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Journal articles on the topic 'Bromus tectorum'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Orr, Matthew R., Ron J. Reuter, and Shanti J. Murphy. "Solarization to control downy brome (Bromus tectorum) for small-scale ecological restoration." Invasive Plant Science and Management 12, no. 02 (April 29, 2019): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2019.8.

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AbstractDowny brome (Bromus tectorum L.) is a common impediment to ecological restoration, because its seedbank remains viable after repeated treatment with herbicides. Soil solarization has been used in ecological restoration to control seedbanks of invasive plants. Here we test the efficacy of soil solarization to reduce B. tectorum cover and establish native plants at a site in B. tectorum’s core invasive range with a long history of disturbance and infestation. Solarization raised soil temperatures by as much as 13 C and reduced B. tectorum densities by approximately 20-fold. In 30 plots solarized for 0 to 101 d, B. tectorum emerged in inverse abundance to treatment duration. Broadleaf weeds were less abundant than B. tectorum before treatment, and diminished under solarization, but their response to solarization was weaker than B. tectorum’s, and they emerged in greater numbers than B. tectorum 2 to 3 yr after treatment. When seeded after solarization, a native perennial bunchgrass, squirreltail [Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey], did not differ in abundance between solarized and control plots. Solarization may facilitate B. tectorum control on a small scale without jeopardizing the establishment of native plants, but only if treatment durations are long and subsequent management of broadleaf weeds and remnant B. tectorum is planned.

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2

Link, Steven O., Carson W. Keeler, Randal W. Hill, and Eric Hagen. "Bromus tectorum cover mapping and fire risk." International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, no. 1 (2006): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf05001.

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Fire risk in western North America has increased with increasing cover of Bromus tectorum, an invasive alien annual grass. The relationship between B. tectorum cover and fire risk was determined in a historically burned Artemisia tridentata-Poa secunda shrub–steppe community where B. tectorum cover ranged from 5 to 75%. Fire risk ranged from ~46% with an average of 12% B. tectorum cover to 100% when B. tectorum cover was greater than 45% based on prediction confidence limits. Reflectance of the green and red bands of aerial photographs were related to senescent B. tectorum cover to create fine resolution B. tectorum cover and fire risk maps. This assessment technique will allow land managers to prioritize lands for restoration to reduce fire risk in the shrub-steppe.

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3

Pillay, M. "Genomic organization of ribosomal RNA genes in Bromus (Poaceae)." Genome 39, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g96-026.

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Restriction site maps of the rDNA genes of nine Bromus species are described. The rDNA repeat units ranged from 8.2 to 11.1 kbp in length. Intraspecific length variation was observed in the BamHI digestions in three of the nine species. Restriction site variation was observed mainly in the intergenic spacer (IGS) but was also detected in the coding region. A unique KpnI site was present in the IGS of Bromus tectorum and Bromus sericeus (subgenus Stenobromus); in addition, B. sericeus contained an extra EcoRI site. An additional DraI site was observed in the IGS of Bromus trinii (subgenus Neobromus). A BstEII site in the IGS, common to seven of the species, was absent in B. tectorum and B. sericeus. In the coding region, a 2.1-kbp BstEII fragment was present in four subgenera represented by Bromus inermis and Bromus erectus (subgenus Festucaria), Bromus marginatus and Bromus carinatus (subgenus Ceratochloa), B. tectorum and B. sericeus (subgenus Stenobromus), and B. trinii (subgenus Neobromus); a similar fragment of only 1.1 kbp was present in Bromus mollis and Bromus arvensis (subgenus Bromus). An additional BamHI site was present in the coding region of B. erectus. Ribosomal DNA data suggested that B. mollis and B. arvensis (subgenus Bromus) are genetically isolated from the other subgenera, which showed a derived relationship. Restriction site mapping of the rDNA genes could provide useful molecular data for species identification and population and evolutionary studies in Bromus. Key words : Bromus, ribosomal DNA, restriction maps, evolutionary relationships.

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4

Sales, Fatima. "Taxonomy and nomenclature of Bromus sect. Genea." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 50, no. 1 (March 1993): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428600000627.

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A modem re-assessment is given of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the 8(-9) annual taxa within the mainly Mediterranean/SW Asiatic Bromus L. sect. Genea Dum. (Poaceae): B. diandrus Roth var. diandrus, B. diandrus var. rigidus Roth, B. fasciculatus Presl, B. madritensis L., B. rubens L., B. sterilis L., B. tectorum L. subsp. tectorum and B. tectorum subsp. lucidus Sales; less emphasis is given to B. madritensis and B. rubens. None of these taxa has previously been investigated throughout their total areas and the taxonomic conclusions expressed here are a result of a multidisciplinary approach. For reasons of convenience the species are considered in three informal groups based on overall similarities: i, B. sterilis, B. diandrus and B. rigidus, so often recognized as independent species in recent Floras but here regarded as varieties of one species; ii, B. madritensis, B. rubens and B. fasciculatus, with particular attention given to B. fasciculatus; and iii, B. tectorum subsp. tectorum and subsp. lucidus, previously regarded as independent species.

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5

Rice, Kevin J., and Richard N. Mack. "Ecological genetics of Bromus tectorum." Oecologia 88, no. 1 (1991): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00328406.

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6

Rice, Kevin J., and Richard N. Mack. "Ecological genetics of Bromus tectorum." Oecologia 88, no. 1 (1991): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00328407.

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7

Rice, Kevin J., and Richard N. Mack. "Ecological genetics of Bromus tectorum." Oecologia 88, no. 1 (1991): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00328408.

