Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Brothers – Death'

Astrid Lindgren is one of Sweden’s most beloved writers of all time and many of her works include many hard topics, such as for example death. It has not always been as common to include such difficult topics in children's literature as it is today. The change in the sociopolitical attitude during the late 1960s brought in a new level of awareness and aspects of reality in children’s literature which is thought to be noticeable in works by Lindgren. This thesis aspires to explain kinds of representations of death prevalent in Mio's Kingdom and The Brothers Lionheart, and what these representations make visible in relation to the theoretical background based on what literary representation is and how it is constructed mostly by culture.Despite the fact that both books share similar representations of death and those feelings associated with it, the overall perception is that The Brothers Lionheart depicts death as a salvation, something to find hope in and not to be scared of to a greater extent than Mio’s Kingdom does, where death is portrayed as dark and inescapable. Furthermore, this thesis concludes that Lindgren has incorporated the standards of social realism into both of these stories and that they originate from personal experiences.

Die Arbeit befaßt sich mit den Formen des nicht natürlichen Todes und weiteren rechtsmedizinischen Sachverhalten wie Leichenerscheinungen, Scheintod, Identifizierung von Personen und Leichen, Selbstverstümmelungen und Spuren von Tätern und Opfern in den deutschen Volksmärchen. Rechtsmedizinische Zusammenhänge von Ursache und Wirkung werden nach ihrer Gültigkeit im Märchen hinterfragt. Wie werden beispielsweise Gewaltwirkungen auf äußere Erscheinungsbilder betroffener Märchenfiguren, Tötungsgeschehen und Tatwerkzeuge dargestellt? Inwiefern entsprechen Schilderungen der Tatbestände und ihre Bewertung im Märchen auch historischem Rechtsverständnis? Was unterliegt den epischen Gesetzen des Märchens? Für die rechtsmedizinische Fragestellung nach den Verletzungsspuren am Getöteten, dem Tötungsgeschehen und den Tatwerkzeugen sind die Märchen als Quelle des Volkswissens nur begrenzt verwertbar. Zum Beispiel sind keine Wunden, innere Blutungen oder kleinere Verletzungen nach Gewalteinwirkung beschrieben. Es wurden nahezu alle klassischen Todesarten wie Ertrinken, Vergiften, Verbrennen, Verhungern, Erhängen, Erfrieren, Selbsttötung und Tod durch scharfe und stumpfe Gewalt im Märchen vorgefunden und betreffende Textstellen unter Benutzung der "historisch-geographischen Methode" regional verglichen. Zusammenhänge von Ursache und Wirkung konnten jedoch nicht im Sinne einer rechtsmedizinischen Rekonstruktion des zum Tode führenden Geschehens nach heutigen Maßstäben aufgestellt werden. Das Märchen als Volksüberlieferung kennt keinen historisch konkreten Zeitbezug. Mit der zeitlich und regional variierenden Wiedergabe des Erzählstoffes fließen neue Motive und anderes Wissen mit ein. Daraus ergab sich für die Arbeit eine zurückhaltende Aufstellung von Vergleichen des rechtshistorischen Alltags und der geschilderten Märchenwirklichkeit. Der nicht natürliche Tod konnte bei der rechtsmedizinischen Untersuchung nicht unabhängig von seinem Zusammenhang im Märchen betrachtet werden. Er ist im Märchen oft ein Mittel, entsprechend den Moralvorstellungen Gerechtigkeit herzustellen, aber auch die Protagonisten von ihrem positiven Weg abzubringen. Seine sozialisierende Funktion in der Märchengesellschaft kann nicht übersehen werden.
This thesis reports about the types of the non-natural death and further issues of legal medicine in the German folk tales such as the sure signs of dead bodies, appearently dead people, identification of persons and corpses, mutilation of its own and traces of perpetrators and victims. Do forensic correlations between cause and effect appear in the fairy tales? How do fairy tales describe the violent effects to the concerned figures? outward appearance, the killing event and the tools of crime? How does the facts of the cases? description and their valuation in the fairy tales correspond to the historical comprehension of the rights? The folk tales are only of restricted use as a source of general knowledge for the forensic issue of the injury traces on a dead body, of the killing event or of the tools of crime. For example, there are not described any wounds, internal bleedings or smaller injuries after violence. Nearly all classical causes of non-natural death are found in the fairy tales: drowning, freezing to death, hanging, burning to death, poisoning, dying of starvation, suicid and death by sharp and blunt force. There could not be shown any correlations between cause and effect in the sense of a killing event?s forensic reconstruction after today's standards. The folk tales as an oral tradition are not exactly related to a certain historical period. With each new performance a story was influenced by new motivs or knowledge. For that reason the comparison between fairy tales and historical reality of everyday life is very restrained. The non-natural death as a forensic fact can only be interpretated in ist function in the folk tales. By means of the non-natural death the fairy tales? characters are doing justice corresponding to their moral ideas, but positive figures can also be pushed away from their good ways. The non-natural death? socializing function in the fairy tales? society is evident.

