Journal articles: 'Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2)'

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Deitz, Jean Crosetto, Deborah Kartin, and Kay Kopp. "Review of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2)." Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics 27, no. 4 (January 2007): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j006v27n04_06.

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Hong, Ki-hoon, Do-yeon Kim, Hye-bin Kang, Tae-yeong Park, Eun-jeong Yun, Ji-yeong Lee, and Hye-rim Jung. "A Preliminary Study on Motor Ability of Preschool Aged Children by Using Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 (BOT-2) Short Form." Journal of Korean Society of Sensory Integration Therapists 14, no. 1 (August 31, 2016): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18064/jkasi.2016.14.1.031.

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Nocera, Vincenzo G., Aaron P. Wood, Angela J. Wozencroft, and Dawn P. Coe. "The Test–Retest Reliability of the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Short Form in Youth with Down Syndrome—A Pilot Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 5367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105367.

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Background: It is unclear whether assessments of motor proficiency are reliable for individuals with Down syndrome. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the test–retest reliability of the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Short Form (BOT-2 SF) in youth with Down syndrome. Methods: Ten youth (ages 13.1–20.7 years) with Down syndrome completed the BOT-2 SF (14 items) plus a standing long jump on two separate occasions. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and standard error of measurement (SEM) were calculated to determine the test–retest reliability of the BOT-2 SF and the standing long jump. Results: The test–retest reliability of the BOT-2 SF overall scores and percentile rankings were considered excellent. The test–retest reliability of each of the subtests varied with classifications of poor (n = 5), fair to good (n = 6), and excellent (n = 4). Conclusion: Current evidence suggests that children with Down syndrome have reduced motor skills. However, there appears to be a lack of assessment tools that reliably evaluate the motor skills of this population. The results from this investigation suggest that the BOT-2-SF provides “excellent reliability” (≥0.75) to assess the motor skills in youth with Down syndrome.

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Holický, Jakub, and Martin Musálek. "Evaluační nástroje motoriky podle vývojových norem u české populace." Studia sportiva 7, no. 2 (December 2, 2013): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2013-2-12.

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Evaluation development of motor skills in the context of the assessment evaluation tools is very complicated issue. The aim of this study was analysis and comparison of three assessment diagnostic tools with BOT-2. The OTDP, TGMD-2 and MABC-2 are the most widespread tools for exploring of psychomotor development of children and adults with the standard norms for Czech population. Bruininks-Oseretzky Test of Motor Proficiency-Second Edition (BOT-2) batteries for Czech conditions has not been standardized yet. The Bruininks-Oseretzky Test of Motor Proficiency-Second Edition (BOT-2) showed the best design in the test’s structure in comparison to three diagnostic tools. The BOT-2 has in the psychomotor test the widest age range of probands. Besides BOT-2 achieves a high validity and reliability (0,90 to 0,97). Other advantage, which was realized, is using the short form of the test battery, called Short Form. Because of this reasons we believe the Bruininks-Oseretzky Test of Motor Proficiency-Second Edition (BOT2) should be a part of standardized assessment tools, which evaluate the psychomotor development in the Czech environment.

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Yoon, Deukgeun, Misun Kim, Seokyeon Ji, Dabin Choi, Yoo-Sook Joung, and Eun Young Kim. "Relationship between the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire 2007 and the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition in Korean Children." Children 9, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9020255.

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This study investigated the relationship between the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire 2007 (DCDQ’07) and the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition (BOT-2) in Korea. This study also adjusted the cutoff score of the DCDQ’07 based on the BOT-2 for Korean children. A total of 256 children were recruited from communities in Korea. They were divided into two age groups: 8 to 9 years old and 10 to 12 years old. Children performed the BOT-2, and their parents completed the DCDQ’07. The correlation between the DCDQ’07 and the BOT-2 was analyzed. The adjusted DCDQ’07 cutoff score for Korean children was calculated using the BOT-2 as the criterion through a receiver operating characteristic curve. A significant correlation between the DCDQ’07 and the BOT-2 was found, indicating that Korean parents’ perception of children’s motor skills was related to their children’s actual motor proficiency. The adjusted cutoff score of the DCDQ’07 had a sensitivity of 72.7–85.7% and a specificity of 62.5–64.0%. This study demonstrated that children’s motor skills reported by Korean parents on the DCDQ’07 were valid based on a community sample. The adjusted cutoff score of the DCDQ’07 could be used to identify children suspected of having a developmental coordination disorder.

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Pitetti, Ken, Ruth Ann Miller, and Michael Loovis. "Balance and Coordination Capacities of Male Children and Adolescents With Intellectual Disability." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 34, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2016-0010.

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Children and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) exhibit a mixture of cognitive, motor, and psychosocial limitation. Identifying specific inadequacies in motor proficiency in youth with ID would improve therapeutic management to enhance functional capacity and health-related physical activity. The purpose of this study was to initiate descriptive data collection of gross motor skills of youth with ID and compare those skills with competency norms. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2) was used to measure 6 items for balance (BAL), 5 items for upper limb coordination (ULC), and 6 items for bilateral coordination (BLC) of 123 males (ages 8–18) with ID but without Down syndrome. The authors performed 2,840 assessments (10–32 for each item); 944, 985, and 913 for BAL, ULC, and BLC, respectively. Mean scores for all age groups for BAL, ULC, and BLC were consistently below BOT-2 criteria. Overall motor skills of males with ID are below the competence expected for children and adolescents without disabilities.

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Holický, J., and J. Jirovec. "Confirmatory Factor Analysis the BOT-2 (Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition) for the age group 4 - 7 years." Studia Kinanthropologica 17, no. 2 (September 30, 2016): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32725/sk.2016.063.

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Bertapelli, Fabio, Ken Pitetti, Ruth A. Miller, Adam Jaeger, Michael Loovis, Wilson D. do Amaral-Junior, Marcos M. de Barros-Filho, and Gil Guerra-Junior. "Comparing Motor Competence of Sex- and Age-Matched Youth With Intellectual Disability From Brazil and the United States." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 37, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 423–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2019-0185.

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Youth with intellectual disabilities (IDs) demonstrate below-criteria motor competence (MC) compared with typically developing (TD) youth. Whether differences in MC exist for youth with ID from different countries is unknown. This study examined the MC of youth with ID from Brazil (BR) and the United States (US) and compared it with norms for TD youth as established by the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2). The authors measured 19 BOT-2 test items for bilateral coordination, balance, and upper limb coordination of 502 youth (BR = 252, US = 250) with ID (6–21 years). Raw scores were converted to %ceiling (percentile of highest expected scores). For all test items, no significant differences were seen between BR and US participants in %ceiling scores. Participants from both countries demonstrated equivalent to slightly below BOT-2 norms in 14 of the 19 test items, with lowest scores seen in contralateral synchronizing bilateral coordination, balancing on one leg, and ball handling.

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Jeoung, Bog-ja. "The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 in Korean Students with Intellectual Disabilities Attending Special Education Schools." Journal of the Korean society for Wellness 11, no. 4 (November 30, 2016): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21097/ksw.2016.11.11.4.13.

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Brown, Ted. "Structural validity of the Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency – Second edition brief form (BOT-2-BF)." Research in Developmental Disabilities 85 (February 2019): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.11.010.

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Okuda, Paola Matiko Martins, Melissa Pangelinan, Simone A. Capellini, and Hugo Cogo-Moreira. "Motor skills assessments: support for a general motor factor for the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 and the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 41, no. 1 (March 2019): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2018-0014.

