Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bruce F'

This essay examines the role of repetition in the two novels Älskaren (The Lover) by Marguerite Duras and Den amerikanska flickan (The American Girl) by Monika Fagerholm, through a thematic and comparative reading. The study mainly uses Bruce F. Kawin’s analysis of repetition in literature and language as well as it refers to Cathy Jellenik and her analysis of rewriting in the works of Duras. The study also takes into Julia Kristeva’s idea of Duras as a writer lacking of catharsis. Furthermore, the essay analyses both novels by applying Sigmund Freud’s term “repetition compulsion”. The essay shows how Fagerholm and Duras both use permissive writing, which means that the authors boldly write clichéd replications in their texts. Both writers practice what Kristeva calls “an aesthetics of awkwardness”. Aswell, the authors both question whether a story at all is able to be told: they work with what Jellenik calls “an aesthetics of doubt”, but in different ways. Moreover, by using the work of Kawin, the essay shows how the authors have different ways of handling time. The study shows indications of repetition compulsion in the characters and also exemplifies instances of what Kristeva calls “reduplication”. Through this a fragmentary and Nietzschean perspective of the self is displayed in the novels. The study review how Duras can be said to be a writer lacking of catharsis, while Fagerholm on the other hand liberates one of her protagonists from repetition compulsion by allowing the character to undergo a catharsis. Finally, the essay conclusion points out that Duras and Fagerholm are postmodern writers who know how to challenge the concept of truth. Even if they are different writers in many aspects, they both use repetition as a method to express something unspeakable. They can be said to write also by an aesthetics of search for the truth; a search for an origin tale which they both argue as biased and is therefore impossible to capture.

One of the greatest problems for sub-Saharan Africa is shortage of epidemiological data to support planning for provision of adequate public and animal health services. The overriding challenge is to provide the necessary resources to facilitate the process of regular data collection in support of disease surveillance and vector monitoring across target regions. Due to such circumstances, there is currently an increasing interest towards devising cheaper but yet significantly reliable means for availing the needed epidemiological and vector data for planning purpose. This study comes as a contribution towards solving such challenges. The study has three research components starting with a review of past Uganda national tsetse and trypanosomiasis control efforts as a means towards appreciating the dynamics of controlling the vector and disease. This is an analysis of what was applied, what worked, what didn't, and why it didn’t as linked to the broader vector and disease control system. Secondly through the use of remote sensing, geographical information systems and global positioning technologies tsetse species were sampled within Lake Victoria Basin. Only two species of tsetse were trapped, G. f. fG. f. fuscipes which was widely distributed across the surveyed area, and G. Pallidipes which was detected in a few isolated locations close to the border with Kenya in Eastern Uganda. The analysis of land cover with tsetse findings showed an important association between G. f. fuscipes and particular vegetation mosaics. Unfortunately, while the results are highly informative, approaches for data collection such as this one are costly and unlikely to be sustained by the already over-burdened health systems in the low developed countries of Africa. The third and main part of this study investigates, demonstrates and delivers the possibilities of applying spatial epidemiological modelling techniques to produce both tsetse distribution and abundance maps. Four spatial and non-spatial regression models (Logistic, Autologistic, Negative binomial and Auto-negative binomial), were constructed and used to predict tsetse fly presence and tsetse fly abundance for the study area. The product is an improved understanding of association between environmental variables and tsetse fly distribution/abundance and maps providing continuous representations of the probability of tsetse occurrence and predicted tsetse abundance across the study area. The results indicate that tsetse presence and abundance are influenced differently. Tsetse abundance is highly determined by river systems while tsetse presence is majorly influenced by forested landscapes. Therefore, efforts to control trypanosomiasis through vector control in the Lake Victoria basin will call for delineation of such clearly identified high tsetse accumulation zones for targeted tsetse control operations. This will ensure optimum utilization of the scarce resources and above all contribute to the protection of humans and animals against trypanosomiasis infection.

