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1
Ahmed, S. Rehan. "Poultry Farming Procedure and Minimization of Poultry Waste through Urban Agriculture: A Case Study of Dey Poultry Farm." Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 9, no. 4 (2021): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8762.
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Poultry farming is one of the fastest growing segments of the agricultural sector in Garhbeta, Midnapore. It has become a source of revenue for individual farmers. However poultry farming is associated with various environmental pollutants that causes environmental risk like airborne bacteria, pathogenic microorganisms into the environment and food chain. Poultry production is quickly becoming more intensive, geographically concentrated, vertically integrated and link with global supply chain. In Garhbeta, Midnapore area broiler poultry sector has a great potential for providing employment opportunities to the unemployed youth, rural women, small and marginal farmers. Here huge poultry waste managed by land disposal, resulting in environmental problems and odour is very local issue and waste almost attract flies, rotten and other pests that create local nuisances and carry diseases. At improper disposal of poultry carcasses contribute huge water quality problem specially in this areas. This paper present the poultry farming procedure and waste generation from poultry farm which is a significant matter of our environment and management of these waste is also a great challenge for those poultry farm.
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MITUNIEWICZ, TOMASZ, and SARA DZIK. "Characteristics of lesser mealworm Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 76, no. 03 (2020): 6376–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6376.
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The intensive increase in poultry production requires a variety of different measures to maintain high productivity of broiler chickens while maintaining a high level of bird welfare. One issue is the growing population of Alphitobius diaperinus, which occurs all over the world. This beetle is considered a pest in poultry production and causes major losses to poultry producers. Its development cycle consists of four stages: an egg, a larva, a pupa and an adult. It is necessary to reduce the number of these insects in poultry houses, in which they constitute a serious problem both for the birds and for the buildings themselves. The beetle does a lot of damage by tunnelling in floor and wall crevices, thus destroying the insulation of the building. It has been proved experimentally that the lesser mealworm is also a vector for many serious diseases of poultry and humans. The beetle infected with pathogens may remain infectious for a long time. A. diaperinus is a carrier of dangerous pathogens and viruses as well as protozoa and parasites in poultry. The lesser mealworm shows a noticeable sexual dimorphism. Correct and quick identification of the sex of A. diaperinus on poultry farms could facilitate insect control. Field and laboratory research is being conducted to find an effective method of reducing the population of the lesser mealworm.
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Acevedo-Villanueva, Keila Y., Gabriel O. Akerele, Walid Ghazi Al Hakeem, Sankar Renu, Revathi Shanmugasundaram, and Ramesh K. Selvaraj. "A Novel Approach against Salmonella: A Review of Polymeric Nanoparticle Vaccines for Broilers and Layers." Vaccines 9, no. 9 (2021): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091041.
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This work discusses the present-day limitations of current commercial Salmonella vaccines for broilers and layers and explores a novel approach towards poultry vaccination using biodegradable nanoparticle vaccines against Salmonella. With the increasing global population and poultry production and consumption, Salmonella is a potential health risk for humans. The oral administration of killed or inactivated vaccines would provide a better alternative to the currently commercially available Salmonella vaccines for poultry. However, there are currently no commercial oral killed-vaccines against Salmonella for use in broilers or layers. There is a need for novel and effective interventions in the poultry industry. Polymeric nanoparticles could give way to an effective mass-administered mucosal vaccination method for Salmonella. The scope of this work is limited to polymeric nanoparticles against Salmonella for use in broilers and layers. This review is based on the information available at the time of the investigation.
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Lysko, S. B., A. V. Portianko, M. V. Zadorozhnaya, and A. P. Krasikov. "APPLICATION OF PROPOLIS TINCTURE TO PREVENT INFECTIONS OF BROILERS." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2019-50-1-139-147.
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Scientific and industrial experiment was carried out at the poultry farming on Ross308 broilers. The authors explored various schemes of application of propolis tincture for pre venting respiratory infection of poultry of bacterial etiology. The researchers arranged a control group and two experimental groups according to the principle of analogues. The groups were placed in separate isolated poultry houses. Chickens of the control group were fed with antibiotic Tilmipool (0.3 ml/l of water) aged 1-3; 14-16; 25-27 days; their poultry house was sprayed with Ecocide C (0.5%, 1 l/100 m3, exposure 60 min) on 1, 7, 14, 21-22, 28-29, 35-36 days of their life. In the 1st group the antibiotic was applied as it was in the control group; aerosol treatment was conducted with propolis tincture (dilution 1:20, 0.5 l/100 m3, exposure 60 min) during the same age periods. In the 2nd group, propolis tincture (1 ml/l of water) was applied for broilers aged 1-5; 14-18; 25-30 days combined with aerosol treatment of propolis tincture air (dilution 1:20, 0.5 l/ 100 m3, exposure 60 min) for 1, 7, 14, 21-22, 28-29, 35-36 days of their life. The most effective way to prevent respiratory diseases of poultry is seen in application of propolis tincture according to the scheme used in the experiment with the 2nd group. The scheme reduces the number of pathogenic, relatively pathogenic microorganisms in the scrapes from the laryngeal mucous membrane and in the air of the poultry house, activates the immune system and metabolism of poultry, increases livability on 3.0% and live weight on 342.7 g, which eliminates application of antibiotics for preventive measures, providing environmentally safe products of poultry farming.
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Caucci, Claudia, Guido Di Martino, Alessandro Dalla Costa, et al. "Trends and correlates of antimicrobial use in broiler and turkey farms: a poultry company registry-based study in Italy." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 74, no. 9 (2019): 2784–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz212.
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Abstract Background Antimicrobial usage (AMU) in livestock plays a key role in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Analysis of AMU data in livestock is therefore relevant for both animal and public health. Objectives To assess AMU in 470 broiler and 252 turkey farms of one of Italy’s largest poultry companies, accounting for around 30% of national poultry production, to identify trends and risk factors for AMU. Methods Antimicrobial treatments administered to 5827 broiler and 1264 turkey grow-out cycles in 2015–17 were expressed as DDDs for animals per population correction unit (DDDvet/PCU). A retrospective analysis was conducted to examine the effect of geographical area, season and prescribing veterinarian on AMU. Management and structural interventions implemented by the company were also assessed. Results AMU showed a 71% reduction in broilers (from 14 to 4 DDDvet/PCU) and a 56% reduction in turkeys (from 41 to 18 DDDvet/PCU) during the study period. Quinolones, macrolides and polymyxins decreased from 33% to 6% of total AMU in broilers, and from 56% to 32% in turkeys. Broiler cycles during spring and winter showed significantly higher AMU, as well as those in densely populated poultry areas. Different antimicrobial prescribing behaviour was identified among veterinarians. Conclusions This study evidenced a decreasing trend in AMU and identified several correlates of AMU in broilers and turkeys. These factors will inform the design of interventions to further reduce AMU and therefore counteract antimicrobial resistance in these poultry sectors.
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Ammar, Ayachi, Nadir Alloui, Omar Bennoune, and Ahmed Kassah-Laouar. "Survey of Salmonella serovars in broilers and laying breeding reproducers in east of Algeria." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 4, no. 02 (2009): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.562.
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Background: Avian salmonellosis affects the poultry industry in underdeveloped and in developed countries. The aim of this study was to identify the most common Salmonella serovars in broilers and laying breeding reproducers in Eastern Algeria according to the ISO 6579 method. Methodology: A total of 294 samples were obtained from two flocks of 10,000 broilers and laying breeding reproducers. Samples included livers and spleens, drag swabs of bottom boxes of young chickens, cloacal swabs, and faecal samples of chickens. Additional samples were also taken from water, feed and dusty surfaces. Results and conclusions: Only the cloacal swabs, poultry faeces and samples from dusty surfaces were positive for Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Livingstone with a detection rate of 12% and 1.6% respectively. The results showed evidence of legislative failure regarding biosafety within the poultry industry in the area of Batna, Eastern Algeria.
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VAN IMMERSEEL, F., L. MEULEMANS, J. DE BUCK, et al. "Bacteria–host interactions of Salmonella Paratyphi B dT+ in poultry." Epidemiology and Infection 132, no. 2 (2004): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268803001687.
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In recent years, a dramatic increase in incidence of the dextro-rotatory tartrate-positive variant (dT+) of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Paratyphi B has been observed in poultry and poultry products. In the present study the interactions of this bacterium with the host were studied in vivo and in vitro in an attempt to explain the preferential association of this serotype with poultry. The ability of this organism to invade and multiply in chicken intestinal epithelial cells and the intracellular behaviour in chicken macrophages was studied in vitro using chicken cell lines. In vivo challenge experiments in specific pathogen-free chickens were carried out to determine the level of colonization of caeca and internal organs early after experimental infection. An in vivo trial with commercial broiler chickens, using a seeder model, was performed to determine whether S. Paratyphi B dT+ could persist and spread in broilers until slaughter. S. Paratyphi B dT+ invaded and multiplied in the chicken epithelial cell line and survived in a chicken macrophage cell line. The strain used colonized caeca and internal organs of chickens to a high extent 1 week after infection with a low-dose inoculum. Moreover, the strain was efficiently transmitted within a group of broilers and persisted until slaughter. It was concluded that S. Paratyphi B dT+ was well adapted to poultry and therefore it is suggested that specific control measures against this serotype should be considered.
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Halder, Sharna, Shubhagata Das, Sabuj Kanti Nath, et al. "Prevalence of some common bacterial diseases in commercial poultry farm." Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences 4, no. 2 (2021): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/ujvas4-2.08.
