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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Brood parasitism

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Academic literature on the topic 'Brood parasitism'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Brood parasitism"

1

Smith, Ashlee N., and Mark C. Belk. "Evidence for Interspecific Brood Parasite Detection and Removal in Burying Beetles." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2712945.

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We tested whether brood parasitism could be successful between two co-occurring species of burying beetles, Nicrophorus guttula and Nicrophorus marginatus, and whether these species exhibit an adaptive response to brood parasitism by detecting and removing parasites. We cross-fostered larvae between broods of the two species and created mixed-species broods to simulate the addition of brood parasites. Brood parasites survived in both species’ broods. Nicrophorus marginatus culled 86% of brood parasites compared to 56% of their own larvae, and N. guttula culled 50% of brood parasites compared to 22% of their own larvae. Additionally, N. guttula brood parasites were significantly smaller than N. guttula that were raised by N. guttula parents, but N. marginatus brood parasites were significantly larger than N. marginatus that were raised by N. marginatus parents. This paper provides the first evidence that burying beetles can discriminate between their own larvae and other species’ larvae. We suggest that brood parasitism may be the selective force responsible for this ability.

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Litman, Jessica R. "Under the radar: detection avoidance in brood parasitic bees." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1769 (February 11, 2019): 20180196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0196.

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Brood parasitism is a specialized form of parasitism in which the offspring of a parasite develops on the food provisions gathered by a host species for its own young. Obligate brood parasitic lineages have lost the ability to acquire provisions for their young and thus rely entirely on the location of an appropriate host to serve as a food-provider. Solitary bees provide some of the most fascinating examples of brood parasitism in animals. Most solitary bees build and provision their own nests. Some, however, usurp the nests of other species of bees. These brood parasites, or ‘cuckoo’ bees, deposit their eggs on the pollen provisions collected by a host bee for her own offspring. The provisions stored by the host bee are not sufficient to sustain the development of both the host's larva and that of the brood parasite and the parasite must kill the offspring of its host in order to obtain enough nourishment to complete its development. As a consequence, there is fierce competition between the host bee seeking to protect her nest from attack and the brood parasite seeking to avoid detection by the host in order to successfully deposit her eggs in an appropriate nest. In this paper, I review the behaviours that allow brood parasitic bees to escape detection by their hosts. Identifying these behaviours, and placing them within the general context of strategies employed by brood parasitic bees to parasitize the nests of their hosts, is key to understanding how brood parasitic lineages may have evolved from nest-building ancestors, decrypting the selective pressures that drive evolutionary transitions from one strategy to another and, more broadly, revealing how similar selective pressures in widely divergent lineages of animals have given rise to remarkably convergent behaviours. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.

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Thorogood, Rose, Claire N. Spottiswoode, Steven J. Portugal, and Ros Gloag. "The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: a call for integration." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1769 (February 11, 2019): 20180190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0190.

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Obligate brood-parasitic cheats have fascinated natural historians since ancient times. Passing on the costs of parental care to others occurs widely in birds, insects and fish, and often exerts selection pressure on hosts that in turn evolve defences. Brood parasites have therefore provided an illuminating system for researching coevolution. Nevertheless, much remains unknown about how ecology and evolutionary history constrain or facilitate brood parasitism, or the mechanisms that shape or respond to selection. In this special issue, we bring together examples from across the animal kingdom to illustrate the diverse ways in which recent research is addressing these gaps. This special issue also considers how research on brood parasitism may benefit from, and in turn inform, related fields such as social evolution and immunity. Here, we argue that progress in our understanding of coevolution would benefit from the increased integration of ideas across taxonomic boundaries and across Tinbergen’s Four Questions: mechanism, ontogeny, function and phylogeny of brood parasitism. We also encourage renewed vigour in uncovering the natural history of the majority of the world's brood parasites that remain little-known. Indeed, it seems very likely that some of nature’s brood parasites remain entirely unknown, because otherwise we are left with a puzzle: if parental care is so costly, why is brood parasitism not more common?This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.

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Gloag, Ros, and Madeleine Beekman. "The brood parasite's guide to inclusive fitness theory." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1769 (February 11, 2019): 20180198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0198.