Trypanosoma brucei causes African sleeping sickness in humans and Nagana in cattle. There are no vaccines available against the disease and the current treatment is also not satisfactory because of inefficacy and numerous side effects of the used drugs. T. brucei lacks de novo synthesis of purine nucleosides; hence it depends on the host to make its purine nucleotides. T. brucei has a high affinity adenosine kinase (TbAK), which phosphorylates adenosine, deoxyadenosine (dAdo), inosine and their analogs. RNAi experiments confirmed that TbAK is responsible for the salvage of dAdo and the toxicity of its substrate analogs. Cell growth assays with the dAdo analogs, Ara-A and F-Ara-A, suggested that TbAK could be exploited for drug development against the disease. It has previously been shown that when T. brucei cells were cultivated in the presence of 1 mM deoxyadenosine (dAdo), they showed accumulation of dATP and depletion of ATP nucleotides. The altered nucleotide levels were toxic to the trypanosomes. However the salvage of dAdo in trypanosomes was dramatically reduced below 0.5 mM dAdo. Radiolabeled dAdo experiments showed that it (especially at low concentrations) is cleaved to adenine and converted to ATP. The recombinant methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (TbMTAP) cleaved methylthioadenosine, dAdo and adenosine into adenine and sugar-1-P in a phosphate-dependent manner. The trypanosomes became more sensitive to dAdo when TbMTAP was down-regulated in RNAi experiments. The RNAi experiments confirmed that trypanosomes avoid dATP accumulation by cleaving dAdo. The TbMTAP cleavage-resistant nucleoside analogs, FANA-A and Ara-A, successfully cured T. brucei-infected mice. The DNA building block dTTP can be synthesized either via thymidylate synthase in the de novo pathway or via thymidine kinase (TK) by salvage synthesis. We found that T. brucei and three other parasites contain a tandem TK where the gene sequence was repeated twice or four times in a single open reading frame. The recombinant T. brucei TK, which belongs to the TK1 family, showed broad substrate specificity. The enzyme phosphorylated the pyrimidine nucleosides thymidine and deoxyuridine, as well as the purine nucleosides deoxyinosine and deoxyguanosine. When the repeated sequences of the tandem TbTK were expressed individually as domains, only domain 2 was active. However, the protein could not dimerize and had a 5-fold reduced affinity to its pyrimidine substrates but a similar turnover number as the full-length enzyme. The expressed domain 1 was inactive and sequence analysis revealed that some active residues, which are needed for substrate binding and catalysis, are absent. Generally, the TK1 family enzymes form dimers or tetramers and the quaternary structure is linked to the affinity for the substrates. The covalently linked inactive domain-1 helps domain-2 to form a pseudodimer for the efficient binding of substrates. In addition, we discovered a repetition of an 89-bp sequence in both domain 1 and domain 2, which suggests a genetic exchange between the two domains. T. brucei is very dependent on de novo synthesis via ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) for the production of dNTPs. Even though T. brucei RNR belongs to the class Ia RNR family and contains an ATP-binding cone, it lacks inhibition by dATP. The mechanism behind the RNR activation by ATP and inactivation by dATP was a puzzle for a long time in the ~50 years of RNR research. We carried out oligomerization studies on mouse and E. coli RNRs, which belongs to the same family as T. brucei, to get an understanding of the molecular mechanism behind overall activity regulation. We found that the oligomerization status of RNRs and overall activity mechanism are interlinked with each other.<br>Targeting the nucleotide metabolism of the mammalian pathogen Trypanosoma brucei.