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Bacterial disease of poultry is one of the major constraints to the expansion of poultry industry. The study was undertaken to investigate some common bacterial diseases in commercial poultry farm. A total of 100 sick and dead chickens (67 broilers, 26 layers and 7 sonali) were collected from different poultry farms which were subjected to postmortem examination for tentative diagnosis. After the post-mortem examination, out of 100 collected dead chickens, bacterial diseases were confirmed 58 %. Among them 52 % of the chickens were diagnosed tentatively to be the case of colibacillosis, 4 % salmonellosis, and 2 % of fowl cholera. In post-mortem examination, some pathological lesions like: omphalitis, fibrinopurulent fluid accumulation in peritoneal cavity, air sacculitis, pericarditis and perihepatitis, extreme congestion and septicemia in intestine for colibacillosis infection; unabsorbed yolk mass, bronze discoloration and friable liver, hemorrhages in spleen, misshaped ova for salmonellosis as well as swollen and hardening of comb, congestion of skin, multiple pin point pale color necrotic lesion on liver, pin point hemorrhage on fat muscle of heart were observed for fowl cholera infection. Hence, this study will definitely help to perceive the prevalence of common bacterial diseases like colibacillosis, salmonellosis and fowl cholera infection in commercial poultry farm.
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Barros, Mércia R., Elmiro R. Nascimento, José Sérgio A. Silva, et al. "Occurrence of Mycoplasma synoviae on commercial poultry farms of Pernambuco, Brazil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 34, no. 10 (2014): 953–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2014001000005.
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The state of Pernambuco is the largest producer of eggs in the North and Northeast of Brazil and second one in the broiler production. Mycoplasmas are important avian pathogens, which cause respiratory and joint diseases that result in large economic losses. The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) in broilers and commercial laying hens in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Tracheal fragments were analyzed from 55 healthy broilers, 35 broilers with respiratory signs and 30 commercial laying hens with respiratory signs, from 24 commercial poultry farms, each sample was composed of a pool of five birds. The bacteriological exam, PCR and nested PCR were used for the detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). All samples were negative in bacteriological isolation. In the PCR analyses, seven samples from birds with respiratory signs were positive for MS and one was positive for MG, the latter of which was confirmed as the MG-F vaccine strain. The occurrence of MS in chickens with respiratory signs may indicate inadequate sanitary management on poultry farms, favoring the propagation of mycoplasmosis.
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SANI, R. M., I. TAHIR, and S. KUSHWAHA. "ECONOMICS OF POULTRY PRODUCTION IN BAUCHI STATE: A CASE STUDY OF BAUCHI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 27 (January 3, 2021): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v27i.1984.
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 The study was undertaken to examine the economics of poultry production in Bauchi Local Government Area of Bauchi State. Cost, returns and constraints associated with poultry production under an intensive system of management were examined. Four forms were randomly selected for the study. The major tools used for data analysis include simple descriptive statistics (mean, range and percentages) t-test, chi-square test and farm budget technique. Results of the cost and returns analysis showed that net profit per bird per production cycle in the layer's enterprise ranged from N160 - N165 and N251 - N252 in 1992/93 and 1993/94 respectively. The net profit per bird for production cycles in broiler enterprise ranged from N130 - N146 and N173.20 - N178.80 in 1993 and 1994 respectively. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) between the net profit per bird of layers and that o, broilers, showing that layer's enterprise was more profitable than broilers enterprise. The major constraints Associated with poultry enterprise include high cost of feed and prevalent diseases. Returns from investment (Kekocha, 1994). Poultry can be established with a minimum cost, and as a side project.
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Hassan, Md Kamrul, Md Humayun Kabir, Md Abdullah Al Hasan, Shobnom Sultana, Md Shohidul Islam Khokon, and SM Lutful Kabir. "Prevalence of poultry diseases in Gazipur district of Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2, no. 1 (2016): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v2i1.27575.
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This study was designed with a view to investigate the prevalence of poultry diseases in Gazipur district of Bangladesh. A total of 679 poultry birds (313 layers, 338 broilers and 28 cockrels) either dead or live were brought for diagnosis of diseases at Gazipur Sadar Upazilla Veterinary Hospital. The diseases were diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical signs and post-mortem findings. The diseases encountered in layers were bacterial diseases 52.29% (salmonellosis 38.56%, colibacillosis 6.7%, fowl cholera 4.79% and necrotic enteritis 1.60%), viral diseases 23.95% (avian influenza 2.56%, Newcastle disease 16.61%, infectious bronchitis 3.19% and avian leucosis 0.64%), mycoplasmal disease (mycoplasmosis 14.70%) and protozoal disease (coccidiosis 5.75%). Salmonellosis was most prevalent disease in age group of >20 weeks, while Newcastle disease most common in 8 to 20 weeks of age group. In case of broiler, bacterial diseases 28.99% (salmonellosis 21.30% and colibacillosis 7.69%), viral diseases 53.24% (infectious bursal disease 28.99%, Newcastle disease 8.87% and infectious bronchitis 15.38%), mycoplasmal disease (mycoplasmosis 7.1%) and protozoal disease (coccidiosis 6.5%). In cockrels, the most prevalent disease was colibacillosis 35.71% followed by salmonellosis 28.57%, Newcastle disease 14.28% and mycoplasmosis14.28%. So among the diseases, salmonellosis is most prevalent disease followed by infectious bursal disease and mycoplasmosis in different kinds of poultry of Gazipur district of Bangladesh.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2016, 2(1): 107-112
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ANDOH, L. A., A. DALSGAARD, K. OBIRI-DANSO, M. J. NEWMAN, L. BARCO, and J. E. OLSEN. "Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance ofSalmonellaserovars isolated from poultry in Ghana." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 15 (2016): 3288–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816001126.
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SUMMARYPoultry are possible sources of non-typhoidalSalmonellaserovars which may cause foodborne human disease. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence ofSalmonellaserovars in egg-laying hens and broilers at the farm level and their susceptibility to antimicrobials commonly used in the poultry industry in Ghana. Sampling of faeces by a sock method (n= 75), dust (n= 75), feed (n= 10) and drinking water (n= 10) was performed at 75 commercial egg-laying and broiler farms in two regions of Ghana and skin neck (n= 30) at a local slaughterhouse from broilers representing different flocks.Salmonellawas detected in 94/200 (47%) samples with an overall flock prevalence of 44·0%. Sixteen different serovars were identified withS. Kentucky (18·1%),S. Nima (12·8%),S. Muenster (10·6%),S. Enteritidis (10·6%) andS. Virchow (9·6 %) the most prevalent types. The predominant phage type ofS. Enteritidis was PT1. All strains were susceptible to cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefoxitin. Fifty-seven (60·6%) strains were resistant to one or more of the remaining nine antimicrobials tested by disk diffusion, of which 23 (40·4%) showed multi-resistance (resistance to ⩾3 classes of antimicrobials). Of the resistant strains (n= 57), the most significant were to nalidixic acid (89·5%), tetracycline (80·7%), ciprofloxacin (64·9%), sulfamethazole (42·1%), trimethoprim (29·8%) and ampicillin (26·3%). AllS.Kentucky strains were resistant to more than two antimicrobials and shared common resistance to nalidixic acid or ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, often in combinations with other antimicrobials. PFGE analysis usingXbaI ofS. Kentucky demonstrated one dominant clone in the country. In conclusion, poultry produced in Ghana has a high prevalence of multi-resistantSalmonellaand the common finding of clonalS.Kentucky in the Kumasi area warrants further investigations into the epidemiology of this serovar. There is an urgent need for surveillance and control programmes onSalmonellaand use of antimicrobials in the Ghanaian poultry industry to protect the health of consumers.
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Montoro-Dasi, Laura, Arantxa Villagra, María de Toro, María Teresa Pérez-Gracia, Santiago Vega, and Clara Marin. "Assessment of Microbiota Modulation in Poultry to Combat Infectious Diseases." Animals 11, no. 3 (2021): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030615.
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Poultry is one of the main agricultural sub-sectors worldwide. However, public concern regarding animal welfare and antimicrobial resistance has risen in recent years. Due to the influence of management practices on microbiota, it might be considered to evaluate poultry welfare and health. Therefore, the objective of this research was to analyse the influence on microbiota balance of broilers under commercial and optimal farm conditions, using 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. The research was performed in two identical poultry houses (commercial vs. optimal). Results showed a higher level of microbiota complexity in the group reared under optimal farm conditions at the end of rearing. Regarding microbiota composition, Firmicutes was the dominant phylum during the entire growing period. However, the second most prevalent phylum was Proteobacteria at the arrival day, and Bacteroidetes from the mid-period onward in both groups. Moreover, the most predominant genera identified were Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, Bacteroides, and Coprococcus. In conclusion, it is necessary to optimize farm management as much as possible. Using gut microbiota diversity and composition as biomarkers of animal health could be an important tool for infectious disease control, with the aim of reducing the administration of antibiotics at field level.
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Hasan, AKM Rakibul, MH Ali, MP Siddique, MM Rahman, and MA Islam. "CLINICAL AND LABORATORY DIAGNOSES OF COMMON BACTERIAL DISEASES OF BROILER AND LAYER CHICKENS." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 8, no. 2 (2012): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v8i2.11188.