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Hamilton's theory of inclusive fitness provides a framework for understanding the evolution of social behaviour between kin, including parental and alloparental care. Brood parasitism is a reproductive tactic in which parasites exploit the care of other individuals of the same species (conspecific parasitism) or different species (interspecific parasitism) to rear their brood. Here, drawing from examples in birds and social insects, we identify two insights into brood parasitism that stem from inclusive fitness theory. First, the kin structure within nests, or between neighbouring nests, can create a niche space favouring the evolution of conspecific parasitism. For example, low average relatedness within social insect nests can increase selection for reproductive cheats. Likewise, high average relatedness between adjacent nests of some birds can increase a female's tolerance of parasitism by her neighbour. Second, intrabrood conflict will be high in parasitized broods, from the perspective of both parasite and host young, relative to unparasitized broods. We also discuss offspring recognition by hosts as an example of discrimination in a kin-selected social behaviour. We conclude that the inclusive fitness framework is instructive for understanding aspects of brood parasite and host evolution. In turn, brood parasites present some unique opportunities to test the predictions of inclusive fitness theory.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.

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Cotter, S. C., D. Pincheira-Donoso, and R. Thorogood. "Defences against brood parasites from a social immunity perspective." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1769 (February 11, 2019): 20180207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0207.

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Parasitic interactions are so ubiquitous that all multicellular organisms have evolved a system of defences to reduce their costs, whether the parasites they encounter are the classic parasites which feed on the individual, or brood parasites which usurp parental care. Many parallels have been drawn between defences deployed against both types of parasite, but typically, while defences against classic parasites have been selected to protect survival, those against brood parasites have been selected to protect the parent's inclusive fitness, suggesting that the selection pressures they impose are fundamentally different. However, there is another class of defences against classic parasites that have specifically been selected to protect an individual's inclusive fitness, known as social immunity . Social immune responses include the anti-parasite defences typically provided for others in kin-structured groups, such as the antifungal secretions produced by termite workers to protect the brood. Defences against brood parasites, therefore, are more closely aligned with social immune responses. Much like social immunity, host defences against brood parasitism are employed by a donor (a parent) for the benefit of one or more recipients (typically kin), and as with social defences against classic parasites, defences have therefore evolved to protect the donor's inclusive fitness, not the survival or ultimately the fitness of individual recipients This can lead to severe conflicts between the different parties, whose interests are not always aligned. Here, we consider defences against brood parasitism in the light of social immunity, at different stages of parasite encounter, addressing where conflicts occur and how they might be resolved. We finish with considering how this approach could help us to address longstanding questions in our understanding of brood parasitism. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.

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Stevens, Martin. "Bird brood parasitism." Current Biology 23, no. 20 (October 2013): R909—R913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.025.

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Dufty, Alan M., and H. Nakamura. "Symposium: Brood parasitism." Journal of Ornithology 135, no. 3 (July 1994): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01639996.

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Carmody, Lisa C., Alexander Cruz, and Jameson F. Chace. "Brood Parasitism Defense Behaviors Along an Altitudinal Gradient in the American Robin (Turdus Migratorius)." Open Ornithology Journal 9, no. 1 (November 21, 2016): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874453201609010039.

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Some host species accept eggs from brood parasites over parts of their range and reject them in other areas representing an “evolutionary lag” in the development of rejection behavior or the loss of an adapative behavior when the selection pressure of brood parasitism is removed. Hosts may deter brood parasitism through egg rejection and aggressive nest defense behavior specifically targetting female brood parasites during the egg incubation period. In areas where parasitism frequencies are spatially and temporally variable, anti-parasite behaviors may decline as costs outweigh the benefits. Along the Colorado Front Range, American robins (Turdus migratorius) breed from low elevations where the brood parasitic Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is abundant to near timberline (3700 m) where cowbirds are uncommon. We tested the hypothesis that egg rejection and nest defense behaviors decline with reduced probability of parasitism. We found that robins accepted 100% of immaculate (robin-like) experimental eggs at both low and high elevations, but were more likely to reject spotted (cowbird-like) experimental eggs at low elevations than high elevations. Response to egg size was more variable than to egg color. When presented with a mount of a cowbird and Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) near the nest, robins responded more aggressively to cowbird models than to sparrows (control), and nest defense behavior towards cowbirds was longer and more aggressive at the lower elevation sites where cowbirds are common. These results suggest that egg rejection and nest-site aggression are costly adaptations to cowbird parasitism, and these behaviors decline when the threat of parasitism is reduced.

