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Journal articles on the topic 'Brittle curve'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Lee, Tae-kyung, Seokmin Hong, Jongmin Kim, Min-Chul Kim, and Jae-il Jang. "Evaluation of Transition Temperature in Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels 6using the Fracture Energy Transition Curve from a Small Punch Test." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 58, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 522–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2020.58.8.522.

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The small punch (SP) test is one of the small specimen test techniques, and standardization of the SP test method for evaluating the mechanical properties of metallic materials is in progress. In this study, the impact transition temperature of reactor pressure vessel steels (RPV) in nuclear power plants was estimated using the draft standard SP test method. The SP fracture energy (ESP) and normalized SP fracture energy (ENSP) of the RPV steels were evaluated at various temperatures, and their transition curves were derived and compared to the transition curve in the Charpy V notch (CVN) test. The SP transition region appeared at a much lower temperature range than that of the CVN owing to the size and notch effect. Ductile brittle transition temperature (DBTT) in the SP transition curve showed a linear relationship with DBTT and T41J in the CVN transition curve. The ductile to brittle transition behaviors of SP specimens were analyzed using fractographs and compared with the transition curves in ESP and ENSP. ENSP started to decrease at the temperature at which the SP ductile to brittle transition behavior occurred, and this means that the ENSP transition curves were in good agreement with transition behavior in the SP test. However, the ESP transition curves did not match transition behavior. Using DBTT in the ENSP transition curve is appropriate to estimate the CVNDBTT and T41J.

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2

Sakai, M., S. Shimizu, and T. Ishikawa. "The Indentation Load-depth Curve of Ceramics." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 4 (April 1999): 1471–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0198.

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The pyramidal indentation-induced surface deformation of brittle ceramics is examined on the basis of extensive test results for indentation load (P)-depth (h) curves during loading/unloading cycle. A mechanically stiff test system is essential for obtaining P-h curves acceptable and reliable for subsequent analyses. Both the loading and unloading P-h curves are expressed by quadratic functions within experimental variations for all the indenters used (Vickers, Berkovich, and Knoop). The loading curve is then related to the Meyer hardness and the unloading curve to Young's modulus by the use of semiempirical equations which enable one to estimate these moduli from the observed loading/unloading parameters. An elastoplastic constitutive equation for indentation surface deformation is theoretically derived. This equation not only predicts well the experimental observations but also gains an important physical insight into the Meyer hardness. The Meyer hardness of brittle materials is not a measure for plasticity, but an elastic/plastic parameter which significantly depends on the geometry of indenter. The concept and experimental determination of “true” hardness as a characteristic material measure for plasticity are proposed.

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3

Ouyang, Chengsheng, and Surendra P. Shah. "Geometry-Dependent R-Curve for Quasi-Brittle Materials." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 74, no. 11 (November 1991): 2831–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb06851.x.

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4

Lambrigger, M. "Master curve for brittle cleavage fracture toughness testing." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 55, no. 4 (November 1996): 677–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(95)00259-6.

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5

Cao, L. W., S. J. Wu, and P. E. J. Flewitt. "Comparison of ductile-to-brittle transition curve fitting approaches." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 93-94 (May 2012): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2012.02.001.

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6

Wei, Jing Ping, Zhi Hao Ding, and Fan Chen. "Research on Brittleness and its Definition of Mudstone." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.379.

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Abstract. Through the uniaxial compressive test, the mechanical parameters and the complete stress-strain curves were obtained, which presented a brittle failure of the mudstone samples of the No.21coal seam in West Henan. Soft rock was regarded as no brittle in its failure usually, but in fact it was exactly. It showed that yield failure occurred in some areas and tension occurred inside the specimens because of the samples’ inhomogeneous deformation. The comprehensive decision method of mining surrounding rock’s brittleness was suggested: the brittleness index was more than 25; the strain of rock at failure was less than 3%, and there was brittle stress drop in the complete stress-strain curve.

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7

Wallin, Kim. "The master curve method: a new concept for brittle fracture." International Journal of Materials and Product Technology 14, no. 2/3/4 (1999): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmpt.1999.036276.

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8

Chai, Peng, Shujuan Li, Yan Li, Lie Liang, and Xincheng Yin. "Mechanical Behavior Investigation of 4H-SiC Single Crystal at the Micro–Nano Scale." Micromachines 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11010102.

