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Journal articles on the topic 'Bronpol'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Butler, Gillian, and Sokratis Stergiadis. "Suitability of bronopol preservative treated milk for fatty acid determination." Journal of Dairy Research 78, no. 2 (March 17, 2011): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029911000082.

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This work aimed to test if milk preserved with bronopol can be reliably used for fatty acid determination. Dairy production and milk quality are often monitored regularly to assess performance and contribute to selection indices. With evidence that fat composition can be influenced by selective breeding, there might be an interest in using samples collected in routine testing to evaluate individual cow fatty acid profiles, contributing to breeding indices. However, most recording services use a preservative such as bronopol and there is no published record if this influences subsequent fatty acid analysis. This study used milk from an oil seed supplementation trial, generating a wide range of milk fatty acid profiles, to test if the concentration of 31 individual fatty acids determined by GC were influenced by bronopol. Provided preserved samples are subsequently frozen, milk treated with bronopol can reliably be used to evaluate fatty acid composition in most cases; however bronopol might influence a few long-chain fatty acids present in relatively low concentrations. This is one small step towards simplifying milk compositional analysis but it could ultimately streamline the inclusion of milk fat quality into breeding indices, either with a view to ‘healthier’ milk or potentially reducing methane output and the environmental impact of dairy production.

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2

Weyland, J. W., A. Stern, and J. Rooselaar. "Determination of Bronopol, Bronidox, and Methyldibromo Glutaronitrile in Cosmetics by Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 5 (September 1, 1994): 1132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.5.1132.

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Abstract A method for the simultaneous determination of methyldibromo glutaronitrile, bronopol, and broni-dox in cosmetics, based on liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, is described. The method is suitable for both aqueous products and emulsions. The detection limit is better than 0.002% for all analytes. Recoveries from an emulsion, spiked to concentrations of 0.03% of the analytes, were 100.4% for bronopol [relative standard deviation (RSD), 0.43%], 97.1% for bronidox (RSD, 0.83%), and 98.4% for methyldibromo glutaronitrile (RSD, 1.7%). Repeatabilities were calculated from 10 replicate analyses of commercial samples. The repeatability for bronopol from an emulsion containing 0.047% bronopol was 0.0027% (RSD, 1.99%); for bronidox from a lotion containing 0.027% bronidox, 0.0014% (RSD, 1.86%); and for methyldibromo glutaronitrile from an emulsion containing 0.031% methyldibromo glutaronitrile, 0.0019% (RSD, 2.16%). A ruggedness test showed that sample amount influenced the results for all 3 analytes. The results obtained for bronidox also depended on detection parameters and composition of extraction solvent. The method was applied to 138 cosmetic products and performed trouble free during these analyses. Bronopol was found in 14 samples, and bronidox was found in 4 samples, including a baby hair lotion, in which it is prohibited. Methyldibromo glutaronitrile was present in 27 samples, including creams, lotions, and sun protection cosmetics.

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3

Nan, Jing, Shaoran Zhang, Ping Zhan, and Ling Jiang. "Evaluation of Bronopol and Disulfiram as Potential Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Inosine 5′-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors by Using Molecular Docking and Enzyme Kinetic." Molecules 25, no. 10 (May 14, 2020): 2313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102313.

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Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is a destructive disease that causes significant damage to many citrus producing areas worldwide. To date, no strategy against this disease has been established. Inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) plays crucial roles in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. This enzyme is used as a potential target to treat bacterial infection. In this study, the crystal structure of a deletion mutant of CLas IMPDHΔ98-201 in the apo form was determined. Eight known bioactive compounds were used as ligands for molecular docking. The results showed that bronopol and disulfiram bound to CLas IMPDHΔ98-201 with high affinity. These compounds were tested for their inhibition against CLas IMPDHΔ98-201 activity. Bronopol and disulfiram showed high inhibition at nanomolar concentrations, and bronopol was found to be the most potent molecule (Ki = 234 nM). The Ki value of disulfiram was 616 nM. These results suggest that bronopol and disulfiram can be considered potential candidate agents for the development of CLas inhibitors.

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4

Lasmar, M. M., M. O. Leite, L. M. Fonseca, M. R. Souza, M. M. O. P. Cerqueira, C. F. A. M. Penna, C. N. B. Couto, and J. M. Ferreira. "Detection of cheese whey in raw milk preserved with bronopol® through high performance liquid chromatography." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 63, no. 6 (December 2011): 1553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352011000600037.

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High performance liquid chromatography was used in order to detect cheese whey in samples of raw milk preserved with Bronopol®. Six samples were collected and divided in 45 aliquots of 40mL. From these, 15 were used as control and stored frozen, 15 were added with Bronopol® and stored at 7ºC, and the other 15 were added with Bronopol® and stored at 30ºC. In all groups, five levels of cheese whey addition (0, 2, 5, 10, and 20%) were tested. The samples were submitted to high performance liquid chromatography on the 2nd, 4th, and 8th days of storage. A completely random design was used, following the factorial scheme (5x3x3) and the results were compared through the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. There was no difference among the treatments (P>0.05), which allows the conclusion that raw milk preserved with Bronopol® may be used for the determination of cheese whey addition in milk through high performance liquid chromatography.

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5

Frosch, P. J., I. R. White, R. J. G. Rycroft, A. Lahti, D. Burrows, J. G. Camarasa, G. Ducombs, and J. D. Wilkinson. "Contact allergy to Bronopol." Contact Dermatitis 22, no. 1 (January 1990): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb01500.x.

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6

Cassoli, Laerte Dagher, Paulo Fernando Machado, and Arlei Coldebella. "Métodos de conservação de amostras de leite para determinação da contagem bacteriana total por citometria de fluxo." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 2 (February 2010): 434–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010000200029.