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Abstract Objective To evaluate the construct validity and model-based reliability of general and specific contributions of the subscales of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) and Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 (BOT-2) when evaluating motor skills across a range of psychiatric disorders. Methods Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and bifactor analysis were conducted on BOT-2 data from 187 elementary school students (grades 1 to 6) (mean age: 113 ± 20 months; boys: n = 117, 62.56%) and on MABC-2 data from 127 elementary school students (grade 1) (mean age: 76 ± 2 months; boys: n = 58, 45.67%). Results The results of the CFA fit the data for multidimensionality for the BOT-2 and presented poor fit indices for the MABC-2. For both tests, the bifactor model showed that the reliability of the subscales was poor. Conclusions The BOT-2 exhibited factorial validity with a multidimensional structure among the current samples, but the MABC-2 showed poor fit indices, insufficient to confirm its multidimensional structure. For both tests, most of the reliable variance came from a general motor factor (M-factor), therefore the scoring and reporting of subscale scores were not justified for both tests.

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Šeflová, Iva, Jana Vašíčková, Luděk Kalfiřt, and Aleš Suchomel. "Current Approaches to Motor Competence Assessment in School-Age Children." Physical Activity Review 10, no. 2 (2022): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/par.2022.10.20.

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Introduction: The importance of motor competence is particularly evident at school ages when any intervention approaches have the most significant impact. Aim of Study: The theoretical study aims to provide an overview and compare the descriptive and psychometric characteristics of the assessment tools that we can use to determine the level of motor competence in primary school-aged children. We paid particular attention to the possibilities of identifying motor competence deficits. Material and Methods: From the overview list of assessment tools, we selected the following for more detailed analysis: Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2, Körperkoordinatationstest für Kinder, Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Edition, Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition, Test zur Erfassung motorischer Basiskompetenzen. The presented article compares the possibilities of using these tests in the European environment in terms of their psychometric and descriptive characteristics. Results: Each submitted tests has certain advantages and disadvantages in the practical use, collection, evaluation, and interpretation of the data. Based on established criteria in descriptive and psychometric characteristics, we selected using the comparative method as the most appropriate means to assess the level of motor competence of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd edition. Conclusion: The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd edition, presents the most comprehensive diagnostic tool to assess motor competence and its difficulties, despite shortcomings such as the absence of normative-related criteria in more European countries and time-consuming testing. The time-consuming test and the suitability of individual access to the person being tested to collect and evaluate data make it difficult to establish the test battery as the gold standard in motor competence diagnostics. From a practical point of view, the material presented will help facilitate the choice of a specific assessment tool according to the educational or clinical goal of the research

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Kabiri, Laura Spivey, Katy Mitchell, Wayne Brewer, and Alexis Ortiz. "Motor Skill Proficiency Among Homeschooled Children." Journal of Motor Learning and Development 5, no. 2 (December 2017): 336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2016-0085.

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Almost 2 million American children are homeschooled but no information is currently available regarding motor skill proficiency within this population. The purpose of this research was to describe motor skill proficiency among homeschooled children and assess differences in homeschooled subgroups. This crosssectional study screened 73 homeschooled children aged 5–8 years for overall motor skill proficiency using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition, Short Form (BOT-2 SF). Independent t tests examined differences in motor skill proficiency within the homeschooled population. Mann-Whitney U tests examined differences in motor skill proficiency classification within significantly different subgroups. Homeschooled children demonstrated average motor proficiency. Significantly different motor proficiency was seen among homeschooled children participating in 3 or more hours of organized sports per week, t(71) = 2.805, p = .006, 95% CI = 1.77, 10.49, and whose primary caregiver was employed versus unemployed, t(71) = –3.875, p < .001, 95% CI = –13.29, –4.26. Mann-Whitney U tests revealed significantly different motor skill proficiency classification in these same subgroups. Overall, homeschooling showed no detrimental effect on motor skill proficiency. Participation in 3 or more hours of organized sports per week or having an unemployed primary caregiver may improve motor skill proficiency among this population.

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King, Christine M., and John M. Dunn. "Classroom Teachers’ Accuracy in Observing Students’ Motor Performance." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 6, no. 1 (January 1989): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.6.1.52.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of classroom teachers in observing students’ motor performance. In order to assess teacher accuracy in rating motor performance, an analysis was conducted on students’ scores on the Short Form of the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-S) between those who were rated high as compared to those who were rated low in motor performance, as determined by a teacher observation form. The two-tailed t statistic indicated a significant difference between standard mean scores for upper and lower quartile performances on the BOT-S (P<.05). However, there was a high degree of variance within the high and low groups. The results suggest that classroom teachers are more accurate in observing high motor performance than in observing low motor performance.

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Brown, Ted. "Structural Validity of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency – Second Edition (BOT-2) Subscales and Composite Scales." Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention 12, no. 3 (March 14, 2019): 323–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19411243.2019.1590755.

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Kamel, Roshdy M., Elsayed S. Mehrem, Samir M. Mounir, Mohamed M. Essa, Lamyaa A. Fergany, and Mohamed A. Elbedewy. "Sensorineural hearing loss imprint on fine motor skills: A pediatric and adolescent innovative study." NeuroRehabilitation 48, no. 3 (April 30, 2021): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nre-201589.

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BACKGROUND: Sensorineural hearing loss is the most common type of permanent hearing impairment and results in balance and motor deficits in children which may affect and/or delay all developmental indicators. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the consequences of sensorineural hearing loss regarding fine motor skills in children and adolescents. METHODS: Two hundred children with an age range between 7 to 18 years and diagnosed with sensorineural hearing loss were selected from the Public School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing in El-Minia district, Minia governorate, Egypt. The outcome was assessed by the use of Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition scale (BOT-2) to measure fine motor skills. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between the scores of Fine Motor Precision and Fine Motor Integration subtests of each study subgroup and its counterpart subgroup in the control group (normative values according to the scale) which has the same age and gender characteristics where p value equals (0.0008 or less, 0.0009 or less) respectively, with a large effect size less than –0.83. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that children with sensorineural hearing loss have a defect in their fine motor skills when compared to normal children of the same gender and age groups according to Bruininks-Oseretsky scale.

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Radanović, Danilo, Dušan Đorđević, Mima Stanković, Damir Pekas, Špela Bogataj, and Nebojša Trajkovic. "Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition (BOT-2) Short Form: A Systematic Review of Studies Conducted in Healthy Children." Children 8, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8090787.

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Motor skill competence of children is one of the important predictors of health because if a child is physically active during early childhood, the possibility of occurrence of many chronic diseases in adulthood will be reduced. The aim of this study was to systematically review the studies conducted in healthy children using the shorter form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky (BOT-2) and to determine the applicability in cross-sectional studies and pre-post designs. The search and analysis of the studies were done in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. An electronic databases search (Google Scholar, PubMed, Mendeley, Science Direct, and Scopus) yielded 250 relevant studies conducted from 2011 to 2020. A total of 21 studies were included in quantitative synthesis, with a total of 3893 participants, both male and female. Through this study, the BOT-2 test proved its broad applicability, so it can be concluded that this test can be used to improve motor proficiency in a healthy population of children. Hence, it is necessary to invest a lot of time during the implementation of various programs so that children would adequately develop their basic motor skills so they broaden their own repertoire of movements.

