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Academic literature on the topic 'Brominatio'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Brominatio"

1

Ho, C. T. "Nickel-coated carbon fiber-reinforced tin-lead alloy composites." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 7 (1995): 1730–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.1730.

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Nickel is deposited over pristine, surface-treated, and brominated P-100 carbon fibers using cementation and electroplating techniques. The fibers are brominated by bromine vapor for 48 h and then desorbed at 200 °C in air for 12 h. The anodic oxidation treatment is performed by etching fibers electrochemically in a dilute sodium electrolyte for 3 min or by immersing fibers in nitric acid for 72 h. Electroplated-coated fibers show better tensile properties than cementation-coated fibers. Tin-lead alloy composites reinforced by nickel-coated fibers (which are pristine, anodically oxidized, and brominated) are fabricated by squeeze casting. The composites containing coated carbon fibers with bromination or surface treatment have higher tensile and shear strength than the ones containing coated pristine carbon fibers. In addition, the composite containing coated carbon fibers with brominalion shows the best performance in the tensile properties.

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2

Kolegova, T. A., I. Yu Chukicheva, O. G. Shevchenko, and A. V. Kutchin. "Synthesis and some properties of new bromo derivatives of isobornylphenols." Журнал общей химии 93, no. 8 (2023): 1190–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044460x2308005x.

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We determined optimal conditions to brominate various isobornyl phenols with molecular bromine and N -bromosuccinimide as well as studied oxidative bromination of them with KBr-Oxone®. For obtained brominated derivatives, as isobornylphenols, an assessment of erythrotoxicity, membrane-protective and antioxidant activity was performed using in vitro models. Halogen derivatives of isobornylphenols containing a bromine atom in the para -position and an alkyl fragment in the ortho -position relative to the phenolic hydroxyl group showed high antioxidant activity in the model of oxidative hemolysis of erythrocytes.

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3

Kajorinne, Jessie K., Jennifer C. M. Steers, Marnie E. Merchant, and Craig D. MacKinnon. "Green halogenation reactions for (hetero)aromatic ring systems in alcohol, water, or no solvent." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 96, no. 12 (2018): 1087–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2018-0259.

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A new method of brominating aromatic and heteroaromatic ring systems is investigated. The combination of hydrobromic acid as the halogen source, hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant, and ethanol, water, or no solvent are evaluated as greener conditions than those that have been previously published. The new conditions give high yields and good regioselectivity for a variety of substrates when the ring is activated by electron-donating groups or heteroatoms. Phenols, anisole, thiophenes, and pyrrole give comparable or superior results when compared to a traditional bromination by N-bromosuccinimide in tetrahydrofuran. Other nitrogen-containing heterocycles do not react under the conditions because they are protonated and hence deactivated; similarly, substrates with electron-withdrawing groups are not brominated. The reaction is very tolerant of a variety of functional groups.

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Kaszas, Gabor, and Binh Tran. "Synthesis, Bromination and Cure of Isobutylene/Isoprene/P-Methylstyrene and Isobutylene/Isoprene/Styrene Terpolymers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 75, no. 1 (2002): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547667.

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Abstract High molecular weight isobutylene/isoprene/p-methylstyrene and isobutylene/isoprene/styrene terpolymers containing up to 10.6 mol% p-methylstyrene and 3.6 mol% styrene were synthesized using “H2O”/AlCl3 as an initiator/coinitiator system in methylchloride at -95 °C. p-Methylstyrene was found to be uniformly distributed in the chains due to its similar reactivity to isobutylene. In contrast, styrene had a lower reactivity than isobutylene or even isoprene, resulting in low conversion of the styrene monomer. The reactivity ratios obtained were in good agreement with the published values. Up to about 3 mol% styrenic monomer content, the Tg of the terpolymers showed no significant increase. The isoprene units of the terpolymers were brominated by the conventional bromination technique. During bromination, some of the aromatic rings also underwent bromination. The extent of this reaction was found to be much lower in the case of p-methylstyrene than in the case of styrene. The brominated terpolymers were cured using ZnO. The brominated terpolymers displayed much faster cure, higher maximum torque and modulus at the same brominated isoprene concentration than brominated copolymers of isobutylene and isoprene, indicating that the aromatic rings participate in the cure. The brominated terpolymers showed an increased resistance to hot air aging, compared to brominated polymers containing no styrenic termonomer.

