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Journal articles on the topic 'Bsdiff'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Kroneberger, Monika, Andreas Mezger, and Stephanie Becker. "Stray light and ghosts in catadioptric spectrometers: incorporating grating scatter measurements into simulations and ghost sensitivity into system design." Advanced Optical Technologies 7, no. 6 (December 19, 2018): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aot-2018-0039.

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Abstract The accurate simulation of stray light is essential for the verification of the contrast requirements in optical instruments. In a spectrometer, the scattering from reflective gratings is difficult to characterize while contributing significantly to the overall system stray light and reduction of the spectrometer contrast. In addition, the multiple diffraction orders create a ghost sensitive environment, which must be considered in the design of the instrument. In this article, we present an experimental setup for, and measurement results from, the characterization of the bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF) of a holographic grating for a spectrometer applied in a typical earth observation mission with demanding stray light requirements. We observed distinct stray light peaks out of the diffraction plane, which are called ‘satellites.’ The main challenges in the measurement of grating BSDFs arise from the near angle limit, the determination of the instrument signature and the selection of the appropriate sampling (2D or 3D). Following the grating characterization, the next step is to introduce these measured BSDFs into stray light simulation. We have done that by fitting appropriate functions to the measured BSDF and defining them in the optical analysis software ASAP as a user-defined BSDF. Ghost analysis is done at the spectrometer level as a sensitivity analysis of the tilts of the optical elements. Due to the ghosting of higher diffraction orders of the grating, a high sensitivity to the tilts of some of the optical elements can be seen.

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2

Sciochetti, Stephen A., Patrick J. Piggot, and Garry W. Blakely. "Identification and Characterization of thedif Site from Bacillus subtilis." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 3 (February 1, 2001): 1058–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.3.1058-1068.2001.

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ABSTRACT Bacteria with circular chromosomes have evolved systems that ensure multimeric chromosomes, formed by homologous recombination between sister chromosomes during DNA replication, are resolved to monomers prior to cell division. The chromosome dimer resolution process inEscherichia coli is mediated by two tyrosine family site-specific recombinases, XerC and XerD, and requires septal localization of the division protein FtsK. The Xer recombinases act near the terminus of chromosome replication at a site known asdif (Ecdif). In Bacillus subtilisthe RipX and CodV site-specific recombinases have been implicated in an analogous reaction. We present here genetic and biochemical evidence that a 28-bp sequence of DNA (Bsdif), lying 6° counterclockwise from the B. subtilis terminus of replication (172°), is the site at which RipX and CodV catalyze site-specific recombination reactions required for normal chromosome partitioning. Bsdif in vivo recombination did not require the B. subtilis FtsK homologues, SpoIIIE and YtpT. We also show that the presence or absence of the B. subtilisSPβ-bacteriophage, and in particular its yopP gene product, appears to strongly modulate the extent of the partitioning defects seen in codV strains and, to a lesser extent, those seen in ripX and dif strains.

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Ershov, Sergei V., Dmitry D. Zhdanov, and Alexei G. Voloboy. "The Method Of Quasi-specular Elements To Reduce Stochastic Noise During Illuminance Simulation." Light & Engineering, no. 05-2020 (October 2020): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33383/2019-103.

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When simulating the propagation of light, luminance/ radiance brought by a ray is calculated from the optical properties of the scene objects it interacts with. According to their optical properties, objects can be roughly divided into diffuse and specular. In Monte Carlo ray tracing luminance/radiance is calculated only for diffuse surfaces. When a ray hits a specular a surface, it is reflected (or refracted) until it reaches a diffuse surface, and only then the luminance/radiance is calculated. In the proposed approach, diffuse elements are further divided into genuine diffuse and quasi-specular elements. The most natural criterion for the latter is that it scatters light in a narrow cone about the specular direction. An element of the scene can also be a superposition of both types when its scattering function is a sum of the genuine diffuse and quasi-specular parts. This article shows how different components of illuminance/irradiance interact with quasi-specular objects and describe how this works in the bi-directional stochastic ray tracing. The proposed approach significantly reduces stochastic noise for multiple scenes. This method is also applicable for simulation of volume scattering, treating the phase function of the medium as quasi-specular. In this case, the choice of quasi-specular objects is not based on the nature of the bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF): the medium is treated as completely quasi-specular while the surfaces, even if their BSDFs are narrower, remain genuine diffuse. The article shows the advantage of this approach.

