies as they contribute to efficiency, equity and welfare gains to farmers involved under conditions of low transaction costs. Despite lack of policy consistency in Zimbabwe, A1 and A2 farmers have been involved in these land rental markets, albeit in an informal manner. This study sought to establish the determinants of farmers’ decision to take part in these informal markets. A survey was carried out in Mashonaland East province with a sample of 339 households selected through multi-stage sampling methods and data analysed using a bi-variate Tobit model. Results showed that combined together, the proportion of farmers involved in informal land rental markets are as much as those not participating. Determinants of renting-in were identified as gender, household income, permanent labour, cultivated area, tenure certainty, irrigable land size and crop diversification. Factors affecting renting-out decisions were age, permanent labour, irrigable land size and crop diversification and these results are not in any way different from findings from previous studies. The conclusion was that household characteristics and land endowments factors were strong in decisions to rent-in land while land endowments factors were dominant in decisions to rent-out land. Any future considerations for formalising land rental markets should consider these important factors having a bearing on land rental decisions.
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21

Kark, Ruth, and Seth J. Frantzman. "The Negev: Land, Settlement, the Bedouin and Ottoman and British Policy 1871–1948." British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 39, no. 1 (2012): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2012.659448.

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22

Shonhe, Toendepi, Ian Scoones, and Felix Murimbarimba. "Medium-scale commercial agriculture in Zimbabwe: the experience of A2 resettlement farms." Journal of Modern African Studies 58, no. 4 (2020): 601–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x20000385.

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ABSTRACTThe emergence of medium-scale farms is having important consequences for agricultural commercialisation across Africa. This article examines the role of medium-scale A2 farms allocated following Zimbabwe's land reform after 2000. While the existing literature focuses on changing farm size distributions, this article investigates processes of social differentiation across medium-scale farms, based on qualitative-quantitative studies in two contrasting sites (Mvurwi and Masvingo-Gutu). Diverse processes of accumulation are identified across commercial, aspiring and struggling farmers, and linked to contrasting patterns of agricultural production and sale, asset ownership, employment and finance. The ability to mobilise finance, influenced by the state of the macro-economy, as well as forms of political patronage, is identified as a crucial driver. Contrary to assertions that A2 farms are largely occupied by ‘cronies’ and that they are unproductive and under-utilised, a more differentiated picture emerges, with important implications for policy and the wider politics of Zimbabwe's countryside following land reform.
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23

De Wet, Chris. "The Application of International Resettlement Policy in African Villagization Projects." Human Organization 71, no. 4 (2012): 395–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.71.4.0787k13246877275.

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It is now widely agreed that anything less than consciously planned and implemented development for resettled people will leave them worse off. Compensation is not up to the task of restorative, let alone just, resettlement. But what happens when, as in the case of smaller scale, but widely occurring, projects involving resettlement, the "development" projects do not give rise to significant new resources, thereby effectively making resettlement with development impossible? Smaller scale villagization type projects with an agricultural/land reform/political reorganization agenda are widespread in Africa. They have been/are imposed in recurring fashion on rural areas by succeeding governments, typically involving short-range resettlement, limited capital investment and assistance, and loss of local autonomy in relation to land use. The paper provides case studies from South Africa and Zimbabwe. It will be shown how these ongoing interventions and responses have directed the developmental, social, and resettlement dynamic in the resulting settlements—as well as raising crucial implications for whether, and how, we are best to apply international resettlement policy in such situations.
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24

Mpofu, Busani. "Perpetual ‘Outcasts’? Squatters in peri-urban Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Afrika Focus 25, no. 2 (2012): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02502005.

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After independence in 1980 Zimbabwe’s cities experienced a proliferation in the number of squatter camps. This was because of the failure of the urban economy to offer adequate housing and jobs, leaving peri-urban space as the only sanctuary for the urban poor to live in and eke out a living informally. The promotion of rural ‘growth points’ by the national government to promote rural development to discourage migration to urban areas failed. Yet, a poor policy response by the state to this negative outcome of rapid urbanisation that aims to reverse this rural-urban migration has led to unending confrontations between its various arms and squatters who continue to be regarded as encroachers. Focussing on Bulawayo, the second largest city in Zimbabwe, and based on interviews, archival research, Council minutes and newspapers, this article critiques the state’s urban development policy vis-à-vis squatters and informality. It is argued that the persistence of a salient perception by government officials that all Africans belong to rural areas and have access to land they can fall back on in hard times serves as a vital lubricant to the state’s action of forcibly sending squatters to rural areas. This ignores the historical pattern of rapid urbanisation and the growth ofinformal economies supporting the livelihoods of thousands of people. I seek to add to the literature on low-cost housing shortages, urban squatters and peri-urbanism in Zimbabwe and on studies of informality in Third World cities in general.
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25

Rambanapasi, C. O. "Agricultural Land-Use Policies and Rural Spatial Differentiation in Colonial and Postcolonial Zimbabwe." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 9, no. 2 (1991): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c090225.