La rouille brune due a puccinia recondita f. Sp. Tritici est une tres grave maladie du ble dans le sud-ouest de la france. Sa biologie a ete analysee pour comprendre l'origine des variations dans la dynamique des epidemies. Apres avoir detaille le fonctionnement de la lutte phytosanitaire, nous avons etudie la maladie en conditions naturelles pour decrire ses differentes phases. Nous avons observe le pathogene sur les repousses a la fin de l'ete, au cours de l'automne et en hiver. Les contaminations primaires ont ete detectees des la levee des bles en automne. La maladie a ete mise en evidence durant l'hiver sur les cultures. Nous avons rencontre au printemps un hyperparasite (sphaerellopsis filum) qui peut occasionnellement modifier l'evolution de la maladie. A partir de la montaison des bles, il se distingue deux phases d'evolution successives. La premiere prepare l'epidemie. Quelques uredosores y sont visibles avec un niveau d'attaque tres faible. Elle peut durer de quelques jours a quelques semaines. La seconde est l'expansion epidemique rapide conduisant a de graves baisses de rendement. L'epoque de declenchement de cette phase presente une tres forte variation locale, regionale et annuelle. Le demarrage de l'explosion epidemique a ete correle avec les humidites relatives elevees (duree et moyenne) et la temperature moyenne. Nous avons utilise ces equations comme elements previsionnels et decisionnels pour le premier traitement fongicide

Dans le cadre de la recherche de planètes extrasolaires et de naines brunes, cette thèse innove en se focalisant sur le cas d'étoiles naines de type spectral A et F, plus chaudes que le Soleil. J'ai développé une nouvelle méthode de mesure de vitesses radiales, que j'ai testée puis appliquée lors de recherches systématiques avec les spectrographes ELODIE et HARPS, qui a abouti pour le moment à la découverte de deux planètes et d'une naine brune, et de nombreux candidats. J'ai aussi développé des diagnostics de la présence de pulsations ou d'activité affectant la surface stellaire et les vitesses radiales mesurées. J'ai aussi conduit cette recherche en imagerie directe à haute résolution angulaire, en utilisant les instruments PUEO et NACO. Les compagnons candidats détectés doivent être confirmés. Cette recherche permettra d'établir les caractéristiques des planètes et naines brunes autour d'étoiles A et F, et l'influence de la masse de l'étoile-hôte sur les processus de formation.

[EN] Small dwelling and urban form. German modern city bases. Small dwelling and urban form are the main concepts in which this research is based. The intention is to determine the characteristics of the German city where the modern architecture of Neues Bauen is developed. The small dwelling, as a new type lacking in an immediate historical precedent, arises from the need to house a new class of the industrial proletariat. The urban form as a different configuration which the city acquires. This is a result of the transformations that its growth demands in order to adapt to a new social reality. In Germany, as in the rest of Europe, the origin of the small dwelling came from the need to improve the living conditions of the worker. A reaction that was produced mainly from philanthropy but also as a guarantee in keeping some established social conditions. The movement for housing reform, set out by private initiatives, effectively solves new forms for a small, hygienic and functional dwelling that was accessible to a part of the working masses, establishing solid and functional criteria that would be maintained as the principles of a typology in the configuration of the modern dwelling at the beginning of the 20th century. The great German city, represented mainly by Berlin in this research, outlines its expansion through an imported urban idea that has, as its main interest, the monumental expression of the urban space. With a system originated in the interior reform processes of the French city, it outlines the exterior expansion of the German city as a continued imposing construction, in which the small dwelling only constitutes a dense internal filling. This "petrous sea", as Muthesius defines a city that extends concentrated to its limits, would be seen as incompatible with the small dwelling that was needed. Once this inconsistency was recognized and with a new scientific approach to the construction of the city, a transformation