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The study was undertaken with a view to compare clinical and laboratory diagnoses of various bacterial diseases of poultry during the period from March 2009 to February 2010 in the laboratory of the Dept. of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. A total of 135 sick and dead chickens (47 broilers and 88 layers) were collected from 12 different poultry farms (4 broilers and 8 layers) of Mymensingh and Gazipur districts which were subjected for clinical followed by laboratory diagnosis. Clinical diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical history, clinical signs and postmortem findings of the affected birds whereas; confirmatory diagnosis was made by using cultural examination, Grams staining and different biochemical tests. In this study, out of 47 broilers, 16 (34%) chickens were clinically diagnosed as colibacillosis, 11 (23.40%) as salmonellosis and 2 (4.25%) as fowl cholera. In the same way, out of 88 layer chickens, 28 (31.82%) were diagnosed as colibacillosis, 16 (18.18%) as salmonellosis and 11 (12.50%) as fowl cholera. In laboratory, out of 47 suspected broiler chickens, 12 (25.53%) chickens were diagnosed as colibacillosis, 7 (14.89%) as salmonellosis and 0 (0%) as fowl cholera. Correspondingly of the 88 layer chickens 22 (25%) were diagnosed as colibacillosis, 11 (13.64%) as salmonellosis and 8 (9.09%) as fowl cholera. So the findings concluded that clinical diagnosis is not always accurate like laboratory diagnosis because in most cases clinical history, clinical signs and post-mortem lesions of different bacterial diseases including mixed infections are almost similar to other related diseases and it is recommended to confirm laboratory diagnosis before treatment of the diseases.DOI = http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v8i2.11188 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8 (2) : 107-115
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van de GIESSEN, A. W., M. BOUWKNEGT, W. D. C. DAM-DEISZ, W. van PELT, W. J. B. WANNET, and G. VISSER. "Surveillance of Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in poultry production flocks in The Netherlands." Epidemiology and Infection 134, no. 6 (2006): 1266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806005905.
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In The Netherlands, a national programme for the surveillance of zoonotic bacteria in farm animals has been operative since 1997. We describe the results of the surveillance of Salmonella spp. in flocks of laying hens and broilers and of Campylobacter spp. in broiler flocks in the period 1999–2002. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in laying-hen flocks has significantly decreased from 21·1% in 1999 to 13·4% in 2002. This decreasing trend might indicate that the control measures taken by the poultry industry were effective. S. Enteritidis was the predominant serovar in laying hens accounting for one third of the positive flocks. Although prevalence estimates for Salmonella spp. in broiler flocks did not yield a significant decreasing trend in 1999–2002, a decrease in Salmonella prevalence to 11% was measured in 2002. During the study period, S. Paratyphi B var. Java emerged in broilers to become the predominant serovar in 2002 accounting for one third of the positive flocks. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broiler flocks did not increase nor decrease continuously between 1999 and 2002, which roughly corresponds with the monitoring results from the poultry industry. In this period, the estimated flock prevalence roughly averaged around 20%, with C. jejuni being the predominant species. The approach of monitoring presented in this paper can serve as a blueprint for monitoring schemes in farm animal populations to be developed in the context of the EC Zoonoses Directive.
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GEORGIADES (Γ.Κ. ΓΕΩΡΓΙΑΔΗΣ), G. K. "Detection of antibodies against Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in day-old broiler chicks and broilers." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 53, no. 1 (2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15357.
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During the last decade, in die Clinic of Poultry Diseases, 882 sera were examined for the detection of antibodies against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M.g.) and Mycoplasma synoviae (M.s.), which are usually involved in the respiratory diseases of broilers. Out of these sera, 188 derived from day-old broiler chicks and 694 from broilers with respiratory disease. Rapid serum agglutination test was used as diagnostic method. Among day-old broiler chick sera, 40 (21.27%) were M.g. positive, while 76 (40.42%) were M.s. positive. Among broiler sera, 133 (19.16%) were M.g. positive, while 356 (51.29%) were M.s. positive. The results of the present study show that the prevalence of the M.s. positive sera is significantly higher (P<0.001) than this of the M.g. positive sera, not only in day-old broiler chicks, but also in broilers, which indicates the greater importance of M.s. in the occurrence of respiratory disease in these birds.
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Bale, O. O. J., A. A. Sekoni, and C. N. Kwanashie. "A case study of possible health hazards associated with poultry houses." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 29, no. 1 (2021): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v29i1.1538.
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This study on layer and broiler houses is expected to give basic information on the nature of microbes, their occurrence, health hazard they could constitute and the possibilities for disease control measures. Modern husbandry practices, state or local concentration of the industry, high stocking densities, uniform age distribution of birds and continuous feeding may promote the spread of poultry diseases. Illness due to contaminated food, poultry wastes, poultry and poultry by products are one of the most widespread problems of the contemporary world. From the poultry houses investigated, bacteria and fungi were isolated from swabs of window nets dust, feed stock, roof dust, faeces, floors, feeders, drinkers, feathers, cages and egg trays using standard microbiological media and biochemicals procedures.The isolates encountered include: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus sp., Pasteurella gallinarum, Pasteurella multocida, Klebsiella sp., Eschericia coli, Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yeast and Rhodotorula spp., which were nol typed. Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Bacillus sp., Pasteurella gallinarum, Klebsiella sp., Eschericia coli, Yeast and Rhodotorula Sp., were present in both layers and broilers houses structures and materials in varying proportions. However, Pasteurella Multocida, Salmonella sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from egg trays, feathers, faeces, and feeders respectively from poultry house materials only and none from the structures of layers and broilers houses. The layer house structures and materials tend to yield more microbes mir than broiler house structures and materials. There were no acid-fast organisms observed from the sediments of washed swabs materials for culture using Ziehl-Neelsen stain
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MULDERS, M. N., A. P. J. HAENEN, P. L. GEENEN, et al. "Prevalence of livestock-associated MRSA in broiler flocks and risk factors for slaughterhouse personnel in The Netherlands." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 5 (2010): 743–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810000075.
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SUMMARYTo determine methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) carriage in poultry and slaughterhouse personnel, 40 Dutch broiler flocks, in six slaughterhouses and 466 personnel were sampled. Of the employees, 26 were positive (5·6%), indicating a higher risk of exposure when compared to the general Dutch population (0·1%). This risk was significantly higher for personnel having contact with live animals (5·2%) – especially hanging broilers on the slaughterline (20·0%) – than for all other personnel (1·9%). Conventional electric stunning conferred a significantly higher risk of MRSA carriage for employees than CO2stunning (9·7%vs. 2·0%). A total of 405 broilers were sampled upon their arrival at the slaughterhouse, of which 6·9% were positive. These broilers originated from 40 Dutch slaughter flocks of which 35·0% were positive. MRSA contamination in the different compartments of slaughterhouses increased during the production day, from 8% to 35%. Of the 119 MRSA isolates, predominantly livestock-associated MRSA ST398 was found, although 27·7% belonged to ST9 (spatype t1430). There is an increased risk of MRSA carriage in personnel working at broiler slaughterhouses, particularly those having contact with live animals.
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Brito, Daniela Aguiar Penha, Gracielle Lopes Almeida Sousa, Yara Lima de Souza, et al. "Sources of paratyphoid Salmonella in the production chain of broilers in the Northern mesoregion of Maranhão State, Brazil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 6Supl2 (2019): 3021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6supl2p3021.
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Paratyphoid Salmonella significantly impacts modern poultry farming, because it is one of the main causes of foodborne diseases in the world. Efforts have been made by the government and poultry industry to reduce the existence of Salmonella in the entire poultry production chain through sanitary programs. The aim of this work was to investigate the occurrence of Salmonella spp. and its serovars in environmental sources of production, poultry, and carcasses slaughtered in an artisanal manner in the northern mesoregion of Maranhão State, Brazil. A total of 520 samples were collected, comprising drag swabs (n = 60), prope (n = 60), cecal feces (n = 60), feed of feeder (n = 60), and cloacal swabs (n = 100) of poultry sent for slaughter, and newly slaughtered carcasses (n = 180). The samples were subjected to culture and isolation of Salmonella spp. and serotyping. The occurrence of the genus Salmonella was 25.0% (15/60) in drag swabs, 16.6% (10/60) in prope, 1.7% (1/60) in cecal feces, absent (0/60) in the feed, 7% (7/100) in cloacal swabs, and 48.9% (88/180) in poultry carcasses. Fifteen Salmonella enterica serovars were identified in the samples, with the highest occurrence in the Schwarzengrund (28.09%; 34/121), Albany (19.83%; 24/121), Enteritidis (7.43%; 9/121), and Heidelberg (7.43%; 9/121). Salmonella ser. Schwarzengrund showed higher predominance in the poultry production chain, with greater isolation in carcass samples (34 isolates), while Salmonella ser. Enteritidis had the highest occurrence in the initial production chain. The results of our study indicate the need to implement sanitary control in farms for paratyphoid salmonella and that artisanal poultry slaughter can increase bacterial dissemination in the final product, representing a public health risk.
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Khosravinia, H., M. H. Gharoni, and M. Darvishnia. "Mycology of some litter materials and effect of litter and preslaugther feed withdrawal on gut bacterioflora in broiler chicken." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200010772.
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One prerequisite for efficient broiler production is suitable litter. In addition to desirable chemical and physical characteristics, poultry litter must also be low in microbial load to minimize risk of incidence or transmission of diseases. This study was conducted to assess the mycoflora of six kinds of litter materials and evaluate the effect of litter kind and preslaugther feed withdrawal (PSFW) on gut bactrioflora of broilers.
