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1
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Development of simplified external control techniques for broad area semiconductor lasers. Electrical Engineering Dept., University of Maryland, 1993.
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Brandt, Sebastian, and Hartmut Gehring. Anaesthesia for medical imaging and bronchoscopic procedures. Edited by Peter F. Mahoney and Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0077.
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Anaesthesia in ‘remote areas’ is required for medical imaging (CT, MRI, PET-CT), angiography, endoscopy, and interventions (stenting, thrombectomy, coiling, laser therapy, biopsies, radiotherapy) in a number of medical disciplines (paediatrics, radiology, cardiology, pulmonology, gastroenterology, surgery, cardiac surgery, emergency medicine). The spectrum of anaesthetic techniques is broad. It reaches from standby (monitored anaesthesia care), through analgesia and sedation (with spontaneous breathing), to general anaesthesia and mechanical ventilation. Regional anaesthesia techniques are also required under certain circumstances. In the last few years there has been a move away from open procedures to interventional techniques. The complexity of these interventions has increased (i.e. interventional cardiac valve replacements) and the patients tend to be older and suffer from a multitude of co-morbidities. Many of these interventions are performed in the ‘hostile environment’ of the intervention suite. Intervention suites are typically not designed to offer anaesthetists an ideal working area. The space may be limited and medical equipment impedes access to the patient. The infrastructure may be suboptimal (e.g. no central medical gases supply). Protection for staff and equipment against radiation and high magnetic fields must be considered. Loud noise from machinery and shielded walls, doors, and windows may hinder communication and hearing acoustic alarms. The distance to the operating theatre may be considerable and thus support from senior anaesthetists and supply of additional equipment may take some time to arrive. Anaesthesia outside the operating theatre is sometimes underestimated as trivial. Performing a ‘quick’ interventional case can evolve within seconds into a challenge even for the experienced anaesthesiologist if a surgical or anaesthesiological complication occurs. Non-operating-theatre anaesthesia has a higher severity of injuries and more substandard care than operating theatre anaesthesia. This is not acceptable and anaesthetists must ensure the same high standard of anaesthesia care and patient safety both inside and outside the operating theatre.
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Bradley, Richard, Colin Haselgrove, Marc Vander Linden, and Leo Webley. The Later Prehistory of North-West Europe. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199659777.001.0001.
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The Later Prehistory of North-West Europe provides a unique, up-to-date, and easily accessible synthesis of the later prehistoric archaeology of north-west Europe, transcending political and language barriers that can hinder understanding. By surveying changes in social forms, landscape organization, monument types, and ritual practices over six millennia, the volume reassesses the prehistory of north-west Europe from the late Mesolithic to the end of the pre-Roman Iron Age. It explores how far common patterns of social development are apparent across north-west Europe, and whether there were periods when local differences were emphasized instead. In relation to this, it also examines changes through time in the main axes of contact between the various regions of continental Europe, Britain, and Ireland. Key to the volume's broad scope is its focus on the vast mass of new evidence provided by recent development-led excavations. The authors collate data that has been gathered on thousands of sites across Britain, Ireland, northern France, the Low Countries, western Germany, and Denmark, using sources including unpublished 'grey literature' reports. The results challenge many aspects of previous narratives of later prehistory, allowing the volume to present a distinctively fresh perspective.
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Cheng, Christine. History and Society. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199673346.003.0004.
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Beginning with the troubled relationship between the freed slaves from America (Americo-Liberian Settlers), this chapter traces how a history of discrimination and ingrained social inequality prepared the ground for the emergence of extralegal groups almost two centuries later. While providing a broad sociopolitical sketch of the country’s evolution, the chapter discusses four key ideas: distrust of the central state, the use of violence and coercion to control outsiders, Firestone’s role as a model enclave economy, and the liberalization of the trade in commodities. It considers how the country’s vast inequalities gradually developed and were systematically institutionalized through state structures, and why, as a consequence, many native Liberians continue to regard the country’s central authorities with distrust. Although these four factors are not necessary conditions for the formation of extralegal groups per se, their influence continued to reverberate many decades later, affecting extralegal group formation and development in contemporary Liberia.
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Kellerman, Barbara. Inclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190695781.003.0007.