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In this paper, theoretical models of the critical indentation depth and critical force on brittle materials using cleavage strength and contact theory are proposed. A Berkovich indenter is adopted for nanoindentation tests on a 4H-SiC single crystal sample to evaluate its mechanical behaviors. The stages of brittle material deformation (elastic, plastic, and brittle) can be characterized by the load versus indentation depth curves through the nanoindentation test. The curve of the elastic deformation stage follows the Hertz contact theory, and plastic deformation occurs at an indentation depth of up to 10 nm. The mechanism of 4H-SiC single crystal cracking is discussed, and the critical indentation depth and critical force for the plastic–brittle transition are obtained through the occurrence of the pop-in point. This shows that the theoretical results have good coherence with the test results. Both the values of the elastic modulus and hardness decrease as the crack length increases. In order to obtain more accurate mechanical property values in the nanoindentation test for brittle materials such as SiC, GaN, and sapphire, an appropriate load that avoids surface cracks should be adopted.

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9

Barinov, S. M., and M. Sakai. "The work-of-fracture of brittle materials: Principle, determination, and applications." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 6 (June 1994): 1412–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.1412.

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Theoretical and empirical considerations of the work-of-fracture, γwof, of brittle materials are reviewed. The energy principle of the work-of-fracture provides a modified Irwin similarity relationship in the nonlinear fracture mechanics regime. Various microscopic deformation and fracture processes in the crack wake and the crack-face contact regions contribute to the rising R-curve behavior of brittle materials, and then significantly affect the work-of-fracture, resulting in the work-of-fracture that is dependent on the dimension and geometry of test specimens as well as test methods. The requisite for the work-of-fracture to be a material characteristic resistance to failure is discussed in relation to the R-curve behavior. Some examples of the work-of-fracture test results demonstrate the usefulness of the work-of-fracture for designing brittle materials with improved toughness.

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10

Li, Fei, Shuang You, Hongguang Ji, and Hao Wang. "Study of Damage Constitutive Model of Brittle Rocks considering Stress Dropping Characteristics." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (October 26, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8875029.

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Deep brittle rock exhibits characteristics of rapid stress dropping rate and large stress dropping degree after peak failure. To simulate the whole process of deformation and failure of the deep brittle rock under load, the Lemaitre strain equivalent theory is modified to make the damaged part of the rock has residual stress. Based on the damage constitutive model considering residual strength characteristics, a correction factor reflecting stress dropping rate is added, the Weibull distribution is used to describe the inhomogeneity of rock materials, and Drucker–Prager criterion is used to quantitatively describe the influence of stress on damage; a damage constitutive model of deep brittle rock considering stress dropping characteristics is established. According to the geometric features of the rock stress-strain curve, the theoretical expressions of model parameters are derived. To verify the rationality of the model, triaxial compression experiments of deep brittle rock under different confining pressures are conducted. And the influence of model parameters on rock mechanical behaviour is analysed. The results show that the model reflects the stress dropping characteristics of deep brittle rock and the theoretical curve is in good agreement with the experimental results, which indicates that the proposed constitutive model is scientific and feasible.

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11

Bloyer, D. R., R. O. Ritchie, and K. T. Venkateswara Rao. "Fracture toughness and R-Curve behavior of laminated brittle-matrix composites." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 29, no. 10 (October 1998): 2483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-998-0220-0.

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12

Zhao, Yanhua, Jianmei Chang, and Hongbo Gao. "A three-parameter R-curve of concrete-like quasi-brittle materials." Construction and Building Materials 78 (March 2015): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.029.

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13

Li, Xu Yang, Rui Yuan Huang, Yong Chi Li, and Guang Fa Gao. "Experimental Research of Foamed Ceramic Composite under Dynamic Loading Using SHPB." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.112.

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The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) is used to investigate the dynamic compressive mechanical behavior of a new foamed ceramic composite under impact loading. The stress versus strain curves are obtained under high strain rates. The test results are considered to be able to assure conformability of the tests, validate the stress equilibrium assumption, and show that the stress versus strain curves of foamed ceramic composite display strain hardening effect and damage softening effect as brittle materials. Meanwhile the curve includes short plateau region while no densification region.

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14

TOI, Yutaka, and Takanori KIYOSUE. "Two-Dimensional Mesomechanical Analysis of R-Curve Behavior in Brittle Microcracking Solids." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 62, no. 598 (1996): 1488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.62.1488.

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15

Lofaj, František, Dušan Németh, Rudolf Podoba, and Michal Novák. "Cracking in Brittle Coatings during Nanoindentation." Key Engineering Materials 662 (September 2015): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.662.103.