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Yeh, Kuo-Kuang, Wen-Yu Liu, Meng-Ling Yang, Chun-Hsiu Liu, Hen-Yu Lien, and Chia-Ying Chung. "Sufficiency of the BOT-2 short form to screen motor competency in preschool children with strabismus." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 20, 2021): e0261549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261549.

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Background Strabismus is one of the most common visual disorders in children, with a reported prevalence of 2.48% in preschoolers. Additionally, up to 89.9% of preschool children with strabismus do not have normal stereopsis. Whether this lack of normal stereopsis affects the motor competency of preschool children with strabismus is unknown. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition short form (BOT-2 SF) can be a useful tool for screening; however, its sufficiency as a diagnostic tool for children with various disorders is controversial. Objective The aims of this study were thus to examine motor competency in preschool children with strabismus by using the BOT-2 and to evaluate the usefulness of the BOT-2 SF to identify those at risk for motor competency issues. Methods Forty preschool children (aged 5–7 years) with strabismus were recruited, all of whom had abnormal stereopsis. The BOT-2 complete form (CF) was administered to all children. The BOT-2 CF was administered to all children. The scores of the BOT-2 SF were extracted from the relevant items of the BOT-2 CF for further analysis. Results The prevalence of children with strabismus who had below average performance in the composites of “Fine Manual Control”, “Manual Coordination”,”Body Coordination”, and “Strength and Agility” were 15%, 70%, 32.5%, and 5%, respectively, on the BOT-2 CF. Compared with these results, the sensitivity of the BOT-2 SF was 33.33% (95% CI = 7.49%–70.07%) and the specificity was 100% (95% CI = 88.78%–100%). Conclusion Preschool children with strabismus had a high prevalence of impaired motor competency, especially in fine motor competency. The BOT-2 SF was not as sensitive in identifying motor difficulties in preschool children with strabismus. Therefore, the BOT-2 CF is recommended for evaluating motor proficiency in preschool children with strabismus.

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Tóth, Réka. "IMPROVEMENT OF FINE MOTOR SKILLS IN CEREBRAL PARETIC PATIENTS." Különleges Bánásmód - Interdiszciplináris folyóirat 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18458/kb.2017.1.79.

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The aim of this review is to give an overview of the ADL functions in children and young adults with cerebral palsy and our planned studies. For measuring the ADL functions, the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and the Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM) will be used. The hand functions will be analyzed by the Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test (QUEST). The fine motor skills of the hand will be revealed by using the selected subtests of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2). Based on the outcomes of the measures, a complex therapeutic protocol will be implemented including the elements of the ergo and manual therapy, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), and piano therapy. It is anticipated that the complex therapy adapted to individual needs will result in significant improvement in the ADL functions in disabled children and young adults.

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Karambe, Prajakta, Sanjivani N. Dhote, and Tushar J. Palekar. "ASSESSMENT OF BILATERAL COORDINATION USING BRUININKS: OSERETSKY TEST OF MOTOR PROFICIENCY, 2nd EDITION (BOT-2), IN 5 TO 15 YEARS SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN." International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 5, no. 3 (May 20, 2017): 2026–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2017.129.

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Plazibat, Kristian, Josip Karuc, and Tihomir Vidranski. "Effects of Different Multi-Year Physical Exercise Programs on Motor Skills in Preschool Children." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 6, no. 3 (September 9, 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6030074.

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Acquiring optimal motor skills in preschool children presents a key element for proper psychomotor development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine gender differences and the effects of a multi-year exercise program on the level of motor skills in 161 preschool children (5–6 yo). Participants were divided into one control and three experimental groups. Motor skills were assessed with the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2). To determine the difference in scores for each BOT-2 test between control and experimental groups, one-way ANOVA was used for girls and boys separately, while two-way ANOVA was used to determine the difference between the genders in the overall BOT-2 score. The results indicate that a 1-year multilateral exercise program has a positive effect on the level of motor skills in preschool children. Interestingly, additional years of participation in exercise programs yielded the maintenance of acquired motor skills level. Additionally, the exercise program affected preschool girls more than boys considering both individual and composite BOT-2 scores. According to the findings of this study, the presented exercise program could have potential benefits on multilateral development of the motor skills in preschool children, which could facilitate the balance of locomotor and manipulative skills. Therefore, the integration of multilateral programs intended for preschool children could be considered for implementation within the kindergarten curriculum.

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Srinivasan, Sudha M., Maninderjit Kaur, Isabel K. Park, Timothy D. Gifford, Kerry L. Marsh, and Anjana N. Bhat. "The Effects of Rhythm and Robotic Interventions on the Imitation/Praxis, Interpersonal Synchrony, and Motor Performance of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial." Autism Research and Treatment 2015 (2015): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/736516.

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We assessed the effects of three interventions, rhythm, robotic, and standard-of-care, on the imitation/praxis, interpersonal synchrony, and overall motor performance of 36 children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) between 5 and 12 years of age. Children were matched on age, level of functioning, and services received, prior to random assignment to one of the three groups. Training was provided for 8 weeks with 4 sessions provided each week. We assessed generalized changes in motor skills from the pretest to the posttest using a standardized test of motor performance, the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd edition (BOT-2). We also assessed training-specific changes in imitation/praxis and interpersonal synchrony during an early and a late session. Consistent with the training activities practiced, the rhythm and robot groups improved on the body coordination composite of the BOT-2, whereas the comparison group improved on the fine manual control composite of the BOT-2. All three groups demonstrated improvements in imitation/praxis. The rhythm and robot groups also showed improved interpersonal synchrony performance from the early to the late session. Overall, socially embedded movement-based contexts are valuable in promoting imitation/praxis, interpersonal synchrony, and motor performance and should be included within the standard-of-care treatment for children with ASD.

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D’Hondt, Eva, Fotini Venetsanou, Antonis Kambas, and Matthieu Lenoir. "Motor Competence Levels in Young Children: A Cross-Cultural Comparison Between Belgium and Greece." Journal of Motor Learning and Development 7, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 289–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2018-0044.

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The targeted continent and/or country driven promotion of physical activity and health from an early age onwards requires more insight into cross-cultural differences in motor competence. Using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition Short Form (BOT-2 SF), this study assessed and compared both fine and gross motor skill performances of 5- and 6-year-old children from Belgium (n = 325) and Greece (n = 245). Linear mixed effect models and a χ2 test analyzed between-country differences in BOT-2 SF scores and the distribution across descriptive performance categories. Overall, Belgian and Greek participants displayed quite similar levels of motor competence, with fewer children performing (well-)below average than could be expected. On test item level, however, several significant differences emerged. Large effect sizes were found for knee push-ups (Hedges’ g = 1.46) and copying a square (Hedges’ g = 2.59), which demonstrated a better outcome for Belgian and Greek preschoolers, respectively. These findings might be attributed to different (physical) education practices in both European countries. The present study also highlights the importance of using an assessment tool covering the entire range of motor skills as well as a focusing primarily on raw performance scores, containing and explaining more variance, for international comparative research purposes.

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Seflova, Iva, Ludek Kalfirt, and Jan Charousek. "The Assessment of Movement Competence in Czech School Age Children Using BOT-2 Test." Physical Activity Review 8, no. 2 (2020): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/par.2020.08.22.