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5

Grishchenko, L. M., A. N. Zaderko, G. G. Tsapyuk, I. P. IMatushko, A. V. Yatsymyrskyi, and O. V. Mischanchuk. "Dehydration of isopropyl alcohol with activated carbon functionalized with Br- and S-containing reagents." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 3 (May 2021): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2021-136-3-90-99.

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Bromination of activated carbon GSGD was performed and active bromine-containing precursors were obtained, in which bromine is capable of being replaced by sulfur-containing functional groups. Bromination with liquid bromine and a solution of bromine in potassium bromide at room temperature leads to the introduction of 0.44–0.45 mmol g–1 of bromine into the surface layer of activated carbon. The treatment of brominated samples with sulfur-containing reagents with subsequent oxidation allows obtaining carbon samples that are catalytically active in the dehydration reaction of isopropyl alcohol in a gas phase. The temperature of complete conversion of isopropyl alcohol to propylene is a measure of catalytic activity. The concentration of sulfogroups in the prepared samples is up to 0.3 mol g–1. Thermogravimetry and thermoprogrammed desorption with mass spectrometric registration of products were used to study the thermal stability of modified activated carbon samples. The influence of the nature of brominating reagents, hydrolysis conditions and oxidation conditions on the structure, surface concentration of grafted S-containing groups and catalytic properties of the obtained materials was studied. Pre-bromination leads to an increase in the catalytic activity of activated carbon modified with sulfur-containing groups and the temperature of complete conversion of isopropyl alcohol to propylene decreases up to 400C depending on the concentration of sulfogroups.

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6

Mahammed, Atif, Boris Tumanskii, and Zeev Gross. "Effect of bromination on the electrochemistry, frontier orbitals, and spectroscopy of metallocorroles." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 15, no. 11n12 (2011): 1275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424611004191.

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A series of fully β-pyrrole brominated triarylcorrole metal complexes has been prepared for investigating the changes in visible spectra and redox potentials relative to the non-brominated derivatives, as well as for comparing the effect of bromination in corroles and porphyrins. The results reveal that bromination has a much larger effect on the electrochemistry of metallocorroles relative to metalloporphyrins, for both macrocycle- and metal-centered redox processes. The HOMO–LUMO gap energy of the triarylcorrole post-transition metal complexes decreases upon bromination because the effect on the LUMO is about twice as large of as on the HOMO; and both the HOMO and the LUMO are more affected in corroles than in porphyrins. Spectroscopic examinations of the transition metal complexes reveal that the synthetic access to divalent metallocorroles becomes feasible for the brominated derivatives.

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7

Mazov, Ilya, Dmitry Krasnikov, Andrey Stadnichenko, et al. "Direct Vapor-Phase Bromination of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes." Journal of Nanotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/954084.

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We present the simple procedure of the vapor-phase bromination of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) at moderate temperatures. MWNTs with average diameter9±3 nm were treated with Br2vapors at 250°C to produce Br-functionalized product. Transmission electron microscopy analysis was used to prove low damage of MWNT walls during bromination. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were used to investigate chemical composition of the surface of initial and brominated nanotubes. The experimental results show that the structure of MWNTs is not affected by the bromination process and the total amount of Br-containing surface functions reaches 2.5 wt. %. Electrophysical properties of initial and brominated MWNTs were investigated showing decrease of conductivity for functionalized sample. Possible mechanism of the vapor-phase bromination via surface defects and oxygen-containing functional groups was proposed according to data obtained. Additional experiments with bromination of annealed low-defected MWNTs were performed giving Br content a low as 0.75 wt. % proving this hypothesis.

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Tan, Shu Er, and Mohd Sani Sarjadi. "Alternative pathway to brominate 2,13-benzothiadiazole: Preparation of 4,7-dibromobenzo[c]-1,2,5-thiadiazole via N-bromosuccinimide." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (2017): 760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v0n0.549.

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This present work reports an alternative pathway to brominate the 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BT). The conventional method to brominate a phenyl/benzene ring is to use the bromine solution (Br2) together with hydrobromic acid (HBr). This is because the phenyl/benzene rings exhibit high stability due to the delocalized -conjugation, which the substitution of bromines into the rings can only be done through a strong bromination source, e.g. the Br2/HBr. Besides that, there is another bromine source, known as N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), which is normally used for bromination of thiophene rings but not the phenyl/benzene ring. The bromination ability of NBS is relatively mild than the Br2/HBr. Herein, this research shows that bromination of benzene/phenyl ring through NBS is possible under a drastic condition that involved the usage of 96% concentrated sulphuric acid and chloroform at room temperature. This alternative pathway can be used when there is limit access to the Br2 and bromination through NBS is relatively less dangerous than the Br2/HBr.