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Avaliou-se o efeito da temperatura de armazenamento e da idade da amostra sobre a contagem bacteriana total de amostras de leite conservadas com azidiol para verificar a possibilidade de utilização de uma única amostra nas análises previstas na Instrução Normativa 51 (IN-51). Utilizaram-se 320 alíquotas de leite coletado de um tanque de expansão para avaliação de três temperaturas de armazenamento - a 0 ºC (congelada), 7 ºC (refrigerada) e 24 ºC (à temperatura ambiente) -, três tipos de conservação (bronopol, azidiol e sem conservante) e quatro idades da amostra (1, 3, 5 e 7 dias). Para contagem bacteriana total, foram consideradas controle amostras refrigeradas, com azidiol e amostras de um dia e, para composição e contagem de células somáticas (CCS), os controles foram amostras refrigeradas, com bronopol e de um dia. Nas amostras conservadas com bronopol, a contagem bacteriana total foi menor que na controle, independentemente da idade e da temperatura. O mesmo foi observado nas amostras com azidiol e congeladas. Amostras com azidiol apresentaram aumento da contagem bacteriana total, independentemente da idade, enquanto, naquelas que não receberam azidiol, a contagem bacteriana total foi superior à das amostras refrigeradas, conservadas com azidiol e de um dia. As amostras conservadas com azidiol e refrigeradas tiveram aumento linear na contagem bacteriana total de 0,0058 log por dia, o que pode ser considerado sem importância prática. Amostras conservadas com azidiol e refrigeradas apresentaram CCS menor, em todas as idades, em relação a amostras refrigeradas e conservadas com bronopol. Os teores de gordura e lactose reduziram após o quinto dia. Foi necessária a coleta de duas amostras: uma destinada à determinação de CCS e da composição contendo bronopol e outra para contagem bacteriana total contendo azidiol. Amostras para contagem bacteriana total podem ser analisadas em até sete dias, se mantidas a 7 ºC e adicionadas de azidiol.

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7

Ferreira, KdeS, L. Tachibana, DRdaS Colombo, SCOda Paixão, CM Ferreira, and C. Badaró-Pedroso. "Toxic effects in Aphanomyces brasiliensis and zebrafish embryos caused by oomyceticides." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 144 (April 8, 2021): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03575.

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In fish farming, high losses occur during egg incubation and larviculture due to diseases caused by oomycetes. This study aimed to identify the oomycete species that occurs in zebrafish Danio rerio eggs and to evaluate the oomyceticidal effect of copper sulfate, bronopol and methylene blue on the mycelial growth of this organism, as well as to determine the lethal and sublethal toxicity of these compounds in embryos of D. rerio. The isolates were cultivated in yeast-starch medium to determine the concentration necessary to inhibit mycelial growth by 50% (IC50) and 100% (minimum oomyceticidal concentration) after a 96 h exposure to these compounds. In addition, tests with D. rerio eggs were conducted to determine the lethal concentrations for 50% of the organisms (96h-LC50), and the concentrations that inhibited 17% of the eggs hatching (96h-IC17) after 96 h. The organism responsible for the mortality of D. rerio eggs was classified by classical and molecular methods as Aphanomyces brasiliensis, representing the first report of this pathogen in zebrafish eggs. IC50 values could be determined for both bronopol and copper sulfate, whereas methylene blue had low effectiveness against the oomycete. Copper showed high toxicity to D. rerio eggs at low concentrations, while methylene blue and bronopol toxicity was low and similar to each other. The use of bronopol at a concentration of 4.8 mg l-1 for the treatment of zebrafish eggs allows controlling the pathology without causing deleterious effects to the treated organisms.

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8

Camarasa, José G. "Contact dermatitis due to Bronopol." Contact Dermatitis 14, no. 3 (March 1986): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01214.x.

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9

Arcuri, Edna Froeder, Priscilla Diniz Lima da Silva, José Renaldi Feitosa Brito, Marcio Roberto Silva, and Guilherme Nunes Souza. "Emprego do Somacount 300, calibrado com leite de vaca, na contagem de células somáticas no leite de cabra." Ciência Rural 34, no. 5 (October 2004): 1497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782004000500026.

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Neste estudo, foi comparada a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) de amostras pareadas de leite de 86 cabras pelo método eletrônico (Somacount 300) calibrado com padrão de vaca, com a técnica padrão de contagem microscópica direta utilizando corante pyronina Y - verde de metila. As cabras eram das raças Saanen e Toggenburg de um criatório localizado na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. Em complementação, foi avaliado o efeito do conservante Bronopol® no leite de cabras sobre a CCS. Para as 86 amostras de leite sem conservante, a média das leituras de CCS determinadas com o microscópio foi menor e diferiu (p <FONT FACE=Symbol>£</FONT> 0,05) da média de CCS lidas pelo Somacount 300 padronizado com leite de vaca. Porém, a média de leituras de CCS das 86 amostras com Bronopol® lidas no microscópio não apresentou diferença significativa (p>0,05) em relação à obtida com o Somacount 300; e a curva de estimação de CCS no microscópio em função do Somacount foi significativa em nível de 95% com alta correlação, demonstrando a possibilidade de se utilizar o Somacount 300 padronizado com leite de vaca para leituras de CCS de leite de cabras conservado com Bronopol® dentro dos limites de CCS analisados neste estudo.

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10

Scott, Kitty. "Introduction to AA Bronson / Présentation de AA Bronson." National Gallery of Canada Review 12 (September 1, 2021): iv—8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ngcr.12-001.

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11

Trivisano, M., E. Carapelle, T. Martino, and L. M. Specchio. "Bilateral putaminal necrosis and bronopol toxicity." Case Reports 2015, feb19 1 (February 19, 2015): bcr2014206405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2014-206405.

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12

Moshood Abiola, Alogba, and Mohd Fadzli Marhusin. "Signature-Based Malware Detection Using Sequences of N-grams." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.15 (October 7, 2018): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15.21432.