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8

Harvey, Audrey J., Lisa J. Rew, Tim S. Prather, and Jane M. Mangold. "Effects of Elevated Temperature and CO2 Concentration on Seedling Growth of Ventenata dubia (Leers) Coss. and Bromus tectorum L." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): 1718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111718.

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The impacts of climate change are expected to alter the abundance and distribution of invasive annual grasses, such as Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass) and Ventenata dubia (Leers) Coss. (ventenata). High temperature extremes will be more frequent and for longer periods, and increased atmospheric CO2 is expected to double even with the most conservative estimates. Climate change draws concern for the potential success of winter annual grasses in arid and semi-arid plant communities. Information on B. tectorum’s growth response to climate change in laboratory and field experiments are available for monocultures; however, more knowledge is needed on the response when growing with other invasive grasses, such as V. dubia. We examined differences in seedling growth for V. dubia and B. tectorum growing alone and with each other under current (4 °C/23 °C at 400 ppm CO2) and elevated (10.6 °C/29.6 °C at 800 ppm CO2) climate conditions. There was one trial per climate scenario with 10 replications per competition type (inter-, intra-specific competition for each species). Bromus tectorum was larger than V. dubia across climate and competition treatments, but contrary to previous studies, both species were smaller in the elevated climate treatment. Ventenata dubia allocated more growth to its roots than B. tectorum across both climate treatments, indicating V. dubia may have a competitive advantage for soil resources now and in the future.

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9

Speziale, Karina L., Agustina di Virgilio, Maria N. Lescano, Gabriela Pirk, and Jorgelina Franzese. "Synergy between roads and disturbance favour Bromus tectorum L. invasion." PeerJ 6 (August 31, 2018): e5529. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5529.

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Background Global change produces pervasive negative impacts on biodiversity worldwide. Land use change and biological invasions are two of the major drivers of global change that often coexist; however, the effects of their interaction on natural habitats have been little investigated. In particular, we aimed to analyse whether the invasion of an introduced grass (Bromus tectorum; cheatgrass) along roads verges and the disturbance level in the natural surrounding habitat interact to influence the degree of B. tectorum invasion in the latter habitats in north-western Patagonia. Methods Along six different roads, totalling approximately 370 km, we set two 50 m × 2 m sampling plots every 5 km (73 plots in total). One plot was placed parallel to the road (on the roadside) and the other one perpendicular to it, towards the interior of the natural surrounding habitat. In each plot, we estimated the B. tectorum plant density in 1 m2 subplots placed every 5 m. In the natural habitat, we registered the vegetation type (grassy steppe, shrub-steppe, shrubland, and wet-meadow) and the disturbance level (low, intermediate, and high). Disturbance level was visually categorized according to different signs of habitat degradation by anthropogenic use. Results B. tectorum density showed an exponential decay from roadsides towards the interior of natural habitats. The degree of B. tectorum invasion inside natural habitats was positively related to B. tectorum density on roadsides only when the disturbance level was low. Shrub-steppes, grassy steppes and shrublands showed similar mean density of B. tectorum. Wet-meadows had the lowest densities of B. tectorum. Intermediate and highly disturbed environments presented higher B. tectorum density than those areas with low disturbance. Discussion Our study highlights the importance of the interaction between road verges and disturbance levels on B. tectorum invasion in natural habitats surrounding roads of north-western Patagonia, particularly evidencing its significance in the invasion onset. The importance of invasion in road verges depends on disturbance level, with better conserved environments being more resistant to invasion at low levels of B. tectorum density along road verges, but more susceptible to road verges invasion at higher levels of disturbance. All the habitats except wet-meadows were invaded at a similar degree by B. tectorum, which reflects its adaptability to multiple habitat conditions. Overall, our work showed that synergies among global change drivers impact native environments favouring the invasion of B. tectorum.

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10

UPADHYAYA, MAHESH K., DOUGLAS McILVRIDE, and ROY TURKINGTON. "THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 75. Bromus tectorum L." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 689–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-091.

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Bromus tectorum L. (downy brome), introduced to North America from Europe before 1861, has spread throughout most of the continent. It is present in all Canadian provinces except Newfoundland and is particularly abundant in southwestern Alberta and southern British Columbia. The ubiquitous nature of B. tectorum and its dual role as a serious weed and an important forage have resulted in extensive documentation on various aspects of its biology. Intensive research efforts have been expended in understanding its competitive success, and in implementing management and control practices. This paper reviews and summarizes literature on the biology of B. tectorum.Key words: Bromus tectorum, downy brome, cheatgrass, weed biology

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11

Ramakrishnan, Alisa P., Craig E. Coleman, Susan E. Meyer, and Daniel J. Fairbanks. "Microsatellite markers for Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass)." Molecular Ecology Notes 2, no. 1 (March 2002): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00131.x.

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12

Lehnhoff, Erik A., Lisa J. Rew, Jane M. Mangold, Tim Seipel, and Devon Ragen. "Integrated Management of Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) with Sheep Grazing and Herbicide." Agronomy 9, no. 6 (June 14, 2019): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060315.