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Sushil, Kumar Sharma, and D. Agarwal D. "A direct and simplistic bromination of commercially important organic compounds in aqueous media by eco-friendly AlBr3-Br2 reagent system." Chemistry International 1, no. 3 (2015): 107–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1470133.

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A facile, simplistic, highly efficient, environmentally safe, regioselective, controllable and economical method for the bromination of organic compounds using aqueous AlBr3-Br2 reagent system was investigated. As synthesized brominated organic compounds were characterize using advanced techniques. The yield was all synthesized brominated organic compounds was excellent with high purity. Results revealed that this direct and simple bromination of commercially important organic compounds in aqueous media in the presence of recycle of AlBr3-Br2 reagent system is efficient method and could possibly be extended for the synthesis of other organic compounds.

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Huang, Chi Bao, Dao Sheng Yi, and Tang Mao Liu. "The Molecular Structures of Alpha-Brominated 2,5-Dimethyl-Terephthalonitrile Derivatives and the Dependences of Their Yields on the Reaction Time." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 1178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.1178.

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The number and molecular structures of the alpha-brominated 2,5-dimethylterephthalonitrile (DMT) derivatives and the dependences of the yields of derivatives on the reaction time were systematicaly investigated by means of NMR spectroscopy, MS and chromatography. The alpha-brominated DMT derivatives were comprised of 2-bromomethyl-5-methylterephthalonitrile (1), 2,5-bis(bromomethyl)terephthalonitrile (2), 2-(1,1-dibromo)methyl-5-methylterephthalonitrile (3) and 2-bromomethyl-5-(1,1-dibromo)methylterephthalonitrile (4). More than 90 % of DMT mainly transformed swiftly into 1 during the first two-hour alpha-bromination reacting, and nearly half of monobromination compound 1 converts into multibromination compounds 2, 3 and 4 in the ensuing reacting. N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) was not utterly exhausted until the reacting lasted 16 hours. The selection law in the alpha-bromination-reaction of DMT, and the close affinity between the yields of the alpha-bromination products and the reaction time were originally revealed.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Brominatio"

1

Priest, Andrew. "Waste minimisation for bromination chemistry." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325651.

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Recsei, Carl. "Catalytic bromination for organic synthesis." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/11625.

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On the instigation of Dr. C.S.P. McErlean I have investigated an enduring problem in synthetic organic chemistry: the lack of general methodologies for enantioselective halogenation. This omission in our otherwise broad capacity for introducing p-block elements asymetrically hampers the synthesis of naturally-occuring organohalogens, a large and growing class of known natural products possessing broad biological activity. We used rational design to envisage a chiral, nucleophilic catalyst with secondary binding sites upon catalyst. We synthesised a family of triazole-bearing BINOL-derived phosphoramidites and addressed issues related to the stability of these novel ligands. We showed that our catalytic system could be used to access the principle brominated substructures found in natural products. Our catalysts promoted rapid, chemoselective and diastereoselective bromocyclisation reactions, although enantioselectivity proved to be an enduring challenge. The delivery of a chloronium ion was also shown to be possible. Our success prompted us to embark on the synthesis of the snyderane natural products. We began with a one-step total synthesis of 3β-bromo-8-epicaparrapi oxide. Following this we synthesised the snyderols – the parent natural products of this family of sesquiterpenes. Our snyderol synthesis also required only a single step. We then targeted luzofuran, a recently isolated snyderane which had not previously been made. We synthesised luzofuran in a racemic fashion in two steps. We then completed a four-step asymmetric total synthesis, includeding the first report of a successful Noyori reduction of an allyl aryl ketone. An alternative reagent system based on the use of phosphine oxides as strong halogen bond acceptors was explored as a means to promote electrophilic halogenation reactions of prochiral biarylmethanes – substructures of interest in medicinal chemistry. We demonstrated that bifunctional catalysts were uniquely capable reagents in performing these reactions as compared to monovalent systems. The difficulty entailed in controlling the steric environment around the monovalent, reactive halonium equivalent meant that enantioselectivity was an enduring challenge.

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Ferguson, Douglas. "Selectivity of aryl and benzylic bromination." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340755.

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Gunbas, Duygu Deniz. "Functionalization Of Saturated Hydrocarbons: High Temperature Bromination." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12607307/index.pdf.