process was begun towards a new urban model that took into consideration the need for a small and healthy dwelling and returns to the citizen the contact with nature, a sense that is a deeply ingrained in German people. From the ideas and actions of the leading figures in this process, gathered in original documents, the research advances in the recognition of the typical and essential characteristics of a German city, that, at the start of the third decade of the 20th century, bases its modern quality in common criteria relative to the separation of urban functions, the insertion of green in the city and the value of public space. On this modern German city of first post-war Europe, the specific solution of the architecture of Neues Bauen will be built.<br>[ES] Vivienda pequeña y forma urbana. Fundamentos de la ciudad moderna alemana. Vivienda pequeña y forma urbana son los conceptos sobre los que se fundamenta esta investigación que quiere determinar las características de la ciudad alemana en la que se desarrolla la arquitectura moderna del Neues Bauen. La vivienda pequeña como un nuevo tipo carente de un antecedente histórico inmediato, que surge de la necesidad de alojar a la nueva clase del proletariado industrial. La forma urbana como la distinta configuración que adquiere la ciudad, consecuencia de las transformaciones que exige su crecimiento para adecuarse a una nueva realidad social. En Alemania, como en el resto de los países de Europa, la vivienda pequeña tiene su origen al reconocerse la necesidad de mejora de las condiciones de vida del trabajador. Una reacción que se produce desde la filantropía principalmente, pero también como garantía del mantenimiento de unas condiciones sociales establecidas. El movimiento para la reforma de la vivienda, planteado desde iniciativas particulares, resuelve de manera eficaz nuevas formas para una vivienda pequeña, higiénica, funcional y accesible a una parte de esta masa obrera, estableciendo sólidos criterios funcionales que se mantienen como principios de una tipología en la configuración de la vivienda moderna en los comienzos del siglo XX. La gran ciudad alemana, representada en esta investigación por Berlín principalmente, plantea su expansión sobre una idea urbana importada, que tiene en la expresión monumental del espacio urbano su mayor interés. Con un sistema originado en los procesos de reforma interior de la ciudad francesa, se traza la ampliación exterior de la ciudad alemana como un continuo edificado imponente, en el que la vivienda pequeña sólo constituye un relleno interior denso. Este "mar pétreo", como define Muthesius a una ciudad que se extiende concentrada hasta su límite, se mostrará incompatible con la vivienda pequeña que se necesita. Desde el reconocimiento de esta incoherencia y con una nueva aproximación científica a la construcción de la ciudad, se inicia el proceso de transformación hacia un nuevo modelo urbano que considere la necesidad de la vivienda pequeña saludable y retorne al ciudadano el contacto con la naturaleza, un sentimiento vernáculo de gran arraigo en el pueblo alemán. A partir del estudio de las ideas y actuaciones de los protagonistas de este proceso, recogidas en documentos originales, la investigación avanza en el reconocimiento de las características propias y fundamentales de una ciudad alemana que, en el comienzo de la tercera década del siglo XX, basa su cualidad de moderna en criterios comunes relativos a la separación de las funciones urbanas, la inserción del verde en la ciudad y el valor del espacio público. Sobre esta ciudad moderna alemana de la primera posguerra europea se construirá la específica solución de la arquitectura del Neues Bauen.<br>[CAT] Habitatge petit i forma urbana. Fonaments de la ciutat moderna alemanya. Habitatge petit i forma urbana són els conceptes sobre els quals es fonamenta aquest treball de recerca, que vol determinar les característiques de la ciutat alemanya en la qual es desenvolupa l'arquitectura moderna del Neues Bauen. L'habitatge petit com un nou tipus mancat d'un antecedent històric immediat, que sorgeix de la necessitat d'allotjar la nova classe del proletariat industrial. La forma urbana com la diferent configuració que adquireix la ciutat, conseqüència de les transformacions que exigeix el creixement d'aquesta per a adequar-se a una nova realitat social. A Alemanya, com a la resta dels països d'Europa, l'habitatge