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The FIB/SEM investigations of the microstructure changes in the hard brittle W-C based coating deposited on softer steel substrate after nanoindentation tests revealed that a set of approximately equidistant circular cracks forms in the coating in a sink-in zone around the indent and single cracks appear under the indenter tip. Finite element modeling (FEM) indicated development and concentration of the highest principal tensile stresses in the sink-in zone and in the zone below the indenter, which are considered to be the reason for the experimentally observed cracking. The distance from the indenter tip to the first circular crack combined with the calibration curve obtained from the FEM of the location of tensile stress maxima in sink-in zone can be used as a simple method for the determination of the strength of the studied coatings.

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16

Zhang, Ya Lin, and Hu Hui. "Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Ductile-Brittle Transition Behaviors of SA738Gr.B Steel Used as Reactor Containment." Key Engineering Materials 795 (March 2019): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.795.66.

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The low temperature tensile properties, Charpy-V notch impact performance and fracture toughness of SA738Gr.B steel plate for domestic CAP1400 containment vessel were tested. On this basis, the reference temperature T0 of the master curve method was obtained. The fracture toughness distribution of the steel in the whole ductile-brittle transition zone is predicted and its applicability is verified by the theoretical basis of the master curve method. The results show that the reference temperature of SA738Gr.B steel master curve method is-123.6 °C. The master curve method is appropriate for SA738Gr.B steel with domestic nuclear containment vessel.

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17

Huang, Chao Bin, Yan Zhu, Ru Yi Wu, Qing Shan Li, Mei Zhang, Yong Zhong, and Lin Li. "Research on Hot Ductility Behavior of 800 MPa Grade Ultra High Strength Weathering Steel." Advanced Materials Research 815 (October 2013): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.815.205.

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The hot ductility behavior of test steel was investigated by Gleeble-3500 thermo-mechanical simulator through high temperature tensile test. The reduction in area (RA) and tensile strength (TS) were acquired to draw hot ductility curve and hot strength curve. SEM fractograph and microstructure of the tensile samples were analyzed. The results show that the third brittle zone of test steel is between 700°C and 800°C and the occurrence of the third brittle zone is mainly related to the formation of film-like ferrite along the prior austenite grain boundary and the precipitation of second phase. Moreover, the drop of hot ductility at 900°C is rooted in the reduction of grain boundary strength owing to the precipitation of sulfides. Therefore, it is advised that the straightening temperature of test steel should be kept over 900°C.

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18

Cao, Guang Zhu, Yi Qiang, and Feng Li. "Real-Time Observations of Fracturing Processes of Brittle Rock in Compression by X Ray Computed Tomography." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.171.

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In present，a series of uniaxial compressive experiments on sandstone samples have been conducted in the laboratory by using jointed devices of triaxial loading equipment and medical SOMTOM-plus CT scanner. Based on CT value, expression of density damage variables and density damage increments (DDI) of brittle rock and the method to determine the rock initial damage variables have been worked out. From real-time CT observations of sandstone sample under uniaxial compression condition and the analysis on CT digital images and the relation curve between sandstone density damage increment (DDI)and stress, the evolution process of fracturing in brittle rock sample can be divided into five stages, i.e. initial densification stage, crack occurrence-propagation, crack merging-bifurcation, crack rebifurcation-propagation, and crack cut-through-massive failure stage. Crack occurrence-propagation is a local phenomenon and the whole rock is still in the densification stage. Therefore, the rock failure process under compression is mainly including three stages, namely initial damage densification, local dilatation-bulk dilatation, and massive failure. The use of CT images and relation curve between density damage increment and stress in analyzing the meso-damage evolution processes of brittle rock sample is an important and effective method. As an important mechanics index in rock meso-mechanics, the density damage increment can be used to analyze the quantitative fracturing process in brittle rock under compressive condition, as well as being an important factor in a rock fracturing process model to be constructed.

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19

Yu, Weijian, Genshui Wu, Baifu An, and Ping Wang. "Experimental Study on the Brittle-Ductile Response of a Heterogeneous Soft Coal Rock Mass under Multifactor Coupling." Geofluids 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5316149.

