Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bromination

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Bromination'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Bromination"

1

Choothong, Nuorn, and Seiichi Kawahara. "BROMINATION OF NATURAL RUBBER WITH N-BROMOSUCCINIMIDE." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 95, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.21.78980.

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ABSTRACT The mechanism of bromination of natural rubber (NR) was studied by solution-state 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The bromination of NR was carried out at 20–50 °C with N-bromosuccinimide as the brominating agent, and the kinetic study of bromination was conducted under nitrogen atmosphere at 30–50 °C for various reaction times. The influence of bromine atom substituent on the bromination rate constant (k) also was investigated. Bromine atom content was found to be dependent upon the reaction time, indicating first-order kinetics. The activation energy of bromination of NR, calculated from the reaction rate constants, was 19.3, 5.5, and 5.8 kJ mol−1 for bromine atom linked to carbon atom with methylene proton and methylene protons, respectively.
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Van Kerrebroeck, Reinout, Pieter Naert, Thomas S. A. Heugebaert, Matthias D’hooghe, and Christian V. Stevens. "Electrophilic Bromination in Flow: A Safe and Sustainable Alternative to the Use of Molecular Bromine in Batch." Molecules 24, no. 11 (June 4, 2019): 2116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112116.

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Bromination reactions are crucial in today’s chemical industry since the versatility of the formed organobromides makes them suitable building blocks for numerous syntheses. However, the use of the toxic and highly reactive molecular bromine (Br2) makes these brominations very challenging and hazardous. We describe here a safe and straightforward protocol for bromination in continuous flow. The hazardous Br2 or KOBr is generated in situ by reacting an oxidant (NaOCl) with HBr or KBr, respectively, which is directly coupled to the bromination reaction and a quench of residual bromine. This protocol was demonstrated by polybrominating both alkenes and aromatic substrates in a wide variety of solvents, with yields ranging from 78% to 99%. The protocol can easily be adapted for the bromination of other substrates in an academic and industrial environment.
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Yan, Jingling, Liang Zhu, Brian L. Chaloux, and Michael A. Hickner. "Anion exchange membranes by bromination of tetramethylbiphenol-based poly(sulfone)s." Polymer Chemistry 8, no. 16 (2017): 2442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py00026j.

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Anion exchange membranes were developed by brominating poly(sulfone)s based on tetramethylbiphenol, and their bromination reaction and properties were compared with those based on tetramethylbisphenol A.
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Liu, Ming Xing, Li Xiu Hu, Xian Wen Wang, and Hong Da Zhu. "A Simple, Efficient and Selective α-Monobromination for Arylacenones under Solvent-Free Condition." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 1079–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.1079.

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The α-bromination reaction of arylacenones with 1,2-dipyridiniumditribromide-ethane (DPTBE) as brominating agent under solvent-free condition, selectively gave the corresponding α-bromoarylacenones derivatives with a simple procedure and excellent yields.
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Sen, Partha Pratim, Vishal Jyoti Roy, and Sudipta Raha Roy. "Metal-free regioselective bromination of imidazo-heteroarenes: the dual role of an organic bromide salt in electrocatalysis." Green Chemistry 23, no. 15 (2021): 5687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc01069g.

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This paper presents an organo-electrocatalysis method which demonstrates the dual role of an organic bromide salt as a brominating agent and as an electrolyte for the regioselective bromination of imidazo heteroaromatic motifs.
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Satkar, Yuvraj, Velayudham Ramadoss, Pradip D. Nahide, Ernesto García-Medina, Kevin A. Juárez-Ornelas, Angel J. Alonso-Castro, Ruben Chávez-Rivera, J. Oscar C. Jiménez-Halla, and César R. Solorio-Alvarado. "Practical, mild and efficient electrophilic bromination of phenols by a new I(iii)-based reagent: the PIDA–AlBr3system." RSC Advances 8, no. 32 (2018): 17806–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra02982b.

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A practical electrophilic bromination procedure for the phenolic core was developed under efficient and very mild reaction conditions. The new I(iii)-based brominating reagentPhIOAcBroperationally easy to prepare by mixing PIDA and AlBr3was used.
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Argade, Narshinha, and Kailas Pandhade. "First Total Synthesis of (±)-Rhodoconferimide." Synthesis 50, no. 03 (November 6, 2017): 658–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1590944.