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4

Li, Ke, Jun-Ya Liu, Lei Fu, Ying-Ying Zhao, He Zhu, Yan-Yan Zhang, Hua Zhang, and Yan-Hong Bai. "Effect of bamboo shoot dietary fiber on gel properties, microstructure and water distribution of pork meat batters." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 33, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 1180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0215.

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Objective: To develop healthier comminuted meat products to meet consumer demand, the gel properties, rheological properties, microstructure and water distribution of pork meat batters formulated with various amounts of bamboo shoot dietary fiber (BSDF) were investigated.Methods: Different levels of BSDF (0% to 4%) were added to pork batters, and the pH, color, water-holding capacity, texture and rheological properties of pork batters were determined. Then, pork batters were analyzed for their microstructure and water distribution using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR).Results: Compared with the control, BSDF addition into meat batters showed a significant reduction in L*-value and a significant increase in b*-value (p<0.05). BSDF addition of up to 4% reduced the pH value of pork batters by approximately 0.15 units; however, the cooking loss and expressible water loss decreased significantly (p<0.05) with the increased addition of BSDF. The hardness and gel strength were noticeably enhanced (p<0.05) as the content of BSDF increased. The rheological results showed that BSDF added into pork batters produced higher storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) values. The SEM images suggested that the addition of BSDF could promote pork batters to form a more uniform and compact microstructure. The proportion of immobilized water increased significantly (p<0.05), while the population of free water was decreased (p<0.05), indicating that BSDF improved the water-holding capability of pork batters by decreasing the fraction of free water.Conclusion: BSDF could improve the gel properties, rheological properties and water distribution of pork meat batters and decrease the proportion of free water, suggesting that BSDF has great potential as an effective binder in comminuted meat products.

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Zhang, Hua, Yanyan Zhang, Xintian Wang, Qisen Xiang, Yanhong Bai, Suyun Li, and Lixin Yang. "Effects of Bamboo Shoot Dietary Fiber on Mechanical Properties, Moisture Distribution, and Microstructure of Frozen Dough." Journal of Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4513410.

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In this paper, the effects of Bamboo shoot dietary fiber (BSDF) on the mechanical properties, moisture distribution, and microstructure of frozen dough were investigated. The state and distribution of water in frozen dough was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LNMR) spectroscopy. The microstructure of frozen dough was studied. The structure of the gluten protein network found in wheat flour dough was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result showed that the BSDF could significantly improve the viscoelasticity and extensibility of frozen dough after thawing in a dose-dependent manner. It was significantly improved with the increase in the addition amount of BSDF (P<0.05). DSC analysis showed that the freezable water content and thermal stability of frozen dough were increased after the addition of BSDF. LNMR analysis showed that the appropriate (<0.1%) addition amount of BSDF could significantly (P<0.05) decline the contents of bound water. Meanwhile, the loose bound water and free water were raised significantly (P<0.05) after the addition of BSDF. Moreover, the addition of BSDF induces arrangement of starch granule and gluten network in frozen dough. BSDF can be used as a novel quality improver of frozen dough.

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6

Ribardière, Mickaël, Benjamin Bringier, Lionel Simonot, and Daniel Meneveaux. "Microfacet BSDFs Generated from NDFs and Explicit Microgeometry." ACM Transactions on Graphics 38, no. 5 (November 5, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3338697.

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7

Heitz, Eric, Johannes Hanika, Eugene d'Eon, and Carsten Dachsbacher. "Multiple-scattering microfacet BSDFs with the Smith model." ACM Transactions on Graphics 35, no. 4 (July 11, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2897824.2925943.

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8

von Finck, A., M. Trost, S. Schröder, and A. Duparré. "Parallelized multichannel BSDF measurements." Optics Express 23, no. 26 (December 18, 2015): 33493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.033493.

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9

Zhao, Minjie, Fuqi Si, Haijin Zhou, Yu Jiang, Chunyan Ji, Shimei Wang, Kai Zhan, and Wenqing Liu. "Pre-Launch Radiometric Characterization of EMI-2 on the GaoFen-5 Series of Satellites." Remote Sensing 13, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 2843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142843.