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After a gas drainage event causes different degrees of initial porosity in the coal seam, the heterogeneity of the coal mass becomes much more obvious. In this paper, soft coal testing samples with different degrees of heterogeneity were prepared first by a new special experimental research method using hydrogen peroxide in an alkaline medium to generate oxygen. Then, a series of mechanical tests on the soft coal mass samples were carried out under multiple factor coupling conditions of different heterogeneities and confining pressures. The results show that with a low strength, the ductility failure characteristic and a kind of rheology similar to that for soft rock flow were reflected for the soft coal; i.e., the stress-strain curve of the coal mass had no apparent peak strain and residual strength. An interesting phenomenon was found in the test process: there was an upwardly convex critical phase, called the brittle-ductile failure transition critical phase, for the heterogeneous soft coal mass between the initial elastic compression phase and the ductile failure transition phase in the stress-strain curve of the coal mass. An evolution of the brittle-ductile modulus coefficient of the soft coal was developed to analyze the effect of the internal factor (degree of heterogeneity) and external factors (confining pressure) on the transition state of the brittle-ductile failure of soft coal. Further analysis shows that the internal factor (heterogeneity) was also one of the essential factors causing the brittle-ductile transition of soft coal.

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20

Satapathy, Sikhanda S., and Stephan J. Bless. "Cavity expansion resistance of brittle materials obeying a two-curve pressure–shear behavior." Journal of Applied Physics 88, no. 7 (2000): 4004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1288007.

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21

Bloyer, D. R., K. T. Venkateswara Rao, and R. O. Ritchie. "Resistance-curve toughening in ductile/brittle layered structures: Behavior in Nb/Nb3Al laminates." Materials Science and Engineering: A 216, no. 1-2 (October 1996): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(96)10391-9.

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22

Jelitto, H., F. Hackbarth, H. Özcoban, and G. A. Schneider. "Automated Control of Stable Crack Growth for R-Curve Measurements in Brittle Materials." Experimental Mechanics 53, no. 2 (May 11, 2012): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11340-012-9622-4.

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23

Lutz, Ekkehard H., Michael V. Swain, and Peter S. Cook. "Significance of specimen size for the KR-curve behavior of quasi-brittle materials." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 13, no. 6 (January 1994): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0955-2219(94)90132-5.

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24

Kargar, Alireza, and Reza Rahmannejad. "An analytical solution for the ground reaction curve of brittle rocks, including gravity." Arabian Journal of Geosciences 8, no. 3 (December 28, 2013): 1479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-1206-9.

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25

Smith, E. "Geometry dependence of crack growth resistance curve for a ligament toughened brittle material." Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 17, no. 1 (April 1992): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8442(92)90048-3.

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26

Yoon, K. K., W. A. Van Der Sluys, and K. Hour. "Effect of Loading Rate on Fracture Toughness of Pressure Vessel Steels." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 122, no. 2 (March 7, 2000): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.556176.

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The master curve method has recently been developed to determine fracture toughness in the brittle-to-ductile transition range. This method was successfully applied to numerous fracture toughness data sets of pressure vessel steels. Joyce (Joyce, J. A., 1997, “On the Utilization of High Rate Charpy Test Results and the Master Curve to Obtain Accurate Lower Bound Toughness Predictions in the Ductile-to-Brittle Transition, Small Specimen Test Techniques,” Small Specimens Test Technique, ASTM STP 1329, W. R. Corwin, S. T. Rosinski, and E. Van Walle, eds., ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA) applied this method to high loading rate fracture toughness data for SA-515 steel and showed the applicability of this approach to dynamic fracture toughness data. In order to investigate the shift in fracture toughness from static to dynamic data, B&W Owners Group tested five weld materials typically used in reactor vessel fabrication in both static and dynamic loading. The results were analyzed using ASTM Standard E 1921 (ASTM, 1998, Standard E 1921-97, “Standard Test Method for the Determination of Reference Temperature, T0, for Ferritic Steels in the Transition Range,” 1998 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 03.01, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA). This paper presents the data and the resulting reference temperature shifts in the master curves from static to high loading rate fracture toughness data. This shift in the toughness curve with the loading rate selected in this test program and from the literature is compared with the shift between KIc and KIa curves in ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. In addition, data from the B&W Owners Group test of IAEA JRQ material and dynamic fracture toughness data from the Pressure Vessel Research Council (PVRC) database (Van Der Sluys, W. A., Yoon, K. K., Killian, D. E., and Hall, J. B., 1998, “Fracture Toughness of Ferritic Steels and ASTM Reference Temperature T0,” BAW-2318, Framatome Technologies. Lynchburg, VA) are also presented. It is concluded that the master curve shift due to loading rate can be addressed with the shift between the current ASME Code KIc and KIa curves. [S0094-9930(00)01302-0]

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27

Zhao, Chun Yang, Hong Zhi Zhang, Li Jun Yang, and Yang Wang. "Curve Cutting ZrO₂ Ceramic and Cooling Lower Surface Cutting Silicon Wafer with Laser Induced Thermal-Crack Propagation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 711 (December 2014): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.711.222.