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Starting from vanillin and dimethyl maleate, a concise and efficient racemic total synthesis of the potent antioxidant marine natural product (±)-rhodoconferimide has been carried out via the Wittig reaction, catalytic hydrogenation, selective brominations, and imide formation. An appropriate regioselective double bromination of the aromatic ring was a key step in the synthesis.
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Wang, Ligeng, Chun Feng, Yan Zhang, and Jun Hu. "Regioselective Monobromination of Phenols with KBr and ZnAl–BrO3−–Layered Double Hydroxides." Molecules 25, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040914.

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The regioselective mono-bromination of phenols has been successfully developed with KBr and ZnAl–BrO3−–layered double hydroxides (abbreviated as ZnAl–BrO3−–LDHs) as brominating reagents. The para site is much favorable and the ortho site takes the priority if para site is occupied. This reaction featured with excellent regioselectivity, cheap brominating reagents, mild reaction condition, high atom economy, broad substrate scope, and provided an efficient method to synthesize bromophenols.
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Sneh, Kumar, Takeru Torigoe, and Yoichiro Kuninobu. "Manganese/bipyridine-catalyzed non-directed C(sp3)–H bromination using NBS and TMSN3." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 17 (April 22, 2021): 885–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.17.74.

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A Mn(II)/bipyridine-catalyzed bromination reaction of unactivated aliphatic C(sp3)−H bonds has been developed using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as the brominating reagent. The reaction proceeded in moderate-to-good yield, even on a gram scale. The introduced bromine atom can be converted into fluorine and allyl groups.
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Sobolev, Vasily, Vyacheslav Radchenko, Roman Ostvald, Victor D. Filimonov, and Ivan Zherin. "p-Nitrotoluene Bromination Using Barium Fluorobromate Ba(BrF4)2." Advanced Materials Research 1040 (September 2014): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1040.337.

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It was shown that Ba (BrF4)2 acts like a highly-active brominating agent in case of interaction with p-nitrotoluene, the pure 3-bromo-nitrotoluene is formed. It was shown, that typical electrophilic bromination of aromatic compound with electron-donating and electron-accepting substituents occurs without any catalysts and hard conditions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bromination"

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Priest, Andrew. "Waste minimisation for bromination chemistry." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325651.

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Ferguson, Douglas. "Selectivity of aryl and benzylic bromination." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340755.

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Gunbas, Duygu Deniz. "Functionalization Of Saturated Hydrocarbons: High Temperature Bromination." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12607307/index.pdf.

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ABSTRACT FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SATURATED HYDROCARBONS: HIGH TEMPERATURE BROMINATION Gü
nbaS, Duygu Deniz M.S., Department of Chemistry Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Metin Balci June 2006, 174 pages Although saturated hydrocarbons are readily available and extremely cheap starting materials, they can not be used in synthetic chemistry without prior activation. Efficient functionalization of alkanes leading to the production of useful organic chemicals in an industrial scale is of considerable interest for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries and remains a long-term challenge for chemists. In this respect, halogenations of hydrocarbons which leads to a variety of useful synthetic intermediates is an open avenue which deserves special attention. It is also noteworthy to mention that efficient methods for selective functionalization of saturated bicyclic hydrocarbons still remains elusive, albeit a number of methods employing various reagents have been developed for the C&
#8211
H bond activation of open chain and monocyclic alkanes. Herein, we will investigate the high temperature bromination reactions as a method for functionalization of saturated bicyclic hydrocarbons such as octahydropentalene (1), octahydro-1H-indene (2) and 1a,2,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopropa[b]naphthalene (3). The scope and the limitations of the reaction will reveal the regio-and stereoselectivity. Furthermore, formation mechanism of the products will be discussed and the chemistry of these compounds will be extended for further functionalization
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He, P. "Solids as catalysts for regioselective bromination reactions." Thesis, Swansea University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.637254.