Death of a child is a very painful experience for parents and remaining siblings who experience physiological and emotional symptoms as described by the parents. There are few reports from the remaining siblings on their physical and emotional health and even less data on their treatments and associated health care costs after sibling loss. The purpose of this study in children who have lost a sibling in the NICU/PICU, ER or those who have been sent home on technology dependent equipment to die, is to compare parents’ and children’s perceptions of the surviving sibling’s health, identify factors related to these perceptions, and describe treatments for the sibling’s physical and mental health at 2 and 4 months after a sibling’s death. Sixty four surviving siblings and their parents reported on the siblings’ mental and overall health. Available treatment charges (visits to the emergency room, physician office, hospitalization, and any health services (mental & physical) since the sibling death were collected from bills and insurance receipts. Cause of child death (acute or chronic) was collected from the deceased child’s hospital record. The relationship between parent and sibling’s perception of the surviving sibling’s health, and anxiety and depression at 2 and 4 months post the death were measured using the Children’s Depression Inventory and the Spence Anxiety Scales. Data were analyzed using: T-Tests, ANOVA, Pearson correlations, frequencies and descriptive statistics. Findings indicated that at 2 and 4 months parent’s perceived their surviving siblings’ health to be better than the child perceived his/her health to be. At 4 months fathers rated the siblings’ health compared to their peers lower than the siblings. Greater child anxiety was related to lower father’s ratings of the child’s health now and compared to peers. Treatments and charges increased from 2 months to 4 months with males having more treatments than females. The majority of the treatments consisted of routine physician visits, non-routine physician visits, emergency room/urgent care visits and counseling. Study findings can help guide healthcare providers and educators in identifying those children that are at high risk for negative health effects after the death of a sibling.

La noblesse du Sarladais avait la réputation d'être pléthorique et désargentée, mais ce point de vue traditionnel doit être nuancé : les nobles n'étaient nombreux que dans les villes de Sarlat, de Monpazier, et dans les vallées. Ils étaient effectivement pauvres, mais leurs lignées étaient anciennes : un partage favorable à l'aîné et l'exercice d'activités sans dérogeance pour les cadets permettaient aux uns et aux autres de se distinguer de leur environnement social. Leurs relations avec l'Etat évoluèrent : aux XVI ° et XVII ° siècles, la noblesse lutta pour son indépendance, encouragée par les La Tour d'Auvergne, dont la vicomté de Turenne était souveraine. Vers 1740, avec le déclin de cette lignée, le second ordre se soumit au monarque : il s'intégra dans ses clientèles pour le servir, et il renforça ses liens avec lui, par des unions avec de vieilles lignées d'officiers, qui faisaient de l'ancienneté un élément essentiel de l'identité nobiliaire. Bien que vaincus, les nobles envisagèrent de réformer l'Etat absolutiste, car la noblesse voulait rester maîtresse chez elle en se protégeant de la domination parisienne et bordelaise. Mais, la réforme n'était pas sans risques, car la noblesse était isolée : d'une attitude ambivalente avec la bourgeoisie, elle se heurtait à des paysans hostiles aux droits féodaux, qu'un noble pauvre ne pouvait abandonner sans perdre sa supériorité dans la paroisse