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Cohen, Marcus S., M. Brent Hawkins, David W. Stock, and Alexander Cruz. "Early life-history features associated with brood parasitism in the cuckoo catfish, Synodontis multipunctatus (Siluriformes: Mochokidae)." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1769 (February 11, 2019): 20180205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0205.

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The cuckoo catfish, Synodontis multipunctatus , is the only known obligate brood parasite among fishes, exploiting the parental care of mouthbrooding cichlids endemic to Lake Tanganyika. Comparisons of this system to brood parasitism in birds may reveal broader principles that underlie the evolution of this life-history strategy in vertebrates. However, little is known about the features of the cuckoo catfish that enable this species to successfully parasitize cichlids. Here, we examine early ontogeny of the cuckoo catfish and compare it to that of its cichlid hosts as well as a non-parasitic congener. We found that cuckoo catfish embryos develop and hatch in advance of host embryos, and begin feeding on cichlid young just as they start to hatch. Overall timing of ontogeny in the cuckoo catfish was found to be similar to that of the substrate-spawning congener Synodontis lucipinnis , suggesting that more rapid development of the cuckoo catfish relative to cichlids is not a unique adaptation to brood parasitism. However, we found that cuckoo catfish progeny exhibit extensive morphological differences from S . lucipinnis , which may represent adaptations to brood parasitism. These life-history observations reveal both similarities and differences between the cuckoo catfish system and brood parasitism in other lineages. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.

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Krüger, Oliver. "Cuckoos, cowbirds and hosts: adaptations, trade-offs and constraints." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1486 (June 23, 2006): 1873–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1849.

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The interactions between brood parasitic birds and their host species provide one of the best model systems for coevolution. Despite being intensively studied, the parasite–host system provides ample opportunities to test new predictions from both coevolutionary theory as well as life-history theory in general. I identify four main areas that might be especially fruitful: cuckoo female gentes as alternative reproductive strategies, non-random and nonlinear risks of brood parasitism for host individuals, host parental quality and targeted brood parasitism, and differences and similarities between predation risk and parasitism risk. Rather than being a rare and intriguing system to study coevolutionary processes, I believe that avian brood parasites and their hosts are much more important as extreme cases in the evolution of life-history strategies. They provide unique examples of trade-offs and situations where constraints are either completely removed or particularly severe.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Brood parasitism"

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Nair, Radha Goh. "Neural adaptations for brood parasitism." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409117.

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Gloag, Rosalyn Suzanne. "Brood parasitism by shiny cowbirds." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b9a9d900-ed14-4bb0-8979-7fd782584f00.

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Brood parasitic birds lay eggs amongst the clutches of other species, which then assume all costs of parental care on their behalf. This thesis addresses several puzzles of avian brood parasitism, using field studies and theoretical modelling of the generalist parasite, the shiny cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis) and select hosts in Argentina. Key findings and conclusions were: • High parasitism intensity in a host population can result in a cost to hosts of removing parasite eggs from their clutches, and so help to maintain host’s acceptance of parasite eggs in evolutionary equilibrium. The cost is to host egg survival: hosts that remove parasite eggs from the clutch increase the risk that their eggs are destroyed by subsequent parasites that visit the nest. • The principal benefit of mobbing as a front-line defence of hosts may be to reduce egg loss due to parasite attack, rather than prevent parasitism itself. • Differences in the acoustic structure of begging calls between parasites and their host’s young can be to the parasite’s advantage. Parents provisioned unparasitized broods more during broadcast at the nest of shiny cowbird calls than calls of their own species’ chicks, in both a common host and a non-host. The long tremulous quality of a cowbird’s call functions analogously to a rapid call rate, thereby exploiting a common provisioning rule of avian parents. • A trade-off for maximum growth in parasite nestlings will variously favour or not favour the evolution of nestmate-killing behaviour, depending on a parasite’s abilities, relative to host young, to solicit and attain provisions from host parents. Generalist parasites can encounter both sides of the trade-off in different hosts. Meanwhile, indirect fitness costs are unlikely to constrain the evolution of nestmate-killing in shiny cowbirds, as they rarely, if ever, share the nest with siblings.