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Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) is one of the most problematic weeds in western United States rangelands and sagebrush steppe. It responds positively to different forms of disturbance, and its management has proven difficult. Herbicide or targeted grazing alone often fail to provide adequate long-term control. Integrating both may afford better control by providing multiple stressors to the weed. We assessed herbicide application, targeted sheep grazing and integrated herbicide and grazing on B. tectorum and the plant community in rangeland in southwestern Montana from 2015 until 2017. Herbicide treatments included spring-applied (May 2015 and 2016) glyphosate, fall-applied (October 2015) glyphosate, imazapic and rimsulfuron, and spring-applied glyphosate plus fall-applied imazapic. Targeted grazing, consisting of four sheep/0.01 ha for a day in 5 m × 20 m plots (all vegetation removed to the ground surface), occurred twice (May 2015 and 2016). While no treatments reduced B. tectorum biomass or seed production, grazing integrated with fall-applied imazapic or rimsulfuron reduced B. tectorum cover from approximately 26% to 14% in 2016 and from 33% to 16% in 2017, compared to ungrazed control plots, and by an even greater amount compared to these herbicides applied without grazing. By 2017, all treatments except spring-applied glyphosate increased total plant cover (excluding B. tectorum) by 8%–12% compared to the control plots, and forbs were generally responsible for this increase. Bromus tectorum management is difficult and our results point to a potential management paradox: Integrating grazing and fall-applied herbicide decreased B. tectorum cover but did not increase native grass cover, while some herbicides without grazing increased native grass cover, but failed to control B. tectorum. Additional research is necessary to determine grazing strategies that will complement herbicide control of B. tectorum while also stimulating native grass recovery, but this initial study demonstrates the potential of integrated management of B. tectorum compared to grazing or herbicide alone.

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13

Blank, Robert R., and Tye Morgan. "Suppression ofBromus tectorumL. by Established Perennial Grasses: Potential Mechanisms—Part One." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/632172.

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Bromus tectorumL. (cheatgrass) is an Eurasian annual grass that has invaded ecosystems throughout the Intermountain west of the United States. Our purpose was to examine mechanisms by which established perennial grasses suppress the growth ofB. tectorum. Using rhizotrons, the experiment was conducted over 5 growth cycles: (1)B. tectorumplanted between perennial grasses; (2) perennials clipped andB. tectorumplanted; (3) perennials clipped andB. tectorumplanted into soil mixed with activated carbon; (4) perennials clipped,B. tectorumplanted, and top-dressed with fertilizer, and; (5) perennial grasses killed andB. tectorumplanted. Water was not limiting in this study. Response variables measured at the end of each growth cycle included above-ground mass and tissue nutrient concentrations. Relative to controls (B. tectorumwithout competition), established perennial grasses significantly hindered the growth ofB. tectorum. Overall, biomass ofB. tectorum, grown between established perennials, increased considerably after fertilizer addition and dramatically upon death of the perennials. Potential mechanisms involved in the suppression ofB. tectoruminclude reduced nitrogen (possibly phosphorus) availability and coopting of biological soil space by perennial roots. Our data cannot confirm or reject allelopathic suppression. Understanding the mechanisms involved with suppression may lead to novel control strategies againstB. tectorum.

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14

O'Connor, B. J., L. V. Gusta, and S. P. Paquette. "A comparison of the freezing tolerance of downy brome, Japanese brome and Norstar winter wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-084.

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The freezing tolerance of downy (Bromus tectorum L.) and Japanese (Bromus japonicus) brome were compared to Norstar winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) collected from similar sites. From December to April of 1987 downy brome was either equal to or superior in freezing tolerance to the winter wheat. Of the three species, Japanese brome was slightly less hardy in December but was of equal freezing tolerance in March and April. There was no correlation between freezing tolerance and tissue water content or tissue dry weight in the three species. These two bromes may become a serious weed in winter wheat because their cold hardiness is either equal or superior to our hardiest winter wheat cultivars. Key words: Downy brome, Japanese brome, winter wheat, freezing tolerance

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15

DOUGLAS, B. J., A. G. THOMAS, and D. A. DERKSEN. "DOWNY BROME (Bromus tectorum) INVASION INTO SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 1143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-136.

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Downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) has rapidly invaded crop and pasture land in southwestern Saskatchewan since 1960. By 1989, 116 townships in 31 rural municipalities were infested. The spread of downy brome is associated with the increased area of winter wheat and fall rye grown using minimum and zero tillage practices, a lack of effective herbicides for selective in crop control and weather conditions which favor autumn germination and early spring competition. Although downy brome has been found on seven soil associations in the Brown soil zone and one association in the Dark Brown soil zone, the occurrence of the weed is related to cropping practices rather than soil texture or association.Key words: Downy brome distribution, downy brome invasion, Bromus tectorum, winter wheat

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16

Hawkins, K. K., P. Allen, and S. Meyer. "Secondary dormancy of seeds in relation to the Bromus tectorum–Pyrenophora semeniperda pathosystem." Plant Protection Science 49, Special Issue (November 19, 2013): S11—S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/30/2013-pps.

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Bromus tectorum is a highly invasive annual grass. The fungal pathogen Pyrenophora semeniperda can kill a large fraction of B. tectorum seeds. Outcomes in this pathosystem are often determined by the speed of seed germination. In this paper we extend previous efforts to describe the pathosystem by characterising secondary dormancy acquisition of B. tectorum. In the laboratory approximately 80% of seeds incubated at –1.0 MPa became dormant. In the field, seeds were placed in the seed bank in late autumn, retrieved monthly and dormancy status determined. The field study confirmed the laboratory results; ungerminated seeds became increasingly dormant. Our data suggest that secondary dormancy is much more likely to occur at xeric sites.

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17

KHANJANI, MASOUMEH, MOHAMMAD KHANJANI, ALIREZA SABOORI, and OWEN D. SEEMAN. "Three new false spider mites of the genus Pseudoleptus Bruyant (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) from Iran." Zootaxa 3297, no. 1 (May 2, 2012): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3297.1.3.