The nobility of Sarlat region was know to be overed and penniless, but this reputation needs to be qualified : the noblemen were numerous only in Sarlat, Monpazier and the valleys. They were poor indeed, but their lineage was ancient : the sharing out was in favor of the eldest and the activities reserved to the nobility of the younger brothers allowed them to distinguish themselves from their social environment. The relationships between the nobility and the State also deserve a closer investigation : throughout the 16 th and the 17 th centuries, the nobility fought for its independence, and it's supported by La Tour d'Auvergne whose the viscountey of Turenne was sovereign. Around 1740, with the decline of this lineage, the members of the "second ordre" submitted themselves to the Monarch and joined as it's followers to serve him. Trough this, they also strengthened bonds with him through the unions of old officer lineages for whom length of service was the fundamental element of the identity nobility. Although they had been defeated, the noblemen considered that it was a necessity to reform the absolutistic State, for the nobility wanted to remain in control protecting itself from the domination of Paris and Bordeaux. Yet, the reforme included risks, for the nobility was isolated : its ties with the "bourgeoisie" were ambivalents, but they faced farmers hostile to the feudals rights which a poor nobleman could not give up on, without losing superiority within the parish

La noblesse du Sarladais avait la réputation d'être pléthorique et désargentée, mais ce point de vue traditionnel doit être nuancé : les nobles n'étaient nombreux que dans les villes de Sarlat, de Monpazier, et dans les vallées. Ils étaient effectivement pauvres, mais leurs lignées étaient anciennes : un partage favorable à l'aîné et l'exercice d'activités sans dérogeance pour les cadets permettaient aux uns et aux autres de se distinguer de leur environnement social. Leurs relations avec l'Etat évoluèrent : aux XVI ° et XVII ° siècles, la noblesse lutta pour son indépendance, encouragée par les La Tour d'Auvergne, dont la vicomté de Turenne était souveraine. Vers 1740, avec le déclin de cette lignée, le second ordre se soumit au monarque : il s'intégra dans ses clientèles pour le servir, et il renforça ses liens avec lui, par des unions avec de vieilles lignées d'officiers, qui faisaient de l'ancienneté un élément essentiel de l'identité nobiliaire. Bien que vaincus, les nobles envisagèrent de réformer l'Etat absolutiste, car la noblesse voulait rester maîtresse chez elle en se protégeant de la domination parisienne et bordelaise. Mais, la réforme n'était pas sans risques, car la noblesse était isolée : d'une attitude ambivalente avec la bourgeoisie, elle se heurtait à des paysans hostiles aux droits féodaux, qu'un noble pauvre ne pouvait abandonner sans perdre sa supériorité dans la paroisse
The nobility of Sarlat region was know to be overed and penniless, but this reputation needs to be qualified : the noblemen were numerous only in Sarlat, Monpazier and the valleys. They were poor indeed, but their lineage was ancient : the sharing out was in favor of the eldest and the activities reserved to the nobility of the younger brothers allowed them to distinguish themselves from their social environment. The relationships between the nobility and the State also deserve a closer investigation : throughout the 16 th and the 17 th centuries, the nobility fought for its independence, and it's supported by La Tour d'Auvergne whose the viscountey of Turenne was sovereign. Around 1740, with the decline of this lineage, the members of the "second ordre" submitted themselves to the Monarch and joined as it's followers to serve him. Trough this, they also strengthened bonds with him through the unions of old officer lineages for whom length of service was the fundamental element of the identity nobility. Although they had been defeated, the noblemen considered that it was a necessity to reform the absolutistic State, for the nobility wanted to remain in control protecting itself from the domination of Paris and Bordeaux. Yet, the reforme included risks, for the nobility was isolated : its ties with the "bourgeoisie" were ambivalents, but they faced farmers hostile to the feudals rights which a poor nobleman could not give up on, without losing superiority within the parish

M.A.