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Reichart, Letitia Marie. "Conspecific brood parasitism in ruddy ducks (Oxyura jamaicensis)." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2008/L_Reichart_072408.pdf.

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Lindholm, Anna Kristina. "Evolution of host defences against avian brood parasitism." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627230.

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Harrison, Martin D. "Using game theory to model interspecific brood parasitism in bird populations." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2010. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6290/.

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The interaction between hosts and parasites in bird populations has been studied extensively. I use game theoretic methods to model this interaction. This has been done previously but has not been studied taking into account the detailed sequential nature of this game. I introduce models allowing the host and parasite to make a number of decisions which will depend on a number of natural factors. A sequence of events follows, which is broken down into two key stages; firstly the interaction between the host and the parasite adult, and secondly that between the host and the parasite chick. The final decision involves the host choosing whether to raise or abandon the chicks that are in the nest. There are certain natural parameters and probabilities which are central to these various decisions; in particular the host is generally uncertain whether parasitism has taken place, but can assess the likelihood of parasitism based upon certain cues (e.g. how many eggs remain in its nest). I have taken elements of games which have been previously created and constructed my own models to fully describe this interaction. These parasites have different methods of parasitizing the nests of their hosts, and the hosts can in turn have different reactions to these parasites. This is later built into a model where there is more than one host nesting over a breeding season. We have a number of nesting sites and different time points in which the host can begin to nest. In the previous models the host was given the opportunity to abandon the nest. In this game the host is allowed to abandon and then restart the nesting process. The probability that the host is parasitized can be decided using a number of factors including the number of hosts laying during a given time period, the nesting site or the number of parasites during the course of the season. Using these models we are able to find situations which match those which we have seen in nature. Also the models are able to predict what natural changes such as parasitism rate or mimicry will do to the interaction. Overall I believe these models to give as good an indication of the key elements of the interaction and how they can change over time.

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Porneluzi, Paul A. "Effects of forest fragmentation on the biology of the Ovenbird /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9821351.

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McRae, Susan Barbara. "An ecological and genetic analysis of breeding strategies in the moorhen, Gallinula chloropus." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309703.

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Groulx, Adam. "Nesting aggregation as a Determinant of Brood Parasitism in Mason Bees (Osmia spp.)." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34322.

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Identifying forces that affect population dynamics can allow us to better understand the distribution and abundance of animals. Both top-down and bottom-up factors can significantly influence animal populations. Mason bees (members of the genus Osmia; Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) are important pollinators for agricultural systems and are vulnerable to exploitation by brood parasites, such as kleptoparasitic wasps. High levels of nesting density have the potential to increase rates of brood parasitism by attracting larger numbers of parasites to areas with aggregations of nests. I conducted a field study in subalpine meadows at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in Colorado, USA, to assess whether mason bees suffer increased brood parasitism as the size of nesting aggregations increases. Mason bees were allowed to nest in artificial nest boxes and establish natural variations in numbers of nesting individuals within nest boxes. Nest cells constructed by bees were then checked for the presence of kleptoparasite larvae shortly after they were completed. Overall, nest cells constructed in blocks containing multiple active bees were significantly more likely to be oviposited in by brood parasites compared to cells constructed in blocks with fewer active nesting bees. This suggests that gathering in large aggregations for nesting can negatively affect populations of mason bees, given the high levels of brood parasitism observed in areas of high nesting density. In addition, the last nest cell in mason bee nests was significantly more likely to be parasitized than inner cells, suggesting bees may be abandoning nests that are parasitized, representing a potential defensive response of bees to brood parasitism. These results have implications for the management of mason bees as agricultural pollinators, as cultivating them in large groups could reduce their survival.

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Hughes, Janice Maryan. "Systematics of New World cuckoos (Aves, Cuculidae) and the evolution of brood parasitism." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0019/NQ27664.pdf.

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Fernando, Raniero. "Brood parasitism and genetic parentage in Goldeneye ducks, an analysis using DNA fingerprinting." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0027/MQ51602.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Brood parasitism"

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Soler, Manuel, ed. Avian Brood Parasitism. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73138-4.