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An introduction to a range of inorganic solids as heterogeneous catalysts in aromatic bromination reactions is given in Chapter 1. These solids involve silica, alumina, zeolites, clays, and heteropolyacids. Aromatic bromination over these solids is discussed. Regioselectivity towards the para-isomer of various alkylbenzenes is the main theme but the advantages and disadvantages of each brominating system are also discussed. In Chapter 2 the bromination of phenyl acetate (PA) is tested using zeolites, clays and AlCl3 as catalysts. Zeolite NaY was found to be the most efficient catalyst for the para-selective bromination of PA in the presence of dichloromethane. Use of NaY zeolite allows the bromination of PA to give almost exclusively the para-isomer in quantitative yield. Additionally, the effect of the counterions, activation temperature of the zeolite, and solvent on the reaction were also investigated. In Chapter 3 the bromination of PA via a solvent-free process has been investigated. Additives (i.e. acetate anhydride, NaHCO3 and NaOCOCH3) as HBr scavengers can markedly increase the selectivity for para-isomer. In particular, a mixture of zinc acetate and bromine is shown to be an efficient reagent for para-selective bromination. In Chapter 4 the separation of 4-bromophenyl acetate (4-BPA) is studied. 4-BPA can readily be separated in pure form from industrial distillation residues by selective sorption into ZSM-5 from a cyclohexane solution of the residues and subsequent desorption with acetone. Additionally, the effect of the zeolite parameters, solvent, and temperature on selective adsorption of 4-BPA, as well as re-generation of the used zeolite, have been investigated. In Chapter 5 transbromination of bromo-substituted phenols and phenyl acetates has been discussed using large-pore zeolites and AlCl3 as catalysts. The reactions involve intermolecular transbromination. HZSM-5 zeolite shows shape selectivity for the para-isomer.
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Cailleau, Thaïs. "Towards the catalytic asymmetric bromination of alkenes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/9132.

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This thesis relates our efforts towards the development of a general method for the catalytic asymmetric bromination of alkenes. Previous work within the group had reported the synthesis and the use of 2,6-di-[(4R,5R)-4,5-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2yl]-iodobenzene to catalyse the bromolactonisation of (±)-2-cyclopentene-1-acetic acid with some asymmetric induction observed. The reaction was initially postulated to proceed via formation of a hypervalent N-I(III)-Br bond in the catalyst, which by placing the electrophilic bromine in a chiral environment would allow for its selective delivery to the alkene substrate. Initial work aimed to acquire a better understanding of that reaction system and some mechanistic studies were undertaken. A different outcome to the one expected is reported and it was concluded that during the bromolactonisation reaction, no hypervalent iodine species was forming in situ and that instead a potential kinetic resolution via α-salt formation and diastereoselective halolactonisation mechanism was operating. These findings necessitated a redesign of the catalyst and the synthesis of various bis-amidine analogues is described. An unexpected rearrangement is also unveiled and its mechanism discussed. The new catalysts were screened in our asymmetric brominating system, using different alkene substrates, and the results are reported and discussed. Subsequent studies focused on elaborating a general method for the asymmetric dibromination of alkenes, where Br+ would be delivered by a stoichiometric chiral promoter. Screening of various alkene substrates to identify a suitable candidate is reported and discussed. The asymmetric dibromination of the chosen alkene is described and further investigations in order to elucidate the reasons for the lack of enantioselectivity observed are reported. Finally, attempts to synthesise Ts-DPEN following a similar route as previously developed within the group for the synthesis of DPEN is reported as a side chapter. Various attempts at the final benzoyl cleavage are described and discussed.
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Ozer, Melek Sermin. "Functionalization Of Saturated Bicyclic Hydrocarbons: High Temperature Bromination." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612938/index.pdf.

