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Journal articles on the topic 'Brittle stars'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 22 June 2025

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1

Supono, Supono. "Difficulties in the Identification of Deep Sea Ophiuroidea Post-Larvae from Makassar Strait, Indonesia and Their Implication for Taxonomic Studies." Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia 3, no. 1 (2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oldi.2018.v3i1.127.

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Brittle stars (Ophiuroidea) are one of the most difficult groups to be classified among five classes of echinoderm fauna. This is due to the limited information on their growth and development. Most of information on morphological description and ecology of the identified species were derived from the adult shallow water brittle stars. Meanwhile, the deep sea brittle stars, particularly larval and postlarval stages are less documented due to lack of investigation. This study investigated morphological characteristics of brittle star postlarvae collected from the deep sea of Makassar Strait on 8–15 June 2013. Six individual postlarvae of brittle stars were recorded. The important morphological characteristics of these postlarvae were described as preliminary record for similar future studies. All postlarvae collected in this study demonstrated lack of important structures for identification. Therefore, genetic studies may need to be carried out to identify the samples up to species level.

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2

Granja, Fernández Rebeca, Pérezrul María Dinorah Herrero, Pérez Ramón Andrés López, et al. "Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from coral reefs in the Mexican Pacific." ZooKeys 406 (May 7, 2014): 101–45. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.406.6306.

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There are numerous and important coral reefs in the Mexican Pacific, but scarce studies of brittle stars conducted in these ecosystems. In this regard, this work provides the first annotated checklist of brittle stars associated with coral communities and reefs in the Mexican Pacific and an illustrated key to identify the species. We also provide taxonomic descriptions, spatial and bathymetric distributions and some important remarks of the species. We report a total of 14 species of brittle stars belonging to nine genera and seven families. <i>Ophiocnida hispida </i>in Jalisco, <i>Ophiophragmus papillatus</i> in Guerrero, and <i>Ophiothrix </i>(<i>Ophiothrix</i>)<i> spiculata</i> and<i> Ophiactis simplex</i> in Colima are new distribution records. The record of <i>O. papillatus</i> is remarkable because the species has not been reported since its description in 1940. The brittle stars collected in this study, represent 22.2% of the total species previously reported from the Mexican Pacific. Presently, anthropogenic activities on the coral reefs of the Mexican Pacific have increased, thus the biodiversity of brittle stars in these ecosystems may be threatened.

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3

Arkhipova, E. A. "Biomass of Ophiuroidea и Echinarachnius parma on a plot of the West Kamchatka shelf in 2013–2017". Researches of the aquatic biological resources of Kamchatka and the North-West Part of the Pacific Ocean, № 67 (21 березня 2023): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15853/2072-8212.2022.67.61-68.

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According to the results of bottom grab surveys carried out in 2013–2016, data on the biomass (g/m2) of the dominant sea urchin species Echinarachnius parma and the complex of brittle stars on a plot of the West Kamchatka shelf are given. The average biomass of Echinarachnius parma for the surveyed plot varied over the years and in 2013 was 45.298 ± 25.582 g/m2, in 2014 – 48.784 ± 26.561 g/m2, in 2015 – 19.557 ± 11.678 g/m2, in 2016 – 18.957 ± 13.192 g/m2. In terms of biomass on the surveyed plot (g/m2) the main role among the echinoderms belongs to fl at sand dollars, and in terms of population density (ind./m2) – to brittle stars. 11 species of brittle stars from 4 families were noted. In terms of population density the most common species among the brittle stars are Amphiodia craterodmeta and Ophiura quadrispina.

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4

Kano, Takeshi, Eiki Sato, Tatsuya Ono, Hitoshi Aonuma, Yoshiya Matsuzaka, and Akio Ishiguro. "A brittle star-like robot capable of immediately adapting to unexpected physical damage." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 12 (2017): 171200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171200.

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A major challenge in robotic design is enabling robots to immediately adapt to unexpected physical damage. However, conventional robots require considerable time (more than several tens of seconds) for adaptation because the process entails high computational costs. To overcome this problem, we focus on a brittle star—a primitive creature with expendable body parts. Brittle stars, most of which have five flexible arms, occasionally lose some of them and promptly coordinate the remaining arms to escape from predators. We adopted a synthetic approach to elucidate the essential mechanism underlying this resilient locomotion. Specifically, based on behavioural experiments involving brittle stars whose arms were amputated in various ways, we inferred the decentralized control mechanism that self-coordinates the arm motions by constructing a simple mathematical model. We implemented this mechanism in a brittle star-like robot and demonstrated that it adapts to unexpected physical damage within a few seconds by automatically coordinating its undamaged arms similar to brittle stars. Through the above-mentioned process, we found that physical interaction between arms plays an essential role for the resilient inter-arm coordination of brittle stars. This finding will help develop resilient robots that can work in inhospitable environments. Further, it provides insights into the essential mechanism of resilient coordinated motions characteristic of animal locomotion.