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The focus of our study is on one set of malware family known as Brontok worms. These worms have long been a huge burden to most Windows-based user platforms. A prototype of the antivirus was able to scan files and accurately detect any traces of the Brontok malware signatures in the scanned files. In this study, we developed a detection model by extracting the signatures of the Brontok worms and used an n-gram technique to break down the signatures. This process makes the task to remove redundancies between the signatures of the different types of Brontok malware easier. Hence, it was used in this study to accurately differentiate between the signatures of both malicious and normal files. During the experiment, we have successfully detected the presence of Brontok worms while correctly identifying the benign ones. The techniques employed in the experiment provided some insight on creating a good signature-based detector, which could be used to create a more credible solution that eliminates any threats of old malware that may resurface in the future.

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13

Wetzel, Gerald, Hermann Oelhaf, Michael Höpfner, Felix Friedl-Vallon, Andreas Ebersoldt, Thomas Gulde, Sebastian Kazarski, et al. "Diurnal variations of BrONO<sub>2</sub> observed by MIPAS-B at midlatitudes and in the Arctic." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 23 (December 7, 2017): 14631–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14631-2017.

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Abstract. The first stratospheric measurements of the diurnal variation in the inorganic bromine (Bry) reservoir species BrONO2 around sunrise and sunset are reported. Arctic flights of the balloon-borne Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS-B) were carried out from Kiruna (68° N, Sweden) in January 2010 and March 2011 inside the stratospheric polar vortices where diurnal variations of BrONO2 around sunrise have been observed. High nighttime BrONO2 volume mixing ratios of up to 21 pptv (parts per trillion by volume) were detected in late winter 2011 in the absence of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). In contrast, the amount of measured BrONO2 was significantly lower in January 2010 due to low available NO2 amounts (for the build-up of BrONO2), the heterogeneous destruction of BrONO2 on PSC particles, and the gas-phase interaction of BrO (the source to form BrONO2) with ClO. A further balloon flight took place at midlatitudes from Timmins (49° N, Canada) in September 2014. Mean BrONO2 mixing ratios of 22 pptv were observed after sunset in the altitude region between 21 and 29 km. Measurements are compared and discussed with the results of a multi-year simulation performed with the chemistry climate model ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC). The calculated temporal variation in BrONO2 largely reproduces the balloon-borne observations. Using the nighttime simulated ratio between BrONO2 and Bry, the amount of Bry observed by MIPAS-B was estimated to be about 21–25 pptv in the lower stratosphere.

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14

Sanyal, Asis K., Mousumi Basu, and Arun B. Banerjee. "Rapid ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of bronopol: application to raw material analysis and kinetic studies of bronopol degradation." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 14, no. 11 (August 1996): 1447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0731-7085(96)01779-7.

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15

Jantrakajorn, S., and J. Wongtavatchai. "Egg surface decontamination with bronopol increases larval survival of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus." Czech Journal of Animal Science 60, No. 10 (July 15, 2016): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8523-cjas.

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16

Makhsumov Abdulhamid and Auesbaev Alisher. "SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF THE DIPROPARGYL DIETER DERIVATIVE 2-BROMINE-2- NITRO-PROPANDIOL-1,3 (BRONOPOL)." International Academy Journal Web of Scholar, no. 12(42) (December 30, 2019): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_wos/30122019/6839.

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The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of 2-bromo-2-nitro- propanediol - 1,3 (bronopol) in order to expand the derivatives of bronopol as food products, preservatives, in all sectors of the national economy. The derivatives of dipropargyl diester 2 - bromo -, 2 - nitro - propanediol - 1,3, γ,γ ́-dicopper (2-bromo-,2-nitro-dipropargyl diester) propanediol-1,3 (II), γ,γ ́-bis- (silver 2-bromo-, 2-nitro-dipropargyl ether) - propanediol-1,3 (III), mercury-bis- (propargyl ether) - 2 - bromo-, 2- nitro-propanediol - 1, 3 (IV), (γ,γ ́-dibromo-dipropargyl diester) - 2- bromo-, 2-nitropropanediol-1,3 (VIII) were synthesized.. We also considered the preparation of γ, γ ́-diiodo-dipropargyl diester - 2-bromo-, 2-nitropropanediol-1,3 (V), bis (4,4 ́-pyrazolyloxymethylene) - 2 - bromo -, 2 - nitro - propanediol - 1.3 (IX). The chemical properties of the 2-bromo-, 2-nitro-, dipropargyl diester of 1,3-propanediol-1,3 were studied, they learned that its −

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17

Grattan, C. E. H., and R. R. M. Harman. "Bronopol contact dermatitis in a milk recorder." British Journal of Dermatology 113, s29 (July 1985): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1985.tb13011.x.

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18

Swallow, Mathew J. B., and Sylvie A. Quideau. "Evidence of rapid non-targeted effects of cycloheximide on soil bacteria using 13C-PLFA analysis." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 100, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2019-0152.

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Stable isotope probing of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA-SIP) is useful when studying bacterial contributions to soil processes, and it is an effective way to separate fungal and bacterial activity by linking 13C enrichment to specific PLFAs. Distinguishing bacterial contributions to soil processes often employs selective inhibitors; however, studies demonstrating their efficacy when using PLFA-SIP are less common. Here, we determined the effect of the fungal inhibitor cycloheximide (4.8 mg g−1 dry soil) and the bacterial inhibitor bronopol (0.48 mg g−1 dry soil) on microbial communities white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] forest floor by measuring the uptake of 13C-enriched glucose (2 mg g−1 dry soil) in microbial PLFAs. We targeted [13C]glucose uptake by the bacterial community conditioned to a stable soil environment of 23 °C for over 2 wk rather than new bacteria generated from active colony growth caused by glucose addition. Nearly all bacterial PLFAs exhibited pronounced inhibition of 13C enrichment in the presence of bronopol. Limited inhibition of 13C enrichment in the presence of cycloheximide was observed as bacterial PLFA affected by cycloheximide had roughly one third less 13C enrichment than samples emended with [13C]glucose alone. Inhibitory effects only reduced 13C enrichment and did not affect total PLFA concentrations, implying that the inhibitors in the concentrations applied were impeding bacterial activity without causing cell death. Based on this work, we conclude that bronopol is an effective inhibitor for bacteria. Additionally, non-targeted effects of cycloheximide on soil bacteria must be accounted for when it is used in soil incubations.