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D’Angelantonio, Daniela, Silvia Scattolini, Arianna Boni, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy to Reduce Colonization of Campylobacter jejuni in Broiler Chickens before Slaughter." Viruses 13, no. 8 (2021): 1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13081428.
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Campylobacteriosis is the most commonly reported gastrointestinal disease in humans. Campybacter jejuni is the main cause of the infection, and bacterial colonization in broiler chickens is widespread and difficult to prevent, leading to high risk of occurrence in broiler meat. Phage therapy represents an alternative strategy to control Campylobacter in poultry. The aim of this work was to assess the efficacy of two field-isolated bacteriophages against experimental infections with an anti-microbial resistant (AMR) Campylobacter jejuni strain. A two-step phage application was tested according to a specific combination between chickens’ rearing time and specific multiplicities of infections (MOIs), in order to reduce the Campylobacter load in the animals at slaughtering and to limit the development of phage-resistant mutants. In particular, 75 broilers were divided into three groups (A, B and C), and phages were administered to animals of groups B and C at day 38 (Φ 16-izsam) and 39 (Φ 7-izsam) at MOI 0.1 (group B) and 1 (group C). All broilers were euthanized at day 40, and Campylobacter jejuni was enumerated in cecal contents. Reductions in Campylobacter counts were statistically significant in both group B (1 log10 colony forming units (cfu)/gram (gr)) and group C (2 log10 cfu/gr), compared to the control group. Our findings provide evidence about the ability of phage therapy to reduce the Campylobacter load in poultry before slaughtering, also associated with anti-microbial resistance pattern.
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ROYDEN, A., A. WEDLEY, J. Y. MERGA, et al. "A role for flies (Diptera) in the transmission ofCampylobacterto broilers?" Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 15 (2016): 3326–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816001539.
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SUMMARYCampylobacteris the leading cause of bacterial diarrhoeal disease worldwide, with raw and undercooked poultry meat and products the primary source of infection. Colonization of broiler chicken flocks withCampylobacterhas proved difficult to prevent, even with high levels of biosecurity. Dipteran flies are proven carriers ofCampylobacterand their ingress into broiler houses may contribute to its transmission to broiler chickens. However, this has not been investigated in the UK.Campylobacterwas cultured from 2195 flies collected from four UK broiler farms. Of flies cultured individually, 0·22% [2/902, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0–0·53] were positive by culture forCampylobacterspp. Additionally, 1293 flies were grouped by family and cultured in 127 batches: 4/127 (3·15%, 95% CI 0·11-6·19) from three broiler farms were positive forCampylobacter. Multilocus sequence typing of isolates demonstrated that the flies were carrying broiler-associated sequence types, responsible for human enteric illness. Malaise traps were used to survey the dipteran species diversity on study farms and also revealed up to 612 flies present around broiler-house ventilation inlets over a 2-h period. Therefore, despite the low prevalence ofCampylobactercultured from flies, the risk of transmission by this route may be high, particularly during summer when fly populations are greatest.
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Semenenko, Marina P., Elena V. Kuzminova, Denis V. Osepchuk, Vladimir A. Grin, Ksenia A. Semenenko, and Ludmila M. Zakharova. "Age-related features of the manifestation of non-contagious pathology and metabolic disorders of liver in broiler chickens." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700139.
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The article presents the data on the study of age-related features of non-contagious pathology in broiler chickens, as well as the level of metabolic processes in liver of healthy poultry and poultry with diseases. The results of the studies indicate that in the conditions of an industrial enterprise specializing in meat poultry rearing, poultry mortality in different age periods ranged from 3 to 5 % of the total population. In the structure of the causes of mortality of broiler chickens from the 8th to the 15th day, an increase in mortality from hepatopathies was registered, and by the 25th day of life hepatosis was recorded in the bulk of the dead poultry. Biochemical monitoring of blood serum in poultry with signs of liver pathology revealed an increase in the level of ALAT, β-globulins, and the “inflammation syndrome” of the hepatic parenchyma was confirmed by a positive thymol test. Long-term consumption of feed contaminated with mycotoxins by broilers led to the deterioration in the health of the poultry, an imbalance in liver and the development of general metabolic disorders of the poultry organism.
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Foley, Steven L., Rajesh Nayak, Irene B. Hanning, Timothy J. Johnson, Jing Han, and Steven C. Ricke. "Population Dynamics of Salmonella enterica Serotypes in Commercial Egg and Poultry Production." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 13 (2011): 4273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00598-11.
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ABSTRACTFresh and processed poultry have been frequently implicated in cases of human salmonellosis. Furthermore, increased consumption of meat and poultry has increased the potential for exposure toSalmonella enterica. While advances have been made in reducing the prevalence and frequency ofSalmonellacontamination in processed poultry, there is mounting pressure on commercial growers to prevent and/or eliminate these human pathogens in preharvest production facilities. Several factors contribute toSalmonellacolonization in commercial poultry, including the serovar and the infectious dose. In the early 1900s,Salmonella entericaserovars Pullorum and Gallinarum caused widespread diseases in poultry, but vaccination and other voluntary programs helped eradicate pullorum disease and fowl typhoid from commercial flocks. However, the niche created by the eradication of these serovars was likely filled byS.Enteritidis, which proliferated in the bird populations. While this pathogen remains a significant problem in commercial egg and poultry production, its prevalence among poultry has been declining since the 1990s. Coinciding with the decrease ofS.Enteritidis,S.Heidelberg andS.Kentucky have emerged as the predominant serovars in commercial broilers. In this review, we have highlighted bacterial genetic and host-related factors that may contribute to such shifts inSalmonellapopulations in commercial poultry and intervention strategies that could limit their colonization.
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Liu, Huihui, Jinlu Li, Shuqin Lin, Ting Liu, and Chen Zheng. "Effects of dietary fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) seed powder supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, small intestinal morphology, and carcass traits of broilers." PeerJ 9 (January 28, 2021): e10308. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10308.
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Background With the increasing demands in livestock and poultry breeding and the growing number of food-borne diseases, it is necessary to practice food safety and develop strategies to produce healthy livestock. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) has been used as an additive in poultry production by some researchers, but there are few studies on the systemic beneficial effects of dietary fennel seed powder supplementation on broilers. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary fennel seed powder supplementation on feed intake, the apparent metabolic rate of nutrients, intestinal morphology, and carcass traits in Cobb broilers. Methods A single-factor experimental design was used. In total, 160 1-day-old Cobb broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four treatments, with four replicates each (n = 10/replicate). Broilers in the control (CN) group were fed a basal diet without fennel seed powder, and broilers in the treatment groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.15% (LF), 0.30% (MF), or 0.45% (HF) fennel seed powder, respectively. Feeding trials lasted for 42 days under the conditions of ad libitum access to feed and water, and 24-h illumination. During the third and sixth weeks, digestive and metabolic assays were carried out. When the broilers were 42 days old, one chicken with a weight close to the average was selected from each repetition, euthanized by an intravenous injection of 5% sodium pentobarbital, and carcass traits were measured and intestinal samples were collected for morphological assessment. Results There was no significant difference in growth performance of broilers (P > 0.05). The breast muscle percentage, fat width and fat width index, breast muscle area, and breast muscle area index of broilers in the LF group were higher than those in other groups (P < 0.05). Jejunum weight and length were higher in MF than in CN and LF broilers (P < 0.05). Additionally, duodenal villi height, ileal villi height, and ileal wall thickness were higher in MF than in CN broilers (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in nutrient utilization among all groups (P > 0.05), except that the ash apparent metabolic rate in MF broilers at 21 days of age was higher than that in LF broilers (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with a moderate concentration of fennel affects carcass performance, and intestinal morphology, and promotes the growth and development of broilers.
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GEORGOPOULOU (Ι. ΓΕΩΡΓΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), J., P. IORDANIDIS (Π. ΙΟΡΔΑΝΙΔΗΣ), and P. BOUGIOUKLIS (Π. ΜΠΟΥΠΟΥΚΛΗΣ). "The frequency of respiratory diseases in broiler chickens during 1992-2001." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 56, no. 3 (2017): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15082.
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The respiratory diseases of broiler chickens are included among the very important problems in the poultry industry. The pathogenic causes of these diseases are viruses (NDV, IBV, ILTV, etc), bacteria (Mycoplasma spp, Haemophilus paragallinarum, E.coli, ORT, etc), fungi and parasites. These factors can act either alone, leading in complete disease or in combinations, causing respiratory syndromes. In broiler flocks the most frequent respiratory disease with considerable economic losses is Colibacillosis. It is either the result of primary infection of the birds with the pathogenic E.coli or secondary as complicated agent leading in the CDR syndrome. The evaluation of the respiratory diseases incidents in the Clinic of Avian Medicine showed that there has been a gradual decline in the number of the respiratory diseases during the last decade 1992 - 2001. More specifically, the percentages of the incidents of respiratory diseases were: 26,49% (1992), 22,14% (1993), 17,24% (1994), 18,00% (1995), 10,04% (1996), 9,93% (1997), 11,92% (1998), 7,79% (1999), 7,77% (2000) and 6,99% (2001). This significant reduction of the respiratory disease percentages was probably caused by factors relative with a series of measures applied in breeder flocks, in hatcheries and in poultry houses. These measures concern the continuous improvement of the poultry houses and equipment, the application of systematic vaccination programs in breeders and chicks, the good collaboration between farmers and veterinarians, the improvement of nutrition, the supplying of chicks free of bacteria, such as Mycoplasma spp, Salmonella spp, etc, and viruses, such as Reovirus, Chicken anemia virus, e.t.c, and the strict application of appropriate disinfections. The application of the above measures reduces the poultry stress, enhances their immunity, eliminates the presence and the spread of pathogens and secures better health and growth in the birds of the poultry industry. Keywords: Respiratory diseases, broilers, incidents' frequency, decade 1992-2001
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Kazwala, R. R., S. F. H. Jiwa, and A. E. Nkya. "The role of management systems in the epidemiology of thermophilic campylobacters among poultry in Eastern zone of Tanzania." Epidemiology and Infection 110, no. 2 (1993): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800068205.