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26

DesRoches, C. Tyler. "Policy advice for public participation in British Columbia forest management." Forestry Chronicle 83, no. 5 (2007): 672–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc83672-5.

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This paper explores the current status of public participation in BC forest management with the objective of finding ways to improve it at the policy level. Public participation is discussed in relation to features of deliberative democratic theory and then within the historical context of BC forest management. Recent public complaints concerning inadequate participatory opportunities received at the Forest Practices Board and the move to diminish the extent of public participation in land-use planning is discussed. This paper maintains that effective public participation should be a goal of public forest management and that a corresponding policy should be devised. Key words: public participation, forest management, legitimacy, British Columbia
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27

Thebe, Vusilizwe. "The Complexity of Contemporary Rural Society: Agricultural ‘Betterment’ and Social Realities in Semi-arid Zimbabwe." African and Asian Studies 17, no. 3 (2018): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341017.

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Abstract Modernist assumptions have guided rural development interventions in Zimbabwe since the mid-twentieth century. As a result interventions were not firmly grounded on rural socio-economic and physical realities. The aim was not only to create a society of ‘modern’, ‘progressive farmers’ who followed a predetermined agricultural path, but also, the quest for order and modernity was clearly manifest through centralization measures and increased emphasis on prudent land husbandry. This article seeks to demonstrate that these rural development initiatives were ill-suited to the socio-physical realities in some rural societies. Using a case study of a communal area in semi-arid north-western Zimbabwe, it stresses the importance of the physical conditions, the socio-economic dynamics and the particular livelihood trajectories of rural households. It concludes that, even if the state in Zimbabwe was to succeed in imposing an agrarian order driven by these models, such a policy was more likely to end in dismal failure.
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28

Malloy, Jonathan. "Double Identities: Aboriginal Policy Agencies in Ontario and British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Political Science 34, no. 1 (2001): 131–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423901777840.

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This article argues that provincial government units for Aboriginal affairs in Ontario and British Columbia have ''double identities'' stemming from contradictory mandates anchored in two different policy communities. Aboriginal policy agencies act as Crown negotiators with Aboriginal nations over land claims and self-government, but are also responsible for co-ordinating government policies affecting Aboriginals. Consequently, they interact with two different policy communities. One involves economic and resource ministries, which engage in a pressure pluralist relationship with Aboriginal groups. The second involves social policy ministries who engage in more clientele pluralist relationships with Aboriginals. Consequently, Aboriginal policy agencies display different identities and play different and sometimes contradictory roles. These ''double identities'' illustrate the complexity and contradictions of provincial-Aboriginal relations in Canada.
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29

Gallo, Marcus. "Land Surveying in Early Pennsylvania." Journal of Early American History 6, no. 1 (2016): 9–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00601003.

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By the end of the seventeenth century, Anglo-Americans on both sides of the Atlantic accepted the importance of surveying to any system of land ownership. Most historians of colonial British have similarly taken colonial surveying practices as a given. This article complicates these assumptions through an examination of Pennsylvania in a wider context. In fact, land policy in colonial Anglo-America differed significantly from practices elsewhere in the early modern world. English colonizers embraced a model of settler colonialism that created a market for land, thus encouraging the proliferation of modern surveying practices.
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30

Adams, David, Alan Disberry, Norman Hutchison, and Thomas Munjoma. "Land Policy and Urban Renaissance: The Impact of Ownership Constraints in Four British Cities." Planning Theory & Practice 3, no. 2 (2002): 195–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649350220150044.

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31

McLaren, Graeme P. "Classifying mineral potential in support of land-use policy decisions in British Columbia, Canada." Nonrenewable Resources 1, no. 1 (1992): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01782115.

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32

Mugambiwa, S. S., and J. C. Makhubele. "Indigenous knowledge systems based climate governance in water and land resource management in rural Zimbabwe." Journal of Water and Climate Change 12, no. 5 (2021): 2045–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2021.183.