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ABSTRACT FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SATURATED BICYCLIC HYDROCARBONS: HIGH TEMPERATURE BROMINATION Ö
zer, Melek Sermin M.Sc., Department of Chemistry Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Metin Balci January 2011, 139 pages Although hydrocarbons are readily available and extremely cheap starting materials, they cannot be used in synthetic chemistry without prior activation. The selective functionalization of saturated hydrocarbons under mild conditions is of both biochemical and industrial importance. Initially, saturated hydrocarbons such as octahydro-1H-indene 80, octahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene 81 and bicyclo[4.2.0]octan-7-one 82 were synthesized as starting materials. Then high temperature bromination reactions of these saturated hydrocarbons as a method for C-H bond activation have been investigated and the synthetic application of the formed intermediates has been searched. Furthermore, the role of the alkyl substituents in tricyclic systems and the effect of carbonyl group in bicyclo[4.2.0] octan-7-one 82 have been studied and the mechanism for the formation of the products have been discussed. Finally, whole products were conscientiously purified and characterized.
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Aborways, Marwa M. "Oxidative bromination and ring expansion in organic chemistry." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2016. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/30280/.

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This thesis is composed of two independent research projects. The first major project discussed is electrophilic halogenation using inorganic halides in the presence of oxidant. This includes the conversion of tertiary propargyl alcohols in to α,α-dihaloketones. In addition, the oxidative bromination of a range of alkylbenzene derivatives using the inexpensive oxidant Oxone and sodium bromide is described with up to 4 C-H bonds being functionalised in this process. The second part of this thesis focuses on using silacyclobutanes in our aim to access new siliconcontaining chemical space. Silacyclobutanes are useful in organic synthesis because of their exciting reactivity based on their high Lewis acidity and ring strain. We describe our efforts at developing catalytic conditions for the Pd-mediated dimerisation of silacyclobutanes, as well as our preliminary results on the nickel-catalysed enantioselective ring expansion of benzosilacyclobutane with aldehydes. After Tamao-Fleming oxidation, this reaction produces extremely useful chiral benzylic alcohols.
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Allott, Philip Hugh. "The thermochemistry of bromination of phenols and anilines." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1986. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/45ee4bfb-9be1-4500-9d03-2b883899c5cb/1/.

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A method has been developed for bromination of aromatic compounds in aqueous solution in an isoperibol calorimeter. The enthalpies of bromination of phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol and of aniline, 2-bromo-aniline, 4-bromoaniline and 2,4-dibromoaniline to 2,4,6-tribromo-aniline were measured using this method. These values were used to derive the standard enthalpies of formation of 2,4,6-tribromophenol, 2-bromoaniline, 4-bromoaniline, 2,4-dibromoaniline and 2,4,6-tribromo-aniline. The enthalpies of combustion of 2,4,6-tribromophenol and 2,4,6-tribromoaniline were measured using a rotating-bomb calorimeter. These values were used to derive the standard enthalpies of formation of 2,4,6-tribromophenol and 2,4,6-tribromoaniline. The discrepancy between these latter standard enthalpies of formation and those found using the solution calorimetric method is discussed, and possible sources of systematic error indicated. The solution calorimetric method was adapted for the thermometric titration of phenols in aqueous solution with an aqueous solution of bromine. The sequential nature of bromination of five compounds -phenol, 2-bromophenol, 2-methylphenol, 3-methylphenol and 2-hydroxy-benzoic acid - was investigated using this technique. The reasons for this sequentiality are discussed. abstract continued overleaf A complete data-processing system has been designed for the solution calorimeter. A microcomputer is used for data acquisition from the AC bridge of the calorimeter through an analogue-to-digital interface. The bridge voltage readings, once uploaded to a minicomputer, are processed to yield the corrected temperature change. Enthalpies of reaction can then be calculated and statistical analyses performed. The problems encountered in developing the system are discussed, especially with regard to the calculation of the corrected temperature change from the noisy temperature data. A least-squares cubic spline is used for curve-fitting and calculation of the first derivative of temperature versus time.
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Dudley, Kathryn E. "An Expedited, Regiospecific para-Bromination of Activated Aryls." TopSCHOLAR®, 2017. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1917.