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SUMMARYA total of 255 samples of droppings collected from a total of 22 different poultry units were examined for the presence of thermophilic campylobaeters and the isolates biotyped using Skirrow's protocol. The organisms were isolated from 90 (35·3%) of all samples. Among the 22 units investigated. 13 (59%) were found to have unsatisfactory management systems, while 7 (32%) and 2 (9%) were found to have unsatisfactory and good systems respectively. Significantly large numbers of isolations, 68 of 147 (46·2%), were made from samples collected from poultry units with poor management (P < 0·005). compared with 19 out of 84 (22·6%) samples which were collected from satisfactory units and 3 out of 24 (12·5%) samples collected from units exercising particularly good management. Nineteen of 72 (26·4%) samples collected from broilers, 32 out of 132 (24·2%) samples collected from layers and 39 out of 51 (70·49%) samples collected from indigenous free range poultry were positive for campylobacters. Among the 90 strains isolated from various units, 64 (70·1%) were Campylobacter jejuni. 25 (27·7%) were C. coli. and only 1 (2·2%) was C. laridis.
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Hasan, AKM Rakibul, MH Ali, MP Siddique, MM Rahman, and MA Islam. "CLINICAL AND LABORATORY DIAGNOSES OF NEWCASTLE AND INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASES OF CHICKENS." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 8, no. 2 (2012): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v8i2.11196.
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A comparative study was conducted to compare the disease diagnostic parameters (clinical signs & postmortem findings, organism isolation, serological test and molecular method) used to diagnose the Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) during the period from March 2009 to February 2010 in the laboratory of the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. A total of 187 sick and dead chickens (63 broilers and 124 layers) of different ages (1 week to >15 weeks) were collected from 12 selective poultry farms (4 broilers and 8 layers) of Mymensingh and Gazipur districts. Clinically, 7 (14.89%) of 63 affected broiler and 27 (30.68%) of 124 affected layer chickens were diagnosed as Newcastle disease (ND) whereas, 11 (23.4%) of 63 affected broiler and 6 (4.82%) of the 124 affected layer birds were diagnosed as IBD on the basis of clinical history, clinical signs and postmortem findings. Virus isolation from field samples was performed by inoculating each suspected sample into 10-day-old chicken embryos. Out of 34 ND suspected field samples, 26 (5 broilers and 21 layers) were positive for NDV isolation and 11 (8 broilers and 3 layers) of 17 IBD suspected field samples, were positive for IBDV isolation. For confirmatory diagnosis, virus detection was confirmed by serological tests (HI and AGID) and RT-PCR assay. Out of 34 clinically diagnosed ND field samples, 20 (5 broiler & 15 layer) were positive by RT-PCR assay and 15 (10 broiler & 5 layer) of 17 IBD suspected field samples, were positive by both AGIDT and RT-PCR assay. Of the 26 HA positive NDV suspected AF, 19 (4 broilers and 15 layers) were positive by both HI & RT-PCR assay whereas, 10 (7 broilers and 3 layers) of 11 IBDV isolation positive tissue suspension were positive by both AGIDT & RT-PCR assay in the laboratory. Therefore, it may be concluded that serological (HI & AGIDT) and molecular (RT-PCR) techniques which allow rapid identification of most of samples are the reliable, sensitive, specific and more accurate methods to detect the viruses for the confirmatory diagnosis of diseases.DOI = http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v8i2.11196 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8 (2) : 131-140
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Avdosieva, I. K., O. B. Basarab, V. V. Regenchuk, I. L. Melnychuk, and O. I. Chajkovska. "THERAPY OF POULTRY WITH ORNITHOBACTERIOSIS." Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology 22, no. 1 (2021): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2021-22-1.01.
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Ornithobacteriosis, caused by Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, belongs to the group of respiratory diseases that are currently one of the main problems in industrial poultry, as it leads to significant economic losses due to reduced productivity in commercial and reproductive herds, poor egg production, as well as reducing growth and increasing the death and culling of poultry, high treatment costs. Diagnosis of infections caused by Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale is often difficult because clinical symptoms and postmortem changes are not specific and can be easily confused with those of other infections. The difficulty also lies in the fact that Ornithobacterium rhino-tracheale can be isolated by bacteriological method only in the early stages of the disease. For effective prevention and treatment of ORT use veterinary medicines (VM), namely: tetracyclines; macrolides - tilmicosin, thiamulin; new generation macrolide – eulosin; semi-synthetic penicillin amoxicillin, amoxiclav; germacap - a mixture of aqueous solutions of citrates of zinc, germanium, silver, made on the basis of modern nanotechnology. In Ukraine, there are 29 names of VM for the treatment of poultry against ORT, consisting of one-, 2 and 3 components, namely: doxycycline hyclate, sarafloxacin hydrochloride, tiamulin, tylvalosin, tilmicosin, fluoropheniol; tilmicosin + bromhexine hydrochloride and gentamicin + fluorophenicol+ doxycycline. .Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is used to control the presence of ornithobacteriosis in poultry. The presence of antibodies to this pathogen in many species of poultry indicates its wide circulation. A total of 82 batches of broilers and 43 batches of laying hens were tested for ELT serum in ELISA. Positive average titers of antibodies to ORT were detected among meat crosses of 24 batches, which is 29.3%, and egg crosses of 35 batches, which is 81.4%, which indicates a wide circulation of ornithobacteria among poultry. When using Eulosin 625 mg / g at a dose of 25 mg / kg orally with water for 5 days for the treatment of ORT broilers found: high therapeutic effect of the medicine – 82 %, increase in average daily gain - by 2.7%, preservation - by 1.4%; and the efficiency index improved by 5.4 %. To successfully control ORT, it is necessary to carry out a set of veterinary and sanitary measures, as well as constant serological monitoring of blood sera from different age groups of poultry and turkeys in ELISA for specific antibodies, indicating its circulation, in order to conduct timely effective antibiotic therapy.
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Dueger, E. L., J. K. House, D. M. Heithoff, and M. J. Mahan. "Salmonella DNA Adenine Methylase Mutants Elicit Protective Immune Responses to Homologous and Heterologous Serovars in Chickens." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 12 (2001): 7950–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.12.7950-7954.2001.
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ABSTRACT Salmonella DNA adenine methylase (Dam) mutants that lack or overproduce Dam are highly attenuated for virulence in mice and confer protection against murine typhoid fever. To determine whether vaccines based on Dam are efficacious in poultry, aSalmonella Dam− vaccine was evaluated in the protection of chicken broilers against oral challenge with homologous and heterologous Salmonella serovars. A Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium Dam− vaccine strain was attenuated for virulence in day-of-hatch chicks more than 100,000-fold. Vaccination of chicks elicited cross-protective immune responses, as evidenced by reduced colonization (10- to 10,000-fold) of the gastrointestinal tract (ileum, cecum, and feces) and visceral organs (bursa and spleen) after challenge with homologous (Typhimurium F98) and heterologous (Enteritidis 4973 and S. entericaO6,14,24: e,h-monophasic) Salmonella serovars that are implicated in Salmonella infection of poultry. The protection conferred was observed for the organ or the maximum CFU/tissue/bird as a unit of analysis, suggesting that Dam mutant strains may serve as the basis for the development of efficacious poultry vaccines for the containment of Salmonella.
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Spanamberg, Andréia, Gustavo Machado, Renata Assis Casagrande, et al. "Aspergillus fumigatus from normal and condemned carcasses with airsacculitis in commercial poultry." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 33, no. 9 (2013): 1071–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2013000900004.
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Carcass inspection is important for the detection of certain diseases and for monitoring their prevalence in slaughterhouses. The objective of this study was to assess the occurrence of aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in commercial poultry, through mycological and histopathological diagnosis, and to verify the causal association between the aspergillosis diagnosis criteria and condemnation due to airsacculitis in broilers through a case-control study. The study was carried out with 380 samples. Lungs were collected from broilers that were condemned (95) or not condemned (285) due to airsacculitis directly from the slaughter line. Forty-six (12%) lung samples were positive for A. fumigatus in mycological culture. Among all samples, 177 (46.6%) presented histopathological alterations, with necrotic, fibrinous, heterophilic pneumonia; heterophilic pneumonia and lymphoid hyperplasia being the most frequent. Out of the 380 lungs analyzed, 65.2% (30) showed histopathological alterations and isolation of fungi. The statistical analysis (McNemar's chi-square test) indicated a significant association between the presence of histopathological lesions and the isolation of A. fumigatus. Mycological cultivation and histopathological diagnosis increase the probability of detecting pulmonary alterations in birds condemned by the Final Inspection System, which suggests that such diagnostic criteria can improve the assessment and condemnation of birds affected by airsacculitis.
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Avdosieva, I. K., S. А. Ponomareva, V. M. Malynivsky, and L. I. Flyak. "CONTROL METHODS OF THE RED CHICKEN MITE." Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology 21, no. 2 (2020): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2020-21-2.01.