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ABSTRACT FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SATURATED HYDROCARBONS: HIGH TEMPERATURE BROMINATION G&uuml<br>nbaS, Duygu Deniz M.S., Department of Chemistry Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Metin Balci June 2006, 174 pages Although saturated hydrocarbons are readily available and extremely cheap starting materials, they can not be used in synthetic chemistry without prior activation. Efficient functionalization of alkanes leading to the production of useful organic chemicals in an industrial scale is of considerable interest for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries and remains a long-term challenge for chemists. In this respect, halogenations of hydrocarbons which leads to a variety of useful synthetic intermediates is an open avenue which deserves special attention. It is also noteworthy to mention that efficient methods for selective functionalization of saturated bicyclic hydrocarbons still remains elusive, albeit a number of methods employing various reagents have been developed for the C&amp<br>#8211<br>H bond activation of open chain and monocyclic alkanes. Herein, we will investigate the high temperature bromination reactions as a method for functionalization of saturated bicyclic hydrocarbons such as octahydropentalene (1), octahydro-1H-indene (2) and 1a,2,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopropa[b]naphthalene (3). The scope and the limitations of the reaction will reveal the regio-and stereoselectivity. Furthermore, formation mechanism of the products will be discussed and the chemistry of these compounds will be extended for further functionalization

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He, P. "Solids as catalysts for regioselective bromination reactions." Thesis, Swansea University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.637254.

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An introduction to a range of inorganic solids as heterogeneous catalysts in aromatic bromination reactions is given in Chapter 1. These solids involve silica, alumina, zeolites, clays, and heteropolyacids. Aromatic bromination over these solids is discussed. Regioselectivity towards the <I>para</I>-isomer of various alkylbenzenes is the main theme but the advantages and disadvantages of each brominating system are also discussed. In Chapter 2 the bromination of phenyl acetate (PA) is tested using zeolites, clays and AlCl<SUB>3</SUB> as catalysts. Zeolite NaY was found to be the most efficient catalyst for the <I>para-</I>selective bromination of PA in the presence of dichloromethane. Use of NaY zeolite allows the bromination of PA to give almost exclusively the <I>para</I>-isomer in quantitative yield. Additionally, the effect of the counterions, activation temperature of the zeolite, and solvent on the reaction were also investigated. In Chapter 3 the bromination of PA <I>via</I> a solvent-free process has been investigated. Additives (<I>i.e.</I> acetate anhydride, NaHCO<SUB>3</SUB> and NaOCOCH<SUB>3</SUB>) as HBr scavengers can markedly increase the selectivity for <I>para</I>-isomer. In particular, a mixture of zinc acetate and bromine is shown to be an efficient reagent for <I>para</I>-selective bromination. In Chapter 4 the separation of 4-bromophenyl acetate (4-BPA) is studied. 4-BPA can readily be separated in pure form from industrial distillation residues by selective sorption into ZSM-5 from a cyclohexane solution of the residues and subsequent desorption with acetone. Additionally, the effect of the zeolite parameters, solvent, and temperature on selective adsorption of 4-BPA, as well as re-generation of the used zeolite, have been investigated. In Chapter 5 transbromination of bromo-substituted phenols and phenyl acetates has been discussed using large-pore zeolites and AlCl<SUB>3</SUB> as catalysts. The reactions involve intermolecular transbromination. HZSM-5 zeolite shows shape selectivity for the <I>para</I>-isomer.

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Cailleau, Thaïs. "Towards the catalytic asymmetric bromination of alkenes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/9132.

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This thesis relates our efforts towards the development of a general method for the catalytic asymmetric bromination of alkenes. Previous work within the group had reported the synthesis and the use of 2,6-di-[(4R,5R)-4,5-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2yl]-iodobenzene to catalyse the bromolactonisation of (±)-2-cyclopentene-1-acetic acid with some asymmetric induction observed. The reaction was initially postulated to proceed via formation of a hypervalent N-I(III)-Br bond in the catalyst, which by placing the electrophilic bromine in a chiral environment would allow for its selective delivery to the alkene substrate. Initial work aimed to acquire a better understanding of that reaction system and some mechanistic studies were undertaken. A different outcome to the one expected is reported and it was concluded that during the bromolactonisation reaction, no hypervalent iodine species was forming in situ and that instead a potential kinetic resolution via α-salt formation and diastereoselective halolactonisation mechanism was operating. These findings necessitated a redesign of the catalyst and the synthesis of various bis-amidine analogues is described. An unexpected rearrangement is also unveiled and its mechanism discussed. The new catalysts were screened in our asymmetric brominating system, using different alkene substrates, and the results are reported and discussed. Subsequent studies focused on elaborating a general method for the asymmetric dibromination of alkenes, where Br+ would be delivered by a stoichiometric chiral promoter. Screening of various alkene substrates to identify a suitable candidate is reported and discussed. The asymmetric dibromination of the chosen alkene is described and further investigations in order to elucidate the reasons for the lack of enantioselectivity observed are reported. Finally, attempts to synthesise Ts-DPEN following a similar route as previously developed within the group for the synthesis of DPEN is reported as a side chapter. Various attempts at the final benzoyl cleavage are described and discussed.