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The avian brood parasites: Deception at the nest. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

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Ortega, Catherine P. Cowbirds and other brood parasites. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998.

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Hughes, Janice Maryan. Systematics of New World cuckoos (Aves, Cuculidae) and the evolution of brood parasitism. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997.

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Kozlovic, Daniel Raymond. Consequences of brood parasitism by cowbirds on house finches in a new area of sympatry. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997.

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Payne, Robert B. Nestling mouth markings and colors of Old World finches Estrildidae: Mimicry and coevolution of nesting finches and their Vidua brood parasites. Ann Arbor: Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 2005.

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Johnsgard, Paul A. Avian Brood Parasites: Deception at the Nest. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 1997.

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Soler, Manuel. Avian Brood Parasitism: Behaviour, Ecology, Evolution and Coevolution. Springer, 2018.

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Soler, Manuel. Avian Brood Parasitism: Behaviour, Ecology, Evolution and Coevolution. Springer, 2018.

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(Foreword), Paul R. Ehrlich, James N. M. Smith (Editor), Terry L. Cook (Editor), Stephen I. Rothstein (Editor), Scott K. Robinson (Editor), and Spencer G. Sealy (Editor), eds. Ecology and Management of Cowbirds and Their Hosts: Studies in the Conservation of North American Passerine Birds (title page only). University of Texas Press, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Brood parasitism"

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Di Liberto, Joseph F. "Interspecific Brood Parasitism." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1339-1.

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Fitzpatrick-Wacker, Erin M. "Cuckoo Brood Parasitism." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_2090-1.

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Di Liberto, Joseph F. "Interspecific Brood Parasitism." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 3646–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1339.

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Fitzpatrick-Wacker, Erin M. "Cuckoo Brood Parasitism." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1869–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_2090.

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Krüger, Oliver, and Martina Pauli. "Evolution of Avian Brood Parasitism and Phylogenetic History of Brood Parasites." In Avian Brood Parasitism, 43–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73138-4_3.

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Soler, Manuel. "Brood Parasitism in Birds: A Coevolutionary Point of View." In Avian Brood Parasitism, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73138-4_1.

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Møller, Anders Pape, Federico Morelli, and Piotr Tryjanowski. "Cuckoos as Indicators of Biodiversity." In Avian Brood Parasitism, 189–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73138-4_10.

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Guigueno, Mélanie F., and David F. Sherry. "Hippocampus and Spatial Memory in Brood Parasitic Cowbirds." In Avian Brood Parasitism, 203–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73138-4_11.

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Baglione, Vittorio, and Daniela Canestrari. "Brood Parasitism and Cooperative Breeding: Seeking an Evolutionary Link." In Avian Brood Parasitism, 219–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73138-4_12.

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Chace, Jameson F., and Alexander Cruz. "Host Resource Partitioning Among Sympatric Molothrine Generalist Brood Parasites." In Avian Brood Parasitism, 235–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73138-4_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Brood parasitism"

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Shimizu, Akira. "Brood parasitism in spider wasps, with special reference to its behavior of a species (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.113488.

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Yao, Mingbo, and Qi Zhu. "Broad beamwidth and circularly polarized microstrip antenna with parasitic dipoles." In 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aps.2016.7696261.

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Giovannini, H., F. Lemarquis, H. Akhouayri, M. Cathelinaud, P. Torchio, C. Amra, B. Cousin, D. Laubier, and Georges Otrio. "Broad-band absorbers for reduction of parasitic light: two alternative solutions." In International Conference on Space Optics 1997, edited by Georges Otrio. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2326628.

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Gowrish, B., Karun Rawat, Ananjan Basu, and Shiban K. Koul. "Broad-band matching network using band-pass filter with device parasitic absorption." In 2013 82nd ARFTG Microwave Measurement Conference. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/arftg-2.2013.6737361.

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Bakr, YM, MM Shahin, MH Zidan, AA Alfatah, and JS Gharraf. "P70 Relation between bronchial asthma and parasitic (nematodes) infection in egyptian children." In British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2017, QEII Centre Broad Sanctuary Westminster London SW1P 3EE, 6 to 8 December 2017, Programme and Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Thoracic Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210983.212.