This study explores the grief experiences of young adult siblings in the aftermath of murder. This research was motivated, firstly, by the perceived lack of focus on siblings, often referred to as the ‘disenfranchised grievers’ and, secondly, by the vulnerability of the young adult population who bear the scars of South Africa’s high levels of crime and violence. Three young adults were recruited to participate in interviews, in which they described their lived experience of loss. Data collection and the analysis were guided by a phenomenological research design resulting in the identification of five major themes: 1) Shock, disbelief and horror, 2) Intent and rage, 3) Recollecting and withdrawal, 4) Rupture and fragmentation, and 5) Resilience, healing and growth. These themes are discussed in relation to the research literature on sibling grief and homicide bereavement. In the concluding chapter, the key strengths and limitations of this study are reviewed and the implications of the findings of this research for further investigations are discussed

M.A. (Psychology)
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is the most prevalent cause of death in infants between one and twelve months of age. Most deaths attributed to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome occur between 1 and 4 months of age. There is a marked decrease after this age in the number of deaths classified as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. It is usually defined as the sudden death of any infant usually during sleep which is unexpected by history and in which a thorough postmortem examination tails to demonstrate an adequate cause tor death (Foundation for the Study of Infant Deaths, 1989) • Epidemiologic, pathologic and physiologic data suggest the mechanism ot Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is complex, characterized by interaction at many levels ot the neural axis, between the organism and the environment and spanning both pre- and post-natal lite. Observations suggest that the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome infant has experienced adverse influences prenatally Which may make him peculiarly vulnerable to postnatal environmental stress (Valdes Dapena, 1988). However, the specific nature and cause of this condition continues to elude both scientists and practitioners. In the last few years research has shed some light on various epidemiologic aspects of the problem, on pathologic anatomy and on clinical issues such as the relative importance of spontaneous, prolonged, idiopathic apnea. Some Sudden Infant Death Syndrome victims showed evidence of neonatal brain dysfunction, including abnormalities in respiration, feeding and temperature regulation and have been shown to have pathologic abnormalities consistent with chronic hypoxia (Kelly' Shannon, 1982). Once again, however, the research appears not to be conclusive, leaving many unanswered questions...

M.A.
A child's life-threatening illness has severe implications for the family. Changes in lifestyle which result from an illness of this nature influence the child-patient's own life, as well as the lives of people who are in close contact with him, i.e. his parents and healthy siblings. Literature on the subject suggests that the healthy siblings suffer due to the illness and that their needs are not addressed during the illness. They often become the victims of emotional neglect, due to the lack of meaningful contact with their parents. Literature also suggests that parents often judge their healthy children to he handling the situation of one child's lifethreatening illness far more successfully than they actually are. Healthy siblings may also develop death anxiety due to this experience. Due to these, and various other reasons, the healthy siblings of children with life-threatening illnesses constitute a population which is at risk of developing moderate and severe personal, social and psychological problems. The aim of this study was to investigate how healthy siblings experience a child's lifethreatening illness and how this experience influences the healthy siblings. The study also aimed to determine the effect of a child's life-threatening illness on healthy siblings' levels of death anxiety. These aims were achieved by conducting interviews with healthy siblings, as well as their parents. The three families which were included in this study were contacted through a local state hospital. In all three families one child had been diagnosed with a life-threatening illness. All the healthy siblings who were interviewed were between the ages of nine and 16. Both qualitative and quantitative data analyses were incorporated by this study. The qualitative data for the study was gathered by means of open-ended interviews with healthy siblings and their parents. These interviews were then analysed according to the phenomenological research method. The quantitative data for the study was gathered by means of the Death Anxiety Questionnaire for Children (Malan, 1996) which was constructed far the study. The results of the qualitative data of all the participants of the study were combined in the final analysis, to determine how healthy siblings experience a child's life-threatening illness and what effect this experience has on them. The quantitative results of the study were analysed and interpreted in association with the qualitative results. The findings of this study suggest that a child's life-threatening illness constitutes a traumatic and emotional experience for the child's healthy siblings. Various conclusions were drawn as to the effects which this experience may have on the healthy siblings. The study also determined that a child's life-threatening illness influences healthy siblings' levels of death anxiety. According to these findings hypotheses may be set for future research. The results of this study is of value to the fields of psychology, social work and medicine. In the .fields of counselling and child psychology, the results serve to improve the understanding of families, and especially , children, who are experiencing the life-threatening disease of a family member. In the fields of social work and medicine the results serve to improve the relations between professionals and families of child-patients with life-threatening illnesses.

Doctoral thesis in Interuniversity Doctorate in Psychology, Specialty Clinical Psychology – Subject area: Family Psychology and Family Intervention, submitted to the Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences of the University of Coimbra.