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Thapa, Rajesh. "Regioselectivity in Free Radical Bromination of Unsymmetrical Dimethylated Pyridines." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1263340046.

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Ozer, Melek Sermin. "Functionalization Of Saturated Bicyclic Hydrocarbons: High Temperature Bromination." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612938/index.pdf.

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ABSTRACT FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SATURATED BICYCLIC HYDROCARBONS: HIGH TEMPERATURE BROMINATION &Ouml<br>zer, Melek Sermin M.Sc., Department of Chemistry Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Metin Balci January 2011, 139 pages Although hydrocarbons are readily available and extremely cheap starting materials, they cannot be used in synthetic chemistry without prior activation. The selective functionalization of saturated hydrocarbons under mild conditions is of both biochemical and industrial importance. Initially, saturated hydrocarbons such as octahydro-1H-indene 80, octahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene 81 and bicyclo[4.2.0]octan-7-one 82 were synthesized as starting materials. Then high temperature bromination reactions of these saturated hydrocarbons as a method for C-H bond activation have been investigated and the synthetic application of the formed intermediates has been searched. Furthermore, the role of the alkyl substituents in tricyclic systems and the effect of carbonyl group in bicyclo[4.2.0] octan-7-one 82 have been studied and the mechanism for the formation of the products have been discussed. Finally, whole products were conscientiously purified and characterized.

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Aborways, Marwa M. "Oxidative bromination and ring expansion in organic chemistry." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2016. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/30280/.

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This thesis is composed of two independent research projects. The first major project discussed is electrophilic halogenation using inorganic halides in the presence of oxidant. This includes the conversion of tertiary propargyl alcohols in to α,α-dihaloketones. In addition, the oxidative bromination of a range of alkylbenzene derivatives using the inexpensive oxidant Oxone and sodium bromide is described with up to 4 C-H bonds being functionalised in this process. The second part of this thesis focuses on using silacyclobutanes in our aim to access new siliconcontaining chemical space. Silacyclobutanes are useful in organic synthesis because of their exciting reactivity based on their high Lewis acidity and ring strain. We describe our efforts at developing catalytic conditions for the Pd-mediated dimerisation of silacyclobutanes, as well as our preliminary results on the nickel-catalysed enantioselective ring expansion of benzosilacyclobutane with aldehydes. After Tamao-Fleming oxidation, this reaction produces extremely useful chiral benzylic alcohols.

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10

Allott, Philip Hugh. "The thermochemistry of bromination of phenols and anilines." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1986. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/45ee4bfb-9be1-4500-9d03-2b883899c5cb/1/.

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A method has been developed for bromination of aromatic compounds in aqueous solution in an isoperibol calorimeter. The enthalpies of bromination of phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol and of aniline, 2-bromo-aniline, 4-bromoaniline and 2,4-dibromoaniline to 2,4,6-tribromo-aniline were measured using this method. These values were used to derive the standard enthalpies of formation of 2,4,6-tribromophenol, 2-bromoaniline, 4-bromoaniline, 2,4-dibromoaniline and 2,4,6-tribromo-aniline. The enthalpies of combustion of 2,4,6-tribromophenol and 2,4,6-tribromoaniline were measured using a rotating-bomb calorimeter. These values were used to derive the standard enthalpies of formation of 2,4,6-tribromophenol and 2,4,6-tribromoaniline. The discrepancy between these latter standard enthalpies of formation and those found using the solution calorimetric method is discussed, and possible sources of systematic error indicated. The solution calorimetric method was adapted for the thermometric titration of phenols in aqueous solution with an aqueous solution of bromine. The sequential nature of bromination of five compounds -phenol, 2-bromophenol, 2-methylphenol, 3-methylphenol and 2-hydroxy-benzoic acid - was investigated using this technique. The reasons for this sequentiality are discussed. abstract continued overleaf A complete data-processing system has been designed for the solution calorimeter. A microcomputer is used for data acquisition from the AC bridge of the calorimeter through an analogue-to-digital interface. The bridge voltage readings, once uploaded to a minicomputer, are processed to yield the corrected temperature change. Enthalpies of reaction can then be calculated and statistical analyses performed. The problems encountered in developing the system are discussed, especially with regard to the calculation of the corrected temperature change from the noisy temperature data. A least-squares cubic spline is used for curve-fitting and calculation of the first derivative of temperature versus time.