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Rajala, Ulla. "The bronze and iron age finds from Il Pizzo (Nepi, Vt): the results of the intensive survey in 2000." Papers of the British School at Rome 75 (November 2007): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200003512.

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I RINVENIMENTI DELL'ETÀ DEL BRONZO E DEL FERRO DA IL PIZZO (NEPI, VT): I RISULTATI DELLA RICOGNIZIONE INTENSIVA DEL 2000Questo articolo presenta i rinvenimenti protostorici documentati durante la ricognizione in località Il Pizzo (Nepi, VT) nel marzo 2000, come parte della ricognizione di Nepi, all'interno del più ampio Tiber Valley Project. La ricognizione intensiva del sito ha previsto l'utilizzo di rilevamenti tradizionali, della ricognizione con stazione totale, della raccolta complessiva di superficie lungo un transetto longitudinale sul promontorio e della raccolta aggiuntiva sui pendii. Sono stati identificati 161 frammenti di ceramica protostorica; 31 dei quali possono essere datati precisamente. Molti di questi sono attribuibili al Bronzo Finale. Due frammenti sono indubbiamente del Bronzo Medio e sette o otto potrebbero essere datati all'età del ferro. Nessun reperto è attribuibile con certezza al Bronzo Recente. Il materiale dell'età del bronzo è compatibile dal punto di vista funzionale con le attività domestiche, mentre quello dell'età del ferro suggerisce una provenienza da un'area funeraria. I dati cronologici permettono di ipotizzare che l'area rappresenti il nucleo di un insediamento a continuità di vita dal Bronzo Medio a quello Finale, seguito da un possibile iato nel Bronzo Recente e ripresa di uso nell'età del ferro, probabilmente come un'area funeraria.

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20

Safanah, Nabila Ghitha, Ruhyat Partasasmita, and Zaini Rakhman. "DAILY ACTIVITY OF CHANGEABLE HAWK-EAGLE (Nisaetus cirrhatus) IN KAMOJANG EAGLE CONSERVATION CENTER." Metamorfosa: Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/metamorfosa.2018.v05.i01.p09.

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Peranan elang brontok (Nisaetus cirrhatus) di alam adalah predator pengendali suatu ekosistem. Elang ini merupakan salah satu jenis burung pemangsa yang terancam oleh deforestasi, gangguan manusia, dan pemburuan liar, sehinga dapat menyebabkan penurunan jumlah spesies ini di alam. Akibat dari elang brontok yang ditangkap kemudian dipelihara adalah terjadinya perubahan perilaku alami ketika burung tersebut berada di kandang. Untuk pemulihan perilaku tersebut perlu dilakukan rehabilitasi, sehingga elang dapat dilepasliarkan kembali ke alam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas harian elang brontok pada masa rehabilitasi. Penelitian dilakukan di Pusat Konservasi Elang Kamojang (PKEK), Garut Jawa Barat Metode yang digunakan adalah observasi lapangan dengan menggunakan metode ad-libitum. Pada saat pengamatan elang brontok dalam kandang dicatat seluruh aktivitasnya. Pengamatan dilakukan setiap 3 hari pada tiap minggu, selama 5 minggu. Aktivitas yang diamati adalah aktivitas diam, bergerak, makan, dan lain-lain. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa aktivitas diam merupakan aktivitas dengan proporsi terbesar dengan 74%, sedangkan aktivitas lain-lain sebesar 4% seperti menggerakkan ekor, mematuk kayu tempat bertenggernya, dan mengawasi mangsa merupakan aktivitas dengan proporsi terkecil pada masa rehabilitasi.

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Lian, H. Z., W. B. Zhang, J. Miao, Q. Jiang, L. Mao, L. Zong, L. Li, X. X. Wu, and R. M. Cheng. "A study on the stability of bronopol in bronopol lotion by ion-paired reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 15, no. 5 (February 1997): 667–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0731-7085(96)01895-x.

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22

Deiber, G., Ch George, S. Le Calvé, F. Schweitzer, and Ph Mirabel. "Uptake study of ClONO<sub>2</sub> and BrONO<sub>2</sub> by Halide containing droplets." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 4, no. 5 (August 20, 2004): 1291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-1291-2004.

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Abstract. The uptake kinetics of gaseous ClONO2 and BrONO2 on aqueous surfaces were measured, as a function of temperature and liquid composition (pure water and NaCl or NaBr containing solutions) using the droplet train technique coupled to a mass spectrometer. The uptake kinetics are driven by the reactivity of these gases and, for both compounds, the uptake rates on pure water or on NaCl solutions (0.1M) are comparable. The uptake coefficient γ of ClONO2 does not depend on the temperature while that of BrONO2 increases slightly when the temperature is raised from 272 to 280K. For ClONO2 and BrONO2, the uptake rates increase on NaBr-doped droplets, enabling the estimation of the mass accommodation coefficient α. The corresponding values for α are 0.108±0.033 for ClONO2 and 0.063±0.021 for BrONO2 where the statistical errors correspond to ±2σ. The reactions of ClONO2 and BrONO2 on NaCl solutions lead respectively to the formation of Cl2 and BrCl. The uptake of ClONO2 on NaBr solutions generates BrCl as primary product, which in turn can react with NaBr to produce Br2. As expected, the only product of BrONO2 reaction on NaBr solution is Br2.

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Deiber, G., Ch George, S. Le Calvé, F. Schweitzer, and Ph Mirabel. "Uptake study of ClONO<sub>2</sub> and BrONO<sub>2</sub> by water droplets." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 4, no. 2 (March 2, 2004): 1311–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-4-1311-2004.