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In laser induced thermal crack propagation (LITP) cutting brittle materials, according to the laser absorption ability, materials are divided into the body absorption and surface absorption. This paper indicates the fracture mechanism of LITP cutting surface absorption brittle materials. The crack extension appears in the lower surface firstly in this stress distribution state, then the crack extends to the upper surface and the laser scanning direction with the LITP cutting. The stress field of cutting ZrO2 ceramic is studied by finite element software ANSYS. The crack propagation process of cutting silicon wafer is studied by finite element software ABAQUS. According to the fracture mechanism, the curve cutting the ZrO2 ceramic experiments and the cooling lower surface cutting the silicon wafer experiments are carried out in this paper. Optical microscope and laser scan confocal microscope (LSCM) photographs of the curve path the ZrO2 ceramic and separation surface cutting the silicon wafer are obtained to examine the cutting quality. The quality of the curve path is very good. The quality of the separation surface in cutting the silicon wafer with the cooling lower surface is better than conventional environment.

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28

Zhang, Mei, Xue Zhao, Yan Zhu, Chao Bin Huang, Qing Shan Li, Yong Zhong, and Lin Li. "Hot Ductility of Low Carbon Nb-Microalloyed Weathering Steel." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.200.

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High temperature tensile tests of novel developed Nb-microalloyed weathering steels were carried out with a constant true strain rate of 0.001/s at 650°C-1300°C using Gleeble3500 thermo-mechanical simulator. The tensile strength (TS) and reduction in area (RA) were calculated afterwards to obtain hot ductility curve and hot strength curve of the steel. The hot ductility behaviors were studied in detail under optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transition electron microscope (TEM). The third brittle zone of the studied steels was between 650°C-800°C. SEM fractographs and microstructures of the tensile specimen showed that the occurrence of the third brittle zone was mainly related to the formation of pro-eutectoid ferrite film along the prior austenite grain boundaries, and secondly to the precipitation of second phases. Therefore, it was recommended that the straightening temperature of the studied steel after casting should be kept over 800°C to get crack free continuous casting (CC) slabs.

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29

Wang, Fang, Lu Cai Wang, and Jian Guo Wu. "Tensile Behavior of Foamed Aluminum with Closed-Cell." Key Engineering Materials 480-481 (June 2011): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.480-481.117.

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Foamed aluminum has been applied in many fields due mainly to its excellent properties. The tensile deformation process and characteristics of foamed aluminum with closed-cell were studied in this paper and the deformation mechanisms were discussed. The results show that foamed aluminum fractured without necking. The tensile stress-strain curves have similar characteristics, the linear elasticity at a low stresses followed by plastic yielding, strain hardening and rupture, which has obvious difference with compression stress-strain curve. The fracture mechanism is neither brittle fracture nor plastic fracture. The defects existed in foamed aluminum interior have important influence on tensile property.

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30

Wu, Yong Shou, and Yong Jun Liu. "Study on Ductile Brittle Transition Temperature of Q345C Steel MAG Welded Joints." Key Engineering Materials 703 (August 2016): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.703.155.

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For Q345C steel MAG welded joints, low temperature tensile test was carried out at normal atmospheric temperature, 0°C,-20°C,-30°C and-40°C in the paper, which results in the law of strength change with temperature. The impact absorption energy of the weld seam sample under different temperature conditions was tested, impact fracture morphology was observed and the parentage of the fibrous fracture surface was assessed. The curve of impact absorption energy and the percentage of the fibrous fracture surface with temperature were fitted by using the Boltzmann function, and ductile brittle transition temperature of Q345C steel MAG welded joints was determined. The test results show that the impact absorption energy of the weld seam can reach 71J at-40°C, and the weld seam is prone to brittle fracture under low temperature. The influences of alloying elements and microstructure on the ductile brittle transition temperature and low temperature impact toughness were discussed, and suggestion is put forward to improve the impact toughness and reduce the ductile brittle transition temperature.

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31

Hojjati-Talemi, Reza, Steven Cooreman, and Dennis Van Hoecke. "Finite element simulation of dynamic brittle fracture in pipeline steel: A XFEM-based cohesive zone approach." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 232, no. 5 (January 13, 2016): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420715627379.