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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS) is one of the most frequently used aryl substitution methods. Aside from the fact that most EAS reactions require an acid and an oxidizer to proceed, the reactions involving activated aryls typically produce a mixture of ortho- and para- products as well as an ortho-/para- disubstituted product. Regiospecificity in aromatic substitution is key in the production of many compounds in a variety of disciplines. Since EAS is one of the most often used substitution methods, it is extremely important to develop an efficient method for regiospecific substitutions. Previous research developed a method of ortho-substitution by using hydrocarbon media, a less hazardous, greener medium, which was modified to develop a method of p-iodination (bromination), but with extensive time periods. The research presented here not only reveals an expedient, rapid method for regiospecific p-bromination, but also does so without the need for an acid or an oxidizer. The conditions for p-bromination involve the use of acetone (sometimes with cyclohexane) and NBS resulting in GC yields of p-brominated product approaching 100% in a cost and time efficient manner without the concerns of hazardous materials or byproducts like Br2 or HBr. The reaction mechanism is briefly examined as well.
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Thapa, Rajesh. "Regioselectivity in Free Radical Bromination of Unsymmetrical Dimethylated Pyridines." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1263340046.

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Books on the topic "Bromination"

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Vega, Fernando De la. Tahalikhe halogenatsyah aromaṭit seleḳṭivit be-ḳaṭalizat nafot moleḳulariyot. [Israel: ḥ. mo. l., 1992.

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John, Miller, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Thermal conductivity of pristine and brominated P-100 fibers. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1986.

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Krosley, Kevin W. Part I. The identity of the chain propagating radical(s) in photoinitiated benzylic bromination by bromotrichloromethane ; Part II. Chlorine atom abstraction from Ü- and Ý-chloroepoxides by the triphenyltin radical. 1991.

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Carlson, J. Eric. Mechanisms of photohydrodebromination of bromoarenes. 1993.

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Center, Lewis Research, ed. A comparison of the Bromination dynamics of pitch-based and vapor-grown graphite fibers. [Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1986.

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Carolyn, Maciag, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Improving the interlaminar shear strength of carbon fiber-epoxy composites through carbon fiber bromination. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

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Carolyn, Maciag, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Improving the interlaminar shear strength of carbon fiber-epoxy composites through carbon fiber bromination. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

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C, Maciag, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. The effect of bromination of carbon fibers on the coefficient of thermal expansion of graphite fiber-epoxy composites. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bromination"

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Shamir, J. "By Bromination of I2." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 29. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145173.ch20.

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Chivers, T. "By Bromination of S4 N4." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 65. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145197.ch69.

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Ruffier, Bryce D., Daniel W. Gaede, Jerome P. Downey, Larry G. Twidwell, Jannette L. Chorney, Ryan J. Foy, and Katelyn M. Lyons. "Bromination Roasting of Rare Earth Oxides." In Drying, Roasting, and Calcining of Minerals, 19–26. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119093329.ch3.

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Ruffier, Bryce D., Daniel W. Gaede, Jerome P. Downey, Larry G. Twidwell, Jannette L. Chorney, Ryan J. Foy, and Katelyn M. Lyons. "Bromination Roasting of Rare Earth Oxides." In Drying, Roasting, and Calcining of Minerals, 19–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48245-3_3.

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Moriuchi, Toshiyuki, and Toshikazu Hirao. "Bioinspired Catalytic Bromination Systems for Bromoperoxidase." In Vanadium, 127–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0913-3_6.

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Brodie, Nancy M. J., and Anthony J. Poë. "Photoinduced Radical Chain Bromination of Decarbonyldimanganese." In Paramagnetic Organometallic Species in Activation/Selectivity, Catalysis, 345–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0877-2_24.

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Boersma, Brenda J., Stephen Barnes, Rakesh P. Patel, Marion Kirk, Donald Muccio, and Victor M. Darley-Usmar. "Bromination, Chlorination, and Nitration of Isoflavonoids." In ACS Symposium Series, 251–61. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2002-0807.ch019.

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Pfeiffer, W. D. "Bromination." In Five-Membered Hetarenes with One Chalcogen and One Additional Heteroatom, 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-011-01180.

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Spitzner, D. "Bromination." In Six-Membered Hetarenes with One Nitrogen or Phosphorus Atom, 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-015-00405.

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Krohn, K., and N. Böker. "Bromination." In Quinones and Heteroatom Analogues, 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-028-00425.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bromination"

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Tutar, Ahmet, Makbule Yılmaz, and Ramazan Erenler. "Bromination of 4-bromoindanone and 5-bromoindanone." In 15th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-15bmos-bmos2013_20131023104831.