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5

Stratanenko, E. A., N. A. Strelkova, and I. S. Smirnov. "Biodiversity and distribution of brittle stars (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) in the Kara Sea." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 325, no. 2 (2021): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.2.235.

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Brittle stars are one of the leading components of the benthic communities in the Kara Sea. The fauna of the Kara Sea brittle stars is represented by 12 species. Ophiocten sericeum (Forbes, 1852), Ophiopleura borealis Danielssen et Koren, 1877, Ophiacantha bidentata (Bruzelius, 1805), and Ophioscolex glacialis Müller et Troschel, 1842 are most widespread within the sea. Based on the available data, distribution maps for each species were constructed. A comparative analysis of the Barents Sea, the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea fauna was carried out. It was found that during evolution the fauna of Kara Sea brittle stars at the genus level was under balanced influence of autochthonous and allochthons processes; at the species level the autochthonous processes were predominant. The obtained value of the taxonomic uniqueness index characterizes the fauna of the Kara Sea brittle stars as quite isolated at all taxonomic levels. Six biogeographic groups were distinguished in the biogeographic structure of the fauna of the sea, of which the boreal-Arctic and high-boreal-Arctic forms are the most represented. The use of the Jaccard species similarity coefficients and Pearson correlation showed that the greatest similarity at the species level is observed between the Kara and the Laptev seas.

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6

Nurdiansah, Doni, and Supono. "DIVERSITY OF BRITTLE STARS (OPHIUROIDEA) IN TALISE WATERS, NORTH SULAWESI." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 9, no. 2 (2018): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v9i2.19303.

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Talise waters, located in North Sulawesi, is one of many coastal areas in Indonesia with sea grass cover extending along the reef flat. This ecological feature is beneficial for living habitat of associated fauna, including brittle stars. Brittle stars are group of Echinodermata reported to be abundantly found in sea grass ecosystem. However, the diversity of this fauna is less reported except as part of echinoderm studies. This research aims to investigate the diversity of brittle stars in Talise waters. Data were collected in July 2009 applying quadrant transect method. In total of 650 individuals belonging to 4 families (Ophiotrichidae, Ophiodermatidae, Ophiocomidae and Ophiuridae) and 10 species were recorded during this study. The diversity (H’=1.58), richness (D=1.69) and Evennes Index (J=0.89) was relatively higher compared to adjacent water in North Sulawesi such as Wori (H =1.64, D =1.38, J=0.85), Kema (H =1.3, D =0.38, J=0.36) but lower than East Likupang waters (H =1.95, D =2.42, J=0.97). Keywords: brittle star, diversity, richness, evennes, Talise waters

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7

Lin, Y., and K. Soong. "Spawning behaviors of two congeneric brittle stars." Marine Ecology Progress Series 387 (July 28, 2009): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps08118.

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8

Stöhr, Sabine, Timothy D. O'Hara, and Ben Thuy. "Global Diversity of Brittle Stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)." PLoS ONE 7, no. 3 (2012): e31940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031940.

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9

Martín-Ledo, Rafael, and Pablo J. López-González. "Brittle stars from Southern Ocean (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)." Polar Biology 37, no. 1 (2013): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-013-1411-8.

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10

Okanishi, Masanori, Hisanori Kohtsuka, Qianqian Wu, et al. "Development of two new sets of PCR primers for eDNA metabarcoding of brittle stars (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea)." Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 7 (February 28, 2023): e94298. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.7.94298.