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Leaking in a CO2 pipeline could escalate to sudden crack propagation, due to a large temperature drop. The resulting drop in fracture toughness together with the pressure stresses at the defect plane leads to pipeline brittle fracture. The main objective of this study is to monitor and predict brittle fracture behaviour of API X70 pipeline steel by means of experimental and numerical approaches, respectively. Dynamic fracture properties of CO2 line pipe steels are generally assessed using the Charpy impact test. To this end, Charpy V-notch tests are performed at different temperatures in order to study the resistance of materials subjected to impact loading conditions. The Charpy test provides valuable indications on the impact properties of materials. Using the experimental results the ductile to brittle transition temperature curve is presented. The extended finite element method based cohesive zone approach is introduced to model the brittle fracture at low temperature. After validation of the developed model against experimental observation significant results from the simulation are graphically presented and discussed.

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32

McGwire, Kenneth C., Kendrick C. Taylor, John R. Banta, and Joseph R. McConnell. "Identifying annual peaks in dielectric profiles with a selection curve." Journal of Glaciology 57, no. 204 (2011): 763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214311797409721.

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AbstractA novel ‘selection curve’ method is developed to interpret annual layers in the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS) Divide ice core based on dielectric properties (DEP). Because dielectric measurements are non-contact and represent the integrated response of the ice volume, they are particularly useful for the brittle zone of the core. Seasonal differences in ice chemistry create an annual signal in DEP, though multiple peaks of varying strength within a year may complicate the interpretation of annual layers. The selection curve algorithm uses a spline curve whose shape selects successive annual peaks in plots of DEP. This spline curve was scaled to the average annual-layer thickness at a given depth, where the layer thickness was best estimated using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) power spectrum within a sliding 10 m window. To explore the accuracy and stability of the method, several spline curves were generated from varying lengths of calibration data taken from multiple depths in the WAIS core. Using 50 m of manually interpreted calibration data, the selection curve method matched a manual interpretation throughout the entire 1200 m dataset to within 2% root-mean-square error (RMSE). This method is equally applicable to glaciochemical and other time/depth series measurements.

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33

SHIN, HYUNG-SEOP, JONG-SEO PARK, and HAE-MOO LEE. "CURVE FITTING IN THE TRANSITION REGION OF CHARPY IMPACT DATA." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 09n11 (April 30, 2008): 1496–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208046980.

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The toughness data obtained from Charpy impact tests are presented by a temperature-energy relationship. Data fitting for quantitative evaluation of the transition temperature, upper shelf energy and ductile-brittle transition, in other words, the representation with general mathematical model equation for energy variation according to the temperature is necessary. In this study, the Charpy impact tests to two representative steels were carried out as a research work for the material property standardization technique development. The fitting procedure of the scattering in data according to materials and temperature in the transition region was described. The data fitting procedure using the tangent hyperbolic function was established through variances treatment in the transition region.

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34

Zhao, Zhenwei, Bo Wu, Xin Yang, Zhenya Zhang, and Zhantao Li. "An Improved Statistical Damage Constitutive Model for Granite under Impact Loading." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (August 14, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7831656.

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To study the impact properties of granite, the parameters (including the stress-strain curve, elasticity modulus, peak strength, and peak strain) of the test pieces in each group were determined via standard split-Hopkinson pressure bar tests. The results revealed that the prepeak stress-strain curves are approximately linear; the postpeak stress-strain curve declined sharply and exhibited the characteristics of brittle material failure after the stress exceeded the peak strength. In terms of the specimen form following failure, for increasing strain rate, the granite specimen became increasingly fragmented after failure. In addition, the single-parameter statistical damage constitutive model was improved, and a double-parameter statistical damage constitutive model for describing the total stress-strain curve of granite under the action of impact loading was proposed. The parameters of the statistical damage model, m and a, were obtained via fitting. The results revealed that the parameter m decreases with increasing elasticity modulus, whereas the parameter a increases. Similarly, the peak strength and the peak strain increased (in general) with increasing strain rate.

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35

Ebisu, T., and S. Horibe. "Analysis of the indentation size effect in brittle materials from nanoindentation load–displacement curve." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 30, no. 12 (September 2010): 2419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.05.006.

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Xu, Luo-Yu. "Some techniques to establish the characteristic curve for microcrack growth in brittle laminated materials." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 56, no. 6 (April 1997): 827–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7944(96)00018-5.

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37

Carcreff, H., A. Alberman, L. Barbot, F. Rozenblum, D. Beretz, and YK Lee. "Dosimetry Requirements for Pressure Vessel Steels Toughness Curve in the Ductile to Brittle Range." Journal of ASTM International 3, no. 3 (2006): 13455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jai13455.

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Lezcano, R., C. Rodríguez, I. Peñuelas, C. Betegón, and F. J. Belzunce. "Effect of mechanical mismatching on the ductile-to-brittle transition curve of welded joints." Engineering Failure Analysis 16, no. 8 (December 2009): 2576–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2009.04.030.