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The chapter argues that leadership has stayed stuck in part because leadership experts and educators typically confine themselves to a singularly small space. They focus on the leader to the exclusion of virtually everyone else—and everything else. They fixate on teaching people how to be good leaders, ignoring, among other things, bad leaders. The leadership industry is, then, narrow in its scope rather than broad, the accompanying pedagogical presumption being that focusing laser-like on single individuals will suffice. These single individuals, these putative leaders, are rarely set in the world of other people, notably followers. And they are rarely set in the contexts that, of themselves, have an impact on how change is, or is not, created. The discussion emphasizes that leadership is not a person—it is a system. It is a system with three parts, each of which is of equal importance: leaders, followers, and contexts.
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Greco, Francesco, and Paolo Fornara. Inflammation. Edited by Rob Pickard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0009.
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Fournier’s gangrene (FG) defines a life-threatening necrotizing fasciitis of the external genitalia and perineum with a peak incidence at 50 years of age. It is associated with a mixed bacterial infection with Escherichia coli and Bacteroides spp. predominating. The diagnosis is made clinically with symptoms of skin necrosis, swelling, pain, crepitus, and feculent odour, and local and systemic signs of severe sepsis. Initial resuscitation with fluid replacement, oxygen therapy, and broad-spectrum empirical antibiotics should be rapidly followed by complete and aggressive surgical debridement with postoperative placement of an occlusive dressing. Urinary and faecal diversions are often required. Debridement should be repeated until all necrotic tissue has been excised, allowing later reconstruction. Early diagnosis and immediate therapy is crucial to improve survival in patients with FG.
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Reinmar, Wolff. 5 Interim Relief. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676811.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses the interim relief measures issued during arbitration proceedings. Interim measures represent one of the most difficult areas in arbitration as it is characterized by the tribunal’s broad discretion and the need for a grant of enforcement by the state court. In a dispute, whether a party finally achieves its requested legal protection will depend on interim measures of protection: the disclosure of a trade secret, for example, cannot be undone even if an award or judgment later finds that the trade secret was illegal. While state court interim measures per se follow the general rules of civil procedural law at the place of their issuance, they pose a number of challenges at the interface between these general local civil procedure rules and the particularities of arbitration, particularly in cross-border disputes.
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Elkins, Nathan T. Nerva as Supreme Military Commander. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190648039.003.0002.
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As Nerva’s coinage has been studied almost exclusively with historical hindsight, and with the biases of later historians in mind, there is an impulse to read Nerva’s “weak” character into his coinage. This bias is most pronounced on his coinage bearing military themes, which are interpreted as “apologetic,” “hopeful,” or a “desperate plea” to the army to forestall mutiny. State-sanctioned art did not operate in this way and always presented the emperor positively. Reinterpreted in the context of historical representations, the martial imagery on the coinage was traditional and to be expected of the emperor, who had always played the role of supreme military commander. Although often understood as courting the sympathies of the army, many types are excessively rare, suggesting they had little communicative potential in the Roman world. Those proclaiming the “harmony of the armies” are common throughout the Roman Empire and spoke to a broad audience.
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Read, Jennifer S. Zika Virus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604813.003.0015.
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Although generally asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic in the general population, infection with the Zika virus (ZIKV) during pregnancy may lead to severely adverse fetal and infant outcomes, including the congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Characteristics of this syndrome that are unique to it or are not typically observed with other congenital infections comprise anomalies of the brain and cranial morphology, ocular anomalies, congenital contractures, and neurological sequelae. The full spectrum of outcomes of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of ZIKV appears to be large, ranging from asymptomatic infection at birth, with possible later manifestation of significant abnormalities, to obvious and severe abnormalities in the fetus and infant. Although our understanding of pathogenesis, rates, and manifestations of CZS has improved rapidly and dramatically, much remains unknown or poorly understood regarding this potentially devastating congenital infection. Because of this, a broad research agenda regarding ZIKV is being implemented.
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Doyle, Lauren R., and Sarah N. Mattson. Behavioral Teratogenic Effects of Alcohol: Focus on Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.39.