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Brittle stars (class Ophiuroidea) are marine invertebrates comprising approximately 2,100 extant species, and are considered to constitute the most diverse taxon of the phylum Echinodermata. As a non-invasive method for monitoring biodiversity, we developed two new sets of PCR primers for metabarcoding environmental DNA (eDNA) from brittle stars. The new primer sets were designed to amplify 2 short regions of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene, comprising a conserved region (111–115 bp, 112 bp on average; named "16SOph1") and a hyper-variable region (180–195 bp, 185 bp on average; named "16SOph2") displaying interspecific variation. The performance of the primers was tested using eDNA obtained from two sources: a) rearing water of an 2.5 or 170 L aquarium tanks containing 15 brittle star species and b) from natural seawater collected around Misaki, the Pacific coast of central Japan, at depths ranging from shallow (2 m) to deep (> 200 m) sea. To build a reference library, we obtained 16S rRNA sequences of brittle star specimens collected from around Misaki and from similar depths in Japan, and sequences registered in International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration. As a result of comparison of the obtained eDNA sequences with the reference library 37 (including cryptic species) and 26 brittle star species were detected with certain identities by 16SOph1 and 16SOph2 analyses, respectively. In shallow water, the number of species and reads other than the brittle stars detected with 16SOph1 was less than 10% of the total number. On the other hand, the number of brittle star species and reads detected with 16SOph2 was less than half of the total number, and the number of detected non-brittle star metazoan species ranged from 20 to 46 species across 6 to 8 phyla (only the reads at the "Tank" were less than 0.001%). The number of non-brittle star species and reads at 80 m was less than 10% with both of the primer sets. These findings suggest that 16SOph1 is specific to the brittle star and 16SOph2 is suitable for a variety of marine metazoans. It appears, however, that further optimization of primer sequences would still be necessary to avoid possible PCR dropouts from eDNA extracts. Moreover, a detailed elucidation of the brittle star fauna in the examined area, and the accurate identification of brittle star species in the current DNA databank is required.

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11

PARAMESWARAN, USHA V., B. MOHAMMED NOWSHAD, SUDHANSHU DIXIT, HASHIM MANJEBRAYAKATH, K. K. IDREESBABU, and N. SARAVANANE. "New records of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the Lakshadweep atolls, northern Indian Ocean, with notes on Indophioderma ganapatii Sastry, Marimuthu & Rajan, 2019." Zootaxa 4809, no. 3 (2020): 560–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4809.3.9.

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The paper presents three new records of brittle stars for Indian waters, collected from the Lakshadweep atolls (northern Indian Ocean)—Ophiarachnella septemspinosa (Müller & Troschel, 1842), Ophiocoma cynthiae Benavides-Serrato & O’Hara, 2008 & Ophiomoeris obstricta (Lyman, 1878). Further, this paper also discusses the validity of two recently described taxa from this archipelago, the genus Indophioderma with the species Indophioderma ganapatii Sastry, Marimuthu & Rajan, 2019. A checklist of brittle stars reported so far from the Lakshadweep Islands is provided, which includes 40 valid species—32 from shallow (reef) areas and 8 deep-sea (>200m) species.

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12

Lesawengan, Selly, Marnix L. D. Langoy, and Lalu Wahyudi. "KEANEKARAGAMAN BINTANG MENGULAR (OPHIUROIDEA) DI PERAIRAN DESA MOKUPA, KECAMATAN TOMBARIRI, KABUPATEN MINAHASA." PHARMACON 8, no. 3 (2019): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/pha.8.2019.29338.

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Ophiuroids are well known called brittle star which is one member of the Phylum Echinodermata. Brittle stars have an important ecological role in the food chain that can support marine ecosystem. Brittle star are currently have no economic importance. However, the genus ophioderma can be used as aquarium decoration because it has an attractive color. This research aims to determine the level of diversity of brittle stars in Mokupa waters, Tombariri District, Minahasa Regency using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. This research was conducted in June 2018 applying quadrant transect method. Species of brittle stars found there are 7 types of Macrophiothrix longipeda, Ophiomastix janualis, Ophiocoma brevipes, Ophiocoma schoenleinii, Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiocoma scolopendrina and Ophiolepis cincta. Ophiomastix janualis is dominant species but not for Ophiocoma brevipes. Ophiuroids diversity in the Mokupa waters was classified into moderate class with a diversity index of 1,475 Keywords: Brittle Star, Diversity, Minahasa Regency. ABSTRAK Bintang mengular (Ophiuroidea) merupakan salah satu kelas yang tergolong dalam filum Echinodermata. Fungsi ekologis bintang mengular yaitu memegang peran penting dalam rantai makanan yang menopang suatu bentuk ekosistem di laut. Dari sudut ekonomi belum diketahui nilai ekonomis dari bintang mengular namun khususnya dari genus Ophioderma bisa dijadikan sebagai hiasan aquarium karena memiliki warna yang menarik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan tingkat keanekaragaman bintang mengular di perairan Desa Mokupa, Kecamatan Tombariri, Kabupaten Minahasa berdasarkan nilai indeks Shannon-Wiener. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni 2018 dengan menggunakan metode transek kuadrat. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terdapat 7 jenis yang ditemukan yaitu, Macrophiothrix longipeda, Ophiomastix janualis, Ophiocoma brevipes, Ophiocoma schoenleinii, Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiocoma scolopendrina dan Ophiolepis cincta. Bintang mengular yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah Ophiomastix janualis dan yang paling sedikit adalah Ophiocoma brevipes. Indeks keanekaragaman dari bintang mengular yang diamati termasuk dalam kategori sedang yaitu 1,475. Kata kunci: Bintang mengular, Keanekaragaman, Kabupaten Minahasa.