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The environmental trace gas monitoring instrument (EMI) is a space-borne imaging spectrometer onboard GaoFen-5, which was launched in May 2018, covering wavelengths in the range of 240–710 nm to measure NO2, O3, HCHO, and SO2. An advanced EMI-2 instrument with a higher spatial resolution and sufficient signal-to-noise is currently planned for launch on the GaoFen-5(02) satellite in 2021. The EMI-2 instrument bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF) is obtained from the absolute irradiance and radiance calibration on-ground. Based on EMI-2 earth and sun optical paths, the key factors of BSDF parameters are introduced. An NIST-calibrated 1000 W FEL quartz tungsten halogen lamp and a 2D turntable are adopted for the absolute irradiance calibration. A large aperture integrating sphere system is used for the absolute radiance calibration. Based on absolute irradiance and radiance calibration functions, the BSDF parameters are obtained, with accuracy of 4.9% for UV1, 4.3% for UV2, 4.1% for VIS1, and 4.2% for VIS2. The on-ground measurement results show that the reflectance spectrum can be calculated from BSDF parameters. On-orbit application of the EMI-2 instrument BSDF are also discussed.

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Guo, Yu, Miloš Hašan, and Shuang Zhao. "Position-free monte carlo simulation for arbitrary layered BSDFs." ACM Transactions on Graphics 37, no. 6 (January 10, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3272127.3275053.

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11

Ribardière, M., B. Bringier, D. Meneveaux, and L. Simonot. "STD: Student's t-Distribution of Slopes for Microfacet Based BSDFs." Computer Graphics Forum 36, no. 2 (May 2017): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13137.

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12

Carosso, Paolo, and Nancy Pugel Carosso. "Surface Contamination Monitoring by the Measurement of Scattering Distribution Functions." Journal of the IEST 30, no. 3 (May 1, 1987): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.1.30.3.d77310u8131l4381.

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This paper describes the use of Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Functions (BSDF) to quantify surface degradation, thus providing an effective method for contamination monitoring. This approach to contamination monitoring is based on the use of witness surfaces (mirrors or glass slides) located next to the critical surfaces. Contaminant accretion can be monitored during all phases of spacecraft fabrication, assembly, and testing. The method can be applied in other areas of contamination control such as monitoring of clean room environments. The BSDF can also prove extremely useful in establishing contamination control requirements and acceptability criteria. This paper describes the apparatus adopted to perform BSDF measurements and discusses some practical aspects of data collection. The results obtained in contamination monitoring programs performed at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center are presented. Some possible new applications of this monitoring technique are also addressed.

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Katsarou, E., K. Karava, I. E. Stamatelatos, and J. Kalef-Ezra. "Dose Distribution near Tissue In-homogeneities in Megavoltage Radiation Therapy." HNPS Proceedings 23 (March 8, 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.1912.

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The presence of an in-homogeneity inside the human body modifies the radiation dose distribution in tissue. Such disturbances are even higher close to the interface between materials of different atomic number, Z. During radiotherapy with megavolt photons a remarkable lack of particle equilibrium is displayed in the transition zones between soft tissues and either bones or devices implanted in the human body for medical purposes, resulting in large dose gradients.The disturbance in the dose distribution in soft tissue close to a high Z material in regions where the photon beam enters or exits the in-homogeneity, is quantified by the Backscatter Dose Factor (BSDF) and Forward Scatter Dose Factor (FSDF), respectively. In the present work BSDF and FSDF dependence on photon energy, material thickness, atomic number and field size were studied experimentally. For this purpose, slabs made of high Z material (aluminum, copper and lead) were inserted in a PMMA (Plexiglas) phantom. Irradiations were performed using a Co-60 teletherapy unit and two 6 MV linear accelerators. Dose measurements were carried out using MD-55 and HD-810 Gafchromic films.The results of the study showed that the presence of the in-homogeneity increased the absorbed dose in the low Z material before the in-homogeneity (BSDF >1.00) and decreased after it (FSDF <1.00). Moreover, it was found that BSDF increases as the in-homogeneity thickness increases (up to a saturation thickness). On the contrary, FSDF decreases with increasing in-homogeneity thickness. In addition, both disturbances increase with increasing Z of the in-homogeneity. Outcome of this study was high quality experimental data to be used for benchmarking BSDF and FSDF calculations performed by dedicated Monte Carlo and analytical radiotherapy treatment planning systems.