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Onuferko, Thomas M. "Evidence of shared chemistry between polyester bees of the genus Colletes Latreille and their brood parasites of the bee genus Epeolus Latreille." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.111505.

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Cushen, B., R. Stead, S. Malley, D. Armstrong-James, and J. Hull. "S52 Development of a dedicated protocol for screening for occult parasitic infection prior to initiation of anti-IL5 therapy in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma." In British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2019, QEII Centre, Broad Sanctuary, Westminster, London SW1P 3EE, 4 to 6 December 2019, Programme and Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2019-btsabstracts2019.58.

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Peeples, Johnston W. "Capacity Control in Refrigerated Systems." In ASME 2003 International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2003-35070.

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Powerful refrigeration methods are being deployed to cool electronic devices in test and in end-use application. Cooling capacity control is required to prevent over- or under-cooling. Various levels of control precision are also required. Test applications demand precise temperature control while many end-use applications will accommodate a less sophisticated approach. Important determinants of the method employed to control refrigeration capacity include target operating temperature, absolute and dynamic power dissipation of the device being cooled, control precision required, refrigeration system design and construction, as well as application-related details of the electronics assembly. A variety of capacity control methods are needed to cover the breadth of electronics cooling applications. Control free, or open loop systems meet the needs of some applications. Other systems employ thermal expansion (TX) and hot-gas by-pass valves to provide controlled cooling of very high power electronics cooling vapor compression systems. Modulation of condenser efficiency by varying fan speed provides a very simple but limited range of temperature control. A broad range of precise temperature control requires a combination of approaches to precisely meter refrigerant flow to the cold plate and, if needed, to apply parasitic heat. This paper overviews various vapor compression refrigeration control architectures as they apply to electronics cooling. Comparative cost and performance data are presented.

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Trask, Richard, Ian Bond, and Chris Norris. "Stimuli Triggered Deployment of Bio-Inspired Self-Healing Functionality." In ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-5238.

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The concept of self-healing materials has gained widespread acceptance in the research community. Over recent years a diverse array of bio-inspired self-healing concepts, from solid-state diffusion to liquid-phase healing in a broad range of engineering materials, embracing ceramics, polymers and fibre reinforced polymer composite materials have been proposed in the open literature. In this research study the liquid-phase healing of operational damage, namely impact damage, is being addressed. The challenge of self-healing advanced fibre reinforced polymer composites is ensuring healing success without degrading the host composite’s performance, a problem not encountered in the self-healing of generic polymeric systems. In the genre of self-healing fibre reinforced composite materials, autonomous healing has been undertaken by a healing medium already located within the damage zone and released through the damage site either passively or actively through human invention. This approach requires the ‘engineering’ control of the storage medium’s toughness for release and the development of bespoke resin chemistries to be compatible with the manufacturing route, to remain active whilst latent and then to recover full mechanical performance once a damage event occurs. This study has generated a proof of concept whereby the healing medium is only deployed to the damage site once a sensor has been triggered. In essence this study aims to develop stimuli triggered deployment of a healing medium held remotely in a storage reservoir to repair impact damage to a composite material. The principle of the concept is revolves around the ability of a reservoir to deliver a healing medium to a damage site via a network of vessels contained in the centerline of the composite laminate. A Labview controlled peristaltic pressure rig containing the reservoirs for the resin and hardener, their independent pumps, pressure gauges, control switches and indicators was developed. Through the application of an impact event successfully deliver and subsequent healing of the damage event was achieved showing the potential of this concept for minimising parasitic mass and maximising healing potential in fibre reinforced composite materials.

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Reports on the topic "Brood parasitism"

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Davis, Eric L., Yuji Oka, Amit Gal-On, Todd Wehner, and Aaron Zelcer. Broad-spectrum Resistance to Root-Knot Nematodes in Transgenic Cucurbits. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593389.bard.

