Academic literature on the topic 'Broilers poultry - Chicken'

Within the last 100 years, commercial chickens have been split into two main groups. Broiler chickens are produced for meat production while layers are produced for egg production. This has caused large phenotypic changes and the genomic signatures of selection may be detectable using statistical techniques. Genomic regions identified by these techniques may include genes associated with production traits, and is therefore of interest to animal breeders. This thesis investigates signatures of selection in a number of commercial chicken lines using several statistical techniques based on population differentiation and levels of genetic diversity. First, signatures of selection were investigated using population differentiation in nine lines of broiler chickens. Weir and Cockerham's pairwise FST was calculated for genome-wide markers between the broiler lines and averaged into overlapping sliding windows to remove stochastic effects. A chromosome bound, circular permutation method was used to generate a null distribution and determine the significance of each window. A total of 51 putative selection signatures were found shared between lines and 87 putative selection signatures were found to be unique to one line. The majority of these regions contain peak positions for broiler QTL found in previous studies and eight regions were significantly enriched for broiler QTL. One region located on chromosome 27 contained 39 broiler QTL and 114 genes, several of which were functional candidates for association with broiler traits. Secondly, areas of low diversity were investigated in three different SNP datasets. All three datasets were taken from the same broiler line at different time points and consisted of different SNP densities, including 12k, 42k and 600k. A number of zero diversity regions were found in each dataset and several were shared between the datasets. The 600k dataset was also analysed using a regression test, which investigates the patterns of diversity as the distance from the selected site increases. This method searches for signatures of selections by fitting a regression to the diversity data to test the fit of the data to the theoretical model. A total of 15 regions were found displaying significant asymptotic regression and diversity values less than 0.005. One of these regions located on chromosome 1 was also found as a fixed region in the 12k and 42k datasets and contained the gene IGF1, which encodes an important protein for growth. Finally, signatures of selection were investigated between broiler and layer datasets by investigating population differentiation and diversity based analysis. Weir and Cockerham's pairwise FST was calculated between the two lines and outliers extracted. A total of 32 regions were found displaying high differentiation. Seven regions of low diversity in the layer dataset were also investigated. Several broiler and layer QTL had been previously identified in these regions. Two genes related to hedgehog proteins were identified within selected regions, which are known to be involved in embryogenesis. Finally seven regions were found to be highly differentiated between the broiler and layer lines, and the nine broiler lines in the first chapter. This may indicate selection which occurred during breed separation. Signatures of selection were identified in four broiler and layer datasets using several statistical techniques. A number of regions were identified in multiple datasets by a number of techniques and are therefore good candidate regions for selection. Other statistical techniques could be used in future studies to further confirm these regions and identify causative genes and variants.