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Heitz, E., and E. d'Eon. "Importance Sampling Microfacet-Based BSDFs using the Distribution of Visible Normals." Computer Graphics Forum 33, no. 4 (July 2014): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12417.

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15

Grobe, Lars Oliver. "Photon-mapping in Climate-Based Daylight Modelling with High-resolution BSDFs." Energy and Buildings 205 (December 2019): 109524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109524.

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16

Ward, Gregory J., Taoning Wang, David Geisler-Moroder, Eleanor S. Lee, Lars O. Grobe, Jan Wienold, and Jacob C. Jonsson. "Modeling specular transmission of complex fenestration systems with data-driven BSDFs." Building and Environment 196 (June 2021): 107774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107774.

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17

Schregle, Roland, Christian Renken, and Stephen Wittkopf. "Spatio-Temporal Visualisation of Reflections from Building Integrated Photovoltaics." Buildings 8, no. 8 (August 3, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8080101.

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With the increasing adoption of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), concerns arise about potential glare. While recommended criteria to assess glare exist, it is challenging to apply these in the spatial and temporal domains and communicate the complex data to planning authorities and clients. This paper presents a new computational workflow using annual daylight simulation, material modelling using bi-directional scattering distribution functions (BSDFs) and image-based postprocessing to obtain 3-dimensional renderings of cumulative annual irradiance and glare duration on the built environment. The annual daylight simulation considers relevant sun positions in high temporal resolution (15-min timesteps) and measured BSDFs to model different PV materials. The postprocessing includes a relative irradiance visualisation comparing the impact of a proposed PV proportional to a reference material. It also includes a new spatio-temporal workflow to assess the glare duration based on recommended thresholds. This workflow is demonstrated with a case study of a proposed PV roof for a church, assessing the glare potential of two different PV materials. The visualisations indicate glare durations well below the thresholds with satinated PVs, and in noncritical zones outside observer positions with standard PVs. Thus the proposed PV roof does not cause any disturbing glare.

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18

Kurt, Murat. "A Survey of BSDF Measurements and Representations." Deu Muhendislik Fakultesi Fen ve Muhendislik 20, no. 58 (January 1, 2018): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2018205808.

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Asmail, C. "Bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF): A systematized bibliography." Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 96, no. 2 (March 1991): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.096.010.

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Roth, Benjamin D., Adam A. Goodenough, Scott D. Brown, Jan A. van Aardt, M. Grady Saunders, and Keith Krause. "Simulations of Leaf BSDF Effects on Lidar Waveforms." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 2909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12182909.

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Establishing linkages between light detection and ranging (lidar) data, produced from interrogating forest canopies, to the highly complex forest structures, composition, and traits that such forests contain, remains an extremely difficult problem. Radiative transfer models have been developed to help solve this problem and test new sensor platforms in a virtual environment. Many forest canopy studies include the major assumption of isotropic (Lambertian) reflecting and transmitting leaves or non-transmitting leaves. Here, we study when these assumptions may be valid and evaluate their associated impacts/effects on the lidar waveform, as well as its dependence on wavelength, lidar footprint, view angle, and leaf angle distribution (LAD), by using the Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) remote sensing radiative transfer simulation model. The largest effects of Lambertian assumptions on the waveform are observed at visible wavelengths, small footprints, and oblique interrogation angles relative to the mean leaf angle. For example, a 77% increase in return signal was observed with a configuration of a 550 nm wavelength, 10 cm footprint, and 45° interrogation angle to planophile leaves. These effects are attributed to (i) the bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF) becoming almost purely specular in the visible, (ii) small footprints having fewer leaf angles to integrate over, and (iii) oblique angles causing diminished backscatter due to forward scattering. Non-transmitting leaf assumptions have the greatest error for large footprints at near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. Regardless of leaf angle distribution, all simulations with non-transmitting leaves with a 5 m footprint and 1064 nm wavelength saw around a 15% reduction in return signal. We attribute the signal reduction to the increased multiscatter contribution for larger fields of view, and increased transmission at NIR wavelengths. Armed with the knowledge from this study, researchers will be able to select appropriate sensor configurations to account for or limit BSDF effects in forest lidar data.