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39

Kumar, Shailendra, and Rajendra Kumar Choubey. "Further observations on the three-parameter R-curve of concrete-like quasi-brittle materials." Construction and Building Materials 93 (September 2015): 857–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.079.

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Maimí, Pere, Ahmed Wagih, Adrián Ortega, José Xavier, Norbert Blanco, and Pedro Ponces Camanho. "On the experimental determination of the $$\mathcal {J}$$-curve of quasi-brittle composite materials." International Journal of Fracture 224, no. 2 (June 22, 2020): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10704-020-00456-0.

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41

Kusch, Andrea, Simone Salamina, Daniele Crivelli, and Filippo Berto. "Strain Energy Density as Failure Criterion for Quasi-Static Uni-axial Tensile Loading." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 15, no. 57 (June 22, 2021): 331–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.57.24.

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Strain energy density is successfully used as criterion for failure assessment of brittle and quasi-brittle material behavior. This work investigates the possibility to use this method to predict the strength of V-notched specimens made of PMMA under static uniaxial tensile load. Samples are characterized by a variability of notch root radii and notch opening angles. Notched specimens fail with a quasi-brittle behavior, albeit PMMA has a nonlinear stress strain curve at room temperature. The notch root radius has most influence on the strength of the specimen, whereas the angle is less relevant. The value of the strain energy density is computed by means of finite element analysis, the material is considered as linear elastic. Failure prediction, based on the critical value of the strain energy density in a well-defined volume surrounding the notch tip, show very good agreement (error <15%) with experimental data.

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42

Zhuo, Xiao, Jang Kim, and Hyeon Beom. "R-curve Evaluation of Copper and Nickel Single Crystals Using Atomistic Simulations." Crystals 8, no. 12 (November 26, 2018): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst8120441.

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The technique of molecular statics (MS) simulation was employed to determine the crack growth resistance curve of Cu and Ni single crystals. Copper and Ni single crystal nanoplates with an edge crack subjected to a tensile displacement were simulated. Stress-displacement curves and snapshots of the atomic configuration corresponding to different displacement levels were presented to elucidate the deformation mechanism. It was observed that the edge crack propagated step by step in a brittle manner, and the amount of crack growth at each step was half the lattice parameter. Through an energy consideration, the critical strain energy release rate at the onset of crack propagation and the crack growth resistance were calculated. The crack growth resistance is larger than the critical strain energy release rate because of the crack growth effect.

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43

Zhang, Ya Lin, Hu Hui, Jun Bao Zhang, Zhong Qiang Zhou, Xindan Hu, and Xiangchun Cong. "Prediction of fracture toughness of SA738Gr.B steel in the ductile-brittle transition using master curve method and bimodal master curve method." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 182 (May 2020): 104033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2019.104033.

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44

Spätig, Philippe, V. Mazánová, S. Suman, and Hans Peter Seifert. "Evaluation of Quasi-Static and Dynamic Fracture Toughness on the Low-Alloy Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel JRQ in the Transition Region." Key Engineering Materials 827 (December 2019): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.827.294.

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Three point bending and impact tests with sub-sized Charpy specimens were performed on the JRQ reference steel for reactor pressure vessels. Quasi-static and dynamic fracture toughness data were calculated and the fracture behavior in the ductile to brittle transition region was evaluated within the frame of the master curve method (ASTM E1921). Specimens with shallow and deep cracks were studied and the respective influence of crack length and loading rate on the reference transition temperature was determined. The force-time curves of specimens with shallow cracks presented significantly smaller oscillations with respect to the absolute force, making the fracture toughness evaluation more accurate.

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45

Kawata, Hiroyuki, and Osamu Umezawa. "Middle Shelf During Ductile to Brittle Transition on Ferrite + Pearlite Structure Steel Sheet." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.453.

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The steels consisting of multi-phase structure show an advantage for their high strength and good formability. The ductile to brittle transition with decreasing temperature has been investigated by Charpy impact test with sub-size specimen for the ferrite + pearlite structure steel sheet. The transition curve of the absorbed energy showed a two-step transition behavior, and the “middle shelf” appeared clearly in the curve. The cleavage-like fracture with few dimples appeared on the fracture surface of the specimens at the middle shelf, and the plastic strain was detected just below the fracture surface. This result suggested that the fracture at the middle shelf propagates with the quasi-cleavage fracture accompanied with plastic deformation. Although the traces of fracture surface corresponded to (001), (011), and (112) bcc-iron planes, the (001) cleavage plane was not dominant for the fracture propagation path at the middle shelf.