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Prenatal exposure to teratogens may alter fetal development and significantly impact later life. Perhaps the best known teratogen is alcohol; prenatal alcohol exposure causes a broad range of effects that can cause lifelong impairment. Of greatest significance are the functional impairments in behavior and cognition. Recognition of these impairments led to the inclusion of the neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE) in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders under “conditions for further study.” This proposed diagnosis captures the significant neurodevelopmental and mental health impacts associated with prenatal alcohol exposure and requires impairment in neurocognitive functioning, self-regulation, and adaptive functioning. This chapter reviews clinical impacts of prenatal alcohol exposure, with particular focus on ND-PAE. Methods for comprehensively assessing fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, specifically ND-PAE, are discussed as well as preliminary evidence for implementing effective interventions with these individuals.
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Stets, Jan E., and Richard T. Serpe, eds. Identities in Everyday Life. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190873066.001.0001.
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Identities are a part of the very fabric of life. Identities in Everyday Life focuses on how identity theory in social psychology can help us understand a wide array of issues across six areas of life, including psychological well-being; authenticity; morality; gender, race, and sexuality; group membership; and early to later adult identities. The research in this volume is from the second biannual conference on identity theory that brought together over 45 scholars who presented original theoretical or empirical work that demonstrates how identity theory provides a framework to explain everyday life experiences. The chapters build upon prior work to understand the source, development, and dynamics of individuals’ identities as they unfold within and across situations. The studies not only advance scholarly research on identities, but they also provide an understanding of the relevance of identities for people’s everyday lives. The findings are relevant to a broad-based set of researchers in the academy across disciplines in the social sciences, education, and health; to students at both the graduate and undergraduate level who are interested in identities at both a personal and professional level; to mental health professionals; and to the average person in society.
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Garaffa, Giulio, Salvatore Sansalone, and David J. Ralph. Male genital injury. Edited by David John Ralph. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0109.
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Male genital trauma, a relatively rare condition in the Western world, usually affects young men and encompasses a wide spectrum of injuries, which in the most severe cases may lead to a complete long-term loss of sexual and urinary function. When managing genital trauma, it is paramount to identify possible associated bony, vascular, bowel, and urinary tract injuries, which are present in up to 83% of cases, and should require immediate treatment, as they may be potentially life-threatening. The management of the genital trauma should be deferred to a later stage, when associated injuries have been successfully dealt with and the patient condition is stable. Therefore, a prompt and effective management of genital injuries is paramount to prevent devastating effects on patient’s self-image and quality of life. Classification of genital injuries is extremely complex, as an offending mechanism can lead to a broad spectrum of lesions.
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Salzman, Paul. Authorship, Publication, Reception (1). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199580033.003.0001.
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This chapter charts the nature of prose fiction from the beginning of printing to the start of the Restoration period. The development, diversity, and increasing popularity of prose fiction from this era are an extraordinary literary phenomenon. Prose romance circulated from the 1470s through the sixteenth century in both print and manuscript, and formed the cornerstone of prose narrative during the late fifteenth through to the mid-sixteenth centuries. While it is impossible to find a great deal of hard evidence about the early readership for these works, their proliferation and their variety suggest readers from a quite broad spectrum of society, although a truly ‘popular’ readership was only established later in the sixteenth century. Along with these long-lived survivors from earlier centuries, by the sixteenth century prose romance in England was dominated by the translations (and originals) of the Continental chivalric romance, most notably the Amadis de Gaule series.
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McSweeney, Terence. Studying The Hurt Locker. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781911325734.001.0001.
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This book, drawing on a broad tapestry of research, offers an exploration of The Hurt Locker (2009), its stylistic and narrative devices, its cultural impact, its reception, and its relationship to the genre of the war film. The book begins with an analysis of what The Hurt Locker ultimately portrays about the Iraq War, which was officially brought to an end by President Barack Obama on the 18 December 2011, but still continues to be fought onscreen. It also explores the central contentions that are key to the affective impact of The Hurt Locker during the time of its release and after a decade later. The book places the film in a richly textured historical, political, and industrial context, arguing that The Hurt Locker is part of a long tradition of films about American wars that play a considerable role in how audiences come to understand the conflicts that they depict. Thus, films about a nation's wars are never “only a movie” but rather should be considered a cultural battleground themselves on which a war of representation is waged.
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Carver, Terrell. The Marxian Tradition. Edited by George Klosko. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0023.