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Yatsymyrskyi, A. V., L. M. Grishchenko, V. E. Diyuk, A. N. Zaderko, O. Yu Boldyrieva, and V. V. Lisnyak. "Surface bromination of carbon materials: A DFT study." In 2017 IEEE 7th International Conference "Nanomaterials: Application & Properties" (NAP). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nap.2017.8190141.

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Ghafuri, Hossein, nastaran ghanbari, and Hamid Reza Esmaili Zand. "Oxidative bromination reaction using NBS and magnetic IBX." In The 21st International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-21-05033.

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Vektariene, Ausra, Gytis Vektaris, and Jiri Svoboda. "Theoretical study of the mechanism of thieno[3,2-b]benzofuran bromination." In The 12th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-12-01284.

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Asano, Yukako, Shigenori Togashi, and Yoshishige Endo. "Optimization of Chemical Reaction Processes in Microreactors Using Reaction Rate Analyses." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-36013.

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We applied microreactors to the three following reactions: a consecutive bromination reaction, the two-step Sandmeyer reaction, and an acetylation reaction including solvent effects. We obtained the reaction rate constants from few experimental data or quantum chemical calculations and optimized the reaction conditions such as the reaction times and temperature. We then experimentally validated them by microreactors. A consecutive bromination reaction, where the objective reaction was followed by the side reaction, was one of the processes. The reaction temperature played an important role in the effects of a microreactor. The yield of the objective product was improved by about 40% using a microreactor. The two-step Sandmeyer reaction was also applied, where the 1st-step reaction was followed by the 2nd-step reaction to produce the objective product. The 1st-step reaction had the diffusion-controlled process, while the 2nd-step reaction had the reaction-controlled one. The yield of the objective product was improved when microreactors were used and the reaction time for the 2nd-step reaction was set appropriately. Moreover, an acetylation reaction including solvent effects on reaction rates was considered and the solvent effects could be predicted from quantum chemical calculations. The calculation suggested that acetic acid with the larger electron-accepting property gave more stability to the species formed in the transition state. The reaction time was shortened using a microreactor, when the reaction process was changed from reaction-controlled to diffusion-controlled by changing the solvent used.
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Novák, Zoltán, and Tarek Salama. "Silicon Assisted Halogenation III: Tetrachlorosilane Induced Benzylic Bromination with N-Bromosuccinimide at Room Temperature." In The 14th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-14-00470.

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"Assessment of Formula-Based Structural Annotation of Humic Substances by Mild Chemical Derivatization and Mass Spectrometry." In Sixth International Conference on Humic Innovative Technologies "Humic Substances and Eco-Adaptive Technologies ”(HIT – 2021). Non-Commercial Partnership "Center for Biogenic Resources "Humus Sapiens" (NP CBR "Humus Sapiens"), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36291/hit.2021.mikhnevich.002.