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One of the most dangerous ectoparasites that infects poultry is the red chicken mite (Dermanyssus gallinae), which causes dermanisiosis, which is widespread in many countries around the world, including all regions of Ukraine. The article shows the basic biological and ecological characteristics of the red chicken mite Dermanyssus gallinae.
 
 gallinae is a carrier of infectious and viral diseases including: Salmonella gallinarum, Salmonella enteritidis, Chlamydia spp., Borrelia anserine rhusiopathiae, Listeria monocytogenes, Coxiella burnetii, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sрр., Marek's disease, Newcastle disease and other dangerous poultry diseases.
 gallinae causes significant economic damage due to reduced egg productivity, quality of poultry products and increased culling and death of poultry due to depletion.
 
 The article analyzes the market of insecticides registered in Ukraine for the control of red mites. The effectiveness of preventive and curative measures in the battle against D. gallinae largely depends on the method and desacarization medication. Among the existing methods of control against D. gallinae remains chemical because synthetic insecticides have a wide range of action, while destroying a number of pests from different groups at different stages of development.
 To prevent outbreaks and spread of mites in poultry farms, it is necessary to systematically implement a set of organizational and veterinary measures, taking into account the biological characteristics of the development of existing ectoparasites in the farm and technological cycles of poultry.
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ELLIS-IVERSEN, J., A. RIDLEY, V. MORRIS, et al. "Persistent environmental reservoirs on farms as risk factors forCampylobacterin commercial poultry." Epidemiology and Infection 140, no. 5 (2011): 916–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881100118x.
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SUMMARYCampylobacteris the most common known source of human bacterial enteritis in the developed world and poultry is considered the main source. Broilers often become colonized withCampylobacterduring rearing, and then contaminate the farm environment. The objective of this study was to identifyCampylobacter-positive environmental reservoirs on farms, as these pose a risk to broiler flocks becoming colonized withCampylobacter. We considered the temporal aspects of exposure and colonization. A longitudinal study monitored six conventional rearing farms over 2 years. The broiler flocks, catchers' equipment, vehicles, shed surrounds, shed entrance, other equipment, farm entrance, other animals, puddles, dead birds, mains water and drinkers were systematically sampled 2–4 times per flock. A multivariable generalized estimating equation model was used to assess associations between contaminated environmental sites and colonized broiler flocks. The associations were adjusted for confounders and other known risk factors. To further assess temporality of contamination, the sequence of contamination of the different environmental sites and the flocks was established. Contaminated shed entrances and anterooms, contaminated drinkers and shedding ofCampylobacterby other animals such as cattle, dogs, wildlife and rodents were significantly associated with positive flocks. The reservoir of ‘other animals’ was also the reservoir most commonly positive before the flock became colonized. The other sites usually became contaminated after the flock was colonized.
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Avdosieva, I. K., O. I. Chajkovska, O. B. Basarab, and V. V. Regenchuk. "SIGNIFICANCE OF SEROLOGICAL MONITORING FOR POULTRY ORNITOBACTERIOSIS THERAPY." Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology 22, no. 1 (2021): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2021-22-1.02.
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One of the main problems of poultry diseases is respiratory diseases. Among them a special place is occupied by ornithobacteriosis (ORT). Losses from ORT consist of: direct losses as a result of the disease - death of chickens, increased culling due to lameness, low live weight gain (up to 40%), reduction of carcass categories, reduction of egg production by 6-20%; indirect losses associated with the immune-suppressive effect of ornithobacteria, which increase the risk of other infections and prevent the formation of post-vaccination immunity. The diagnosis is established on the basis of epizootological data, clinical signs, pathological and anatomical changes, bacteriological and serological tests, positive bioassay. In most cases, infections caused by ornithobacteria are not diagnosed in time, the pathogen is difficult to isolate due to complications of other pathogens, or because experts are currently insufficiently aware of the ability of ORT to cause disease. ORT can be isolated by bacteriological method only at an early stage of the disease. The most relevant method of diagnosis is PCR. The advantage of the method is not only the isolation of DNA of individual cells of the pathogen in the sample, but also the ability to detect all serotypes. In addition, PCR is a successful diagnosis in the detection of ORT nucleic acid not only in tissue samples, but also in feces, eggs, dust, which is important for timely diagnosis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is used to control the presence of ornithobacteriosis in bird. The presence of antibodies to this pathogen in poultry of many species indicates its wide circulation.
 Thus, when conducting serological monitoring of blood serum from different age groups of broilers aged 1-44 days, the percentage of positive samples ranged from 40 to 100, which indicates the circulation of the field strain of the pathogen ornithobacteriosis. The percentage of positive serum from broilers to ORT was: from 1 to 5 days - from 88 to 50, from 6 to 10 days serum were negative, while at 17, 21 days and from 32 days to the end of cultivation (44 days) – 100 %. The percentage of positive batches at the end of fattening ranged from 42-53 days in the range from 75 to 100%, indicating the circulation of the field strain of the ornithobacteriosis pathogen antibiotic therapy against this disease.
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Gong, Jiansen, Chengming Wang, Shourong Shi, et al. "Highly Drug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Indiana Clinical Isolates Recovered from Broilers and Poultry Workers with Diarrhea in China." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, no. 3 (2016): 1943–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.03009-15.
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Highly drug-resistantSalmonella entericaserovar Indiana became the most common serovar in broilers with diarrhea in China over the course of this study (15% in 2010 to 70% in 2014). While mostS. Indiana isolates (87%, 384/440) were resistant to 13 to 16 of the 16 antibiotics tested, 89% of non-S. Indiana isolates (528/595) were resistant to 0 to 6 antibiotics. Class 1 integrons and IncHI2-type plasmids were detected in allS. Indiana isolates, but only in 39% and 1% of non-S. Indiana isolates.
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Ammar, Ahmed Mohamed, Adel Attia Mohamed, Marwa Ibrahim Abd El-Hamid, and Mona Mohamed El-Azzouny. "Virulence genotypes of clinical SalmonellaSerovars from broilers in Egypt." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 10, no. 04 (2016): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.7437.
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Introduction: Salmonella serovars are one of the primary foodborne pathogens. Poultry consumption is responsible for the majority of disease cases worldwide. The prevalence of virulence determinants among Salmonella serovars appears to be lacking in Egypt. Therefore, this study investigated the occurrence, antibiotic resistance patterns, and virulence gene profiling of Salmonella serovars in broilers. Methodology: Three hundred samples from broiler chickens were examined for the presence of Salmonella by standard microbiological techniques. All Salmonella isolates were tested for their sensitivity against ten antibiotics and subjected to virulence genotyping by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The overall isolation percentage of Salmonella was 17%. Seven different serovars were found, with the main one being Salmonella Typhimurium (52.94%). Salmonella isolates were sensitive to most of the tested antibiotics, but they exhibited absolute resistance against amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Nine Salmonella strains (52.94%) were resistant to at least three antibiotics. Further PCR investigations into 17 Salmonella strains revealed different distribution patterns of eight virulence determinants among the isolates. The invA gene was the most prevalent one (100%), followed by hilA (88.24%), stn (58.82%), and fliC genes (52.94%), while each of sopB and pefA genes had a similar prevalence (41.18%), and sefC and spvC genes had the lowest prevalence (11.76 and 5.88%, respectively). PCR genotyping allowed grouping of Salmonella strains into ten genetic profiles. Conclusions: These results will help in understanding the spread of virulence genotypes and antibiotic resistance among Salmonella serovars in broilers.
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Schets, Franciska M., Wilma F. Jacobs-Reitsma, Rozemarijn Q. J. van der Plaats, et al. "Prevalence and types of Campylobacter on poultry farms and in their direct environment." Journal of Water and Health 15, no. 6 (2017): 849–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2017.119.
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Abstract To study whether broiler and layer farms contribute to the environmental Campylobacter load, environmental matrices at or close to farms, and caecal material from chickens, were examined. Similarity between Campylobacter from poultry and environment was tested based on species identification and Multilocus Sequence Typing. Campylobacter prevalence in caecal samples was 97% at layer farms (n = 5), and 93% at broiler farms with Campylobacter-positive flocks (n = 2/3). Campylobacter prevalence in environmental samples was 24% at layer farms, and 29% at broiler farms with Campylobacter-positive flocks. Campylobacter was detected in soil and surface water, not in dust and flies. Campylobacter prevalence in adjacent and remote surface waters was not significantly (P &gt; 0.1) different. Detected species were C. coli (52%), C. jejuni (40%) and C. lari (7%) in layers, and C. jejuni (100%) in broilers. Identical sequence types (STs) were detected in caecal material and soil. A deviating species distribution in surface water adjacent to farms indicated a high background level of environmental Campylobacter. STs from layer farms were completely deviant from surface water STs. The occasional detection of identical STs in broilers, wastewater at broiler farms and surface water in the farm environment suggested a possible contribution of broiler farms to the aquatic environmental Campylobacter load.
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Hertogs, Karolien, Annelies Haegeman, Dries Schaumont, et al. "Contamination Sources and Transmission Routes for Campylobacter on (Mixed) Broiler Farms in Belgium, and Comparison of the Gut Microbiota of Flocks Colonized and Uncolonized with Campylobacter." Pathogens 10, no. 1 (2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010066.