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13

Soong, K., Y. Lin, S. Chao, and D. Chang. "Spawning time of two shallow-water brittle stars." Marine Ecology Progress Series 376 (February 11, 2009): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps07804.

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14

Hendler, Gordon, Mark J. Grygier, Elisa Maldonado, and Jessica Denton. "Babysitting Brittle Stars: Heterospecific Symbiosis between Ophiuroids (Echinodermata)." Invertebrate Biology 118, no. 2 (1999): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3227060.

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15

Khodami, Sahar, Pedro Martinez Arbizu, Sabine Stöhr, and Silke Laakmann. "Molecular Species Delimitation of Icelandic Brittle Stars (Ophiuroidea)." Polish Polar Research 35, no. 2 (2014): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/popore-2014-0011.

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Abstract Brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) comprise over 2, 000 species, all of which inhabit marine environments and can be abundant in the deep sea. Morphological plasticity in number and shape of skeletal parts, as well as variable colors, can complicate correct species identification. Consequently, DNA sequence analysis can play an important role in species identification. In this study we compared the genetic variability of the mitochondrial cytochrome c subunit I gene (COI) and the nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU, 18S rDNA) to morphological identification of 66 specimens of 11 species collected from the North Atlantic in Icelandic waters. Also two species delimitation tools, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) and General Mixed Yule Coalescence Method (GMYC) were performed to test species hypotheses. The analysis of both gene fragments was successful to discriminate between species and provided new insights into some morphological species hypothesis. Although less divergent than COI, it is helpful to use the SSU region as a complementary fragment to the barcoding gene.

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16

Hendler, G., A. E. Migotto, C. R. R. Ventura, and L. Wilk. "Epizoic Ophiothela brittle stars have invaded the Atlantic." Coral Reefs 31, no. 4 (2012): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-012-0936-6.

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17

Duquette, A., K. M. Halanych, R. A. Angus, and J. B. Mcclintock. "Inter and intraspecific comparisons of the skeletal Mg/Ca ratios of high latitude Antarctic echinoderms." Antarctic Science 30, no. 3 (2018): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102017000566.

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AbstractEchinoderms are vulnerable to ocean acidification because of their high magnesium calcite skeletons. Here, skeletal Mg/Ca ratios were examined within and between individuals of 20 Antarctic echinoderms representative of the asteroids, ophiuroids and echinoids. The highest mean Mg/Ca ratios occurred in the discs and arms (0.111 and 0.110, respectively) of brittle-stars and the lowest in the spines (0.010) of cidaroid sea urchins. Many taxa (11 of 14 species) from the collection sites showed no intraspecific differences in Mg/Ca ratios between given skeletal components. Exceptions were the spines of two regular sea urchins and the skeletal ossicles of the combined arms and disc of a brittle-star. The relationship between skeletal magnesium content and latitude was further evaluated and an inverse correlation was found between Antarctic echinoderm taxa skeletal magnesium content and latitude across 62° to 76°, indicating that the relationship occurs over relatively narrow latitudes. Upon examination of an even narrower range (70–76° latitude), a region where the mineralogy of echinoderm skeletons has not been investigated, the predicted inverse relationship between Mg/Ca ratio and latitude was still observed in sea-stars, but not in brittle-stars or sea urchins.

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18

Stöhr, Sabine, and Øydis Alme. "Sometimes two arms are enough—an unusual life-stage in brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)." Zootaxa 3994, no. 3 (2015): 425–32. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3994.3.6.

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19

ALITTO, RENATA A. S., MARISTELA L. BUENO, PABLO D. B. GUILHERME, MAIKON DI DOMENICO, ANA BEARDSLEY CHRISTENSEN, and MICHELA BORGES. "Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations." Zootaxa 4405, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1.

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The detailed study of arm ossicles, particularly the lateral arm plates, is providing valuable information in the elucidation of ophiuroid taxonomy. The present study describes in detail 16 species of brittle stars from Araçá Bay, Brazil. This information is used to construct the first interactive electronic key, providing a valuable resource for a broad range of researchers. Brittle stars families were divided into three groups based on their spatial distribution: i) infaunal species of intertidal and shallow subtidal belonging to Amphiuridae and Ophiactidae, ii) epizoic species belonging to Amphiuridae, Ophiactidae, and Ophiotrichidae and, iii) epifaunal species of the subtidal belonging to Ophiodermatidae and Hemieuryalidae. In the global context of recent revisions of ophiuroid taxonomy, the present work provides additional characters for use in future phylogenetic studies.