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Segot-Chicq, E., S. Salah, M. Jullien, N. Portal, C. Deschodt, and D. Gagnebien. "Defining and validating a Body Skin Discomfort Index (BSDI)." International Journal of Cosmetic Science 40, no. 5 (October 2018): 488–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ics.12490.

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22

TOBITANI, Kensuke, Atsushi ISHIDA, Shuhei NOMURA, and Noriko NAGATA. "Modeling and Rendering of Woven Cloth Using Microfacet BSDF." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 79, no. 11 (2013): 1165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.79.1165.

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23

Papas, Marios, Krystle de Mesa, and Henrik Wann Jensen. "A Physically-Based BSDF for Modeling the Appearance of Paper." Computer Graphics Forum 33, no. 4 (July 2014): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12420.

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TSUJIOKA, KATSUMI. "Apparatus Engineering of X-ray CT Equipment(8) : Performance Evaluation and Apparatus Management(Bsdic Lectyres-CT)." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 58, no. 9 (2002): 1203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001364796.

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Ritt, Gunnar, Bastian Schwarz, and Bernd Eberle. "Estimation of Lens Stray Light with Regard to the Incapacitation of Imaging Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 21 (November 5, 2020): 6308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216308.

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We present our efforts on estimating light scattering characteristics from commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) camera lenses in order to deduce thereof a set of generic scattering parameters valid for a specific lens class (double Gauss lenses). In previous investigations, we developed a simplified theoretical light scattering model to estimate the irradiance distribution in the focal plane of a camera lens. This theoretical model is based on a 3-parameter bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF), which describes light scattering from rough surfaces of the optical elements. Ordinarily, the three scatter parameters of the BSDF are not known for COTS camera lenses, which makes it necessary to assess them by own experiments. Besides the experimental setup and the measurement process, we present in detail the subsequent data exploitation. From measurements on seven COTS camera lenses, we deduced a generic set of scatter parameters. For a deeper analysis, the results of our measurements have also been compared with the output of an optical engineering software. Together with our theoretical model, now stray light calculations can be accomplished even then, when specific scatter parameters are not available from elsewhere. In addition, the light scattering analyses also allow considering the glare vulnerability of optical systems in terms of laser safety.

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Chao Qi, 齐超, 刘洪臣 Hongchen Liu, 韦袁丽 Yuanli Wei, and 戴景民 Jingmin Dai. "Design and experimental research of angle self-compensation setup for BSDF measurement." Chinese Optics Letters 7, no. 5 (2009): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col20090705.0403.

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Grobe, Lars O. "Photon mapping in image-based visual comfort assessments with BSDF models of high resolution." Journal of Building Performance Simulation 12, no. 6 (September 3, 2019): 745–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2019.1653994.

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Dar, Ayelet, Alexander Kalinkovich, Neta Netzer, Raanan Margalit, Amir Schajnovitz, Francoise Baleux, Melania Tesio, Isabelle Petit, and Tsvee Lapidot. "AMD3100 Signals Via the Nervous System, Inducing Release to the Circulation of Bone Marrow SDF-1, Which Is Crucial for Progenitor Cell Mobilization." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.1315.1315.