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Abstract. The uptake kinetics of gaseous ClONO2 and BrONO2 on aqueous surfaces were measured, using the droplet train technique coupled to a mass spectrometer, as a function of temperature and liquid composition (pure water and NaCl or NaBr containing solutions). The uptake kinetics are driven by the reactivity of these gases and, for both compounds, the uptake rates on pure water or on NaCl solutions (0.1 M) are comparable. The uptake coefficient γ of ClONO2 does not depend on the temperature while that of BrONO2 increases slightly when the temperature is raised from 272 to 280 K. For ClONO2 and BrONO2, the uptake rates increase on NaBr-doped droplets, enabling the estimation of the mass accommodation coefficient α. The corresponding values for α are 0.108±0.001 for ClONO2 and 0.063±0.009 for BrONO2. The reactions of ClONO2 and BrONO2 on NaCl solutions lead, respectively to the formation of Cl2 and BrCl. The uptake of ClONO2 on NaBr solutions generates BrCl as primary product, which in turn can react with NaBr to produce Br2. As expected, the only product of BrONO2 reaction on NaBr solution is Br2.

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Añíbarro, Belén, and Jose L. Fontela. "Sulfadiazine-Induced Sialadenitis." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 31, no. 1 (January 1997): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809703100110.

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OBJECTIVE: To present a case of sialadenitis induced by sulfadiazine. CASE SUMMARY: A 50-year-old man with bronchitis developed swelling of the parotid glands and floor of the mouth as well as plugging in his ears 2 hours after ingestion of Bronco-aseptilex (sulfadiazine, cyclamate, and guaiacol). Skin-prick tests performed with serial dilutions of sulfadiazine and Bronco-aseptilex were all negative. We then performed oral challenge tests with Bronco-aseptilex, sulfadiazine, and other compounds of the commercial syrup. Enlargement of the salivary glands was observed after oral challenge tests with Bronco-aseptilex and sulfadiazine. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a patient who developed drug-induced sialadenitis. The oral challenge test confirmed that sulfadiazine was the etiologic agent.

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Bogar, K., and P. Schatz. "Altitude and Concussions in the NFL: Is There Really a “Mile-High” Effect?" Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 5 (July 2019): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz026.29.

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Abstract Purpose The literature on altitude and concussions in football shows some evidence of protective effects of living and training and playing at high altitudes. We explored the likelihood of sustaining concussions within the AFC West division, specifically comparing games hosted at high altitude in Denver versus games hosted by at low altitudes in Los Angeles, Oakland, and Kansas City. Methods Information was recorded for all regular season AFC West division games (N= 42) occurring in the 2012–2018 seasons. Altitude for each stadium was calculated using DaftLogic’s Google Sandbox. Concussion incidence for the 2012–2018 seasons was collected from PBS Frontline’s Concussion-Watch and weekly injury reports (NFL.com). Chi-square analyses compared likelihood of: concussions occurring in High Altitude versus Low Altitude, a Broncos player sustaining a concussion in High Altitude versus Low Altitude, and a non-Broncos AFC West player sustain a concussion in High Altitude versus Low Altitude. Results Chi-square analyses revealed no greater likelihood of players sustaining concussions in High Altitude versus Low Altitude (p=.35), or of Broncos (p=1.00) or non-Broncos (p=.47) AFC West players sustaining concussions in High Altitude versus Low Altitude. Conclusion Altitude is not a significant factor for increased likelihood of concussions, and popular theories such as “the mile-high effect” are not supported by the data. We found no evidence for the proposed protective factor of living and training at high altitude for Broncos team members, as they showed an equal likelihood of sustaining a concussion at high and low altitude.

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Sholapuri, Payani, Venkataramaiah Chintha, Bhaskar Matcha, and JangampalliAdi Pradeepkiran. "Beneficial effects of polyherbal formulation (Bronco-T) on formaldehyde-induced lung toxicity in male Wistar rats." Toxicology Research 9, no. 6 (November 28, 2020): 798–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfaa083.

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Abstarct Polyherbal compound (Bronco-T) has been extensively used as a traditional medicine for various therapies. However, very few report studies on anti-inflammatory and lung regeneration properties are evidenced. In the present study, we evaluated the beneficial actions and anti-inflammatory properties of polyherbal medicine, Bronco-T, exhibited by treating the lungs of rats exposed to formaldehyde to evaluate the beneficial properties. For this study, we divided into five groups’: i.e. Group-I served as a control and the other four groups such as II, III, IV, and V are experimental. All animals maintained by regular feed and water ad libitum during the study. Formaldehyde vapors exposure at a single period of time (1 hour) daily (40%formaldehyde at room temperature) for 21 days period exposed all groups. The Bronco-T extracts about 50 mg/kg BW administered to experimental groups and group IV rats treated with 500μ grams/Kg BW salbutamol. To understand the impact of formaldehyde exposure on the beneficial effects of Bronco-T, we evaluated hematological parameters, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), histamine levels, and histological alterations of lung architecture. Formaldehyde-induced adverse effects in lung and increased histamine levels in BAL compared to Bronco-T-treated rats act as a preventive immunological role in blood toxicity and recovery of lung architecture in Bronco-T-treated rats. This study showed the evaluation of antihistamine levels through HPLC analysis. Bronco-T has antioxidant and anti-histamine properties as the widest therapeutic window, and we continue to evaluate the pharmacological evaluations needed in our further studies.

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Wilcox, James R., John M. Ferris, Jamal Faghihi, and T. Scott Abney. "Registration of ‘Bronson’ Soybean." Crop Science 35, no. 4 (July 1995): 1207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183x003500040057x.

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Warkentin, Tom, Albert Vandenberg, Sabine Banniza, and Al Slinkard. "CDC Bronco field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 649–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-160.