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Three new species of Pseudoleptus are described from Iran: P. hamedaniensis sp. nov. from Bromus tectorum (Poaceae),P. iranensis sp. nov. from Bromus danthoniae (Poaceae), and P. kermanshahiensis sp. nov. from Alopecurus myosuroides(Poaceae). The genus Pseudoleptus is rediagnosed and its relationship with the Aegyptobia macswaini species group discussed. A key to all known species of this genus is given.

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18

Condon, Lea, Peter J. Weisberg, and Jeanne C. Chambers. "Abiotic and biotic influences on Bromus tectorum invasion and Artemisia tridentata recovery after fire." International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, no. 4 (2011): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf09082.

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Native sagebrush ecosystems in the Great Basin (western USA) are often invaded following fire by exotic Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), a highly flammable annual grass. Once B. tectorum is established, higher fire frequencies can lead to local extirpation of Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana (mountain big sagebrush) and have cascading effects on sagebrush ecosystems and the species that depend on them. We conducted a landscape-scale observational study to examine the distribution and cover of B. tectorum and A. tridentata 6 years after a large wildland fire. We used structural equation models to quantify the interacting influences of pre-fire tree canopy cover, perennial species cover, distance from potential seed source, and site environment on post-fire cover of B. tectorum and A. tridentata. Results confirmed a hypothesised negative effect of pre-fire tree canopy cover on post-fire cover of A. tridentata. Site- and landscape-level abiotic factors influenced pre-fire tree canopy cover, which, in turn, influenced the probability of rapid recovery to A. tridentata. However, B. tectorum cover was primarily influenced by a positive effect of incident solar radiation and a negative effect of perennial herbaceous species cover. Restoration efforts to reduce tree canopy cover should be limited to productive sites with sufficient cover of perennial herbaceous species to facilitate site recovery.

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19

Johnston, Danielle B. "Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Control for Pipeline Restoration." Invasive Plant Science and Management 8, no. 2 (June 2015): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-14-00001.1.

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Energy-extraction disturbances entail soil handling and often have large edge-to-area ratios. These characteristics should be considered when designing weed-control strategies. In western North America, many energy developments coincide with infestations of downy brome, an annual grass that severely curtails productivity, diversity, and habitat value of invaded areas. Downy brome is sensitive to soil compaction and seed burial, both of which may occur when soil is handled. In this study, I examined the effect of soil-density manipulations and herbicide application (105 g ai ha−1 imazapic with 280 g ai ha−1 glyphosate) on six simulated pipeline disturbances in a Wyoming big sagebrush ecosystem invaded by downy brome. Disturbances occurred at the end of the growing season, after ambient downy brome seed rain in the study areas had abated. Treatments and seeding occurred shortly after disturbances. The following spring, downy brome seedling density was 10-fold lower within disturbances than in control areas, but seedling density quickly rebounded in disturbed areas where no herbicide had been applied. In herbicide plots, downy brome seedling density remained low during the first growing season, and shrub cover after 3 yr was eight times higher than in no-herbicide plots. Soil density manipulations via disking and rolling treatments had little effect on downy brome. Prior research has shown that imazapic is more effective when combined with disturbances, such as fire. This study demonstrates that imazapic may also be effective in combination with a disturbance that is timed to bury downy brome seeds.

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Meyer, Susan E., Julie Beckstead, and Phil S. Allen. "Niche specialization in Bromus tectorum seed bank pathogens." Seed Science Research 28, no. 3 (June 13, 2018): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258518000193.

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AbstractNiche theory predicts that when two species exhibit major niche overlap, one will eventually be eliminated through competitive exclusion. Thus, some degree of niche specialization is required to facilitate coexistence. We examined whether two important seed bank pathogens on the invasive winter annual grass Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass, downy brome) exhibit niche specialization. These pathogens utilize seed resources in complementary ways. Pyrenophora semeniperda is specialized to attack dormant seeds. It penetrates directly through the seed coverings. Hyphae ramify first through the endosperm and then throughout the seed. Seed death results as the embryo is consumed. In contrast, the Fusarium seed rot pathogen (Fusarium sp.) is specialized to attack non-dormant seeds in the early stages of germination. It cannot penetrate seed coverings directly. Instead, it responds to a cue emanating from the radicle end with directional hyphal growth and subsequent penetration at the point of radicle emergence, causing seed death. Non-dormant seeds usually escape P. semeniperda through germination even if infected because it develops more slowly than Fusarium. When water stress slows non-dormant seed germination, both P. semeniperda and Fusarium can attack and cause seed mortality more effectively. The Fusarium seed rot pathogen can sometimes reach epidemic levels and may result in B. tectorum stand failure (‘die-off’). Stands usually re-establish from the persistent seed bank, but if P. semeniperda has also reached high levels and eliminated the seed bank, a die-off can persist indefinitely.

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21

Swan, Dean G., and Ralph E. Whitesides. "Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Control in Winter Wheat." Weed Technology 2, no. 4 (October 1988): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00032309.

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Metribuzin at 0.42 kg ai/ha and metribuzin plus terbutryn at 0.28 plus 0.67 kg/ha were applied in the fall and spring to control downy brome in winter wheat from 1981 through 1985. Downy brome control averaged 88% from the fall-applied treatments and 63% from the spring-applied treatments. Yields from the fall- and spring-applied treatments averaged 136% and 132% of the check, respectively. Metribuzin plus terbutryn fall-applied controlled downy brome best (93%), and wheat yields were significantly higher than the checks in all experiments. Moreover, as downy brome density among locations increased, wheat yields decreased.