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Introduction: A sufficient level of movement competence (MC) is a significant health and psychosocial factor. Overall, there is a strong consensus that movement competence is positively associated with all health-related variables. A lower level of movement competence in childhood is reflected in physical activity participation and engagement in physical activity later in life. The Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency, 2nd version (BOT-2), is considered the most comprehensive diagnostic tool. There are no normative criteria of this test in the Czech Republic. The aim of this pilot study was to estimate a cross-cultural validity of the BOT-2 in a sample of Czech school children. Methods: The research sample was comprised of 83 school children (43 girls and 40 boys) of average age 10.15 ± 1.66 years. For the estimation of a MC we used the BOT-2, 2nd version - complete form. Results: The results of our tested group show that the group’s MC is in the lower part of the average level in the area of total motor composite (standard score 46.4±11.8). On average, the weakest performance was recorded in the area of fine manual control. More in-depth analysis showed that the weakest subcomponent of the area of fine manual control was fine motor precision (scale score 10.1±5.5). The group’s most successful area was the component concerning strength and agility. Conclusion: As a pilot study the project indicated that the BOT-2 can be valid for the Czech school children in 4 motor area composites regarding the manual coordination, coordination, strength and agility assessment only. It is not valid for the assessment of fine manual control. In a more detailed analysis of 8 subcategories we observe significantly worse results of Czech children in the area of fine motor precision.

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Smits-Engelsman, Bouwien, Evi Verbecque, Marisja Denysschen, and Dané Coetzee. "Exploring Cultural Bias in Two Different Motor Competence Test Batteries When Used in African Children." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11 (June 1, 2022): 6788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116788.

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Both the Movement Assessment Battery for Children second edition (M-ABC-2) and Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency second edition short form (BOT-2-SF) are frequently used in research and in the clinical practice to evaluate motor competence in children. Despite its widespread use in research, no studies have reported the results of case identification in African children. Comparing these two motor assessment tools for a different target group is important in order to select the most appropriate clinical and research tool. Methods. A total of 444 children performed MABC-2, 165 children also performed the BOT-2-SF and subsamples were tested on specific subtests of the BOT-2 (Running and Agility, Balance, and Strength). Tests were administered to randomly selected children between 6 and 10 years of age. Results: 36% for the children scored at or below the 16th percentile of the MABC-2, while this was 43%, 27%, and 23% for the component score in Manual Dexterity, Aiming and Catching, and Balance, respectively. Of the children 16% scored at or below the 17th percentile of the BOT-2-SF total score, while this was 3%, 9% and 22% for the subtest scores Running and agility, Balance, and Strength, respectively. A moderate correlation (r = 0.44) was found between total scores of the two tests. No significant correlations were found between the dynamic MABC-2 item (Jumping/Hopping) standard scores and any of the 9 balance items of the BOT-2. Conclusion: Far more children scored in the clinical “at risk” range (<16th percentile) when tested with the MABC-2 than with the BOT-2-SF. Overall, these children seemed not to be limited in motor performance measured by the BOT-2-SF, Running and Agility, and Balance. South African children did show lower levels of strength and explosive power. Children from different cultures will need tests for the specific motor skills that are representative for optimal functioning in their own setting. Thus, adapting reference norms and cut-off values may not be the optimal solution.

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Ahn, Si-nae. "Combined Effects of Virtual Reality and Computer Game-Based Cognitive Therapy on the Development of Visual-Motor Integration in Children with Intellectual Disabilities: A Pilot Study." Occupational Therapy International 2021 (July 5, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6696779.

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Purpose. Visual-motor integration is a good indicator of a child’s overall developmental and functional level. This study investigated the combined effects of virtual reality (VR) and computer game-based cognitive therapy on the development of visual-motor integration in children with intellectual disabilities. Methods. The study used a single-group pre-post study design and 13 children with intellectual disabilities who were recruited from a community rehabilitation center participated in the study. We used the Wii VR video game and the CoTras computer game to deliver cognitive therapy over 12 sessions. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 (BOT-2) was used to evaluate motor function related to visual-motor integration to identify changes in function, and the Developmental Test of Visual Perception-2 (DTVP-2) was used to assess changes in visual perception function associated with visual-motor integration. Results. The VR and computer game-based cognitive therapy has shown significant difference in total standard score of BOT-2 associated with visual-motor integration representing improved motor function ( p < 0.01 ). Comparison of the DTVP-2 scores showed the significant difference in visual-motor integration of spatial relation and visual-motor speed ( p < 0.05 ), motor-reduced visual perception ( p < 0.01 ), and general visual perception ( p < 0.01 ). Conclusions. Results of this study provide useful evidence supporting the possibility of combined VR and computer game-based cognitive therapy for children with intellectual disabilities.

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Alsaedi, Rehab H. "An Assessment of the Motor Performance Skills of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Gulf Region." Brain Sciences 10, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10090607.

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This study aims to determine the prevalence, severity, and nature of the motor abnormalities seen in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as well as to elucidate the associated developmental profiles. The short-form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2) was used to assess various aspects of the motor performance of 119 children with ASD and 30 typically developing children (age range: 6–12 years) from three Gulf states. The results revealed the high prevalence of motor abnormalities among the ASD group when compared with the normative data derived from the BOT-2 manual as well as with the data concerning the typically developing group. The results also indicated that the motor performance of the children with ASD fell within the below-average range according to the BOT-2 cut-off score. Further, the results suggested that the age variable may influence the overall motor performance of children with ASD, since the children’s motor abnormalities may decrease with maturation. The results concerning the specific motor dysfunction profiles seen in individuals with ASD could help practitioners, parents, and educators to better understand the nature of the motor deficits exhibited by children with ASD, which could assist with the design and implementation of treatment and rehabilitation programs for such children. Overall, motor performance represents an important aspect that should be considered during the clinical evaluation of ASD and that should not be ignored during early interventions.

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Kim, Seong Gil, and Do Hyun Kim. "Reliability, minimum detectable change, and minimum clinically important difference of the balance subtest of the Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency-second edition in children with cerebral palsy." Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine 15, no. 1 (March 29, 2022): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/prm-190639.

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PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the internal consistency, inter-rater, and test-retest reliability of the balance subtest of the Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency-second edition (BOT-2) and to estimate the minimum detectable change (MDC) and minimum clinically important difference (MCID) of the balance subtest of the BOT-2 in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS: In total, 20 children with CP participated in the present study. Internal consistency, test-retest, and inter-rater reliability were computed to establish reliability of the balance subtest of the BOT-2. The MDC95 was estimated from the standard error of measurement (SEM) to determine a real change for an individual child with CP. The anchor- and distribution-based MCID were calculated to determine the smallest change that might be important to clinicians. For concurrent validity, the correlation between the balance subtest of the BOT-2 and the pediatric balance scale (PBS) were calculated using Spearman’s correlation. RESULTS: Internal consistency was good (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient = 0.89). The BOT-2 had excellent test-retest (ICC = 0.99, p < 0.001) and inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.99, p < 0.001). The balance subtest of the BOT-2 had an SEM of 0.70, MDC95 of 9.61, and MCIDs of 2.54 (anchor-based) and 1.38 (distribution-based). Additionally, there was a moderate positive correlation between the balance subtest of the BOT-2 and the PBS (Spearman’s rho = 0.629, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Our experimental results indicate that the balance subtest of the BOT-2 had good internal consistency, along with excellent test-retest and inter-rater reliability. The change in scores of an individual child with CP should attain 9.61 points on the balance subtest of the BOT-2 to indicate a clinically important change. The MDC95 and MCID values could be helpful in understanding therapeutic effects and evaluating balancing ability using the balance subtest of the BOT-2 in children with CP.