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Biosecurity seems to be the most promising tool for Campylobacter control on poultry farms. A longitudinal molecular epidemiological study was performed during two production cycles, in which the broilers, the poultry house, and the environment of 10 (mixed) broiler farms were monitored weekly. Cecal droppings from the second production cycle were also used for 16S metabarcoding to study the differences in the microbiota of colonized and uncolonized flocks. Results showed that 3 out of 10 farms were positive for Campylobacter in the first production cycle, and 4 out of 10 were positive in the second. Broilers became colonized at the earliest when they were four weeks old. The majority of the flocks (57%) became colonized after partial depopulation. Before colonization of the flocks, Campylobacter was rarely detected in the environment, but it was frequently isolated from cattle and swine. Although these animals appeared to be consistent carriers of Campylobacter, molecular typing revealed that they were not the source of flock colonization. In accordance with previous reports, this study suggests that partial depopulation appears to be an important risk factor for Campylobacter introduction into the broiler house. Metabarcoding indicated that two Campylobacter-free flocks carried high relative abundances of Megamonas in their ceca, suggesting potential competition with Campylobacter.
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BOUGIOUKLIS (Π. ΜΠΟΥΠΟΥΚΛΗΣ), P., I. GEORGOPOULOU (Ι. ΓΕΩΡΓΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), and P. IORDANIDIS (Π. ΙΟΡΔΑΝΙΔΗΣ). "Epizootic study of IBD in chickens during the years 1990-1998 in North Greece." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 51, no. 3 (2018): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15679.
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This report concerns an epizootic study of IBD in chickens reared in North Greece, during the years 1990-1998. The frequency of IBD was determined according to year, month and productive direction. The clinical cases were studied from the Clinic of Poultry Diseases (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki) during the years 1990-1998. An increase of IBD cases was determined in 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996 and 1997. Also, an increase of IBD cases was observed during the Spring and Summer months. A higher frequency of IBD was observed on broilers.
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Singh, Malkeet, Paramjit Kaur, Lachhman Das Singla, Neeraj Kashyap, and Mandeep Singh Bal. "Assessment of risk factors associated with prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in poultry of central plain zone of Punjab, India." Veterinary World 14, no. 4 (2021): 972–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.972-977.
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Background and Aim: Parasitic diseases are an important hurdle to the economy for the developing poultry industry due to their deleterious effects resulting into malnutrition, diminished feed conversion ratio, weight loss, decreased egg production, and mortality in young birds. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of gastrointestinal (GIT) parasites in poultry farms of central plain zone of Punjab. Materials and Methods: A total of 490 pooled droppings and 351 intact intestines of poultry from slaughterhouses from seven districts of central plain zone of Punjab state, India, were collected and analyzed from September 2016 to May 2018 by qualitative and quantitative techniques. Results: An overall prevalence of GIT parasites was 38.36% with significantly (p<0.01) highest (74.1%) in Ludhiana and lowest (12.0%) in Shri Fatehgarh Sahib. The most predominant (86.2%) infection was coccidia. The birds reared under a deep litter system were having a higher (p<0.01) fecal load of helminthic eggs and coccidian oocysts (54.4%) compared to the cage system (37.5%). Infection rate was apparently more (40%) in broilers than layers (35.7%). Prevalence of GIT parasites was higher (p<0.01) in monsoon season (58.5%) and lower in summer season (24.48%). The broilers in the age group of 0-2 weeks possessed a significant higher (p<0.05) level of GIT parasitic infection (57.5%), while in case of layers, a higher infection rate (46.66%) was observed in birds between 9 and 18 weeks of age as compared in other groups. Higher (p<0.05) infection rate of GIT parasites was seen in crossbred (45.55%) birds as compared to desi birds (20.00%). Conclusion: The study showed that coccidiosis was the predominant infection among all GIT parasites based on fecal and intestinal tract content analysis. The risk factors associated with the prevalence of GIT parasitic infections were geographical location, deep litter system, broilers, age, crossbred breeds, and monsoon season.
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Mezali, Lynda, Faiza Mebkhout, Siham Nouichi, Sofiane Boudjellaba, and Taha-Mossadak Hamdi. "Serotype diversity and slaughterhouse-level risk factors related to Salmonella contamination on poultry carcasses in Algiers." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 13, no. 05 (2019): 384–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.10450.
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Introduction: In Algeria, the latest studies on Salmonella demonstrated warning contamination rates in farms and slaughterhouses. This pathogen can contaminate poultry meat and put humans at risk especially that such product is nowadays widely consumed.
 Methodology: a cross-sectional study was conducted in Algiers to evaluate prevalence, determine serotypes and quantify risk for Salmonella contamination in broiler chickens and turkeys at the post-chill stage of slaughter process.
 Results: batch prevalence was 63.1% for chickens and 34.9% for turkeys. Eleven serotypes were isolated from chickens and five from turkeys. The most predominant at both sample and batch levels was S. Kentucky either in chicken (65.1%) or in turkey carcasses (63.2%). Univariate analysis screened 3 variables for chickens and 5 variables for turkeys. Final multivariate regression models provided one potential risk factor for Salmonella contamination in each poultry species. Presence of less than 6 broilers simultaneously in the traditional scalding tank of small scale slaughterhouses had a significantly reduced contamination risk (OR = 0.31; p < 0.05). Slaughtering turkeys in sites processing only this specie than in mixed poultry slaughterhouses increased significantly the contamination probability (OR = 4.44; p < 0.05).
 Conclusions: Our study indicates a high prevalence of Salmonella-contaminated poultry carcass with wide diversity of serotypes. Moreover, two potential risk factors identified for the first time in Algeria are found to be associated with the lack in hygienic management on production sites. A real threat for consumers exists highlighting the imperative need for improved safety throughout the local poultry meat supply chain.
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Tzavaras, I., V. I. Siarkou, A. Zdragas, et al. "Diversity of vanA-type vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from broilers, poultry slaughterers and hospitalized humans in Greece." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 67, no. 8 (2012): 1811–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dks166.
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Manson, Janet M., Stefanie Keis, John M. B. Smith, and Gregory M. Cook. "A Clonal Lineage of VanA-Type Enterococcus faecalis Predominates in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Isolated in New Zealand." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 1 (2003): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.1.204-210.2003.
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ABSTRACT Avoparcin was used as a feed additive in New Zealand broiler production from 1977 until June 2000. We report here on the effects of the usage and discontinuation of avoparcin on the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in broilers. Eighty-two VRE isolates were recovered from poultry fecal samples between 2000 and mid-2001. VRE isolates were only obtained from broiler farms that were using, or had previously used, avoparcin as a dietary supplement. Of these VRE isolates, 73 (89%) were VanA-type Enterococcus faecalis and nine (11%) were VanA-type Enterococcus faecium. All E. faecalis isolates were found to have an identical or closely related pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern of SmaI-digested DNA and were susceptible to both ampicillin and gentamicin. The PFGE patterns of the nine E. faecium isolates were heterogeneous. All VRE contained both the vanA and ermB genes, which, regardless of species or PFGE pattern, resided on the same plasmid. Eighty-seven percent of the VRE isolates also harbored the tet(M) gene, while for 63 and 100%, respectively, of these isolates, the avilamycin and bacitracin MICs were high (≥256 μg/ml). Five of eight vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis isolates recovered from humans in New Zealand revealed a PFGE pattern identical or closely related to that of the E. faecalis poultry VRE isolates. Molecular characterization of Tn1546-like elements from the VRE showed that identical transposons were present in isolates from poultry and humans. Based on the findings presented here, a clonal lineage of VanA-type E. faecalis dominates in VRE isolated from poultry and humans in New Zealand.
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Buim, Marcos Roberto, Elena Mettifogo, Jorge Timenetsky, Stanley Kleven, and Antonio J. Piantino Ferreira. "Epidemiological survey on Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae by multiplex PCR in commercial poultry." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29, no. 7 (2009): 552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2009000700009.
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Mycoplasmas are important avian pathogens, which cause respiratory and joint diseases that result in large economic losses in Brazilian and world-wide poultry industry. This investigation regarding the main species of mycoplasmas, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS), responsible for the above mentioned conditions, was carried out through PCR Multiplex analysis. One thousand and forty-six (1,046) samples of tracheal swabs and piped embryos were collected from 33 farms with laying hens, breeders, broilers or hatchery, located in the Brazilian states of São Paulo, Paraná and Pernambuco, where respiratory problems or drops in egg production had occurred. The MG and MS prevalence on the farms was 72.7%. These results indicated (1) high dissemination of mycoplasmas in the evaluated farms, with predominance of MS, either as single infectious agent or associated with other mycoplasmas in 20 farms (60.6%), and (2) an increase of MS and decrease of MG infection in Brazilian commercial poultry.
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Volkova, M. A., Ir A. Chvala, P. S. Yaroslavtseva, V. Yu Sosipatorova, and I. A. Chvala. "SEROLOGICAL MONITORING OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE IN RUSSIA 2017." Veterinary Science Today, no. 4 (January 26, 2019): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2018-4-27-26-30.