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Singh, N., and N. F. Glenn. "Multitemporal spectral analysis for cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) classification." International Journal of Remote Sensing 30, no. 13 (July 2009): 3441–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160802562222.

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23

Richardson, Jesse M., Vincent R. Franceschi, David R. Gealy, and Larry A. Morrow. "Herbicide Localization in Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Spikelets." Journal of Plant Physiology 135, no. 3 (October 1989): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(89)80133-6.

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Blumenthal, Dana M., Urszula Norton, Justin D. Derner, and Jean D. Reeder. "LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF TEBUTHIURON ON BROMUS TECTORUM." Western North American Naturalist 66, no. 4 (October 2006): 420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[420:leotob]2.0.co;2.

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25

Diamond, Joel M., Christopher A. Call, and Nora Devoe. "Effects of Targeted Grazing and Prescribed Burning on Community and Seed Dynamics of a Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum)–Dominated Landscape." Invasive Plant Science and Management 5, no. 2 (June 2012): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-10-00065.1.

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AbstractDowny brome (Bromus tectorum L.)—dominated communities can remain as stable states for long periods, even with frequent disturbance by grazing and fire. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using targeted cattle grazing and late-season prescribed burning, alone and in combination, to reduce B. tectorum seed bank input and seed bank density and thus alter aboveground community dynamics (species composition) on a B. tectorum–dominated landscape in northern Nevada. Cattle removed 80 to 90% of standing biomass in grazed plots in May of 2005 and 2006 when B. tectorum was in the boot (phenological) stage. Grazed and ungrazed plots were burned in October 2005 and 2006. The combined grazing–burning treatment was more effective than either treatment alone in reducing B. tectorum seed input and seed bank density, and in shifting species composition from a community dominated by B. tectorum to one composed of a suite of species, with B. tectorum as a component rather than a dominant. This study provides a meso-scale precursor for landscape-scale adaptive management using grazing and burning methodologies.

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Mallory-Smith, Carol, Paul Hendrickson, and George Mueller-Warrant. "Cross-resistance of primisulfuron-resistant Bromus tectorum L. (downy brome) to sulfosulfuron." Weed Science 47, no. 3 (June 1999): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500091736.

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A Bromus tectorum L. (downy brome) biotype with cross-resistance to sulfosulfuron has been identified. The resistant biotype was selected with primisulfuron in Poa pratensis L. (Kentucky bluegrass) plots near Madras, OR. The plots received two treatments of 20 g ai ha−1 primisulfuron in the fall of 1993, 1994, and 1995. In 1995, control of B. tectorum decreased and greenhouse studies confirmed that the biotype was resistant to primisulfuron. Cross-resistance to sulfosulfuron also was confirmed in greenhouse studies. Metabolism of sulfosulfuron rather than an insensitive site of action is the likely cause of the cross-resistance.

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Ehlert, Krista A., Zachariah Miller, Jane M. Mangold, Fabian Menalled, and Alexandra Thornton. "Temperature effects on three downy brome (Bromus tectorum) seed collections inoculated with the fungal pathogen Pyrenophora semeniperda." Invasive Plant Science and Management 12, no. 02 (May 27, 2019): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2019.10.

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AbstractDowny brome (Bromus tectorum L., syn. cheatgrass) is a winter annual grass that invades North American cropping, forage, and rangeland systems. Control is often difficult to achieve, because B. tectorum has a large seedbank, which results in continuous propagule pressure. Pyrenophora semeniperda (Brittlebank and Adam) Shoemaker, a soilborne fungal pathogen, has been investigated as a biological control for B. tectorum, because it can kill seeds that remain in the seedbank, thereby reducing propagule pressure. Temperature influences P. semeniperda and has not been investigated in the context of seeds collected from different B. tectorum locations, that may vary in susceptibility to infection. We compared the effects of temperature (13, 17, 21, 25 C) and B. tectorum seed locations (range, crop, subalpine) with different mean seed weights on infection rates of P. semeniperda using a temperature-gradient table. Infection differed by seed location (P < 0.001) and temperature (P < 0.001), with lighter-weight seeds (i.e., range and subalpine) more susceptible to P. semeniperda infection. Infection increased as temperature increased and was higher at 21 C (66.7 ± 6.7%) and 25 C (73.3 ± 6.0%). Germination was affected by seed location (P < 0.001) and temperature (P = 0.019). Germination was highest for the crop seed location (45.4 ± 4.2%) and overall decreased at higher temperatures (21 and 25 C). Our results suggest that B. tectorum seeds from a crop location are less affected by P. semeniperda than those from range and subalpine locations. Moreover, this demonstrates a temperature-dependent effect on all populations.

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Noujdina, Nina V., and Susan L. Ustin. "Mapping Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Using Multidate AVIRIS Data." Weed Science 56, no. 1 (January 2008): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-07-009.1.

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Griffith, Alden B. "Positive effects of native shrubs on Bromus tectorum demography." Ecology 91, no. 1 (January 2010): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-1446.1.

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30

Lawrence, Nevin C., Amber L. Hauvermale, and Ian C. Burke. "Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Vernalization: Variation and Genetic Controls." Weed Science 66, no. 3 (February 8, 2018): 310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2018.1.