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Abstract This paper interrogates indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) based climate governance in water and land resource management in under-resourced areas of Zimbabwe. Water and land resources are fundamental for smallholder farmers and their productivity. The concept of IKS plays a significant role in climate change adaptation in Zimbabwe's rural communities. Climate change has a considerable influence on the success of agricultural production in the rural communities of Zimbabwe. Hence, it becomes fundamental to assess the community-based methods of climate governance. Qualitative multiple case study exploratory designs were employed with data collected through individual interviews with smallholder farmers, and thematic content analysis was used to analyse data. This study found that enhancing and embracing IKS is of paramount importance for inclusion in local-level strategies in the development process with special reference to climate governance in water and land resource management, particularly in under-resourced communities. It also established that the use of IKS enhances communities' adaptive capacity and it should not be conducted at the expense of scientific methods but rather should be employed in order to complement the existing scientific global knowledge systems.
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33

Binkley, Clark S. "Preserving nature through intensive plantation forestry: The case for forestland allocation with illustrations from British Columbia." Forestry Chronicle 73, no. 5 (1997): 553–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc73553-5.

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Historically British Columbia's forests were managed under the implicit assumption that virtually the whole forested land base would, one day, be available for timber production. The BC Forest Service and licencees incorporate non-timber values into timber production plans through a process of "integrated resource management" which attempts to consider wildlife, riparian habitat, recreation, water flows, grazing and other forest uses in each decision about each hectare where logging is to occur. Under this extensive form of management, silvicultural investments are low. This policy has clearly failed either to satisfy legitimate demands from the environmental community or to produce the predictably high levels of timber harvest needed to sustain the forest products industry and industry-dependent communities. The core problem is that, despite a vast forest estate in British Columbia, land has become scarce. It is therefore logical to substitute capital, labour and knowledge for land in forest production processes. Such a policy could lead to substantial higher, sustainable timber harvests as well as a system of parks that covers more than half the Province. Implementing such a policy requires a change in forest management approach to zone the landscape and manage each zone intensively for a specific purpose. For the bulk of commercial timber production, intensively managed plantations appear to represent the best technological option. New directions in British Columbia's forest policy — land-use zoning, a new forest practice code, and dedicated capital for silvicultural investments—generally move towards this objective, but implementation remains uncertain. Major impediments include dysfunctional forest tenure arrangements and a comparatively poor information base. Key words: forest policy, British Columbia, intensive plantation forestry
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Bvirindi, Tawanda Ray, and Nigel Mxolisi Landa. "Exploring Policy Issues on the Trafficking of Women in Southern Africa with Reference to Zimbabwe." Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 46, no. 2 (2017): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0304-615x/2662.

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Following the socio-economic and political problems that ensued after the Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) in Zimbabwe, instances of human trafficking previously unseen on a large scale have sparked a newfound interest among policy makers and researchers. This article examines the flawed system provided by the Zimbabwean Trafficking in Persons Act No. 4 of 2014 for the protection of victims of human trafficking. It argues that the “Palermo Protocol”—the international instrument against all trafficking in persons is well-equipped to assume greater responsibility in ensuring the protection of victims. Although the Palermo Protocol is a universal protocol; which should be contextualised to suit various scenarios in which trafficking occurs across the globe, it may still be reasonably interpreted as providing the core principles which are vital to the protection of vulnerable populations from trafficking. Over the long haul, a new Zimbabwean Act, re-aligned with the Palermo Protocol, yet flexible, anti-trafficking partnerships between the government, Non-governmental Organisations and Civil Society remain the most viable solutions to addressing this predicament.
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Muzorewa, Terence Tapiwa, and Mark Nyandoro. "Water Sources and Urban Expansion in Ruwa Town in Post-Colonial Zimbabwe, 1986–2020." Global Environment 14, no. 2 (2021): 239–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140202.