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Abstract AMD3100, a bicyclam antagonist of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in vitro, has been shown to induce rapid mobilization of human and murine maturing leukocytes and immature hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in vivo. In addition, AMD3100 combined with G-CSF, synergistically augments mobilization of human progenitor cells (Broxmeyer & Srour et al, JEM, 2005). However, the mechanism of AMD3100-induced mobilization is currently poorly understood. We report that AMD3100-induced mobilization in mice was accompanied with rapid increase in functional SDF-1 concentrations in the circulation and their parallel decrease in the bone marrow within 1 hour. Biotinylated SDF-1 (bSDF-1) directly injected into the femur was detected in the peripheral blood, adjacent bones and spleen as early as 10 minutes post administration. Interestingly, AMD3100 induced significant elevations in bone marrow-derived bSDF-1 concentrations in the peripheral blood. Similarly, G-CSF induced mobilization was initiated (24 hours post a single injection of G-CSF), by SDF-1 release to the circulation. Administration of neutralizing antibodies against CXCR4 to either untreated or AMD3100 treated mice markedly reduced SDF-1 levels in the peripheral blood, coinciding with increased retention levels of this ligand in the bone marrow. In vitro, AMD3100 directly induced SDF-1 release from the human osteoblast cell line MG-63 in a bell shaped dose response. Inhibition of CXCR4-dependent release of SDF-1 during homeostasis or upon treatment with AMD3100, correlated with selective reduction in recruitment of hematopoietic progenitor cells but not mature leukocytes to the circulation. Importantly, injection of neutralizing antibodies against SDF-1 (but not matched control antibodies) resulted in decreased steady state egress and AMD3100-induced mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Rapid recruitment (within 1 hour) of hematopoietic progenitor cells and maturing leukocytes out of the bone marrow as well as SDF-1 release were dependent on signals from the nervous system. Administration of the b2 adrenergic agonist (clenbuterol) inhibited endogenous SDF-1 and exogenous bSDF-1 release to the circulation and reduced progenitor cell egress, both during steady state and AMD3100-induced mobilization, while administration of the b2 adrenergic antagonist (propranolol) resulted in opposite effects. Based on our results we propose a model in which egress and mobilization of immature progenitor cells differs from that of maturing leukocytes and is more dependent on SDF-1/CXCR4 interactions. In addition to hematopoietic progenitor cells, also bone marrow stromal cells induce homeostatic secretion of SDF-1, which is increased during mobilization and stress induced recruitment. Secretion of this ligand is also CXCR4-dependent, revealing orchestrated mutual and reciprocal SDF1/CXCR4 interactions and a cross-talk with the nervous system, which regulates progenitor cell egress and recruitment.

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Dixon, A. F. G., and J. L. Hemptinne. "BODY SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN PREDATORY LADYBIRD BEETLES REFLECTS THAT OF THEIR PREY." Ecology 82, no. 7 (July 2001): 1847–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[1847:bsdipl]2.0.co;2.

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Komor, Stephen C. "Bidirectional sulfate diffusion in saline-lake sediments: Evidence from Devils Lake, northeast North Dakota." Geology 20, no. 4 (1992): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0319:bsdisl>2.3.co;2.

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Udrea, Ioana, and Romeo Popa. "Comparing the energy efficiency of exterior shading by metal slats and mesh screens in an early phase design exercise for an office building in Bucharest." E3S Web of Conferences 85 (2019): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198501007.

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An early phase design exercise for shading a South facade of an office building in Bucharest is presented here. The problem to solve is deciding in a simple and quick way (not using the complicated BSDF approach), based strictly on energy-efficiency considerations, between two options in principle: the first, exterior screens, is much cheaper and the send is unmovable horizontal aluminium slats. The tool used to produce the necessary result quantities by building energy simulation is COMFEN 4.1. The conclusion is positive: if aesthetic reasons are ignored, in Bucharest and very likely many other Romanian cities having a quite similar climate, screens can be at least equally effective in saving energy by South facade shading. As they allow a flexible shading strategy (removing them during some months of the heating season), the energy-efficiency realized by having them on throughout the year can be increased further.

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Krehel, Marek, Lars O. Grobe, and Stephen Wittkopf. "A hybrid data-driven BSDF model to predict light transmission through complex fenestration systems including high incident directions." Journal of Facade Design and Engineering 4, no. 3-4 (July 8, 2017): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fde-161191.

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33

Lee, Aleck, and Michael Fong. "Prediction of Particulate Contamination on an Aperture Window." Journal of the IEST 39, no. 2 (March 31, 1996): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.2.39.2.b72476753118121p.

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This paper presents an analysis of light scattering by surface particles on the sensor window of a missile during ascent flight. The particulate contaminant distribution on the window is calculated by tallying the number of particles in a set of size ranges. The particulate contamination at the end of the mission is predicted by adding the contributions from the events of ground and flight operations. The surface particle redistribution caused by vibroacoustic-induced surface acceleration was found to contribute the most to particulate surface contamination. The analytical surface obscuration calculation with a set of particle counts was compared with the results of the image analyzer measurement. The analytical results, which were calculated with a given function of particle shape depending on size, were more conservative than the measurement. A scattering calculation using a verified BSDF model showed that the scattering was less than 0.001 at 20 deg off the direction of the incident light in the mid IR wavelength when the surfaces were at Level 300 initially.