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20

Thuy, Ben, and Sabine Stöh. "Lateral arm plate morphology in brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea): new perspectives for ophiuroid micropalaeontology and classification." Zootaxa 3013 (December 31, 2011): 1–47. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.278589.

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Thuy, Ben, Stöh, Sabine (2011): Lateral arm plate morphology in brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea): new perspectives for ophiuroid micropalaeontology and classification. Zootaxa 3013: 1-47, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278589

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KOBAYASHI, Rui, and Takeshi AOKI. "Development of continuum leg robot that imitated brittle stars." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2021 (2021): 2P3—H16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2021.2p3-h16.

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22

MCKNIGHT, DONALD G. "New brittle-stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from New Zealand waters." Zootaxa 352, no. 1 (2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.352.1.1.

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Thirteen new species of brittle-stars (Ophiuroidea: Echinodermata) and one new genus are described from the New Zealand region. These include: Ophiacanthidae (Ophiolebes); Ophiomyxidae (Ophiolycus, Renetheo n. gen.); and Ophiuridae (Amphiophiura, Ophiocten, Ophiophycis, Ophiura (Dictenophiura), Ophiura (Ophiuroglypha), Ophiomidas, and Ophiophyllum). Keys are provided to the described species of Ophiophycis and 4 closely related species of Amphiophiura occurring around New Zealand.

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23

Sköld, Mattias. "Escape responses in four epibenthic brittle stars (Ophiuroidea: Echinodermata)." Ophelia 49, no. 3 (1998): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00785326.1998.10409380.

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KOBAYASHI, Rui, and Takeshi AOKI. "Development of continuum leg robot that imitated brittle stars." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2019 (2019): 1P2—G05. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2019.1p2-g05.

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Glück, Franziska U., Sabine Stöhr, Ralf Bochert, and Michael L. Zettler. "Brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the continental shelf off Angola and Namibia." Zootaxa 3475 (December 31, 2012): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.282230.

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Glück, Franziska U., Stöhr, Sabine, Bochert, Ralf, Zettler, Michael L. (2012): Brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the continental shelf off Angola and Namibia. Zootaxa 3475: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.282230

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Chiantore, Mariachiara, Marta Guidetti, Marilù Cavallero, Francesca De Domenico, Giancarlo Albertelli, and Riccardo Cattaneo-Vietti. "Sea urchins, sea stars and brittle stars from Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica)." Polar Biology 29, no. 6 (2005): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-005-0077-2.

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Baker, Alan N., Masanori Okanishi, and David L. Pawson. "Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida)." Zootaxa 4392, no. 1 (2018): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1.

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Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1

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Buškus, Kazimieras, Evaldas Vaičiukynas, Antanas Verikas, Saulė Medelytė, Andrius Šiaulys, and Aleksej Šaškov. "Automated Quantification of Brittle Stars in Seabed Imagery Using Computer Vision Techniques." Sensors 21, no. 22 (2021): 7598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227598.

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Underwater video surveys play a significant role in marine benthic research. Usually, surveys are filmed in transects, which are stitched into 2D mosaic maps for further analysis. Due to the massive amount of video data and time-consuming analysis, the need for automatic image segmentation and quantitative evaluation arises. This paper investigates such techniques on annotated mosaic maps containing hundreds of instances of brittle stars. By harnessing a deep convolutional neural network with pre-trained weights and post-processing results with a common blob detection technique, we investigate the effectiveness and potential of such segment-and-count approach by assessing the segmentation and counting success. Discs could be recommended instead of full shape masks for brittle stars due to faster annotation among marker variants tested. Underwater image enhancement techniques could not improve segmentation results noticeably, but some might be useful for augmentation purposes.

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Stöhr, Sabine, Melih Ertan Çinar, and Ertan Dagli. "Brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the southern coast of Turkey (eastern Mediterranean): new records and revision of Amphiodia obtecta Mortensen, 1940." Zootaxa 2483 (December 31, 2010): 45–57. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.195488.

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Stöhr, Sabine, Çinar, Melih Ertan, Dagli, Ertan (2010): Brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the southern coast of Turkey (eastern Mediterranean): new records and revision of Amphiodia obtecta Mortensen, 1940. Zootaxa 2483: 45-57, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.195488

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Okanishi, Masanori, and Yoshihisa Fujita. "First finding of anchialine and submarine cave dwelling brittle stars from the Pacific Ocean, with descriptions of new species of Ophiolepis and Ophiozonella (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Amphilepidida)." Zootaxa 4377, no. 1 (2018): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4377.1.1.