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Africa is experiencing phenomenal urban growth and myriad environmental challenges associated with urban sprawl. Zimbabwe, situated in the heart of the southern African region, is no exception to this rule. Urban population has continued to spike, with more than half the world's population residing in urban areas. Although Africa has less than forty per cent (33 per cent for Zimbabwe) of its population living in urban habitats, urban development has been on the rise as a result of the dynamic processes of industrialisation. In order to thrive, these human habitats required sustainable water sources. Private Land Developer Com-panies (PLDCs) in Ruwa Town, Zimbabwe, were placed at the core of water and other infrastructure expansion. Since the developers were thought to be endowed with financial resources, there were high expectations that the town was going to lead in public infrastructure development. However, this article shows that Ruwa failed to live up to the expected standards in the development of water facilities and other infrastructure to facilitate urban growth and development.
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Bjornlund, Henning. "Is water and land redistribution a driver of economic growth and poverty reduction? Lessons from Zimbabwe." Water International 34, no. 2 (2009): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060902855599.

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37

김성배. "Implication of British Contaminated Land Policy and Law -Part 2A Environmental Protection Act of 1990-." Environmental Law and Policy 10, no. ll (2013): 59–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18215/envlp.10..201305.59.

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38

Thielmann, Tim, and Chris Tollefson. "Tears from an onion: Layering, exhaustion and conversion in British Columbia land use planning policy." Policy and Society 28, no. 2 (2009): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2009.05.006.

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39

Gardner, B. M., P. B. Marlow, M. M. Naim, R. Nair, and S. J. Pettit. "The policy implications of market failure for the land-based jobs market for British seafarers." Marine Policy 31, no. 2 (2007): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2006.05.010.

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40

Holland, Robert. "Never, never land: British colonial policy and the roots of violence in Cyprus, 1950–54." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 21, no. 3 (1993): 148–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086539308582911.

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41

Mbira, Leonard, and Sherman Moyo. "Drivers of Agricultural Funding in a Post Partially Dollarized Zimbabwe." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 3(J) (2018): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i3.2315.

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Agriculture has long been the backbone of the Zimbabwean economy contributing in excess of 40% at its peak. There has been a sharp decline in the performance of this sector over the years especially from 2000. Concurrently the sector has been struggling to access financing from the conventional financial system despite its strategic importance to the economy. This study sought to unravel the major fundamentals behind the financing vacuum in the agricultural sector. It adopts a survey approach for data collection and applies both descriptive and inferential methods . A questionnaire was used for data collection on a sample of 117 respondents comprising of farmers’ representatives, bank employees and ministry of agriculture officials. Data was analyzed using SPSS’ Analysis of Moment Structures software which allows for structural equation modeling to identify multiple relationships among variables simultaneously. The study identifies the efficient and reliable value chain mechanism, volatile government policy, short term deposits experienced by banks, land tenure system and lack of investor confidence as the underlying fundamentals behind the low financing in agriculture.
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Johnson, Robert Keith. "Language Policy and Planning in Hong Kong." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 14 (March 1994): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500002889.

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Hong Kong has a population of 5,902,100 people crowded into its land area of 1076 sq. kms. In broad terms, 98 percent of its population are Chinese.1 They speak Cantonese among themselves and English in dealing with expatriates. The expatriate community, once predominantly British, now reflects the full range of national and multinational commercial and banking interests, including those of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Taiwan. Luke and Richards (1982) described Hong Kong as having diglossia without bilingualism.
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43

Chigbu, Uchendu, Gaynor Paradza, and Walter Dachaga. "Differentiations in Women’s Land Tenure Experiences: Implications for Women’s Land Access and Tenure Security in Sub-Saharan Africa." Land 8, no. 2 (2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8020022.

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Most literature on land tenure in sub-Saharan Africa has presented women as a homogenous group. This study uses evidence from Ghana, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe to show that women have differentiated problems, needs, and statuses in their quest for land access and tenure security. It illustrates how women-to-women differences influence women’s access to land. By investigating differentiations in women’s land tenure in the three countries, the study identifies multiple and somewhat interlinked ways in which differentiations exist in women’s land tenure. It achieved some key outcomes. The findings include a matrix of factors that differentiate women’s land access and tenure security, a visualisation of women’s differentiation in land tenure showing possible modes for actions, and an adaptable approach for operationalising women’s differentiation in land tenure policies (among others). Using these as evidence, it argues that women are a highly differentiated gender group, and the only thing homogenous in the three cases is that women are heterogeneous in their land tenure experiences. It concludes that an emphasis on how the differentiation among women allows for significant insight to emerge into how they experience tenure access differently is essential in improving the tenure security of women. Finally, it makes policy recommendations.
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Ropafadzo, Chigunhah Blessing, Svotwa Ezekia, Munyoro Gerald, Mabvure Tendai Joseph, and Govere Ignatius. "Characterization of Bank Lending Requirements for Farmers in Zimbabwe." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 10, no. 2 (2020): 628–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.ajard.2020.102.628.644.