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AbstractDowny brome (Bromus tectorumL.) is a widely distributed invasive winter annual grass across western North America.Bromus tectorumphenology can vary considerably among populations, and those differences are considered adaptively significant. A consensus hypothesis in the literature attributes the majority of observed differences inB. tectorumphenology to differing vernalization requirements among populations. A series of greenhouse experiments were conducted to identify differences inB. tectorumvernalization requirements and link vernalization to expression of annual false-brome [Brachypodium distachyon(L.) P. Beauv.]-derived vernalization gene homolog (BdVRN1). Results from this study indicate that variation in time to flowering is partially governed by differing vernalization requirements and that flowering is linked to the expression ofBdVRN1.

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31

Leger, Elizabeth A., and Erin M. Goergen. "Invasive Bromus tectorum alters natural selection in arid systems." Journal of Ecology 105, no. 6 (October 20, 2017): 1509–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12852.

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32

CHATTERTON, N. J., P. A. HARRISON, W. R. THORNLEY, and J. H. BENNETT. "Structure of fructan oligomers in cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) *." New Phytologist 124, no. 3 (July 1993): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03829.x.

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33

Dyer, Andrew R., Jeanine L. Hardison, and Kevin J. Rice. "Phenology constrains opportunistic growth response in Bromus tectorum L." Plant Ecology 213, no. 1 (December 7, 2011): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-011-0010-4.

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34

Taylor, Kimberley, Tyler Brummer, Lisa J. Rew, Matt Lavin, and Bruce D. Maxwell. "Bromus tectorum Response to Fire Varies with Climate Conditions." Ecosystems 17, no. 6 (April 23, 2014): 960–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-014-9771-7.

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35

Monty, Arnaud, Cynthia S. Brown, and Danielle B. Johnston. "Fire promotes downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) seed dispersal." Biological Invasions 15, no. 5 (November 30, 2012): 1113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-012-0355-1.

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36

Ricks, Kevin D., and Roger T. Koide. "Biotic filtering of endophytic fungal communities in Bromus tectorum." Oecologia 189, no. 4 (March 21, 2019): 993–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04388-y.

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37

Novak, Stephen J., Richard N. Mack, and Pamela S. Soltis. "Genetic variation in Bromus tectorum (Poaceae): introduction dynamics in North America." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 11 (November 1, 1993): 1441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-174.

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The Eurasian grass Bromus tectorum was collected first in its 19th century invasion of western America in six widely separated locales. We used allozyme variability to evaluate whether populations at these locales and elsewhere in North America stem from different founders. By identifying the same geographically restricted alleles in both introduced populations and potential source populations and tracing the distribution of these alleles in western North America, we identified a minimum of five or six independent founder events. These alleles were often at their highest frequencies in populations at or near the earliest collection sites. Founder events likely occurred near Cache Creek, B.C., Ritzville, Wash., Juniper Flat, Nev., Emigrant Pass, Nev., and either Dubois, Idaho, or Provo, Utah, or both. Multiple introductions and the spread of allelic variants produced a mosaic of genotypes throughout western North America and partially offset the reduction in genetic variation this alien grass would have probably incurred during intercontinental migration. Key words: Bromus tectorum, biological invasions, multiple introductions, shared alleles, enzyme electrophoresis.

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Diamond, Joel M., Christopher A. Call, and Nora Devoe. "Effects of targeted cattle grazing on fire behavior of cheatgrass-dominated rangeland in the northern Great Basin, USA." International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, no. 8 (2009): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf08075.

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We evaluated the effectiveness of using targeted, or prescribed, cattle grazing to reduce the flame length and rate of spread of fires on cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)-dominated rangeland in northern Nevada. Cattle removed 80–90% of B. tectorum biomass during the boot (phenological) stage in grazed plots in May 2005. Grazed and ungrazed plots were burned in October 2005 to assess fire behavior characteristics. Targeted grazing reduced B. tectorum biomass and cover, which resulted in reductions in flame length and rate of spread. When the grazing treatments were repeated on the same plots in May 2006, B. tectorum biomass and cover were reduced to the point that fires did not carry in the grazed plots in October 2006. Fuel characteristics of the 2005 burns were used to parameterize dry-climate grass models in BEHAVE Plus, and simulation modeling indicates that targeted grazing in spring (May) will reduce the potential for catastrophic fires during the peak fire season (July–August) in the northern Great Basin.

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Blackshaw, R. E., J. R. Moyer, and G. C. Kozub. "Efficacy of downy brome herbicides as influenced by soil properties." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-037.

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Controlled environment experiments were conducted to determine the effect of various edaphic factors on the efficacy of metribuzin, BAY SMY 1500, cinmethylin, and napropamide to control downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.). Experiment 1 determined the effects of soil organic matter, pH and texture and experiment 2 determined the effect of soil water contents ranging from −0.03 to −1.5 MPa on herbicide efficacy on downy brome. Metribuzin, BAY SMY 1500, cinmethylin, and napropamide efficacy on downy brome was highly correlated with soil organic matter and soil water content. Phytotoxicity of these herbicides was decreased up to two- to threefold as organic matter increased and soil water content decreased. Metribuzin and BAY SMY 1500 efficacy on downy brome increased as soil pH increased. Cinmethylin was more efficacious in sandy soils. This information may aid in determination of precise herbicide rates for various soil types to allow growers to achieve consistent control of downy brome without injuring winter cereals. Key words: Edaphic factors, cinmethylin, BAY SMY 1500, metribuzin, napropamide, Bromus tectorum L.

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Kao, Rebecca H., Cynthia S. Brown, and Ruth A. Hufbauer. "High Phenotypic and Molecular Variation in Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum)." Invasive Plant Science and Management 1, no. 2 (April 2008): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-07-045.1.