Background The death of a child impacts negatively several dimensions of parents’ lives and parental adjustment encompasses coping with individual grief and relational processes. When a child dies, parents are confronted with the need to address both the changes in themselves as individuals as well as in the relationship with their partners. Also, the adjustment to a child’s death impacts both parents, thus challenging them with the expectation of providing support to their partner while coping individually. Furthermore, the psychological adjustment of parents within a couple is not independent. Despite the interpersonal context in which parental grieving occurs, research with bereaved parents has been particularly focused on individual processes. A deep understanding of the phenomenon of parental bereavement and an approach that acknowledges the multidimensional (individual and relational) and dynamic complexity of bereaved parents’ grief after the loss of a child is essential. Hence, the general aims of our study were: to obtain a view of individual and relational processes inherent to parents’ adjustment (phase I); to identify the determinants and processes (individual, shared and relational) underlying parents’ individual and marital adjustment (phase II); and to examine the interdependence and interactive processes among bereaved couples (phase III). Methods This multi-method research project included three distinct research phases. In the first phase, a systematic review of empirical studies on the topic of marital adaptation of bereaved parents was conducted. This systematic review aimed to explore (1) the impact of the death of a child in the marital relationship, and (2) the influence of the marital relationship in the individual adjustment. The second phase focused on the cross-sectional examination of adjustment processes and outcomes in a sample of bereaved parents, including both quantitative (N = 197) and qualitative (N = 18) data purposely collected for this research project. Through self-report questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, information was gathered regarding: (1) sociodemographic characteristics and data regarding circumstances of death; (2) parents’ individual (grief, posttraumatic growth) and marital adjustment (dyadic adjustment); and (3) parents’ individual (continuing bonds, resilience) and marital (dyadic coping [DC] and interpersonal coping) resources, as well as parents’ perception of interactive processes. The third research phase focused on the analysis of interdependence among bereaved couples. We used dyadic longitudinal data of a previous research project collected from a sample of 227 bereaved couples (at 6, 13, and 20 months post-loss) on meaning-made and individual coping. Results Results from the systematic review of studies (phase I) indicated that a child’s death can have cohesive and detrimental effects on the couple’s relationship, depending on situational, dyad- and individual-level factors. Aspects such as marital quality and the couple’s interdependence were found to influence parents’ individual adjustment. Regarding the objectives in phase II, being a female, having lost a younger child, and having higher levels of resilience, internalized continuing bonds and stress communication by the partner were associated with higher levels of posttraumatic growth. Also, significant indirect effects of parents’ grief response on dyadic adjustment were found through stress communication by oneself and by the partner, positive DC by the partner; negative DC by the partner and joint DC. The timing of death (before vs. after birth) moderated the association between grief response and dyadic adjustment and between joint DC and dyadic adjustment. Finally, parents’ perceptions of positive interpersonal coping processes involved search for meaning, communication with the partner and behaviors with the function of protecting the partner and the relationship. In addition, parents perceived their individual grief and coping to influence the marital relationship, specifically communication, conflicts and support. On the other hand, support within the relationship was perceived to influence parents’ individual grief and coping. These interactive processes within bereaved parents functioned through interdependence between partners, and empathy and emotion contagion. Regarding the objective of phase III, we found that the combination of the parents’ own loss coping orientation and restoration coping orientation had a positive effect in parents’ meaning-made, whereas partners’ loss coping orientation had a negative effect. Conclusions The results from the present project highlight the need to: 1) account for the specific effect of the death of a child on marital relationships; 2) recognize the complex and bidirectional relationship between individual grief and the marital relationship, and how and when certain interpersonal interactions between bereaved partners impact the marital relationship; 3) acknowledge and optimize the potential protective effect of the interpersonal processes for parents individually and as couples; and 4) incorporate individual-level support in order to help bereaved partners to consider the consequences of their coping processes for themselves and their partners. Our results also enhance the relevance of emphasizing the wide-ranging types of factors contributing to salutogenic adjustment outcomes, namely posttraumatic growth and meaning-made.