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Books on the topic "Brominatio"

1

Eljarrat, Ethel, and Damià Barceló, eds. Brominated Flame Retardants. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19269-2.

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Damià, Barceló, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Brominated Flame Retardants. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.

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John, Miller, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Thermal conductivity of pristine and brominated P-100 fibers. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1986.

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Howe, Paul. 2,4,6-tribromophenol and other simple brominated phenols. World Health Organization, 2005.

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L, Amy Gary, and AWWA Research Foundation, eds. Formation and control of brominated ozone by-products. AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Association, 1997.

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Vega, Fernando De la. Tahalikhe halogenatsyah aromaṭit seleḳṭivit be-ḳaṭalizat nafot moleḳulariyot. ḥ. mo. l., 1992.

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Thomas, Richard David. Positive and negative ion molecule reactons with brominated molecules. University of Birmingham, 1997.

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Paul, Howe, United Nations Environment Programme, International Labour Organisation, World Health Organization, Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals., and International Program on Chemical Safety., eds. Bromoethane. World Health Organization, 2002.

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Sacher, Frank. Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants: Relevance for drinking water utilities. Water Research Foundation, 2011.

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R, Gaier James, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. The milling of pristine and brominated P-100 graphite fibers. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Brominatio"

1

de Wit, Cynthia A., Amelie Kierkegaard, Niklas Ricklund, and Ulla Sellström. "Emerging Brominated Flame Retardants in the Environment." In Brominated Flame Retardants. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2010_73.

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Covaci, Adrian, Alin C. Dirtu, Stefan Voorspoels, Laurence Roosens, and Peter Lepom. "Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Methods Applied to Congener-Specific Analysis of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers." In Brominated Flame Retardants. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2010_81.

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Law, Robin J., and Dorte Herzke. "Current Levels and Trends of Brominated Flame Retardants in the Environment." In Brominated Flame Retardants. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2010_82.

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Toms, Leisa-Maree L., Laurence Hearn, Andreas Sjödin, and Jochen F. Mueller. "Human Exposure to Brominated Flame Retardants." In Brominated Flame Retardants. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2010_90.

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Guerra, P., M. Alaee, E. Eljarrat, and D. Barceló. "Introduction to Brominated Flame Retardants: Commercially Products, Applications, and Physicochemical Properties." In Brominated Flame Retardants. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2010_93.

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Guerra, P., A. Covaci, E. Eljarrat, and D. Barceló. "Recent Methodologies for Brominated Flame Retardant Determinations by Means of Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry." In Brominated Flame Retardants. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2010_94.

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Domínguez, Angel Antelo, Robin J. Law, Dorte Herzke, and Jacob de Boer. "Bioaccumulation of Brominated Flame Retardants." In Brominated Flame Retardants. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2010_95.

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Eljarrat, E., M. L. Feo, and D. Barceló. "Degradation of Brominated Flame Retardants." In Brominated Flame Retardants. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2010_96.

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Wikoff, Daniele Staskal, and Linda Birnbaum. "Human Health Effects of Brominated Flame Retardants." In Brominated Flame Retardants. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2010_97.

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Shamir, J. "By Bromination of I2." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145173.ch20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Brominatio"

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Kramer, Jeffrey F. "Biofilm Control with Bromo-Chloro-Dimethyl-Hydantoin." In CORROSION 2001. NACE International, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2001-01277.

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Abstract The biocidal efficacy of brominated hydantoins versus planktonic and biofilm bacteria was determined. Brominated hydantoins were effective at low concentrations versus planktonic bacteria and this activity was not affected by ammonia. Higher concentrations were required for efficacy versus biofilm bacteria. The efficacy of brominated hydantoins versus biofilm bacteria increased in the presence of ammonia. The biocidal and biofilm removal activity of bromo-chloro-dimethyl-hydantoin (BCDMH) was superior to that of bromo-chloro-ethylmethyl-hydantoin (BCEMH).

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Lake, R. D., R. B. Henrich, W. H. Julius, and T. S. McQuarrie. "Evaluation of Corrosion Resistant Resins for Hot/Wet Chlorine Service." In CORROSION 1986. NACE International, 1986. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1986-86281.