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Karl Marx (1818–1883) and his sometime collaborator and long-term friend, Friedrich Engels (1820–1895), are rightly regarded as the founders of a highly significant tradition in the history of political philosophy. However, this was never their aim at the time of writing. Their relationship to politics as activists, and their broad political orientations as socialists, were both clear from the early stages of their careers. The Marxian tradition, established as such in Marx's later lifetime, was certainly one of political thought and action, but the reception of these ideas and selected texts into the mainstream and canon of the Anglophone history of political philosophy was largely a post-World War II development. The portmanteau term Marxism occludes a number of contextually crucial distinctions that bear on philosophical and other interpretative issues connected with the Marxian tradition. In general terms, the Marxian tradition contributes to the history of political philosophy by highlighting economic activity, social class, exploitation, the state, ideology, historical progress, revolutionary change, and a “good society” that is socialist or communist in character.
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Maegawa, Gustavo H. B. Lysosomal Storage Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0068.
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The lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are a group of inborn organelle disorders, clinically heterogeneous, and biochemically characterized by accumulation of nondegraded macromolecules primarily in the lysosomal and other cellular compartments. Given the common and essential cellular function of the lysosomal system in different organs and systems, patients afflicted with these disorders present a broad range of clinical problems, including neurological problems, visceromegaly, and skeletal deformities. Onset of symptoms may range from fetal period to adulthood. The neurological problems include developmental delay, seizures, acroparesthesia, motor weakness, muscle wasting, behavioral/psychiatric disturbances, cerebrovascular ischemic events, and extrapyramidal signs. Patients may present with symptoms later that include psychiatric manifestations, are slowly progressive, and may precede other neurologic or systemic features. Most of LSDs are autosomal recessive; however, a few are X-linked with symptpmatic female carriers (e.g., Fabry disease). In most of them, the diagnosis is established by biochemical and/or molecular assays. In terms of management, disease-modifying therapies include enzyme replacement, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and substrate reduction therapy. Patients and their families require genetic counseling regarding reproductive risks, disease prognosis, and therapeutic options. Investigations of disease molecular mechanisms provide insights into potential targets for the development of therapeutic strategies. Supportive care has been the key and essential for most LSDs, resulting in substantial improvement in quality of life of patients and families.
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Yamamoto, Eric K. In the Shadow of Korematsu. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878955.001.0001.
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The national security and civil liberties tensions of the World War II mass Japanese American internment (incarceration) link 9/11 and the 2015 Paris-San Bernardino attacks to the era in America darkened by accelerating discrimination against and intimidation of those asserting rights of freedom of religion, association, and speech, and one marked by increasingly volatile protests against racial and religious discrimination. This book discusses the broad civil liberties challenges posed by these past-into-the-future linkages, highlighting pressing questions about the significance of judicial independence for a constitutional democracy committed both to security and to the rule of law. First, the book portrays the present-day significance of the Supreme Court’s discredited yet never overruled 1944 Korematsu decision—a decision later found in the coram nobis cases to be driven by the government’s presentation of “intentional falsehoods” and “willful historical inaccuracies” to the Court. Second, the book implicates prospects for judicial independence in adjudging harassment, exclusion, and incarceration disputes in contemporary America and beyond. Third, and even more broadly for security and liberty controversies, the book engages the American populace in shaping law and policy at the ground level by placing the courts’ legitimacy on center stage. It addresses how critical legal advocacy and organized public pressure targeting judges and policymakers—realpolitik advocacy—at times can foster judicial fealty to constitutional principles while promoting accountability of the elective branches. Finally it addresses who we are as Americans and whether we are genuinely committed to a checks-and-balances democracy governed by the Constitution.
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Gill, Kristina M., Mikael Fauvelle, and Jon M. Erlandson, eds. An Archaeology of Abundance. University Press of Florida, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056166.001.0001.