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46

Hytönen, Noora, Zai-qing Que, Pentti Arffman, Jari Lydman, Pekka Nevasmaa, Ulla Ehrnstén, and Pål Efsing. "Effect of weld microstructure on brittle fracture initiation in the thermally-aged boiling water reactor pressure vessel head weld metal." International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials 28, no. 5 (May 2021): 867–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2226-6.

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AbstractEffects of the weld microstructure and inclusions on brittle fracture initiation are investigated in a thermally aged ferritic high-nickel weld of a reactor pressure vessel head from a decommissioned nuclear power plant. As-welded and reheated regions mainly consist of acicular and polygonal ferrite, respectively. Fractographic examination of Charpy V-notch impact toughness specimens reveals large inclusions (0.5–2.5 µm) at the brittle fracture primary initiation sites. High impact energies were measured for the specimens in which brittle fracture was initiated from a small inclusion or an inclusion away from the V-notch. The density, geometry, and chemical composition of the primary initiation inclusions were investigated. A brittle fracture crack initiates as a microcrack either within the multiphase oxide inclusions or from the de-bonded interfaces between the uncracked inclusions and weld metal matrix. Primary fracture sites can be determined in all the specimens tested in the lower part of the transition curve at and below the 41-J reference impact toughness energy but not above the mentioned value because of the changes in the fracture mechanism and resulting changes in the fracture appearance.

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47

Hsuan, Y. Grace, and Jingyu Zhang. "Stress Crack Resistance of Corrugated High-Density Polyethylene Pipes in Different Test Environments and Temperatures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1928, no. 1 (January 2005): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192800123.

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Corrugated high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe 36 in. (900 mm) in diameter was evaluated for its stress crack resistance with the notched constant ligament stress test (ASTM F 2136). Test specimens were taken directly from the pipe liner to include the processing effects. In addition to the standard test condition of 10% Igepal solution at 50°C, tests were performed in water and air at temperatures of 60°, 70°, and 80°C. The test data were analyzed with the ISO 9080 method to define the transition point and ductile-to-brittle curve. The results indicate that the 10% Igepal solution greatly accelerates the stress cracking process, whereas the stress cracking behavior in water and in air is aggressive and practically the same. Activation energies in both ductile and brittle portions of the curve are in general agreement with the literature for HDPE resins. The results indicate that the rate processing method is an accurate model with which to extrapolate data from elevated test temperatures to lower service temperatures. However, Popelar's shift method tends to overestimate the failure times.

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48

Dève, H. E., and S. Schmauder. "Role of interface properties on the toughness of brittle matrix composites reinforced with ductile fibers." Journal of Materials Research 7, no. 11 (November 1992): 3132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1992.3132.

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The incorporation of ductile fibers in brittle matrices can lead to a significant increase in fracture resistance. The increase in toughness that derives from crack bridging is governed by the properties of the matrix/fiber interface and the ductility of the fibers. The current study addresses the role of interface sliding stress on the toughness of brittle composites reinforced with ductile fibers. The debond length is explicitly related to the interface sliding stress and the properties of the fiber. It is then incorporated into a geometrical model to simulate the bridging tractions versus crack opening under condition of continuous debonding. The implications on the effect of interfaces on the resistance curve are discussed.

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49

Akatsu, Takashi, Yasuhiro Tanabe, and Eiichi Yasuda. "Crack-bridging Processes and Fracture Resistance of a Discontinuous Fiber-reinforced Brittle Matrix Composite." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 4 (April 1999): 1316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0179.

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A simple bridging model is proposed for the toughening of a discontinuous fiber-reinforced brittle matrix composite, in which the frictional bridging of fibers during, as well as after, the interfacial debonding is considered. The R-curve behavior and the work-of-fracture of the composite can be theoretically predicted by the computation of the bridging model applying material parameters, such as fiber volume fraction, size and shape of fibers, fiber tensile strength, elastic moduli of fibers and matrix, fracture toughness and work-of-fracture of matrix, and frictional shear stress at interface. The experimental result obtained from a SiC-whisker-reinforced Al2O3 composite confirms the theoretical predictions of the present bridging model. Through the model calculation, the R-curve, crack profile, and bridging stresses of the composite can be estimated correspondingly to the bridging processes.

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50

Rourke, K., M. Ebrahim, Q. Luo, and E. A. Wilson. "Hump on upper shelf of ductile—brittle transition temperature curve of a plain carbon steel." Materials Science and Technology 27, no. 3 (March 2011): 693–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708310x12688283410208.

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