Thesis (MSc. Agriculture (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014<br>Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of moringa seed meal supplementation on productivity and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens. The first experiment determined the effect of moringa seed meal supplementation on productivity of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. Two hundred and fifty unsexed day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments, replicated five times, and each replication having 10 chickens. A completely randomized design was used. The chickens were fed on a grower diet supplemented with 0 (M0), 5 (M5), 10 (M10), 15 (M15) and 20 (M20) g of moringa seed meal/bird/day. Moringa seed meal supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake, metabolisable energy intake, nitrogen retention, feed conversion ratio and live weight of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens. Moringa seed meal supplementation improved (P<0.05) growth rates of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. A moringa seed meal supplementation level of 13.3 g/kg DM feed optimized growth rate of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. The second experiment determined the effect of moringa seed meal supplementation on productivity and carcass characteristics of female Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. The chickens weighing 558 ± 10 g/bird were randomly allocated to five treatments with five replications having 10 birds. The chickens, aged 21 days, were allocated to the treatments in a completely randomized design. The chickens were fed on a grower diet supplemented with 0 (FM0), 5 (FM5), 10 (FM10), 15 (FM15) and 20 (FM20) g of moringa seed meal per kg DM. Moringa seed meal supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, live weight, metabolisable energy intake, carcass weight, breast meat weight, abdominal fat pad weight, liver weight, heart weight, thigh weight, meat flavour, juiciness and tenderness of female Ross 308 broiler chickens. However, moringa seed meal supplementation improved (P<0.05) nitrogen retention and gizzard weights of female Ross 308 broiler chickens. vi It was concluded that moringa seed meal supplementation improved growth rate of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. Similarly, moringa seed meal supplementation increased nitrogen retention and gizzard weights of female Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014<br>Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of supplementing diets with effective microorganisms on intake, growth and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens. The first experiment determined the effect of supplementing diets with effective microorganisms on performance of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to three weeks. Two hundred unsexed day-old chicks were randomly assigned to five treatments with four replications, each replication having ten birds. A complete randomized design was used. The chickens were fed a grower diet supplemented with 0 (EM0), 30 (EM30), 50 (EM50), 70 (EM70) or 100 (EM100) ml of effective microorganisms per litre of water. Effective microorganism supplementation did not improve (P>0.05) diet and metabolisable energy intakes of the chickens. Effective microorganism supplementation reduced (P<0.05) growth rate and live weight of the chickens. Poorer (P<0.05) feed conversion ratios were observed in chickens supplemented with effective microorganisms. However, effective microorganism supplementation improved (P<0.05) crude protein retention of the chickens. Supplementation with effective microorganisms reduced (P<0.05) mortality rate of the chickens from 10 to 0 %. The second experiment determined the effect of supplementing diets with effective microorganisms on performance of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. The chickens were randomly allocated to five treatments with four replications, each replication having 10 birds. The chickens aged 21 days, weighing 474 ± 2g, were allocated to the treatments in a complete randomized design. The chickens were fed a grower diet supplemented with 0 (EMM0), 30 (EMM30), 50 (EMM50, 70 (EMM70) or 100 (EMM100) ml of effective microorganisms per litre of water. Effective microorganism supplementation did not improve (P>0.05) intake, DM digestibility, metabolisable energy, feed conversion ratio, fat pad weight and meat sensory attributes of the chickens. Effective microorganism supplementation reduced (P<0.05) growth rate, live weight and carcass weight of the chickens. However, effective microorganism supplementation improved (P<0.05) crude protein retention and crude protein content of meat of the chickens. Supplementation with effective microorganisms reduced (P<0.05) mortality of the chickens from 5 to 0 %. v It is concluded that effective microorganism supplementation to the diets of Ross 308 broiler chickens reduced growth rate and live weight of the chickens. However, effective microorganism supplementation improved crude protein retention and crude protein content of the meat of broiler chickens. Supplementation with effective microorganisms reduced mortality of the chickens to zero.

Thesis (MSC. Agriculture (Animal Production)) --University of Limpopo, 2014<br>Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of moringa seed meal supplementation on productivity and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens. The first experiment determined the effect of moringa seed meal supplementation on productivity of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. Two hundred and fifty unsexed day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments, replicated five times, and each replication having 10 chickens. A completely randomized design was used. The chickens were fed on a grower diet supplemented with 0 (M0), 5 (M5), 10 (M10), 15 (M15) and 20 (M20) g of moringa seed meal/bird/day. Moringa seed meal supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake, metabolisable energy intake, nitrogen retention, feed conversion ratio and live weight of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens. Moringa seed meal supplementation improved (P<0.05) growth rates of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. A moringa seed meal supplementation level of 13.3 g/kg DM feed optimized growth rate of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. The second experiment determined the effect of moringa seed meal supplementation on productivity and carcass characteristics of female Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. The chickens weighing 558 ± 10 g/bird were randomly allocated to five treatments with five replications having 10 birds. The chickens, aged 21 days, were allocated to the treatments in a completely randomized design. The chickens were fed on a grower diet supplemented with 0 (FM0), 5 (FM5), 10 (FM10), 15 (FM15) and 20 (FM20) g of moringa seed meal per kg DM. Moringa seed meal supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, live weight, metabolisable energy intake, carcass weight, breast meat weight, abdominal fat pad weight, liver weight, heart weight, thigh weight, meat flavour, juiciness and tenderness of female Ross 308 broiler chickens. However, moringa seed meal supplementation improved (P<0.05) nitrogen retention and gizzard weights of female Ross 308 broiler chickens. vi It was concluded that moringa seed meal supplementation improved growth rate of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. Similarly, moringa seed meal supplementation increased nitrogen retention and gizzard weights of female Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days.

This study was done with the objective of helping families that produce poultry to market their product. Therefore, we determined that it is important to develop a strategic marketing plan to help producers reach their sales targets. As such, this research is focused on the development of chapters that sustain and support the importance and benefits that will be achieved through the development and execution of the plan. This will help with the satisfaction of demand expectations. The first chapter shows the theoretical framework, which explains basic concepts about diagnosis, marketing plan, marketing, projects, chicken broilers, and other related topics. In other words, making use of the scientific theory related either directly or indirectly to the thesis. After being classified and cautiously analyzed, this information allowed the realization of the theoretical framework, which is the basis and foundation of the thesis. The second chapter explains a strategic situational diagnosis that was developed through a field study. After determining the population under investigation in the field study, researchers identified the strengths and weaknesses of the production families as well the Benson Institute, a party interested in the project. The third chapter deals with market research, which was used to estimate the supply and the portion of the demand possibly left unmet. The fourth chapter contains the proposal of this thesis along with proposed marketing strategies focused on the 4 P's of marketing. In addition, other useful marketing strategies are covered such as building a storage facility in a strategic place. Chapter five covers financial and economic factors and presents the economic situation related to sales, estimated costs, projected expenditures, and free cash flow. Furthermore, it contains an analysis of some economic indicators. In chapter six, the impacts generated by this thesis are identified using a scanning matrix. Finally, the last part contains the respective conclusions and recommendations based on the research done.