Introdução A morte de um filho afeta negativamente várias dimensões da vida dos pais e o ajustamento parental envolve lidar com o luto individual e processos relacionais. Quando um filho morre, os pais são confrontados com a necessidade de lidar tanto com as mudanças em si mesmos como indivíduos, assim como na relação com o seu cônjuge. Ainda, o ajustamento à morte de um filho afeta ambos os pais, desafiando-os com a expectativa de apoiarem o companheiro ao mesmo tempo que lidam individualmente com a perda. Para além disso, o ajustamento psicológico dos pais enquanto casais não é independente. Apesar do contexto interpessoal em que o luto parental ocorre, a investigação com pais enlutados tem-se focado particularmente em processos individuais. Uma compreensão aprofundada do fenómeno do luto parental e uma abordagem que reconheça a complexidade multidimensional (individual e relacional) e dinâmica do luto dos pais após a perda de um filho é essencial. Neste sentido, os objetivos gerais do nosso estudo foram: obter uma visão dos processos individuais e relacionais inerentes ao ajustamento dos pais (fase I); identificar os determinantes e processos (individuais, compartilhados e relacionais) subjacentes ao ajustamento individual e conjugal dos pais (fase II); e examinar a interdependência e os processos interativos entre os casais enlutados (fase III). Metodologia O presente projeto de investigação incluiu três fases distintas. Na primeira fase, realizou-se uma revisão sistemática de estudos empíricos sobre a adaptação conjugal dos pais em luto. Esta revisão sistemática teve como objetivo explorar (1) o impacto da morte de um filho na relação conjugal e (2) a influência da relação conjugal no ajustamento individual. A segunda fase centrou-se no estudo transversal dos processos de ajustamento numa amostra de pais em luto pela morte de um filho, incluindo dados quantitativos (N = 197) e qualitativos (N = 18) recolhidos para este projeto de investigação. Através de questionários de autorrelato e entrevistas semiestruturadas, foi recolhida informação sobre: (1) dados sociodemográficos e dados relativos às circunstâncias da morte; (2) ajustamento individual dos pais (resposta de luto, crescimento pós-traumático) e conjugal (ajustamento diádico); e (3) recursos individuais (manutenção de vínculo, resiliência) e conjugais (coping diádico [CD] e coping interpessoal), bem como a perceção dos pais sobre os processos interativos. A terceira fase centrou-se na análise da interdependência entre os casais em luto. Utilizamos, nesta fase, dados diádicos longitudinais de um projeto de investigação anterior recolhidos de uma amostra de 227 casais em luto (6, 13 e 20 meses pós-morte) sobre o encontrar de um sentido na perda e o coping individual. Resultados Os resultados da revisão sistemática (fase I) indicaram que a morte de um filho pode ter efeitos coesivos ou prejudiciais na relação de casal, dependendo de fatores situacionais, diádicos e individuais. Aspetos como a qualidade conjugal e a interdependência do casal parecem influenciar o ajustamento individual dos pais. Em relação aos objetivos na fase II, ser mulher, ter perdido um filho mais novo, ter níveis mais elevados de resiliência, manutenção do vínculo de tipo internalizada e comunicação de stresse do cônjuge mostraram-se associados a maiores níveis de crescimento pós-traumático. Para além disso, foram encontrados efeitos indiretos significativos do luto parental no ajustamento diádico através da comunicação do stresse do próprio e do cônjuge, CD positivo do cônjuge; CD negativo do cônjuge e CD conjunto. O momento da morte (antes ou após o nascimento) moderou a associação entre o luto parental e o ajustamento diádico, e entre o CD conjunto e o ajustamento diádico. Finalmente, a perceção dos pais sobre os processos positivos de coping interpessoal envolveram a procura de um sentido na perda, comunicação com o cônjuge e comportamentos com a função de proteger o cônjuge e a relação. Os pais percecionaram que o luto e o coping individuais influenciaram a relação conjugal, especificamente a comunicação, os conflitos e o apoio no casal. Por outro lado, foi percecionado que o apoio no casal influenciava o luto e o coping individual dos pais. Esses processos interativos entre os pais operavam através da interdependência entre os cônjuges, e a empatia e contágio emocional. Em relação ao objetivo da fase III, a combinação do coping orientado para a perda com o coping orientado para a restauração teve um efeito positivo no encontrar um sentido na perda, mas o coping orientado para a perda (isoladamente) do companheiro teve um efeito negativo. Conclusões Os resultados do presente projeto de investigação destacam a necessidade de: 1) reconhecer o efeito específico da morte de um filho nas relações conjugais; 2) reconhecer a relação complexa e bidirecional entre o luto individual e a relação conjugal, e como e quando certas interações interpessoais entre os cônjuges afetam a relação conjugal; 3) reconhecer e otimizar o efeito potencialmente protetor dos processos interpessoais para os pais individualmente e como casais; e 4) incorporar apoio a nível individual para ajudar os pais a terem em conta as consequências dos seus processos de coping para si e para o cônjuge. Os nossos resultados salientam ainda a relevância de considerar a abrangência de tipos de fatores que contribuem para um ajustamento saudável à perda, nomeadamente o crescimento pós-traumático e o encontrar de um sentido na perda.