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Okanishi, Masanori, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2018): First finding of anchialine and submarine cave dwelling brittle stars from the Pacific Ocean, with descriptions of new species of Ophiolepis and Ophiozonella (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Amphilepidida). Zootaxa 4377 (1): 1-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4377.1.1

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Lau, Sally C. Y., Jan M. Strugnell, Chester J. Sands, Catarina N. S. Silva, and Nerida G. Wilson. "Evolutionary innovations in Antarctic brittle stars linked to glacial refugia." Ecology and Evolution 11, no. 23 (2021): 17428–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8376.

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Galaska, Matthew P., Yuanning Li, Kevin M. Kocot, Andrew R. Mahon, and Kenneth M. Halanych. "Conservation of mitochondrial genome arrangements in brittle stars (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 130 (January 2019): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.002.

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Smirnov, I. S. "Brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) of the Cooperation Sea, Eastern Antarctica." Biology Bulletin 43, no. 6 (2016): 491–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062359016060157.

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Dgebuadze, Polina Yu, Yury V. Deart, and Do Huu Quyet. "First record of eulimids on brittle stars from Spratly Islands." Symbiosis 81, no. 2 (2020): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13199-020-00694-9.

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Boxshall, Geoffrey A. (Geoffrey Allan). "A review of the copepod endoparasites of brittle stars (Ophiuroida)." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology 54 (June 5, 1988): 261–70. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13407299.

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Okanishi, Masanori, and Yoshihisa Fujita. "A comprehensive taxonomic list of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from submarine caves of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan, with a description of a rare species, Dougaloplus echinatus (Amphiuridae)." Zootaxa 4571, no. 1 (2019): 73–98. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.5.

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Okanishi, Masanori, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): A comprehensive taxonomic list of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from submarine caves of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan, with a description of a rare species, Dougaloplus echinatus (Amphiuridae). Zootaxa 4571 (1): 73-98, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.5

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Thuy, B., and S. Stöh. "Thuy, B. & Stöh, S. (2011): Lateral arm plate morphology in brittle stars (Echinodermata Ophiuroidea): new perspectives for ophiuroid micropalaeontology and classification. Zootaxa 3013: 1-47." Zootaxa 3230, no. 1 (2012): 68. https://doi.org/10.11646/ZOOTAXA.3230.1.6.

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Thuy, B., Stöh, S. (2012): Thuy, B. & Stöh, S. (2011): Lateral arm plate morphology in brittle stars (Echinodermata Ophiuroidea): new perspectives for ophiuroid micropalaeontology and classification. Zootaxa 3013: 1-47. Zootaxa 3230 (1): 68, DOI: 10.11646/ZOOTAXA.3230.1.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3230.1.6

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Alitto, Renata A. S., Maristela L. Bueno, Pablo D. B. Guilherme, Maikon Di Domenico, Ana Beardsley Christensen, and Michela Borges. "Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations." Zootaxa 4405, no. 1 (2018): 1–66. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1.

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Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1

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Okanishi, Masanori, Yuichi Oba, and Yoshihisa Fujita. "Brittle stars from a submarine cave of Christmas Island, northwestern Australia, with description of a new bioluminescent species Ophiopsila xmasilluminans (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) and notes on its behaviour." Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67 (August 5, 2019): 421–39. https://doi.org/10.26107/RBZ-2019-0034.

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Okanishi, Masanori, Oba, Yuichi, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Brittle stars from a submarine cave of Christmas Island, northwestern Australia, with description of a new bioluminescent species Ophiopsila xmasilluminans (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) and notes on its behaviour. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 421-439, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0034

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Stöhr, Sabine. "Who's who among baby brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea): postmetamorphic development of some North Atlantic forms." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143, no. 4 (2005): 543–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00155.x.

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Stöhr, Sabine (2005): Who's who among baby brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea): postmetamorphic development of some North Atlantic forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (4): 543-576, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00155.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00155.x

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Peyghan, Soroor, Babak Doustshenas, Mohammad Bagher Nabavi, Mohammad Taghi Rounagh, Amir Ashtari Larki, and Sabine Stöhr. "New records of the brittle stars Ophiothela venusta and Ophiactis modesta (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the northern Persian Gulf, with morphological details." Zootaxa 4527, no. 3 (2018): 425–35. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4527.3.11.

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Peyghan, Soroor, Doustshenas, Babak, Nabavi, Mohammad Bagher, Rounagh, Mohammad Taghi, Larki, Amir Ashtari, Stöhr, Sabine (2018): New records of the brittle stars Ophiothela venusta and Ophiactis modesta (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the northern Persian Gulf, with morphological details. Zootaxa 4527 (3): 425-435, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4527.3.11

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Demina, L. L., S. V. Galkin, and A. S. Solomatina. "Bioaccumulation of Chemical Elements and Organic Carbon in the Macrozoobenthic Organisms of the Laptev Sea." Океанология 64, no. 1 (2024): 12–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0030157424010028.