Orientador: Irenilza de Alencar Naas<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T13:32:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_RaquelBaracatTosiRodriguesda_D.pdf: 742043 bytes, checksum: 1043db2ae5fa35bde37fa4ea48edba82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012<br>Resumo: Os últimos trinta anos no Brasil foram marcados por uma avicultura intensiva, que alcançou os atuais níveis produtivos através da utilização de tecnologias avançadas, atingido um máximo de desempenho e se transformando em uma atividade altamente produtiva, especializada e industrializada. A aquisição de conhecimentos específicos das áreas de nutrição, genética e manejo, permitiu que índices positivos fossem alcançados, juntamente com os conhecimentos adquiridos relacionados à sanidade e alojamento. Grande parte da produção avícola é destinada à exportação, seja em carcaça ou sob a forma de corte específica, necessitando atender a determinadas demandas internacionais. Muitas dessas demandas estão baseadas em normas e legislações dissociadas da realidade brasileira, requerendo a necessária adaptação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a seleção de conteúdo para normas de bem-estar animal para produção de frangos de corte, atendendo às condições brasileiras, visando características de exportação, a fim de se encontrar consonâncias com normas internacionais e, sendo assim, padronizar as normas e legislações de alojamento brasileiras. Um questionário, com perguntas sobre bem-estar animal ao consumidor foi enviado ao público consumidor em geral, também incluindo pessoas envolvidas com bem-estar e pesquisadores, de forma a ter-se um retorno de 200 questionários, para se colher informações sobre a questão do bem-estar animal. Os principais manuais de guias práticos europeus e americanos foram estudados e avaliados. O sistema de comparação estabelecido foi baseado em escores (notas), sendo aplicadas notas de 1 a 5 (muito ruim a muito bom) em função da existência de manuais e suas normas para cada país (Brasil e EUA) e/ou bloco econômico (UE), para cada tipo de exigência, relativas ao nível de consciência do aplicador da norma aos problemas enfrentados. Foi aplicada a análise comparativa da média dos escores das normas utilizadas nos manuais. Para a seleção dos itens normativos, foi utilizado o Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) para, a partir de determinados critérios selecionar itens apropriados dessas normas e, finalmente, a partir dos resultados, foram propostas normas adaptadas para as condições brasileiras<br>Abstract: The last thirty years in Brazil have been known by an intensive poultry industry which has reached the current production levels through the use of advanced technologies, achieving a maximum performance and becoming highly productive, specialized and industrialized. The achievement of know-how in the areas of nutrition, genetics and management enabled positive results that were achieved together with the knowledge related to health and rearing. Moreover, most of the poultry production is exported, either in carcass or in specific cuts, to attend certain international demands. Many of these demands are based on standards and legislation dissociated from the Brazilian reality, and requiring the necessary adaptation. This study aimed to develop standards contents for animal welfare applied in broiler production with regard to the rearing conditions in Brazil, aiming to meet export standards, to find consonance with international standards norms, and, therefore, to standardize the Brazilian rearing rules. A questionnaire was developed with questions related to animal welfare to near two thousand consumers in general, also including those involved with welfare and researchers, in such way to have a return of near 200 questionnaires to gather information about the welfare issue. The good European and American guidelines practices were studied and evaluated. The established system of comparison was based on given scores varying from 1-5 (very bad to very good) as function of norms and guidelines existence for each country (Brazil and EUA) and economic block (EU); for each type of requirement, relative to the consciousness of the writer to the specific problem. The comparative analysis was applied to the scores average of the standards norms used at the guidelines. The study used the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the practicality of implementing these standards and, finally, from the results, the normative scenario adapted to Brazilian conditions will be reached<br>Doutorado<br>Construções Rurais e Ambiencia<br>Doutora em Engenharia Agrícola

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on February 13, 2008) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 18, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Thesis advisor: Dr. Jeffre Firman. Includes bibliographical references.