Brothers submarine caldera volcano is one of 30 large volcanic centres that comprise the Kermadec arc, which stretches for ~1300 km NE of New Zealand. The NW Caldera vent field at Brothers straddles the caldera wall and hosts numerous, active, high-temperature (up to 302°C) black smoker chimneys and a greater number of inactive, sulfide-rich spires. The addition of magmatic fluids to the hydrothermal system is indicated by high \(^3He\), `CO_(2(g))`, and `H_2S_((g))` concentrations, low pH, and negative `δ^(15)N` and `δD_(H2O)` values for the vent fluids, in concert with local advanced argillic alteration assemblages in the host rocks. This study examines the mineralogy, trace element composition and Cu isotopes of the sulphide chimneys to test the hypothesis that magmatic fluids significantly affect the composition of mineralization at Brothers NW Caldera vent field. Petrographic analysis was undertaken to describe chimney mineralogy and formation. Chimney types were identified based on the composition and relative proportion of mineralogical layers. Two are Zn-rich, i.e., sphalerite-chalcopyrite and sphalerite-barite chimneys, and two are Cu-rich, i.e., chalcopyrite-sulfate and chalcopyrite-bornite chimneys. Discovery of small Bi-Au telluride inclusions explains previously enigmatic whole rock Au contents up to 91 ppm. Enriched Bi contents are commensurate with large amounts of sediment being subducted at the Kermadec trench, whereas the Bi-Au association suggests liquid Bi scavenged Au. Both findings are consistent with magmatic contributions to the NW Caldera vent site. Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) was used to produce high-resolution trace element maps (2 μm beam, covering `84 – 136 mm^2`) of Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Pb ± Ga, Au, Bi and U distribution across the inner chimney walls. In addition, lower resolution (47 μm beam) maps generated by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) imaged those same elements, plus Ca, Co, Ni, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Ba, Tl ± V and Te. Elemental zonation and textural features of sphalerite in the two Znrich chimneys show a progression of sphalerite replacement by chalcopyrite. The two Cu-rich chimneys show contrasting formation styles based on their massive chalcopyrite linings. The first displays elongate chalcopyrite grains radiating into and infilling the conduit, which merge together some millimetres from the centre. The second style shows deposition of successive laminations (0.25 - 1 mm) of chalcopyrite inside the conduit that progressively narrowed the orifice. Additionally, fine (15 - 40 μm) rings of concentrated trace elements occur within, and between, the laminations of Co, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Te, Au, Tl, Pb, Bi and U. The presence of U specifically indicates repeated, brief incursions of seawater into the chimney interior, during which perturbation of the resultant chemical gradients induced abrupt precipitation of these elements. Thus, the rings are a proxy for secular variations in vent fluid composition. Calculated enrichment factors, used to differentiate magmatically-derived elements, are generally consistent between the chimney trace element rings, fumarole condensates from subaerial volcanoes, and a ‘pond’ of molten (condensed) sulfur atop a submarine volcano. These indicate that Au, Te, Bi, Se, Ag and Cu in Brothers chimneys have a magmatic source. Isotopic analysis of primary chalcopyrite was utilized to investigate high-temperature hydrothermal Cu isotope fractionation at Brothers. The majority of the samples range between `δ^(65)Cu` = ~0.00 and 0.50‰, which is representative of a mantle source for the Cu. A few higher `δ^(65)Cu` values (>0.90‰) occur randomly distributed through chalcopyrite of the same age (<1 yr) in two chimneys. This suggests the higher `δ^(65)Cu` values are not related to seawater oxidation, which would decrease `δ^(65)Cu values in residual chalcopyrite, but rather could indicate isotopic variation within the vent fluids. Theoretical studies show significant isotopic fractionation can occur between aqueous and vaporous complexing species. Thus, given the evidence for magmatic volatiles at Brothers, vapour transport of Cu could account for the observed isotopic fractionation, again consistent with a magmatic origin. In summary, the application of techniques ranging from petrography to element mapping to Cu isotopes, shows that Au, Te, Bi, Se, Ag and Cu in this high-temperature, seafloor hydrothermal system are derived by magmatic fluids, where Bimelts concentrated Au effectively and Cu may be transported by vapour.