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An Archaeology of Abundance focuses on the archaeology and historical ecology of a series of islands located off the Pacific Coast of Alta and Baja California, from the Channel Islands to Cedros Island. Compared to the adjacent mainland, these islands have long been considered marginal habitats for ancient hunter-gatherers, beginning with accounts of early Spanish explorers and by later naturalists, scientists, and government agents, as well as the anthropologists and archaeologists who followed. This perception of marginality has greatly influenced our interpretation of a variety of archaeological issues including the antiquity of first settlement; the productivity of island floras, freshwater, and mineral resources; human population density; and the nature of regional exchange, wealth, and power networks. Recent advances in archaeological and historical ecological research, combined with field observations of recovering ecosystems suggest that the California Islands may not have been the marginal habitats they once appeared to be. Severe overgrazing and overfishing during historic times heavily impacted local ecosystems, which are now recovering under modern management, conservation, and restoration practices. While older models developed through the perspective of island marginality may hold true for certain resources or islands, it is important to reconsider our interpretations of past and present archaeological data, and reevaluate long-held assumptions, given these new insights. Ultimately, a reexamination of the effects of perceived marginality on the history of archaeological interpretations on California's islands may have broad implications for other island archipelagos worldwide.
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Introvigne, Massimo. The Plymouth Brethren. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842420.001.0001.
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Plymouth Brethren are a larger Christian movement, including a dozen of different denominations. They originate from a 19th-century revival in the British Isles, around John Nelson Darby—regarded by some of the father of the evangelical fundamentalist movement—and others who dreamed to restore the purity of primitive Christianity. The revival eventually extended to Continental Europe, particularly Switzerland and Italy, and later France and Germany, as well as to United States, Canada, and China. While some lived this dream in ecumenical terms, those who would eventually be called Exclusive Brethren came to believe that true Christians should separate themselves from the corruption of existing denominations, and break bread in their assemblies only with those sharing their interpretation of the Bible. In turn, Exclusive Brethren fragmented into several rival denominations. The book, based on both historical research and participant observation of contemporary communities, presents the different branches of the Brethren, but focuses on a case study of the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church, one of the largest groups of the Exclusive Brethren. It discusses their beliefs, daily life, international school system, and charitable activities, mentioning also the controversies surrounding their practice of strict separation from those who are not part of their community, and the accusations brought against the Brethren by media and some former members within the framework of contemporary controversies about cults.
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Finch, Jonathan. Capability Brown, Royal Gardener: The Business of Place-Making in Northern Europe. Edited by Jan Woudstra. White Rose University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22599/capabilitybrown.
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Lancelot “Capability” Brown was one of the most influential landscape designers of the eighteenth-century at a time when Britain was changing radically from an agrarian to an industrial and colonial nation, whilst Europe was periodically convulsed by war and revolution. The extent and nature of his influence are, however, fiercely debated. Brown worked at hundreds of important sites across England and his name became synonymous with the “English Garden” style which was copied across Northern Europe and entranced Catherine the Great, who remodelled her landscapes in St Petersburg to reflect the new style. He was fêted in his time, and recognised by the Crown, but Brown’s style was readily copied over his later life and particularly after his death. Arguably, this ubiquity led to the denigration of his achievements and even his character, particularly by the agents of the Picturesque. The lack of any personal primary material from Brown - forcing scholars to rely on his landscapes, contracts and bank accounts - has hindered attempts to provide a rounded and credible account of the man and his works. However, by exploring his team of associates and his role as Royal Gardener, new light can be thrown on the man, his landscapes and his landscape legacy. Bringing together a number of perspectives from across Northern Europe, Capability Brown, Royal Gardener explores the lasting international impact of Brown. With Brown’s position as Royal Gardener at its heart, this book explores for the first time his business methods, working methods and European influence. It assesses how, crucially, Brown’s work practices placed him within the world of nurserymen and landscape designers, and how his business practices and long term relationships with draughtsmen and designers allowed him to manage a huge number of projects and a substantial financial turnover. This, in turn, allowed him to work in a way that promoted and advanced his style of landscape. Edited by Professor Jonathan Finch (University of York) and Dr Jan Woudstra (University of Sheffield), and with a varied range of engaging contributors drawn internationally from archaeology, art history, history and landscape architecture, Capability Brown, Royal Gardener weaves together strands from across a broad range of disciplinary interests. It makes an important contribution to the scholarly discussion of Brown’s work, the work of his collaborators, and legacy in the UK and across Northern Europe. Relevant to students and academics at all levels, this volume throws new light on Capability Brown and his impact on the business of place-making in Northern Europe.