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Abstract A study was undertaken to compare the resistance of several kinds of commercially produced polyester and vinyl ester resins to hot, wet chlorine gas. The study includes corrosion grade polyester resins of the bisphenol A type, modified-bisphenol A, brominated-bisphenol A, modified, brominated bisphenol A and chlorendic type. Vinyl esters under investigation comprise modified, brominated, and modified, brominated bisphenol A epoxy derived resins as well as an epoxy-novolac type. Final, twelve month exposure data is presented for several resins in conventional "C" glass veil/"E" glass mat laminate constructions. Interim results are reported for a larger number of resins after six months of the planned twelve month exposure period. Among these are examples of laminates in which "A" glass veil is substituted for "C" glass veil or both veil and mat are of the "A" glass type. Data is also given for a laminate of standard construction with a synthetic veil and another with polyester fiber reinforcement used throughout.

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Zhou, Wenjing, Thomas E. Jeffers, and Owen H. Decker. "Properties of a Novel High Tg FBE Coating for High Temperature Service." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07688.

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Abstract A novel fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) coating based on brominated epoxy resin with a high glass transition temperature (Tg) was developed for pipeline protection. Properties of this FBE coating related to high temperature service are described in this paper. The new FBE coating has a glass transition temperature greater than 150°C as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It performs significantly better in cathodic disbondment (CD) and water soak tests than conventional FBE coatings when tested at 95°C for 28 days. With brominated epoxy resin as the main binder, the new FBE coating has improved UV resistance. The new FBE should be used where superior cathodic disbondment performance at high temperature is needed.

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Hermiller, Mark R., and Shunong Yang. "A New System for the Delivery and Application of Brominated, Chlorinated Hydantoin." In CORROSION 1996. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96489.

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Abstract The use of brominated, chlorinated hydantoin (BCH) as a replacement for gaseous chlorine in cooling systems has increased rapidly over the last several years. A major reason behind the widespread use of the product is that it is relatively safe to use compared to gaseous chlorine and liquid sodium hypochlorite. Traditionally, the method used to apply BCH has been to unload the product from pails or super bags into by-pass feeders. Water is directed through the feeder to dissolve the product, and the dissolved BCH is then delivered to the target cooling system. The unloading of the BCH into a feeder can be dusty and burdensome for workers. In addition to the safety concerns associated with this operation, the empty pails and super bags must be disposed. A new system has been developed which eliminates the need to unload pails and super bags as well as the concerns associated with disposing of empty biocide containers. This paper discusses the design and operation of this new system as well as the benefits it provides.

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Strand, Roger L. "Optimization of Redox for Bromine/Chlorine Control." In CORROSION 1991. NACE International, 1991. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1991-91296.

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Abstract Redox (oxidation reduction potential) instrumentation is routinely applied in analytical and process applications to detect the end point of oxidation or reduction reactions. Recent trends in the water treatment industry have led to an urgent need for equipment to closely control the feed of oxidizing biocides, particularly in potable water, waste water and cooling tower applications. Unfortunately, most attempts to use redox instruments for this purpose have proved unsuccessful, despite the theoretical applicability of the technique. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize the reader with techniques used to optimize redox instruments for controlling continuous low-level chlorination and bromination treatment programs. Particular attention is paid to the theory of redox measurement as it applies to chlorine and bromine chemistry and the error-inducing influences which can be minimized or eliminated through optimization. Supporting evidence from 2 field trials employing optimized redox control systems is also presented.

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Nalepa, Christopher J. "25 Years of Bromine Chemistry in Industrial Water Systems: A Review." In CORROSION 2004. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04087.

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Abstract Bromine chemistry is used to great advantage in nature for fouling control by a number of sessile marine organisms such as sponges, seaweeds, and bryozoans. Such organisms produce small quantities of brominated organic compounds that effectively help keep their surfaces clean of problem bacteria, fungi, and algae. For over two decades, bromine chemistry has been used to similar advantage in the treatment of industrial water systems. The past several years in particular has seen the development of several diverse bromine product forms – one-drum stabilized bromine liquids, all-bromine hydantoin solids, and pumpable gels. The purpose of this paper is to review the development of bromine chemistry in industrial water treatment, discuss characteristics of the new product forms, and speculate on future developments.

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Stevens, Michael G. "Selection and Performance of Fire Retardant Corrosion Resistant FRP Equipment." In CORROSION 2001. NACE International, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2001-01400.