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Newcastle disease is an OIE-listed and highly contagious viral avian disease inflicting great economic losses and constituting a serious threat to poultry farms all over the world. The paper provides monitoring research results for Newcastle disease among poultry and wild birds in the Russian Federation for 2017. The tests were carried out with diagnostic kits for Newcastle disease virus antibody detection by immunosorbent assay and HI at the FGBI “ARRIAH” Reference Laboratory for Viral Avian Diseases (Vladimir). Biological material delivered from Rosselkhoznadzor Territorial Administrations was collected from 31 678 domestic and 433 wild and synanthropic birds from 22 and 4 regions of the Russian Federation, respectively. The paper shows different levels of seroprevalence in poultry from industrial poultry establishments of a closed type and backyards and in wild birds of various regions of the Russian Federation. Almost total Newcastle disease seroprevalence was found in adult poultry from industrial closed establishments due to a total vaccination against the disease. Broilers demonstrated a relatively low average Newcastle disease virus seroprevalence because of an insufficient antibody level by the moment of blood sampling (mostly during slaughter). On average, antibodies to Newcastle disease virus were detected in one third of samples from backyard poultry. With that, high seroprevalence was registered on farms of North Caucasian Republics and southern regions of the Russian Federation. Seroprevalence in wild birds was moderate. Thus, the monitoring research indicates an unstable epidemiological situation for Newcastle disease in the Russian Federation and the remaining risk of disease outbreak on industrial and backyard farms.
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Jacobs-Reitsma, W. F., A. W. Van de Giessen, N. M. Bolder, and R. W. A. W. Mulder. "Epidemiology ofCampylobacterspp. at two Dutch broiler farms." Epidemiology and Infection 114, no. 3 (1995): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800052122.
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SUMMARYBroiler flocks on two Dutch poultry farms were screened weekly for the presence of Campylobacter in fresh caecal droppings during eight consecutive production cycles. Hatchery and fresh litter samples were taken at the start of each new cycle. Water, feed, insects, and faeces of domestic animals, present on the farms were also included in the sampling. Penner seretyping of isolates was used to identify epidemiological factors that contribute to Campylobacter colonization in the broiler flocks. Generally, broiler flocks became colonized with Campylobacter at about 3–4 weeks of age with isolation percentages of 100%, and stayed colonized up to slaughter. A similar pattern of serotypes was found within the various broiler houses on one farm during one production cycle. New flocks generally showed also a new pattern of serotypes. Most serotypes isolated from the laying hens, pigs, sheep and cattle were different from those isolated from the broilers at the same time. Campylobacter serotypes from darkling beetles inside the broiler houses were identical to the ones isolated from the broilers. No Campylobacter was isolated from any of the hatchery, water, feed or fresh litter samples. Conclusive evidence of transmission routes was not found, but results certainly point towards horizontal transmission from the environment. Horizontal transmission from one broiler flock to the next one via a persistent contamination within the broiler house, as well as vertical transmission from breeder flocks via the hatchery to progeny, did not seem to be very likely.
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Miljkovic, B., Z. Skrbic, Z. Pavlovski, et al. "Foot-pad dermatitis in commercial broilers." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 28, no. 4 (2012): 835–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1204835m.
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In the present experiment, the presence of mycological agents in chickens with skin lesions on foot pads was investigated, in order to improve the health of broiler chickens. Foot-pad dermatitis (FPD) is described in the literature as dermatitis caused by multifactor causes. The presence of irritating chemical substances in the litter, genetic predispositions of hybrids, immune suppressive diseases of chickens, as well as the composition of commercial broiler diets that influence the occurrence of wet litter, are proven factors that contribute to a more intensive incidence of foot-pad dermatitis. Foot-pad dermatitis is a condition characterized by lesions on metatarsal and digital ventral skin of poultry feet. It is type of contact dermatitis which in severe cases shows slower weight gain, poor health condition and welfare. Taking into consideration the literature data, chickens reared in closed facilities where the bacterial and mycological agents are present partly in the litter if not properly disinfected, but also in the food or the chicken plumage, we wanted to investigate their presence in the skin of foot pads. The study was focused on incidence of foot-pad dermatitis in 500 one day old broiler chickens of Hubbard genotype, in two feeding (standard/economical) programs for broilers available on our market. Chopped straw was used as litter. At the end of fattening, all chickens were examined for the presence of lesions on the skin of the feet. Total of 39 chickens were allocated to the intensity of the lesion on foot pads rated as 2 (mild) and 3 (severe). In the mycological examination of the 9 samples of autoclaved chicken legs with lesions on the feet, we have isolated and identified the presence of fungi /mould Aspergillus fumigatus. The histopathology investigation, during which the tissue section from mild and severe skin foot pads was collected and stained using Hematoxylin and eosin, revealed the hyperkeratosis, panniculitis, ballooning degeneration and dermis inflammation. No fungal elements were observed in the sections of pads stained with Gomori methenamine silver. Birds are especially susceptible to infection with Aspergillus fumigatus. That species of fungus is also classified as allergenic factor.
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Said, Salsabila Putri Rajani, I. Gede Pasek Suta Wijaya, and Fitri Bimantoro. "Sistem Pakar Diagnosis Penyakit pada Ayam dengan Menggunakan Metode Dempster Shafer." Journal of Computer Science and Informatics Engineering (J-Cosine) 4, no. 1 (2020): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jcosine.v4i1.286.
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Chicken is one type of poultry that has many benefits, so the chicken can be an option for livestock. This research was conducted to create an expert system that helps provide information to farmers about poultry diseases, especially broilers. This expert system is built on the Android platform and uses the Dempster Shafer calculation method to get the diagnosis of chicken disease. The data used in this study consisted of 38 symptoms and 10 diseases data which were limited to diseases caused by bacteria and viruses. Each symptom has the value of belief given by 3 veterinarians. This study used four types of testing in the form of black-box testing, questionnaire testing, theoretical testing, and accuracy testing. The results of the accuracy testing of the 30 cases given are 92.22% and the system accuracy is 93.33% if the system diagnosis results are assumed to be valid because it is a subsection of expert diagnosis. For questionnaire testing using the MOS, parameters obtained 4.58 results from a scale of 5, as well as theoretical calculation tests that get the same calculation results between the results of expert diagnoses and system diagnoses. Based on the test results, the system built is good and appropriate.
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Zou, Ming, Ping-Ping Ma, Wen-Shuang Liu, et al. "Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Characteristics of Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli among Healthy Chickens from Farms and Live Poultry Markets in China." Animals 11, no. 4 (2021): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041112.
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Chicken products and chickens with colibacillosis are often reported to be a suspected source of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) causing several diseases in humans. Such pathogens in healthy chickens can also contaminate chicken carcasses at the slaughter and then are transmitted to humans via food supply; however, reports about the ExPEC in healthy chickens are still rare. In this study, we determined the prevalence and characteristics of ExPEC isolates in healthy chickens in China. A total of 926 E. coli isolates from seven layer farms (371 isolates), one white-feather broiler farm (78 isolates) and 17 live poultry markets (477 isolates from yellow-feather broilers) in 10 cities in China, were isolated and analyzed for antibiotic resistance phenotypes and genotypes. The molecular detection of ExPEC among these healthy chicken E. coli isolates was performed by PCRs, and the serogroups and antibiotic resistance characteristics of ExPEC were also analyzed. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were used to analyze the genetic relatedness of these ExPEC isolates. We found that the resistance rate for each of the 15 antimicrobials tested among E. coli from white-feather broilers was significantly higher than that from brown-egg layers and that from yellow-feather broilers in live poultry markets (p < 0.05). A total of 22 of the 926 E. coli isolates (2.4%) from healthy chickens were qualified as ExPEC, and the detection rate (7.7%, 6/78) of ExPEC among white-feather broilers was significantly higher than that (1.6%, 6/371) from brown-egg layers and that (2.1%, 10/477) from yellow-feather broilers (p < 0.05). PFGE and MLST analysis indicated that clonal dissemination of these ExPEC isolates was unlikely. Serogroup O78 was the most predominant type among the six serogroups identified in this study, and all the six serogroups had been frequently reported in human ExPEC isolates in many countries. All the 22 ExPEC isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and the resistance rates to ampicillin (100%) and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (100%) were the highest, followed by tetracycline (95.5%) and doxycycline (90.9%). blaCTX-M was found in 15 of the 22 ExPEC isolates including 10 harboring additional fosfomycin resistance gene fosA3. Notably, plasmid-borne colistin resistance gene mcr-1 was identified in six ExPEC isolates in this study. Worryingly, two ExPEC isolates were found to carry both mcr-1 and blaNDM, compromising both the efficacies of carbapenems and colistin. The presence of ExPEC isolates in healthy chickens, especially those carrying mcr-1 and/or blaNDM, is alarming and will pose a threat to the health of consumers. To our knowledge, this is the first report of mcr-1-positive ExPEC isolates harboring blaNDM from healthy chickens.
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Cuccato, Matteo, Selene Rubiola, Diana Giannuzzi, et al. "16S rRNA Sequencing Analysis of the Gut Microbiota in Broiler Chickens Prophylactically Administered with Antimicrobial Agents." Antibiotics 10, no. 2 (2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10020146.
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In poultry production, gut microbiota (GM) plays a pivotal role and influences different host functions related to the efficiency of production performances. Antimicrobial (AM) use is one of the main factors affecting GM composition and functions. Although several studies have focused their attention on the role of AMs as growth promoters in the modulation of GM in broilers, the consequences of higher AM concentrations administered during prophylactic treatments need to be better elucidated. For this purpose, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to evaluate the impact of different prophylactic AM protocols on the composition and diversity of the broiler GM. Diversity analysis has shown that AM treatment significantly affects alpha diversity in ileum and beta diversity in both ileum and caecum. In ileal samples, the Enterobacteriaceae family has been shown to be particularly affected by AM treatments. AMs have been demonstrated to affect GM composition in broiler. These findings indicate that withdrawal periods were not enough for the restoral of the original GM. Further studies are needed for a better elucidation of the negative effects caused by an altered GM in broilers.