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Norraila da Silva, Pâmela, Jose Luiz Vieira, Francielle Ferreira da Rocha, Francielli Cheuczuk, and Luciana Ferreira. "Relationship between motor proficiency and blood pressure: the role of mediated by nutritional status." Acta Scientiarum. Health Sciences 45 (October 21, 2022): e59093. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascihealthsci.v45i1.59093.

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Motor skills during childhood are extremely important for having an active lifestyle in adulthood; however, with the technological advance several plays and even the family environment have undergone changes, which affected the lifestyle adopted by the population. The present study aimed at investigating motor proficiency and blood pressure, as well as assessing the mediating role of nutritional status in such a correlation. This is a cross-sectional study carried out with 374 children aged 7 to 10 from the city of Maringá-PR. The nutritional status was measured by using the Body Mass Index (BMI) according to age and sex. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition, (BOT-2), was used to evaluate motor proficiency; the blood pressure was measured by using the Omron Deluxe HEM-7200® digital meter. The results showed a negative correlation between motor proficiency and body mass index and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The analysis of structural equations revealed that there was no statistically significant direct impact of motor proficiency on blood pressure. However, when the mediation of nutritional status was included, a significant negative correlation between motor proficiency and nutritional status was seen, but positive in relation to systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In conclusion, motor proficiency has no direct influence on blood pressure; however, when mediated by nutritional status, the effect becomes significant. It is worth mentioning that the lower the motor proficiency and the higher the body mass, the higher the systolic and diastolic blood pressure was.

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Griffiths, Alison, Rachel Toovey, Prue E. Morgan, and Alicia J. Spittle. "Psychometric properties of gross motor assessment tools for children: a systematic review." BMJ Open 8, no. 10 (October 2018): e021734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021734.

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ObjectiveGross motor assessment tools have a critical role in identifying, diagnosing and evaluating motor difficulties in childhood. The objective of this review was to systematically evaluate the psychometric properties and clinical utility of gross motor assessment tools for children aged 2–12 years.MethodA systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and AMED was performed between May and July 2017. Methodological quality was assessed with the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments checklist and an outcome measures rating form was used to evaluate reliability, validity and clinical utility of assessment tools.ResultsSeven assessment tools from 37 studies/manuals met the inclusion criteria: Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Development-III (Bayley-III), Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 (BOT-2), Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2), McCarron Assessment of Neuromuscular Development (MAND), Neurological Sensory Motor Developmental Assessment (NSMDA), Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 (PDMS-2) and Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2). Methodological quality varied from poor to excellent. Validity and internal consistency varied from fair to excellent (α=0.5–0.99). The Bayley-III, NSMDA and MABC-2 have evidence of predictive validity. Test–retest reliability is excellent in the BOT-2 (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)=0.80–0.99), PDMS-2 (ICC=0.97), MABC-2 (ICC=0.83–0.96) and TGMD-2 (ICC=0.81–0.92). TGMD-2 has the highest inter-rater (ICC=0.88–0.93) and intrarater reliability (ICC=0.92–0.99).ConclusionsThe majority of gross motor assessments for children have good-excellent validity. Test–retest reliability is highest in the BOT-2, MABC-2, PDMS-2 and TGMD-2. The Bayley-III has the best predictive validity at 2 years of age for later motor outcome. None of the assessment tools demonstrate good evaluative validity. Further research on evaluative gross motor assessment tools are urgently needed.

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Prvulović, Nikola, Borko Katanić, and Boris Banjević. "BOT-2 Evaluation of Gender Differences in Upper Limb Coordination among Children 7 to 9 Years Old." Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences 3, no. 126 (November 22, 2022): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33607/bjshs.v3i126.1275.

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Numerous recent studies indicate the significant impact of fundamental motor skills on the psychological and social development of young boys and girls. However, it is not well-known if there are differences between boys and girls aged 7 to 9 in terms of the fundamental development of motor skills. Purpose: The aim of this study is to address the question of the fundamental issues between boys and girls using upper limb coordination evaluated by the Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (BOT-2), including seven sub-scales of measurement. Method: The participants (n=79) were 41 boys and 38 girls aged 7 to 9 years old. BOT-2 test scores were used for upper limb coordination (ULC) differences by gender. Results: The BOT-2 measurements of upper limb coordination show a significant difference in favor of the boys only for 6ULC=7±2.77 relative to 5.66±2.66, (d=.49, ES=.24, p=.03) and 7ULC=2±1.45, relative to 1.32±1.21, (d=.51, ES=.25 p=.02), while for the other tests there are no significant differences. The magnitude of the impact was on the values of the alternate hand dribble, p=.23, while the little effect was achieved for throwing a ball at a target, p=.25. Conclusion: Our results showed that there are no significant differences between boys and girls in terms of the fundamental development of motor skills, indicating a strong biological determinant of homogenous development. Keywords: upper limb coordination, motor skills, sex differences, school children, motor development.

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Smits-Engelsman, Bouwien, Dorothee Jelsma, and Dané Coetzee. "Do We Drop the Ball When We Measure Ball Skills Using Standardized Motor Performance Tests?" Children 9, no. 3 (March 6, 2022): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9030367.

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Background: Ball skill performance changes over time during childhood and depends on the child’s physical and psychological characteristics, environmental opportunities, and task constraints. The aim of this study was to examine whether different standardized ball skill-items measure similar constructs and whether results differentiate among age groups. Methods: A total of 250 children (6–10 years) were administered the Movement Assessment Battery for children second edition (MABC-2), the subtest upper-limb coordination of the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency second edition (BOT-2), the tennis ball throw of the Fitness Test Battery (FTB), and the ball skills and overhead throw of the Performance and Fitness test (PERF-FIT). Results: Correlations among scores of BOT-2, FTB, and PERF-FIT ranged from fair to moderate, but correlations were low with the MABC-2. Principal component analysis retrieved three components: the first component contained catch, dribble, bounce, and throw items (MABC-2, BOT-2-SF, and PERF-FIT, respectively); the second contained throwing for distance (PERF-FIT and FTB); the third contained aiming (MABC-2). Most ball skill scores differed significantly between 6–7 and 7–8 years, but less between 8–9 years; the PERF-FIT discriminated best between age groups. Conclusion: Most ball skill items in motor tests belong to a comparable construct containing throw, dribble, bounce, and catch skills. However, aiming tasks belong to a separate category. Additionally, throwing for distance is a task that requires predominantly explosive power.

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Wuang, Yee-Pay, Chien-Ling Huang, and Ching-Shan Wu. "Haptic Perception Training Programs on Fine Motor Control in Adolescents with Developmental Coordination Disorder: A Preliminary Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 16 (August 15, 2022): 4755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11164755.

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Somatosensory and haptic perception deficit was commonly found in developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and was closely related to fine motor functions, and the intervention strategies should thus emphasize improving the underlying haptic functions. This study was intended to investigate the effects of haptic perception training programs on fine motor functions in adolescents with DCD. A total of 82 DCD participants were assigned to either the haptic perception training program (HTP; n = 42, 16 females, mean age = 13.32 ± 2.85 years) or standard occupational therapy (SOT; n = 40, 16 females, mean age = 13.41 ± 3.8 years) group. Both groups were given 12-week training, twice a week, 30 min per session. Outcome measures were: Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTFHT), Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Second Edition (BOT-2), Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills- Fourth Edition (TVPS-4), and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale -Chinese Version (VABS-C). After the intervention, the HTP group outscored the SOT group on most fine motor control (JTFHT and BOT-2) tasks and all TVPS-4 and VABS-C items. The HTP group had greater pre–post changes on fine motor integration, fine motor precision, manual dexterity, and writing. TVPS-4 reached significant intervention gains on visual spatial relations, visual memory, and visual sequential memory. The haptic perception training programs demonstrated benefits in enhancing fine motor control in adolescents with DCD. It could be used as an easy and effective alternative to hospital or school-based therapy during the pandemic.