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Abstract Fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) equipment has been used for over 30 years to help control corrosion in process equipment. The critical part in having a successful application is the choice of the resin. There is a wide range of resins that can be used to control corrosion. The choice of resin is determined by many factors. One factor that has to be considered is if fire retardancy is required. In this paper, fire test used to determine the degree of fire retardancy will be defined. The performance of three brominated fire retardant vinyl ester resins will be examined. These resins exhibit a wide range of mechanical properties and chemical resistance. Each resin has chemical environments where they outperform the other two resins. Laboratory corrosion testing will be used to show the difference in performance of the three resins. Applications of these resins will be examined and the reason the resin was used will be discussed in this paper.

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Brady, Jack D. "Corrosion Issues- Incinerators & Incinerator Air Pollution Control Systems." In CORROSION 2003. NACE International, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2003-03362.

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Abstract Where applicable, incineration is the preferred method for waste disposal of chemical wastes, hazardous wastes, medical wastes and industrial waste streams. These waste streams contain chlorinated organics, fluorocarbons, brominated compounds, sulfur containing compounds and nitrogen containing compounds. When oxidized at high temperatures, these produce hydrogen halides, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and a variety of acidic gases and corrosive particulate matter which can make materials selection extremely difficult. The incineration systems are almost always refractory-lined, but because these incinerators often cycle in temperature, the containment shell for the refractory can be subjected to acidic condensate which can cause serious corrosion damage. When the incinerators exhaust to waste heat recovery systems or air pollution control systems, the exhaust gas stream is cooled to the point that corrosive conditions become extremely severe. Acid dew points can be reached and highly corrosive aqueous condensates can form. The combination of high temperatures and highly corrosive environments make materials selection an extremely difficult matter. Aside from thermal and mass flow capabilities of the incinerators, material selection becomes the most critical design exercise for these systems.

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Labiod, Siham, Thami Zeghloul, Mohamed Sofiane Bendilmi, Zehira Ziari, and Lucien Dascalescu. "Dielectric Barrier Discharge Treatment for Improving the Efficiency of Tribo-Electrostatic Separation of Polymer Mixtures Containing Brominated Flame Retardants." In 2024 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ias55788.2024.11023714.

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Zakrzewski, James, John Cosulich, and Earle Hartling. "A Practical Application for the Chemical Treatment of Southern California’S Reclaimed, Title 22 Water for Use as Makeup Water for Recirculating Cooling Water Systems." In CORROSION 1998. NACE International, 1998. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1998-98571.

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Abstract Pilot cooling water studies conducted at a Southern California landfill/cogeneration station demonstrated a successful chemical treatment program for recirculating cooling water that used unnitrified, reclaimed, Title 22 water as the primary makeup water source. The constituents in the reclaimed water are supplied by variety of residential and waste water sources resulting in a water quality that may vary to a greater degree than domestic water supplies. This water contains high concentrations of orthophosphate, ammonia, chlorides and suspended solids. The impact of which, under cycled conditions is calcium orthophosphate scaling, high corrosion of yellow metal and mild steel, stress cracking of copper alloys and stainless steel and rapidly growing biological activity. A mobile cooling water testing laboratory with two pilot recirculating water systems modeled the cogeneration station’s cooling tower operating conditions and parameters. The tube and shell, tube side cooling heat exchangers were fitted with 443 admiralty, 90/10 copper nickel, 316 stainless steel and 1202 mild steel heat exchanger tubes. Coupons and Corrater® electrodes were also installed. A chemical treatment program consisting of 60/40 AA/AMPS copolymer for scale, deposits and dispersion, sodium tolyltriazole for yellow metal corrosion, and a bromination program to control the biological activity was utilized in the pilot systems. Recirculating water orthophosphate concentrations reached levels of 70 mg/L as PO4, and ammonia concentrations reached levels of 35 mg/L, as total NH3. The study successfully demonstrated a chemical treatment program to control scale and deposition, minimize admiralty, 90/10 copper nickel and carbon steel corrosion rates, prevent non-heat transfer yellow metal and stainless steel stress cracking, and control the biological activity in this high nutrient water.

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Reports on the topic "Brominatio"

1

Landreth, Ronald. Brominated Sorbents for Small Cold-Side ESPs, Hot-Side ESPs and Fly Ash Use in Concrete. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1053787.

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Fleszar, Mark F. The Effect of a Curing Agent and an Accelerator on the Glass Transition of Brominated and Unbrominated Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A. Defense Technical Information Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada338695.

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