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Within the framework of the program “Marine Ecosystems of the Siberian Arctic”, based on the materials collected during the 69th and 72nd cruises of the R/V “Akademik Mstislav Keldysh”, a study of the distribution of a group of chemical elements (As, Ba, Bi, Co, Cr, Cr, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sc, Ti, Tl, Th, V, U and Zn) and organic carbon in the mass taxa of the Laptev Sea macrozoobenthos in the fields of methane seepage and outside them was carried out. For the first time, the bioaccumulation potential (BP) was quantified, taking into account, along with the concentration of elements in organisms, their biomass. At the C-15 methane field, the population of brittle stars accumulates each of the microelements many times (up to 40 times) more than at the background station. Brittle stars and bivalves show increased BP for Ni, As, Ba, Cu, Ti, V, Mn, and Zn compared to other elements, with brittle stars having significantly higher BP. It is assumed that the increased bioaccumulation of some heavy metals and metalloids in methane seep areas is associated with a greater bioavailability of organic matter in bottom sediments. For organic carbon, the highest BP was established, which is especially expressed in the C-15 methane field. At the background station, taxa accumulate a significantly smaller (by a factor of 10) amount of carbon in their biomass. As a result of the functioning of the ground eaters, bottom sediments are enriched with organic carbon, which may indicate an important contribution of benthic organisms to the carbon cycle in the seas of the Arctic.

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Thuy, Ben, Lea Numberger-Thuy, and John W. M. Jagt. "A new ophiacanthid brittle star (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from sublittoral crinoid and seagrass communities of late Maastrichtian age in the southeast Netherlands." PeerJ 8 (August 24, 2020): e9671. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9671.

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A new species of brittle star, Ophiomitrella floorae, is recorded from the lower two meters of the Gronsveld Member (Maastricht Formation), of late Maastrichtian age (c. 66.7 Ma). These relatively fine-grained biocalcarenites reflect shallow-water deposition in a sheltered setting with a relatively firm sea floor and clear waters, under middle sublittoral and subtropical conditions. Associated echinoderm taxa comprise more robust, sturdy-plated ophiomusaid and ophiodermatid brittle stars and numerous bourgueticrinine sea lilies. The new brittle star described herein belongs to a family whose present-day members are predominantly restricted to bathyal depths. Its small size and the exceptional preservation of a single articulated specimen partially wrapped around the stalk of a bourgueticrinine suggest that O. floorae n. sp. was probably epizoic and specifically associated with stalked crinoids.

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SIRENKO, BORIS I., IGOR S. SMIRNOV, SOFIA D. STEPANJANTS, OLEG P. POLTARUHA, and OLEG V. SAVINKIN. "First record of symbiosis of the brittle star Ophiocnemis marmorata (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiotrichidae) on jellyfish of the genus Rhopilema (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) in Vietnamese waters." Zoosymposia 15, no. 1 (2019): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.15.1.16.

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First finding of brittle star Ophiocnemis marmorata in jellyfishes of genus Rhopilema in waters of Vietnam is described. Symbiosis between scyphomedusae and epizoic invertebrates, in particular with hyperiid amphipods, has long been known (Thiel 1976). However, the association of echinoderms with jellyfish is unusual and has seldom been reported. Russian investigators worked in the Nhatrang Bay near the Tam Island in 2011. Underwater they could meet enough greater number Scyphozoa jellyfishes Rhopilema hispidum (Vanhöffen, 1888). Inside of a bell of many jellyfishes were visible brittle stars. One such jellyfish was placed in a bucket under water and delivered aboard a vessel together with all symbionts. Among symbionts there were 9 juvenile fishes, 7 swimming crabs Charybdis feriata (Linnaeus, 1758), 4 shrimps and 5 brittle star specimens Ophiocnemis marmorata (Lamarck, 1816).

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45

Parameswaran, Usha V., B. Mohammed Nowshad, Sudhanshu Dixit, Hashim Manjebrayakath, K.K. Idreesbabu, and N. Saravanane. "New records of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the Lakshadweep atolls, northern Indian Ocean, with notes on Indophioderma ganapatii Sastry Marimuthu & Rajan, 2019." Zootaxa 4809, no. 3 (2020): 560–70. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4809.3.9.