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Root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp., are extremely destructive pathogens of cucurbit crops grown in the United States and Israel. The safety and environmental concerns of toxic nematicides, and limited sources of natural cucurbit resistance to the four major species of Meloidogyne that threaten these crops in Israel and the U.S., have emphasized the use of biotechnology to develop cucurbits with novel RKN resistance. The U.S. scientists have identified over 40 unique RKN parasitism genes that encode nematode secretions involved in successful plant root infection by RKN, and they have demonstrated that expression of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) complementary to a RKN parasitism gene (called 16DIO) in Arabidopsis thaliana induced RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of the RKN16DlO gene and produced transgenic plants with strong resistance to all four major RKN species. The expression 8D05 parasitism gene was found to coincide with the timing of upregulation of NtCel7 promoter (identified to be upregulated in giantcells by US scientists). NtCel7 promoter was used to express the genes at the right time (early stages of infection) and in the right place (giant-cells) in transgenic plants. US partners produced NtCel7 (nematode-induced promoter)-driven 16DlO-RNAi and 8DOS-RNAi constructs, pHANNIBAL 4D03-RNAi construct and modified 16DlO-RNAi construct (for increased RNAi expression and efficacy) for cucurbit transformation in Israel. In Arabidopsis, some 16DlO-RNAi plant lines show greater levels of resistance to M. incognita than others, and within these lines resistance of greater than 90% reduction in infection is observed among almost all replicates in US. The level of observed nematode resistance is likely to be directly correlated with the level of RNAi expression in individual plants. In Israel, all the RKN parasitism genes-RNAi constructs were successfully transformed into cucumber and melon. The transgenic lines were evaluated for expression of the transgene siRNA in leaves and roots. Those displaying transgene siRNA accumulation were passed on for nematode resistance analysis. Rl seedlings from different lines were subjected to evaluation for resistance to M. javanica. None of the lines was resistant to the nematode in contrast with US partner's results in Arabidopsis. This could be for the following reasons: a) The level of transgene siRNA was insufficient in cucumber and tomato to cause resislance. b) 111e nemalode species on cucwnber IIlay be different ur act in a different manner. c) The assay was performed in soil with a high level of nematode inoculation, and not in petri dish, which may not permit the observation of a low level of resistance.

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Noga, Edward J., Angelo Colorni, Michael G. Levy, and Ramy Avtalion. Importance of Endobiotics in Defense against Protozoan Ectoparasites of Fish. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586463.bard.

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Infectious disease is one of the most serious causes of economic loss in all sectors of aquaculture. There is a critical need to understand the molecular basis for protection against infectious disease so that safer, more reliable and more cost-effective strategies can be designed for their control. As part of this effort, the major goal of our BARD project was to determine the importance of endobiotics as a defense against protozoan ectoparasites in fish. Endobiotics, or antimicrobial polypeptides, are peptides and small proteins that are increasingly recognized as having a vital role in the innate defense of virtually all animals. One objective of our BARD project was to determine the antiparasitic potency of one specific group of endobiotics that were isolated from hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M chrysops). We found that these endobiotics, which we had previously named histone-like proteins (HLPs), exhibited potent activity against Amyloodinium and that the putative levels of HLPs in the skin were well within the levels that we found to be lethal to the parasite in vitro. We also found evidence for the presence of similar antibiotics in sea bream (Sparus aurata) and Mediterranean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). We also examined the effect of chronic stress on the expression of HLP in fish and found that HLP levels were dramatically decreased after only one week of a crowding/high ammonia sublethal stress. We also began to explore the feasibility of upregulating endobiotics via immunostimulation. However, we did not pursue this objective as fully as we originally intended because we spent a much larger effort than originally anticipated on the last objective, the attempted isolation of novel endobiotics from hybrid striped bass. In this regard, we purified and identified four new peptide endobiotics. These endobiotics, which we have named piscidins (from "Pisces" meaning fish), have potent, broad-spectrum activity against a number of both fish and human pathogens. This includes not only parasites but also bacteria. We also demonstrated that these peptides are present in the mast cell. This was the first time that the mast cell, the most common tissue granulocyte in vertebrates, was shown to possess any type of endobiotic. This finding has important implications in explaining the possible function of mast cells in the immune response of vertebrates. In summary, the research we have accomplished in this BARD project has demonstrated that endobiotics in fish have potent activity against many serious pathogens in aquaculture and that there is considerable potential to use these compounds as stress indicators in aquaculture. There is also considerable potential to use some of these compounds in other areas of medicine, including treatment of serious infectious diseases of humans and animals.

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