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CDC Bronco, a yellow cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar, was released in 2004 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan for distribution to Select seed growers in Saskatchewan and Alberta through the Variety Release Committee of the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. CDC Bronco has a semileafless leaf type, good lodging resistance, powdery mildew resistance, medium-sized, round seeds, and good yielding ability. CDC Bronco is adapted to the field pea growing regions of western Canada. Key words: Feld pea, Pisum sativum L., cultivar description

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29

Pazzola, Michele, Filippo Balia, Maria Luisa Dettori, Maria Consuelo Mura, Vincenzo Carcangiu, and Giuseppe Massimo Vacca. "Effects of different storage conditions, the farm and the stage of lactation on renneting parameters of goat milk investigated using the Formagraph method." Journal of Dairy Research 78, no. 3 (July 21, 2011): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029911000343.

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This study evaluated the effect of storage on renneting properties of goat milk investigated using the Formagraph method. Milk samples from 169 goats in three farms (F1, F2 and F3) were analysed during an entire lactation (45, 75, 105, 135 and 165 days in milking DIM), to obtain renneting parameters, both from fresh milk and after storage with Bronopol and freezing at −20°C and −80°C. As regards fresh milk, mean values of clotting time were between 12·51 (45 DIM) and 13·29 min (105 DIM and F2), the curd firming time between 1·77 (45 DIM) and 2·15 min (F1) and curd firmness between 42·09 (165 DIM) and 49·55 mm (45 DIM). No statistical difference was recorded after storage. After regression analysis, all prediction models showed significance value at P<0·001 with the highest R2 value for clotting time, 0·710 (fresh vs. frozen milk at −20°C), and the lowest for clot firmness, 0·281 (fresh vs. frozen milk at −80°C). Results demonstrated that assessment of goat milk coagulation properties using the Formagraph method is also achievable after freezing or Bronopol addition.

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30

Lewis, Darrell. "Making Bronco Ropes." Prometheus 26, no. 3 (August 14, 2008): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08109020802270216.

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31

Minkwitz, Rolf, and Thomas Hertel. "Kristallstruktur von Bromnitrat BrONO2 / Crystal Structure of Bromine Nitrate BrONO2." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 52, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 1307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1997-1104.

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Abstract The crystal structure of bromine nitrate BrONO2 has been determined on a single crystal with MoKα radiation at -83°C. The structure is orthorhombic, space group P212121, Z = 4, and the cell dimensions are a = 403.2(2), b = 684.9(4), c = 1201.4(5) pm. An intermolecular Br.....O contact leads to the formation of chains within the crystal. Attempts to synthesize a bromine(III)-nitrate by oxidizing CF3Br and CF3Br with ClONO2 were not successful.

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32

Kreycy, S., C. Camy-Peyret, M. P. Chipperfield, M. Dorf, W. Feng, R. Hossaini, L. Kritten, B. Werner, and K. Pfeilsticker. "Atmospheric test of the J(BrONO<sub>2</sub>)/<i>k</i><sub>BrO+NO<sub>2</sub></sub> ratio: implications for total stratospheric Br<sub>y</sub> and bromine-mediated ozone loss." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 13 (July 2, 2013): 6263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6263-2013.

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Abstract. We report on time-dependent O3, NO2 and BrO profiles measured by limb observations of scattered skylight in the stratosphere over Kiruna (67.9° N, 22.1° E) on 7 and 8 September 2009 during the autumn circulation turn-over. The observations are complemented by simultaneous direct solar occultation measurements around sunset and sunrise performed aboard the same stratospheric balloon payload. Supporting radiative transfer and photochemical modelling indicate that the measurements can be used to constrain the ratio J(BrONO2)/kBrO+NO2, for which at T = 220 ± 5 K an overall 1.7 (+0.4 −0.2) larger ratio is found than recommended by the most recent Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) compilation (Sander et al., 2011). Sensitivity studies reveal the major reasons are likely to be (1) a larger BrONO2 absorption cross-section σBrONO2, primarily for wavelengths larger than 300 nm, and (2) a smaller kBrO+NO2 at 220 K than given by Sander et al. (2011). Other factors, e.g. the actinic flux and quantum yield for the dissociation of BrONO2, can be ruled out. The observations also have consequences for total inorganic stratospheric bromine (Bry) estimated from stratospheric BrO measurements at high NOx loadings, since the ratio J(BrONO2)/kBrO+NO2 largely determines the stratospheric BrO/Bry ratio during daylight. Using the revised J(BrONO2)/kBrO+NO2 ratio, total stratospheric Bry is likely to be 1.4 ppt smaller than previously estimated from BrO profile measurements at high NOx loadings. This would bring estimates of Bry inferred from organic source gas measurements (e.g. CH3Br, the halons, CH2Br2, CHBr3, etc.) into closer agreement with estimates based on BrO observations (inorganic method). The consequences for stratospheric ozone due to the revised J(BrONO2)/kBrO+NO2 ratio are small (maximum −0.8%), since at high NOx (for which most Bry assessments are made) the enhanced ozone loss by overestimating Bry is compensated for by the suppressed ozone loss due to the underestimation of BrO/Bry with a smaller J(BrONO2)/kBrO+NO2 ratio.

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33

Dorais, Michael J., Miles Atkinson, Jon Kim, David P. West, and Gregory A. Kirby. "Where is the Iapetus suture in northern New England? A study of the Ammonoosuc Volcanics, Bronson Hill terrane, New Hampshire1This article is one of a series of papers published in this CJES Special Issue: In honour of Ward Neale on the theme of Appalachian and Grenvillian geology." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, no. 1 (January 2012): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e10-108.