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Parameswaran, Usha V., Nowshad, B. Mohammed, Dixit, Sudhanshu, Manjebrayakath, Hashim, Idreesbabu, K.K., Saravanane, N. (2020): New records of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the Lakshadweep atolls, northern Indian Ocean, with notes on Indophioderma ganapatii Sastry Marimuthu & Rajan, 2019. Zootaxa 4809 (3): 560-570, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4809.3.9

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Czarkwiani, Anna, Cinzia Ferrario, David Viktor Dylus, Michela Sugni, and Paola Oliveri. "Skeletal regeneration in the brittle star Amphiura filiformis." Frontiers in Zoology 13, no. 1 (2016): 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-016-0149-x.

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<strong>Background: </strong>Brittle stars regenerate their whole arms post-amputation. <i>Amphiura filiformis</i> can now be used for molecular characterization of arm regeneration due to the availability of transcriptomic data. Previous work showed that specific developmental transcription factors known to take part in echinoderm skeletogenesis are expressed during adult arm regeneration in <i>A. filiformis</i>; however, the process of skeleton formation remained poorly understood. Here, we present the results of an in-depth microscopic analysis of skeletal morphogenesis during regeneration, using calcein staining, EdU labeling and <i>in situ</i> hybridization.<strong>Results: </strong>To better compare different samples, we propose a staging system for the early <i>A. filiformis</i> arm regeneration stages based on morphological landmarks identifiable in living animals and supported by histological analysis. We show that the calcified spicules forming the endoskeleton first appear very early during regeneration in the dermal layer of regenerates. These spicules then mature into complex skeletal elements of the differentiated arm during late regeneration. The mesenchymal cells in the dermal area express the skeletal marker genes <i>Afi-c-lectin, Afi-p58b and Afi-p19</i>; however, EdU labeling shows that these dermal cells do not proliferate.<strong>Conclusions: </strong> <i>A. filiformis</i> arms regenerate through a consistent set of developmental stages using a distalization-intercalation mode, despite variability in regeneration rate. Skeletal elements form in a mesenchymal cell layer that does not proliferate and thus must be supplied from a different source. Our work provides the basis for future cellular and molecular studies of skeleton regeneration in brittle stars.

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Nethupul, Hasitha, Sabine Stöhr, and Haibin Zhang. "New species, redescriptions and new records of deep-sea brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the South China Sea, an integrated morphological and molecular approach." European Journal of Taxonomy 810, no. 1 (2022): 1–95. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.810.1723.

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Nethupul, Hasitha, Stöhr, Sabine, Zhang, Haibin (2022): New species, redescriptions and new records of deep-sea brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the South China Sea, an integrated morphological and molecular approach. European Journal of Taxonomy 810 (1): 1-95, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.810.1723, URL: http://zoobank.org/67e0ccf7-f768-4c5f-9f02-55ebffadd3d5

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Stöhr, Sabine, Chantal Conand, and Emilie Boissin. "Brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from La Réunion and the systematic position of Ophiocanops Koehler, 1922." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153, no. 3 (2008): 545–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00401.x.

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Stöhr, Sabine, Conand, Chantal, Boissin, Emilie (2008): Brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from La Réunion and the systematic position of Ophiocanops Koehler, 1922. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (3): 545-560, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00401.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00401.x

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Soong, K., D. Chang, and SM Chao. "Presence of spawn-inducing pheromones in two brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)." Marine Ecology Progress Series 292 (2005): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps292195.

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50

Sumner-Rooney, Lauren, Imran A. Rahman, Julia D. Sigwart, and Esther Ullrich-Lüter. "Whole-body photoreceptor networks are independent of ‘lenses’ in brittle stars." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1871 (2018): 20172590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2590.

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Photoreception and vision are fundamental aspects of animal sensory biology and ecology, but important gaps remain in our understanding of these processes in many species. The colour-changing brittle star Ophiocoma wendtii is iconic in vision research, speculatively possessing a unique whole-body visual system that incorporates information from nerve bundles underlying thousands of crystalline ‘microlenses’. The hypothesis that these might form a sophisticated compound eye-like system regulated by chromatophores has been extensively reiterated, with investigations into biomimetic optics and similar supposedly ‘visual’ structures in living and fossil taxa. However, no photoreceptors or visual behaviours have ever been identified. We present the first evidence of photoreceptor networks in three Ophiocoma species, both with and without microlenses and colour-changing behaviour. High-resolution microscopy, immunohistochemistry and synchrotron tomography demonstrate that putative photoreceptors cover the animals' oral, lateral and aboral surfaces, but are absent at the hypothesized focal points of the microlenses. The structural optics of these crystal ‘lenses’ are an exaptation and do not fulfil any apparent visual role. This contradicts previous studies, yet the photoreceptor network in Ophiocoma appears even more widespread than previously anticipated, both taxonomically and anatomically.

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