petit té l'origen en el reconeixement de la necessitat de millora de les condicions de vida dels treballadors. Una reacció que es produeix principalment des de la filantropia, però també com a garantia del manteniment d'unes condicions socials establides. El moviment per a la reforma de l'habitatge, plantejat des d'iniciatives particulars, resol de manera eficaç noves formes per a un habitatge petit, higiènic, funcional i accessible a una part d'aquesta massa obrera, i estableix uns criteris funcionals sòlids que es mantenen com a principis d'una tipologia en la configuració de l'habitatge modern en els inicis del segle xx. La gran ciutat alemanya, representada en aquest treball per Berlín principalment, es planteja l'expansió sobre una idea urbana importada que té el major interès en l'expressió monumental de l'espai urbà. Amb un sistema originat en els processos de reforma interior de la ciutat francesa, l'ampliació exterior de la ciutat alemanya es traça com un contínuum edificat imposant, en el qual l'habitatge petit només constitueix un farciment interior dens. Aquesta "mar pètria", com Muthesius defineix una ciutat que s'estén concentrada fins al límit, es mostrarà incompatible amb l'habitatge petit que es necessita. Des del reconeixement d'aquesta incoherència i amb una nova aproximació científica a la construcció de la ciutat, s'inicia el procés de transformació cap a un nou model urbà que considere la necessitat de l'habitatge petit saludable i retorne al ciutadà el contacte amb la natura, un sentiment vernacle de gran arrelament en el poble alemany. A partir de l'estudi de les idees i actuacions dels protagonistes d'aquest procés, recollides en documents originals, la recerca avança en el reconeixement de les característiques pròpies i fonamentals d'una ciutat alemanya que, al començament de la tercera dècada del segle xx, basa la seua qualitat de moderna en criteris comuns relatius a la separació de les funcions urbanes, la inserció del verd a la ciutat i el valor de l'espai públic. Sobre aquesta ciutat moderna alemanya de la primera postguerra europea es construirà la solució específica de l'arquitectura del Neues Bauen.<br>Bosch Abarca, J. (2016). Vivienda pequeña y forma urbana. Fundamentos de la ciudad moderna alemana [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61453<br>TESIS

Die vorliegende Arbeit erörtert das Phänomen „Verhüllung als Kunst“ anhand von Kunstwerken von Man Ray, Maurice Henry, Allan Kaprow, Joseph Beuys, Bruce Nauman, Franz Erhard Walther, Antoni Tapies, Joseph Kosuth und Christo und Jeanne-Claude. Diese exemplarische Auswahl macht den Einfluss künstlerischer Strömungen und Zielsetzungen deutlich und zeigt zugleich die verschiedenen Funktionen von Verhüllungen als Kunst. Aufgrund der immer wiederkehrenden „Ähnlichkeitsvermutungen“ zwischen bekannten sakralen und profanen Verhüllungen und sog. Verhüllungskunstwerken in (populär-) wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen, wird eine genaue Betrachtung profaner und sakraler Verhüllungen vorgenommen. Ebenso geht die Arbeit der Frage nach, inwieweit die Verwendung der Begriffe „verhüllen“ und „verpacken“ sowohl bei der Interpretation als auch in den Titeln der Kunstwerke von Bedeutung sind. Fragen nach dem Verhüllten, der Hülle und ihrem Material, dem Ort, der Dauer, der Dimension und der Art und Weise der Verhüllung offenbaren eine Fülle von Erscheinungsformen und Merkmalen derselbigen. Die Analyse wird in der Interpretation durch (auto-)biografisches Material und frühere Interpretationen ergänzt.

Although F1-ATPase is extremely conserved among organisms, a putative subunit p18 was identified in Trypanosoma brucei F1-ATPase complex. To explore its function in the procylic, bloodstream and dyskinetoplastic trypanosomes, three different RNAi cell lines were created. Upon p18 silencing the F1-moiety structural integrity was impaired suggesting that p18 is indeed a bona fide subunit of this complex. Since F1-ATPase is crucial for the bloodstream form survival, its potential inhibitor from the 4-oxopiperidine-3,5-dicarboxylates class (JK-11) was examined. JK-11 inhibited growth of the bloodstream trypanosomes, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced ATPase and ATP synthase activity in mitochondrial lysates. Our results suggest that JK-11 may act on FoF1-ATP synthase/ATPase and its inhibition may contribute to the cytotoxicity of this drug.