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The ∼470 Ma Ammonoosuc Volcanics of the Bronson Hill terrane of New Hampshire have back-arc basin basalt compositions. Major and trace element compositions compare favorably to coeval volcanic rocks in the Miramichi Highlands of New Brunswick and the Munsangan and Casco Bay volcanics of Maine, back-arc basin basalts of known peri-Gondwanan origins. Additionally, the Ammonoosuc Volcanics have Nd and Pb isotopic compositions indicative of peri-Gondwanan provenance. Thus, the Ammonoosuc Volcanics correlate with Middle Ordovician, peri-Gondwanan, Tetagouche–Exploits back-arc rocks of eastern New England and Maritime Canada. This correlation indicates that the Red Indian Line, the principle Iapetus suture, lies along the western margin of the Bronson Hill terrane. However, the younger (∼450 Ma) Oliverian Plutonic Suite rocks that intruded the Ammonoosuc Volcanics, forming domes along the core of the Bronson Hill anticlinorium, have Laurentian isotopic signatures. This suggests that the Ammonoosuc Volcanics were thrust westwardly over the Laurentian margin, and that Laurentian basement rocks are present under the Bronson Hill terrane. A plausible explanation for these relationships is that an easterly dipping subduction zone formed the Ammonoosuc Volcanics in the Tetagoughe–Exploits oceanic tract, just east of the coeval Popelogan arc. With the closure of the Iapetus Ocean, this terrane was thrust over the Laurentian margin. Subsequent to obduction of the Ammonoosuc Volcanics, subduction polarity flipped to the west, with the Oliverian arc resulting from a westerly dipping subduction zone that formed under the Taconic Orogeny-modified Laurentian margin.

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Valley, Peter M., Gregory J. Walsh, Arthur J. Merschat, and Ryan J. McAleer. "Geochronology of the Oliverian Plutonic Suite and the Ammonoosuc Volcanics in the Bronson Hill arc: Western New Hampshire, USA." Geosphere 16, no. 1 (December 11, 2019): 229–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02170.1.

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Abstract U-Pb zircon geochronology by sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe–reverse geometry (SHRIMP-RG) on 11 plutonic rocks and two volcanic rocks from the Bronson Hill arc in western New Hampshire yielded Early to Late Ordovician ages ranging from 475 to 445 Ma. Ages from Oliverian Plutonic Suite rocks that intrude a largely mafic lower section of the Ammonoosuc Volcanics ranged from 474.8 ± 5.2 to 460.2 ± 3.4 Ma. Metamorphosed felsic volcanic rocks from within the Ammonoosuc Volcanics yielded ages of 460.1 ± 2.4 and 455.0 ± 11 Ma. Younger Oliverian Plutonic Suite rocks that either intrude both the upper and lower Ammonoosuc Volcanics or Partridge Formation ranged in age from 456.1 ± 6.7 Ma to 445.2 ± 6.7 Ma. These new data and previously published results document extended magmatism for >30 m.y. The ages, along with the lack of mappable structural discontinuities between the plutons and their volcanic cover, suggest that the Bronson Hill arc was part of a relatively long-lived composite arc. The Early to Late Ordovician ages presented here overlap with previously determined igneous U-Pb zircon ages in the Shelburne Falls arc to the west, suggesting that the Bronson Hill arc and the Shelburne Falls arc could be part of one, long-lived composite arc system, in agreement with the interpretation that the Iapetus suture (Red Indian Line) lies to the west of the Shelburne Falls–Bronson Hill arc system.

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35

Wang, Huafu, Gordon J. Provan, and Keith Helliwell. "Determination of bronopol and its degradation products by HPLC." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 29, no. 1-2 (June 2002): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00078-x.

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36

Nieminen, L., and M. Möttönen. "The Pain Aggression Induced by Bronopol in the Rat." Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 37, no. 3 (March 13, 2009): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1975.tb00840.x.

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37

Kennang Ouamba, Alexandre J., Gisèle LaPointe, Simon Dufour, and Denis Roy. "Optimization of Preservation Methods Allows Deeper Insights into Changes of Raw Milk Microbiota." Microorganisms 8, no. 3 (March 5, 2020): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8030368.

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The temporal instability of raw milk microbiota drastically affects the reliability of microbiome studies. However, little is known about the microbial integrity in preserved samples. Raw cow milk samples were preserved with azidiol or bronopol and stored at 4 °C, or with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or a mixture of azidiol and DMSO and stored at −20 °C for up to 30 days. Aliquots of 5-, 10-, and 30-day post-storage were treated with propidium monoazide (PMA), then analyzed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 and V6-V8 regions. The V6-V8 gave a higher richness and lower diversity than the V3-V4 region. After 5-day storage at 4 °C, the microbiota of unpreserved samples was characterized by a drastic decrease in diversity, and a significant shift in community structure. The treatment with azidiol and DMSO conferred the best community stabilization in preserved raw milk. Interestingly, the azidiol treatment performed as well for up to 10 days, thus appearing as a suitable alternative. However, neither azidiol nor bronopol could minimize fungal proliferation as revealed by PMA-qPCR assays. This study demonstrates the preservative ability of a mixture of azidiol and DMSO and provides deeper insights into the microbial changes occurring during the cold storage of preserved raw milk.

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38

Kreycy, S., C. Camy-Peyret, M. P. Chipperfield, M. Dorf, W. Feng, R. Hossaini, L. Kritten, B. Werner, and K. Pfeilsticker. "Atmospheric test of the J(BrONO<sub>2</sub>)/<i>k</i><sub>BrO+NO<sub>2</sub></sub> ratio: implications for total stratospheric Br<sub>y</sub> and bromine-mediated ozone loss." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 10 (October 23, 2012): 27821–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-27821-2012.