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Akın, Sinan, and Hulusi Alp. "Effect of Adapted Game-Aided Physical Education Program on the Motor Skills of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Longitudinal Case Study." Journal of Curriculum and Teaching 8, no. 3 (August 5, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jct.v8n3p63.

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The aim of this study is to reveal the effect of long term adapted game aided physical education intervention programconducted on an individual with ASD and to conserve the achieved skills. The participant was fourteen years oldduring study and was fifteen years old when research was completed. The study took 15 months in total including 12months of implementation process and 3 months of interval before retention test conducted on the participant. TheShort Form of 2nd version of Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Proficiency Test (BOT-2 SF) was used as a measuring set.Obtained data were evaluated graphically. According to the obtained data, we determined a development but BOT-2SF started in different periods in 8 sub-dimensions under the title of fine and gross motor skills. When permanencytest was obtained after an interval of 3 months for examined intervention program, it was clear that all skills exceptpower sub-dimension were conserved. There was a decrease in a certain amount only in power sub-dimension. In thelight of all these consequences, we can say that even though it is late, adapted intervention programs conducted onthe individuals with ASD affect motor skill levels positively and it can be said that this development will be effectivein increasing life quality of the individuals with ASD.

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Katanić, Borko, Predrag Ilić, Aleksandar Stojmenović, Lora Kostić, and Manja Vitasović. "Differences in bilateral coordination between boys and girls at 7 years of age." Sport — nauka i praksa = Sport — Science And Practice 10, no. 2 (2020): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/snp2002023k.

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The study was conducted to identify differences in bilateral coordination between boys and girls in the first grade of primary school. The sample consisted of 30 first grade students, at the age of 7 years ± 6 months. The children were divided into two groups consisting of boys (14) and girls (16). The level of the children’s bilateral coordination was assessed using the Bilateral Coordination (7 variables) subtests that are part of the BOT-2 - the Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Proficiency Test Battery. The tests are used as a standardized measure of the level of motor skills in children. The obtained data was processed in the SPSS 19 statistical programme, and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine differences in bilateral coordination. After processing the data, it was noted that there are differences in bilateral coordination between boys and girls, but that they were not statistically significant. For more reliable results and, therefore, more conclusive results and conclusions, it is necessary to perform tests on a larger sample of children.

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Chen, Yuping, Sergio Garcia-Vergara, and Ayanna M. Howard. "Effect of a Home-Based Virtual Reality Intervention for Children with Cerebral Palsy Using Super Pop VR Evaluation Metrics: A Feasibility Study." Rehabilitation Research and Practice 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/812348.

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Objective.The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether Super Pop VR, a low-cost virtual reality (VR) system, was a feasible system for documenting improvement in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and whether a home-based VR intervention was effective.Methods.Three children with CP participated in this study and received an 8-week VR intervention (30 minutes × 5 sessions/week) using the commercial EyeToy Play VR system. Reaching kinematics measured by Super Pop VR and two fine motor tools (Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency second edition, BOT-2, and Pediatric Motor Activity Log, PMAL) were tested before, mid, and after intervention.Results.All children successfully completed the evaluations using the Super Pop VR system at home where 85% of the reaches collected were used to compute reaching kinematics, which is compatible with literature using expensive motion analysis systems. Only the child with hemiplegic CP and more impaired arm function improved the reaching kinematics and functional use of the affected hand after intervention.Conclusion.Super Pop VR proved to be a feasible evaluation tool in children with CP.

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Mehrem, Elsayed S., Lamyaa A. Fergany, Said A. Mohamed, Hany M. Fares, and Roshdy M. Kamel. "Efficacy of fine motor and balance exercises on fine motor skills in children with sensorineural hearing loss." Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 40, no. 1 (April 8, 2022): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/rnn-211156.

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Background: Childhood hearing impairment is a major disability associated with delayed motor development. The affected Fine motor performance in children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) could be due to dynamic balance deficits and visual-motor incoordination. Objective: This study was designed to investigate the effects of fine motor exercises with or without balancing exercises on fine motor skills in children with SNHL. Methods: One hundred and eighty (180) children their age ranged from 8 to 18 years old diagnosed with SNHL were selected. They were divided into three groups, 60 children (control group) practiced only their ordinary activities of daily living, 60 children (fine motor exercises group) practiced fine motor exercises, and 60 children (fine motor and balance exercise) group practiced fine motor and balance exercises. The outcomes were assessed by the Bruininks Oseretsky Test of the motor proficiency second edition scale (BOT-2). Results: Generally, there was a statistically significant difference between control group and fine motor exercises group where (p < 0.05), besides, there was a statistically significant difference between control group and fine motor and balance exercises group where (p < 0.05). But, there was no statistically significant difference between fine motor exercises group and fine motor and balance exercises group where (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The Fine Motor performance of children with SNHL has been improved by Fine motor with or without balancing exercises according to (BOT-2).

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Mancini, Vincent, Daniel Rudaizky, Sarah Howlett, Jordan Elizabeth‐Price, and Wai Chen. "Movement difficulties in children with ADHD: Comparing the long‐ and short‐form Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency—Second Edition (BOT‐2)." Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 67, no. 2 (April 2020): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12641.

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Uzunović, Slavoljub, Nenad Đorđević, Dušan Nikolić, Dejan Stošić, Jovan Marković, Vladan Petrović, and Lora Kostić. "THE EFFECTS OF KINDERGARTEN SPORTS SCHOOL ON BILATERAL COORDINATION OF PRESCHOOL AGE CHILDREN." Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport 15, no. 3 (January 30, 2018): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fupes1703481u.

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The research was conducted with the aim of determining to what extent and in what manner the kindergarten sports school program affects the coordination of preschool children. The sample consisted of 57 preschool age children. The control group comprised 31 children and the experimental one 26 children, aged 6 years ± 6 months. The experimental group applied the sports school program for a period of 8 weeks (2 x 45 minutes each week). The control group only had regular activities in the kindergarten. The level of bilateral coordination in children was determined applying seven tests and a level of balance applying nine tests at the initial and final measurement. At the initial measurement, experimental and control groups showed similar results, while the experimental group showed significantly better results at the final measurement. The tests applied in the research were taken from the BOT-2 battery of tests: the Bruininks-Oseretsky test of Motor Proficiency (Bruininks, 1987; Bruininks and Bruininks, 2005, taken from Cools et al, 2009), where body coordination as a separate composite is assessed by subtests of bilateral coordination and balance. The obtained data were processed by the SPSS 20 statistics software, and ANCOVA was used to determine the effects of the sports school program. It is assumed that the experimental program has influenced the improvement of the results between two assessments of the bilateral coordination (on three tests) and balance estimates (on one test). The obtained results point to the need for a wider application of similar programs in working with preschool age children.