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Mangold, Jane, Hilary Parkinson, Celestine Duncan, Peter Rice, Ed Davis, and Fabian Menalled. "Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Control with Imazapic on Montana Grasslands." Invasive Plant Science and Management 6, no. 4 (December 2013): 554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-13-00016.1.

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AbstractDowny brome is a problematic invasive annual grass throughout western rangeland and has been increasing its abundance, spread, and impacts across Montana during the past several years. In an effort to develop effective management recommendations for control of downy brome on Montana rangeland, we compiled data from 24 trials across the state that investigated efficacy of imazapic (Plateau®, BASF Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC) applied at various rates and timings and with methylated seed oil (MSO) or a nonionic surfactant (NIS). We ran a mixed-model ANOVA to test for main effects and interactions across application rate (70, 105, 141, 176, and 211 g ai ha−1), application timing (preemergent [PRE], early postemergent [EPOST, one- to two-leaf growth stage], and postemergent [POST, three- to four-leaf growth stage]), and adjuvant (MSO, NIS). Application timing and rate interacted to affect downy brome control (P = 0.0033). PRE imazapic application resulted in the lowest downy brome control (5 to 19%), followed by POST application (25 to 77%) and EPOST application (70 to 95%). Downy brome control remained fairly consistent across rates within application timing. Adjuvant (MSO or NIS) did not affect downy brome control (P = 0.2789). Our data indicate that POST application at 105 to 141 g ai ha−1 provides the most-consistent, short-term control of downy brome. Furthermore, applying imazapic to downy brome seedlings shortly after emergence (one- to two-leaf growth stage) provided better control than applying it to older downy brome seedlings (three- to four-leaf growth stage).

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Menendez, Julio, Fernando Bastida, and Rafael de Prado. "Resistance to chlortoluron in a downy brome (Bromus tectorum) biotype." Weed Science 54, no. 02 (April 2006): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-05-073r.1.

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A downy brome population in a winter wheat field at Córdoba, Spain, survived use rates of chlortoluron (2.5 to 3.5 kg ai ha−1) over 2 consecutive yr, where wheat monoculture and multiple annual chlortoluron applications had been carried out. The resistant (CR) biotype showed a higher ED50value (7.4 kg ai ha−1; the concentration required for 50% reduction of fresh weight) than the susceptible (S) control (2.2 kg ai ha−1), with a 3.4-fold increase in chlortoluron tolerance. Chlortoluron resistance in the CR downy brome biotype was not caused by altered absorption, translocation, or modification of the herbicide target site but by enhanced detoxification. The inhibition of both the recovery of photosynthetic electron transport and chlortoluron metabolism in the CR biotype due to the presence of the Cyt P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) indicates that herbicide metabolism catalyzed by Cyt P450 monooxygenases is related to chlortoluron resistance in CR plants. Although both biotypes degraded chlortoluron byN-dealkylation and ring-methyl hydroxylation and seem to share the same ability to form polar conjugates, degradation in the resistant biotype is more efficacious as this biotype metabolizes the parent herbicide faster and to a greater extent than its susceptible counterpart. The ability of the susceptible biotype to ring-hydroxylate chlortoluron, albeit at much slower rate, probably explains its moderate tolerance to chlortoluron observed in the growth assays and its minor photosynthetic electron transport recovery observed in fluorescence measurements.

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43

Rennie, Megan, Vera Samburova, Deep Sengupta, Chiranjivi Bhattarai, W. Patrick Arnott, Andrey Khlystov, and Hans Moosmüller. "Emissions from the Open Laboratory Combustion of Cheatgrass (Bromus Tectorum)." Atmosphere 11, no. 4 (April 19, 2020): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040406.

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Cheatgrass (Bromus Tectorum) is a highly invasive species in the Great Basin of the Western USA that is increasing the frequency and intensity of wildland fires. Though cheatgrass plays a significant role in the fire ecology of the Great Basin, very little is known about its combustion emissions. The fresh smoke from 16 open laboratory burns of cheatgrass was analyzed using real-time measurements and filter analysis. We presented measured intensive optical properties of the emitted smoke, including absorption Ångström exponent (AAE), scattering Ångström exponent (SAE), single scattering albedo (SSA), and other combustion properties, such as modified combustion efficiency (MCE) and fuel-based emission factors (EFs). In addition, we gave a detailed chemical analysis of polar organic species in cheatgrass combustion emissions. We presented EFs that showed a large variation between fuels and demonstrated that analysis of combustion emissions for specific fuels was important for studying and modeling the chemistry of biomass-burning emissions.

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44

Lefcort, Hugh, and Caleb Lefcort. "Cheatgrass (Bromus Tectorum) Seeds are Still Viable after Laundry Cycle." Natural Areas Journal 34, no. 4 (October 2014): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3375/043.034.0413.

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45

Wicks, Gail A. "Survival of downy brome (Bromus tectorum) seed in four environments." Weed Science 45, no. 2 (April 1997): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500092754.