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Abstract. We report on time-dependent O3, NO2 and BrO profile measurements taken in the stratosphere by limb observations of scattered skylight at high-latitudes during autumn circulation turn-over. The observations are complemented by simultaneous direct solar occultation measurements around sunset and sunrise performed aboard the same stratospheric balloon payload. Supporting radiative transfer and photochemical modelling indicates that, the measurements can be used to constrain the ratio J(BrONO2)/kBrO+NO2, for which overall a 1.69 &pm; 0.04 larger ratio is found than indicated by the most recent JPL compilation (Sander et al., 2011). Sensitivity studies reveal the major reasons likely to be (1) a larger BrONO2 absorption cross-section σBrONO2, primarily for wavelengths larger than 300 nm, and (2) a smaller kBrO+NO2 at 220 K than given by Sander et al. (2011). Other factors, e.g. the actinic flux and quantum yield for the dissociation of BrONO2, can be ruled out. The observations also have consequences for total inorganic stratospheric bromine (Bry) estimated from stratospheric BrO measurements at high NOx loadings, since the J(BrONO2)/kBrO+NO2 ratio largely determines the stratospheric BrO/Bry ratio during daylight. Using the revised J(BrONO2)/kBrO+NO2 ratio, total stratospheric Bry is likely to be 1.4 ppt smaller than previously estimated from BrO profile measurements at high NOx loadings. This brings estimates of total stratospheric bromine inferred from organic source gas measurements (i.e. CH3Br, the halons, CH2Br2, CHBr3, ...) into closer agreement with estimates based on BrO observations (inorganic method). The consequences for stratospheric ozone due to the revised J(BrONO2)/kBrO+NO2 ratio are small (maximum −0.8%), since at high NOx (for which most Bry assessments are made) an overestimated Bry using the inorganic method would in return almost cancel out with the amount of reactive bromine calculated in the photochemical models.

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39

Seo, Eun Ju, and Seong Jun Kim. "Ecotoxicity Assessment of Bronopol to Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Daphnia magna and Danio rerio embryos." Journal of the Korean Society of Urban Environment 18, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33768/ksue.2018.18.1.87.

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40

Feinman, Ronald L., and Richard Lowitt. "Bronson M. Cutting: Progressive Politician." Journal of American History 80, no. 4 (March 1994): 1512. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2080710.

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41

Seligmann, G. L., and Richard Lowitt. "Bronson M. Cutting: Progressive Politician." American Historical Review 99, no. 5 (December 1994): 1768. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2168555.

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42

Ritchie, Donald A., and Richard Lowitt. "Bronson M. Cutting: Progressive Politician." Western Historical Quarterly 24, no. 2 (May 1993): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/970942.

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43

Carlyle, T. "TC TO A. BRONSON ALCOTT." Carlyle Letters Online 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/lt-18420922-tc-aba-01.

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44

Dicke, R. J., and G. W. Simpson. "Theo Earl Bronson 1899-1984." Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 31, no. 4 (December 1, 1985): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/besa/31.4.56.

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45

Authier, Melanie. "Entretien avec Melanie Authier : "Grisailles"." ti< 3, no. 1 (March 29, 2014): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/ti.v3i1.907.

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46

Limit, Jimmy. "Interview with Jimmy Limit: "Recent Advancements"." ti< 3, no. 1 (March 29, 2014): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/ti.v3i1.908.

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47

Clark, Gillian. "Economy and Environment in North-Eastern Italy in the Second Millennium b.c." Papers of the British School at Rome 54 (November 1986): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200008825.

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ECONOMIA E AMBIENTE NELL'ITALIA NORD-ORIENTALE NEL II MILLENNIO a.C.In questo articolo si studia il rapporto tra l'economia e l'ambiente nell'Italia nord-orientale dal Bronzo Iniziale al Bronzo Finale. Viene presentata una ricostruzione dell'ambiente nel II millennio a.C, basata soprattutto sui risultati dell'analisi del polline. Viene proposto un modello che prevede il rapporto tra l'economia e l'ambiente (nel presupposto che l'economia sia completamente determinata dall'ambiente). Viene posto l'accento sugli effetti del cambiamento del clima e sulle distinzioni ambientali, topografiche e vegetazionali tra le diverse regioni della zona oggetto di studio. I dati archeologici vengono esaminati e raffrontati a questo modello. È chiaro che il rapporto tra l'economia e l'ambiente è cambiato nel tempo. Nell'età del bronzo Iniziale il sistema ambientale aveva un influsso determinante sui sistema economico. Tuttavia, verso l'età del Bronzo Finale o durante questa, qualche altro sistema deve aver assunto un maggiore significato nella determinazione dell'economia, o il sistema economico stesso deve essere diventato più forte. Si possono anche notare differenze ne ruolo dell'ambiente tra le cinque zone geografiche definite. In breve, il rapporto tra l'economia e l'ambiente era complesso — si possono osservare variazioni nel tempo e nello spazio.

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48

Kilmer, Martin F., Lucia Pirzio Biroli Stefanelli, M. Cima di Puolo, M. E. Micheli, B. Pettinau, L. P. Biroli Stefanelli, and E. Talamo Vattimo. "Il bronzo dei Romani." Phoenix 46, no. 3 (1992): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1088703.

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49

Rapport, Nigel. "`Dear Elsie', `Dear Bronio'." Anthropology Today 12, no. 1 (February 1996): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2783460.

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50

Pentassuglio, Francesca. "Come “statue di bronzo”." Revista Archai, no. 28 (March 24, 2020): e02808. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1984-249x_28_8.

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Obiettivo del presente contributo è un esame dei riferimenti al tema del silenzio in alcuni “luoghi” della letteratura socratica. Più particolarmente, l’analisi si concentra sull’importanza riconosciuta alla virtù del σιωπᾶν in due specifici ambiti: 1) l’educazione dei giovani e 2) lo scambio dialogico. Il primo aspetto è indagato soprattutto a partire dal Milziade di Eschine di Sfetto, che presenta positivamente la capacità di tacere nei giovani (Stob. 2.31, 23; Plu. De recta rat. aud. 4 p. 39b-c) e che permette di istituire, a questo riguardo, alcuni paralleli con opere non socratiche (in particolare X. Lac. 3.5 e Isoc. Bus. 28-29). Il secondo aspetto, non privo di connessioni con il primo, è invece approfondito soprattutto a partire da un riferimento al ruolo del silenzio nel Protagora platonico (329b), che consente di indagarne la funzione più specificamente anti-sofistica.

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