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Kim, Mikyoung, Chanhee Park, Hyeseon Jeon, Woochol Joseph Choi, and Sung (Joshua) Hyun You. "Comparative effects of community-based family-child-centered care and conventional pediatric rehabilitation for cerebral palsy." NeuroRehabilitation 49, no. 4 (December 24, 2021): 533–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nre-210219.

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BACKGROUND: While the transdisciplinary-based rehabilitation provided ample evidence on improving impairment (body structure and functions) levels, the therapeutic effects on the international classification of functioning, disability, and health (ICF) domains are unknown in cerebral palsy (CP). OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of the community-based family-child-centered care (CFC) and conventional pediatric rehabilitation (CPR) on the physical, cognitive, sensory, and social integration domains in children and adolescents with CP. METHODS: Twenty-six participants with CP (mean age = 9.37±5.24, 14 females) were assigned into either CPR or CFC groups. Clinical outcomes included gross motor function measure (GMFM-66), Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS), fine motor area of Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 (BOT-2), Functional Independence Measure (FIM) cognition area, Short Sensory Profile (sSP), COPM, Pediatrics Quality of Life (PedsQL) questionnaire, Short Falls Efficacy Scale (sFES), and Dynamic Postural Instability (DPI). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted at P < 0.05. RESULTS: ANOVA revealed the superior effects of CFC in GMFM-66, PBS, BOT-2, FIM, and PedsQL compared to CPR (P < 0.05). ANCOVA showed the superior effects of CFC in Z-axis of DPI than CPR (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide novel, promising clinical evidence that CFC was more effective than CPR at improving impairment, activity, as well as participation levels in participants with CP.

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Phillips, Dawn, Julia B. Hennermann, Anna Tylki-Szymanska, Line Borgwardt, Mercedes Gil-Campos, Nathalie Guffon, Yasmina Amraoui, et al. "Use of the Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (BOT-2) to assess efficacy of velmanase alfa as enzyme therapy for alpha-mannosidosis." Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Reports 23 (June 2020): 100586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100586.

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Taş, Murat, Elif Kiyici, and Fatih Kiyici. "The Effect of 12 Weeks of Ski Training on Some Biometric Features of Girls." Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, no. 3 (February 16, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i3.2538.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of skiing on the biomotoric characteristics of children with evaluating tests of girls between the ages of eight and 14 before and after the season. The experimental group of this study was 15 girls who had just started skiing and the control group of 30 girls. In total, 45 volunteers joined the study. To follow the development of the children in the study, the Bruininks biomotoric-Oseretsky proficiency testing of engines, Second Edition Short Form (BOT 2 brief) test: Fine Motor Precision, Fine Motor Integration, Manual Dexterity, Bilateral Coordination, Balance, Running Speed and Agility, Upper-Limb Coordination, and Strength was used and total scores were measured. All measurements observed changes in the first test by applying the latest testing methods. The Windows SPSS 17.0 statistical package program was used to analyze the data with Independent-Sample t-test to find the differences between the groups. Statistically meaningful levels resulted as p< 0.05 and p< 0.001. No meaningful differences were found in the comparison of the motoric features of the girls who ski and those who do not in their pre-test. A meaningful difference was found in fine motor skills, fine motor accord and total score after ski training. Ski training contributed to the fine motor skills, fine motor accord and total score of the girls.

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A Prasannan, Kavya, and Lija Mathew. "Effect of Agility Training Exercise on Motor Proficiency and Anthropometry in 6 To 10-Year-Old Overweight Children-A Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 12, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 170–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20220520.

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Background and Objectives: Overweight and Obesity is the current global and threatening nutritional non-communicable health disorders faced by children and adolescents leading to morbidity and mortality in early adult life. FMS represent the foundational skills required to participate in many physical activities, and include locomotor skills (e.g., running, jumping, and hopping) and object-control or manipulative skills (e.g., catching, throwing, and kicking). Early intervention is necessary to promote healthy life style & improve fitness. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine the effects of agility training on anthropometry and motor proficiency in 6 to 10 years old obese and overweight children. Methodology: Sixteen subjects were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, then divided into two groups. Group A (Experimental group n= 8) received Warm up exercises, star agility run and cool down exercises. Group B (Control group n=8) received both warm up and cool down exercises with jogging and skipping. Exercise program was held for three days a week for 40 minutes for 4 weeks. Motor proficiency and anthropometry were measured at the beginning and at the end of intervention sessions using Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency, Skin fold thickness (calliper), and BMI. Results: From pre to post four week intervention, a statistically significant changes were observed in most of the outcome measures in paired t test of experimental group when compared to control group, most probably in skin fold (triceps p=0.001, abdomen p=0.01, thigh p<0.01) and BOT (p<0.01). Between groups from pre to post four week intervention only BOT (p=0.01) shows a significant improvement. In case of skin fold measurements, the results showed statistically less significant from pre test to post test. In the case of BMI, between group and within group showed no change. Conclusion: According to the present study, four weeks of agility training showed significant changes in the BOT scores in experimental group when compared to the control group. Hence the study concluded that a planned and structured four weeks of agility training program is effective in improving motor proficiency in 6 to 10-year-old overweight & obese children. Key words: Motor proficiency, Anthropometry, star agility run, physical activity.

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Santos, Manoella O., Diego G. Barbosa, Geraldo J. F. Junior, Raísa C. Silva, Andreia Pelegrini, and Érico P. G. Felden. "Capacity of Objective Measures of Physical Activity to Predict Brazilian Children’s Low Motor Proficiency." Perceptual and Motor Skills 125, no. 4 (May 22, 2018): 669–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512518774993.

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This study analyzed the associations between physical activity (PA) and motor proficiency (MP) to determine what level of moderate PA might help avoid low MP in 8-10-year-old Brazilian children. We assessed MP of 98 children using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Proficiency, Second Edition Short Form (BOT-2 SF), and we assessed PA using the GT3X + accelerometer. We analyzed data using means, standard deviations, frequency distribution, spearman correlation coefficients, Mann–Whitney U test, and the Receiver Operating Characteristics curve. There was a difference between groups of children with adequate or better versus low MP in minutes/day of moderate PA (defined as 2,296–4,011 accelerometer counts/minute; U = 666.0, p = .045) such that those with less time engaged in moderate PA had lower MP scores than peers with adequate MP. There was also a positive correlation between moderate PA and the strength and agility MP domain ( rs = .226; p = .025). In addition, minutes/day of moderate PA less than or equal to 142.56 minutes showed predictive capacity for low MP (area under the curve = 0.635; p = .027). Thus, objective measures of PA were able to predict low MP in 8-10-year-old Brazilian children, with an approximate guideline of about 2.5 hours per day of moderate PA needed to protect against low MP.

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Khodaverdi, Zeinab, Abbas Bahram, Hassan Khalaji, Anoshirvan Kazemnejad, Farhad Ghadiri, and Wesley O’Brien. "Motor Competence Performances Among Girls Aged 7–10 Years: Different Dimensions of the Motor Competence Construct Using Common Assessment Batteries." Journal of Motor Learning and Development 9, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 185–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2020-0030.