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Downy brome is one of the most troublesome winter annual weeds in winter wheat-fallow rotations in the central Great Plains. A 3-yr seed burial study was initiated to determine how long downy brome seed remained germinable when placed on the soil surface or 2.5 cm deep at four different times in four environments. Only 1 to 7% of the downy brome seed survived after 1 yr on the soil surface in chemical fallow and stubble mulch when deposited in August, but survival varied in September, October, and November. In 1970, a year with low fall and winter precipitation, 36 to 46% of the seed placed on the soil surface of chemical fallow in September, October, and November survived, compared with 1 to 8% for stubble mulch tillage. Early spring tillage covered more seed with soil, and downy brome seed survival decreased. When fall and winter precipitation was normal, stubble mulch and chemical fallow had 1 to 20% germinable seed remaining. Induced dormancy existed in some years. More downy brome seed survived when placed on the soil surface of crested wheatgrass sod (14 to 50%) than on smooth brome sod (0 to 36%). No differences existed among environments when downy brome seed was buried 2.5 cm deep. Only 0.4% of downy brome seed buried 2.5 cm survived after 1 yr when averaged across all environments.

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46

Blackshaw, Robert E. "Control of Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) in Conservation Fallow Systems." Weed Technology 5, no. 3 (September 1991): 557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00027329.

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Field studies were conducted to determine the most effective rate of several herbicides applied at various growth stages to control downy brome in conservation fallow programs. Downy brome growth stage affected the efficacy of all herbicides. All herbicides were less effective when application was delayed until the boot stage of downy brome. Fluazifop-P and sethoxydim must be applied prior to tillering to effectively control downy brome. Glyphosate, the commercial mixture of glyphosate plus 2,4-D, paraquat, and HOE-39866 consistently controlled downy brome up to the 3- to 5-tiller stage. Glyphosate at 180 to 200 g ha-1, paraquat at 250 to 300 g ha-1, and the commercial mixture of glyphosate plus 2,4-D at 600 to 660 g ha-1controlled downy brome 80 to 90%. The effective rates were lower than rates currently registered for downy brome control in western Canada, and thus there is potential for making conservation fallow programs more economical when downy brome is the predominant weed.

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47

Anderson, R. L. "Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Emergence Variability in a Semiarid Region." Weed Technology 10, no. 4 (December 1996): 750–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00040768.

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This study characterized seedling emergence of downy brome from August to early December over a 6-yr period. Seedlings were counted weekly in quadrats established in winter wheat stubble at Akron, CO. Seedling emergence varied among years, which was caused by erratic seasonal precipitation. Producers delay planting of winter wheat to reduce downy brome density in the crop, but in only 1 yr out of 6 would producers have benefited from this control strategy. Furthermore, delayed planting has negative crop consequences: less grain yield and more susceptibility to plant diseases and wind erosion because of less fall plant growth. Because fall precipitation is erratic in the semiarid Great Plains, other control strategies, such as nitrogen placement and increased seeding rates of winter wheat, would be more effective for downy brome management, yet not detrimental to winter wheat production.

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48

Wilson, Robert G. "Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Control in Established Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)." Weed Technology 11, no. 2 (June 1997): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00042950.

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Two experiments were conducted near Scottsbluff, NE, to evaluate the efficacy of fall-and spring-applied herbicides for downy brome control in established alfalfa. Downy brome was effectively removed from established alfalfa, and alfalfa yield increased with fall applications of hexazinone, metribuzin, pronamide, and terbacil. Regression analysis indicated a linear relationship between alfalfa yield and downy brome biomass. Glyphosate or paraquat suppressed downy brome when applied to dormant alfalfa in the spring. If glyphosate or paraquat application was delayed until after alfalfa had resumed spring growth, injury was observed. Alfalfa yield did not increase following spring applications of glyphosate or paraquat.

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Blackshaw, Robert E. "Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Interference in Winter Rye (Secale cereale)." Weed Science 41, no. 4 (December 1993): 557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500076311.

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Field experiments over 3 yr at Lethbridge, Alberta, determined the effect of various downy brome densities and times of its emergence on winter rye biomass and seed yield. Downy brome reduced yields most when it emerged within 3 wk of rye, but densities of more than 100 downy brome m-2were required to reduce yields by 20 to 30%. The greatest reductions in rye biomass (28%) and seed (33%) yields over the 3 yr occurred when 400 downy brome m-2emerged with the crop. Downy brome, at densities up to 400 plants m-2, emerging 6 wk after rye or in early spring, reduced rye biomass and seed yield less than 10% in all years. Winter rye effectively shaded downy brome (40 to 90%) for much of the growing season.

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50

Beckstead, Julie, Susan E. Meyer, and Phil S. Allen. "Bromus tectorum seed germination: between-population and between-year variation." Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 875–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-109.

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Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L., Poaceae), an introduced winter annual, has invaded a variety of habitats in western North America. This study examines variation in cheatgrass germination response and after-ripening patterns that are related to differences in habitat and to yearly differences in weather conditions during seed maturation. Seeds collected from five contrasting populations in 1992 and 1993 were subjected to controlled dry storage and then incubated across a range of temperatures. Recently harvested seeds were dormant and germinated slowly, while fully after-ripened seeds were nondormant and germinated rapidly. The optimal incubation temperature for mean germination time shifted from 5:15 to 20:30 °C as a result of after-ripening. Between-population differences in germination response appear to be related to the potential risk of precocious summer germination. The results from this 2-year study suggest that the more extreme yet predictable environments select for seed germination and after-ripening patterns that are genetically fixed, while populations from more favorable environments tended to show more between-year variations, suggesting more phenotypic plasticity. Germination percentage showed greater between-year variation than mean germination time. Between-year differences could not be explained simply by differences in maximum temperature or total precipitation during maturation. Adaptive germination responses in cheatgrass populations from contrasting habitats may have both genetic and environmental components, thus explaining why this species can become established in such a variety of habitats. Keywords: after-ripening, invading species, dormancy, mean germination time, cheatgrass, downy brome.

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