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Natural organic matter (NOM) plays an important role in the environment and its chemical properties and molecular composition reflect balance between mineralization and sequestration of organic carbon. Ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (e.g., FTICR MS) provides essential molecular information about NOM. However, NOM molecular heterogeneity prevents application of tandem MS experiments and direct structural information is ultimately missing leaving opportunities to only ambiguous formula-based annotation. The main aim of this work was to develop a chemical workflow to reliably examine the accuracy of several FTICR MS-derived structural indices with the focus on aromaticity and O-functional groups, which greatly impact compound properties. Four NOM samples of different origin (coal, oxidized lignin, river, and permafrost thaw) were brominated by NBS in acetonitrile for 24 hrs at RT. Carboxylic groups in all samples were determined by selective deuteromethylation using CD 3OD/SOCl2 reaction and by HATU amidation with 15N labeled glycine. Carbonyl groups were reduced by NaBD4. All parent and labeled mixtures were analyzed by ESI FTCR MS. Custom python scripts were developed to treat spectra and enumerate specific structural moieties in individual components. Obtained data was used to assess reliability of exact aromaticity indices (AI)1 and aromaticity equivalents (Xc) 2. Lignin- and coal-derived samples turned out to be the most sensitive to bromination which corroborated with the model phenolic structures. On contrary, permafrost thaw, which is enriched with labile species, was mostly resistant to bromination - 22% of molecular ions were brominated. Moreover, unlike oxidized riverine sample, coal NOM included polybrominated species, which implies that reaction efficiency depends on reactivity (i.e. substituents) of aromatic fragments. Samples were characterized by drastically different bromine distributions on van Krevelen diagrams, which correlated with the distribution of non-carboxylic oxygen atoms. Further, we compared AI and Xc aromaticity indices in terms of the proportion of correctly assigned aromatics. The data on brominated molecules were in good agreement with the AI values; however, apparently AI tends to overestimate the number of non-aromatics in the sample since it describe averaged aromaticity rather than the factual presence of aromatic ring. On the other hand, Xc perfectly recognized non-aromatics. In general, a higher proportion of correctly attributed aromatics was observed for the aromaticity equivalent Xc (up to 68%), which tends to find aromatic moieties in non-aromatic molecules assigned by AI. Still, we observed a number of aromatic- and condensed aromatic-assigned compounds, which were resistant to bromination or included lesser Br-atoms than the evaluated number of aromatic rings. Reaction with NaBD4 and enumeration of labeling series revealed the presence of carbonyl groups in these species, which in case of multiple reducing could be reliably assigned to quinone – condensed non-aromatic compounds. The approach may be of great importance in biogeochemical and medicinal studies of NOM. Acknowledgements. This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation gran No 21-47-04405. References 1. Zherebker, A., Lechtenfeld, O. J., Sarycheva, A., Kostyukevich, Y., Kharybin, O., Fedoros, E. I. and Nikolaev, E. N. Anal. Chem., 2020, 92 (13), 9032-9038; 2. Yassine, M.M., Harir, M., Dabek-Zlotorzynska, E. and Schmitt-Kopplin, P. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 2014, 28, 2445-2454.
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Golikov, A. N., R. V. Borisova, and A. A. Okhlopkova. "Bromination of UHMWPE as a way to enhance the interfacial interaction between polymer matrix and inorganic fillers." In All-Russian scientific-practical conference of young scientists, graduate students and students. Технического института (ф) СВФУ, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/a-2018-120.

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Mansour, Ahmed E., Aram Amassian, and Minas H. Tanielian. "Bromination of graphene: a new route to making high performance transparent conducting electrodes with low optical losses (Presentation Recording)." In SPIE Nanoscience + Engineering, edited by Manijeh Razeghi, Maziar Ghazinejad, Can Bayram, and Jae Su Yu. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2187273.

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Lee, Man Su, D. Yogi Goswami, Nikhil Kothurkar, and Elias K. Stefanakos. "Fabrication of Porous Calcium Oxide Film for UT-3 Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Cycle." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36098.

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UT-3 thermochemical hydrogen production cycle has been studied, both theoretically and experimentally, and is one of the very few cycles studied on a pilot plant scale. The maximum operating temperature in this cycle is relatively lower than the temperatures in other cycles. Another advantage of this cycle is that it is comprised of four gas-solid reactions which simplify product separation. Although the cycle has several such advantages, one of the significant issues is the development of solid reactants that are chemically reactive and physically stable in cyclic operations between oxide and bromide forms, which have considerably different molar volumes. Acceleration of reaction rate as well as longer cyclic life time and durability of the solid reactant are important keys for the practicability of the cycle. Additionally, a simpler preparation step of the reactant is preferable. Therefore, in order to increase the surface area of the calcium oxide reactant and maintain reactivity as well as structure in cyclic transformations, porous calcium oxide films have been examined as candidates. The calcium oxide precursor was prepared by sol-gel chemistry following a metal alkoxide process and the film was fabricated by a dip coating procedure. The characterization of the calcium oxide film such as the structural changes in the film and compositional conversions due to the bromination reaction has been performed using SEM and EDS. Based on a preliminary experimental analysis as well as the advantages of a film type reactant, one can conclude that the calcium oxide film may be a feasible alternative to a pellet-type reactant.
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