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Bank credit availability is vital for enhancing farm productivity, income, and farmer livelihoods. This study sought to characterize the lending requirements considered by commercial banks when lending to farmers in Zimbabwe. Primary data were collected from a cross-section of 12 registered commercial banks. Relative Importance Index (RII) and Thematic analysis analysed data. High importance lending requirements that were always considered by all commercial banks when lending to farmers included credit history, productive farm assets, business registration, loan purpose, amount, and repayment source. Agricultural production skills, age, business plans, financial statements, social reputation, and project insurance were also mandatory in the majority of the commercial banks. High to medium importance lending requirements included extension support, business management skills, bank account ownership, own contribution, and personal savings. Medium importance requirements included formal basic education, alternative income, and freehold land ownership. Therefore, besides the widely documented collateral, local commercial banks also considered several other requirements when lending to farmers. Government policy should go beyond solving the collateral issue but benchmark its policies to other bank lending requirements. Farmers should also pursue personal development programs in agricultural production, business, and financial management. They should also invest in off-farm assets to ensure collateral availability.
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Robertson, Mary. "The great British housing crisis." Capital & Class 41, no. 2 (2016): 195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816816678571.

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Noting the recent resurgence of housing as a political issue, this article takes a historic view of the origins of the current housing crisis. While the foundations of the contemporary housing system were laid in the period following the First World War, the roots of the crisis lie in two developments in the 1980s: the privatisation of the social housing stock through the Right to Buy and the growth of mortgage lending in response to financial liberalisation. These two changes combined to produce an upsurge in ground rent on residential land and a restructuring of housing consumption and production around the pursuit of this ground rent. This article ends by outlining a range of policy measures and considering the prospects for their implementation.
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Lambertus, Sandra. "Redressing the Rebel Indian Stereotype: Anthropology and Media Policy." Practicing Anthropology 23, no. 2 (2001): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.23.2.57r74t6t63265w23.

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I have recently completed a research project that examined the media coverage of the 1995 Gustafsen Lake standoff in British Columbia. This standoff marked the largest Royal Canadain Mounted Police (RCMP) operation in the history of Canada—and the top national news story for nearly a month. The resolution of the conflict did not alter the British Columbia treaty process, or result in changes of ownership of contested land. However, the media coverage was extreme in its misinformation about the conflict and the characterizations of the people involved. In order to make policy recommendations I had to get "insider knowledge" of the media event. I did this by tracing the media processes and their relations with their most important source of information during the event, the RCMP.
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Pennington, Mark. "Public Choice Theory and the Politics of Urban Containment: Voter-Centred versus Special-Interest Explanations." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 18, no. 2 (2000): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c9804j.

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The policy of urban containment has lain at the heart of British land-use planning for over fifty years. The author examines the political dynamics underlying the commitment to this policy through the lens of public choice theory. The analysis suggests that macroelectoral shifts in favour of environmental protection have provided a push towards restrictive land-use planning and an emphasis on urban containment in recent years. Evidence of a ‘voluntary’ approach to regulation in other areas of environmental concern, however, suggests that the peculiar focus on containment is attributable to the political power exerted by a coalition of special interests and public sector bureaucrats who benefit most from this core of the British planning system.
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Bramley, G. "Land-Use Planning and the Housing Market in Britain: The Impact on Housebuilding and House Prices." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, no. 7 (1993): 1021–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a251021.

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The impact of the British style of land-use planning upon the outcomes of private housing development and the housing market is examined. A unique cross-sectional database is constructed, and the medium-term elasticity of new housebuilding supply is estimated as a locally variable function of prices, costs, and land supply, with an explicit planning function. The model developed enables quantified projections to be made of the effect of specified changes in planning policy. The policy changes examined include large-scale increases in the volume of land released, changes in the mix of land released, and the use of planning agreements to pay for infrastructure or social housing.
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Chipenda, Clement. "The youth after land reform in Zimbabwe: exploring the redistributive and social protection outcomes from a transformative social policy perspective." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 54, no. 3 (2019): 497–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2019.1648308.

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50

Robson, Laura. "Church, State, and the Holy Land: British Protestant Approaches to Imperial Policy in Palestine, 1917–1948." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 39, no. 3 (2011): 457–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2011.598751.

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