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This paper aimed to investigate different dimensions of motor competence (MC) by using four commonly administered MC assessment tools (Test of Gross Motor Development-3, Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 Short Form, Körperkoordinationtest Für Kinder, and Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2) in a sample of 184 girls (Mage = 8.61 years; SD = 1.21 years). This is the first study of its kind to shed light on different dimensions of MC, identifying them through rigorous and robust statistical analysis. The Delphi method was used to select the dimensions of MC. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess whether the dimensions loaded onto the same construct (i.e., MC). Face and content validity identified three dimensions of MC: fundamental motor skills, gross motor coordination, and motor abilities. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated an adequate fit for the final MC model with three dimensions. In this model, fundamental motor skills, gross motor coordination, and motor abilities loaded on the MC construct. The data reported present a revised definition of holistic MC, which comprises the level of motor abilities (physical proficiency and perceptual motor abilities) as well as gross motor coordination and fundamental motor skills proficiency, which underlie the performance of a wide range of tasks, including fine and gross motor activities in daily life.

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Stojanović, Marija, Marko Aleksandrović, and Aleksandra Aleksić-Veljković. "THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE PROGRAM ON THE BALANCE OF YOUNG PEOPLE WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES." Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport 16, no. 1 (July 24, 2018): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fupes170626020s.

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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the 12 weeks experimental exercise program on the balance of adolescents with mild intellectual disabilities. Participants were 15 adolescents aged 15-20 years (18.18±1.54 years) with mild disturbances in intellectual functioning attending a special school „October 14th" in Nis. The program consisted of games with the balls and polygons on the basketball court. The balance ability was tested by nine tasks of the BOT-2 (Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency). The results indicate that the applied exercise program contributed to the statistically significant increase in total score of balance (p = .002), walking foreward heel-toe on the line (p = .045), standing on one leg on a line with eyes closed (p = .027) and standing on one leg on balance beam with eyes closed (p = .006). The applied exercise program had a positive influence on the balance of young people with mild intellectual disabilities. Additionally, the results can provide useful information in optimizing the training loads of students with mild intellectual disabilities throughout Physical Education classes.

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Downs, Samantha J., Lynne M. Boddy, Bronagh McGrane, James R. Rudd, Craig A. Melville, and Lawrence Foweather. "Motor competence assessments for children with intellectual disabilities and/or autism: a systematic review." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 6, no. 1 (November 2020): e000902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000902.

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ObjectiveGross motor competence is essential for daily life functioning and participation in physical activities. Prevalence of gross motor competence in children with intellectual disabilities (ID) and/or autism is unclear. This systematic review aimed to identify appropriate assessments for children with ID and/or autism.Design & data sourcesAn electronic literature search was conducted using the EBSCOhost platform searching MEDLINE, Education Research Complete, ERIC, CINAHL Plus and SPORTDiscus databases.Eligibility criteriaIncluded studies sampled children with ID and/or autism aged between 1 and 18 yrs, used field-based gross motor competence assessments, reported measurement properties, and were published in English. The utility of assessments were appraised for validity, reliability, responsiveness and feasibility.ResultsThe initial search produced 3182 results, with 291 full text articles screened. 13 articles including 10 assessments of motor competence were included in this systematic review. There was limited reporting across measurement properties, mostly for responsiveness and some aspects of validity. The Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 followed by The Test of Gross Motor Development-2 demonstrated the greatest levels of evidence for validity and reliability. Feasibility results were varied, most instruments required little additional equipment (n=8) and were suitable for a school setting, but, additional training (n=7) was needed to score and interpret the results.ConclusionThis review found the BOT-2 followed by the TGMD-2 to be the most psychometrically appropriate motor competency assessments for children with ID and/or autism in field-based settings. Motor competence assessment research is limited for these cohorts and more research is needed.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019129464.

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Van Niekerk, Lizl-Louise, Dorita Du Toit, and Anita E. Pienaar. "The correlation between motor proficiency and physical activity in Senior Phase learners in the Potchefstroom area." Health SA Gesondheid 21 (October 11, 2016): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v21i0.990.

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Background: One of the risks associated with low physical activity levels is the insufficient development of motor proficiency, which in turn has an impact on participation in physical activity and sport during adolescence.Objectives: To determine the relationship between motor proficiency and physical activity levels in adolescent Senior Phase learners in Potchefstroom, South Africa. No literature exists on the relationship between motor proficiency and physical activity levels among South African adolescents.Method: A total of 239 13- to 14-year-old learners were assessed using the Bruininkse Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2 (BOT-2) for motor proficiency, and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) for physical activity levels. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation coefficients and effect sizes.Results: Statistically and practically significant correlations were found between the total BOT-2 score and the physical activity levels of the total group, as well as the boys and the girls respectively. Fine motor coordination correlated with physical activity levels in the girls, while manipulation coordination correlated with the physical activity levels of the total group and the boys. The body coordination skill of jumping in place and the strength test items showed strong correlations with physical activity in all the groups.Conclusion: The motor skills of Senior Phase learners, especially coordination and strength skills, should be developed and maintained in the Physical Education curriculum to enhance physical activity levels.

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Lersilp, Suchitporn, Supawadee Putthinoi, and Kewalin Panyo. "Fine Motor Activities Program to Promote Fine Motor Skills in a Case Study of Down’s Syndrome." Global Journal of Health Science 8, no. 12 (April 29, 2016): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n12p60.

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<p>Children with Down’s syndrome have developmental delays, particularly regarding cognitive and motor development. Fine motor skill problems are related to motor development. They have impact on occupational performances in school-age children with Down’s syndrome because they relate to participation in school activities, such as grasping, writing, and carrying out self-care duties. This study aimed to develop a fine motor activities program and to examine the efficiency of the program that promoted fine motor skills in a case study of Down’s syndrome. The case study subject was an 8 -year-old male called Kai, who had Down’s syndrome. He was a first grader in a regular school that provided classrooms for students with special needs. This study used the fine motor activities program with assessment tools, which included 3 subtests of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, second edition (BOT-2) that applied to Upper-limb coordination, Fine motor precision and Manual dexterity; as well as the In-hand Manipulation Checklist, and Jamar Hand Dynamometer Grip Test. The fine motor activities program was implemented separately and consisted of 3 sessions of 45 activities per week for 5 weeks, with each session taking 45 minutes. The results showed obvious improvement of fine motor skills, including bilateral hand coordination, hand prehension, manual dexterity, in-hand manipulation, and hand muscle strength. This positive result was an example of a fine motor intervention program designed and developed for therapists and related service providers in choosing activities that enhance fine motor skills in children with Down’s syndrome.</p>

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Kelly, Gemma, Kathy Davis, and Lorna Wales. "The presence of high level physical difficulties in children and young people with severe acquired brain injuries who regain independent mobility." International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 26, no. 11 (November 2, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2018.0087.

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Background/Aims Children and young people with acquired brain injuries take part in less physical activity than age-matched peers. A possible cause of this is reduced high level motor proficiency. This study aimed to determine whether children and young people who regain independent mobility following a severe acquired brain injury continue to experience high-level physical difficulties. Methods A retrospective review of routinely collected Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2 assessments was performed. Descriptive data analysis of motor proficiency results, both overall and within the different subsections, was conducted. Results Out of 26 participants (5–17 years) with severe traumatic and non-traumatic acquired brain injury, 22 scored below or well below average in overall motor composite score. The mean standard scores across all participants in three of the subsections were below average: manual coordination 35.9; body coordination 37.1; and strength and agility 37.9. The only subsection that produced scores within the average for participants' ages was fine motor control (mean 41.8). Conclusions Children and young people demonstrate reduced motor proficiency following acquired brain injury despite regaining functionally independent mobility. Those not participating in physical activities should be screened for high level motor difficulties that may impact on their participation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2)'

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