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Hoffmann, Sabine, and Abolfazl Ganji Kheybari. "Untersuchungen zum sommerlichen Wärmeschutz – Teil 2: Vergleich zwischen Modellierung mit Abminderungsfaktor (F C ‐Faktor) und bidirektionalem Ansatz (BSDF‐Methode)." Bauphysik 43, no. 2 (April 2021): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bapi.202100005.

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Tsai, Hsi Hsun, and Hui Ping Feng. "On-Line Inspection of the Surface Roughness of Workpiece in Ultraprecision Machining." Advanced Materials Research 126-128 (August 2010): 744–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.126-128.744.

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An in situ technique to determine the surface roughness of ultraprecision machining using optical characteristic effects is fundamental as probes are not used, which prevents contact damage on the surface. Because the plastic lens molding reprints the roughness of the mold core fabricated by machining, tool marks result in the poor surface of the plastic lens. The machined surface can reflect the input light of a green laser with a short wavelength of 532 nm. By varying the feed rate of the ultraprecision machining, several samples of the electrolyte-less nickel with different surface roughness have been examined using the green laser and the photodiode array. The distribution of the optical scattering effect of each sample under the light source of green laser is derived for prediction of the surface roughness. The results show that greater surface roughness produces more expansive distribution of light scattering. In addition, the bidirectional scatter distribution function (BSDF) of the machined surface is found to be proportional to roughness. Using the ratio of the main and the side measuring channels of the photodiode array, a suitable approach to establish the relationship between light scattering and surface roughness can be developed. The laser and the photodiode array are found to efficiently predict the surface roughness of the ultraprecision machined electroless nickel.

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Domalik, Daniel E., Jason F. Shura, and Daniel G. Linzell. "Design and Field Monitoring of Horizontally Curved Steel Plate Girder Bridge." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1928, no. 1 (January 2005): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192800109.

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Bridge 207 is a two-span horizontally curved steel plate girder bridge near Port Matilda, Pennsylvania. Although the curvature is not severe, the curvature combined with the unequal span balance caused an unusual distribution of force effects in the girders. A global twisting of the superstructure was caused by the unequal vertical deflections in the two spans. The computer program BSDI-3D was used to analyze the curved superstructure. To account for the out-of-plumb condition of the girders in their final condition, additional lateral flange bending moments were calculated. The magnitude of the additional lateral moments was a function of the vertical bending moments and the degree of twist in the girder. Field monitoring of the structure is focusing on the effects of curvature during construction. This is being accomplished by developing a detailed time line of superstructure erection and deck placement and through monitoring of the bridge by using vibrating wire strain gauges and tiltmeters positioned at critical locations on the girders and cross-frames. Field data were recorded before and after critical construction events, such as girder erection, cross-frame and formwork placement, and the deck pour. This information is being used to determine the effects of curvature on the cross-frames during construction by using axial stresses and strains and on the girders by using warping stresses and strains.

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Cheng, Chun Der, Hsi Hsun Tsai, and Hui Ping Feng. "Experimental Study of the Light Scattering Induced by the Surface Roughness of the Ultraprecision Machined Workpiece." Advanced Materials Research 143-144 (October 2010): 1091–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.143-144.1091.

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An in-situ measurement technique of the surface roughness of ultra-precision machining by optical characteristic effects is fundamental thanks to the probe-less which would avoid the contact damage on the surface. Since the plastic lens molding reprints the roughness from the mould core fabricated by machining, the tool marks induce the poor surface of the plastic lens. By a laser with a short wavelength of He-Ne of 632 nanometers, the machined surface would reflect the input light. Several samples with different surface roughness of the aluminum by varying the feed rate of the ultra-precision machining are used to be measured by the He-Ne laser. The 1 x 16 photo-diode array with the pitch of 2.0 mm is constructed to measure the distribution of the optical scattering effect under the light source of He-Ne laser. Results show that the higher surface roughness gives a more expanse distribution of the light scattering. Besides, the BSDF of the machined surface is proportional to roughness. Using the ratio of the main and side measuring channels of the photo-diode array would give a suitable approach to construct the relationship between the light scattering and surface roughness. Therefore, the laser and the photodiode array would predict well the roughness of the ultra-precision machined surfaces of aluminum. The on-line measurement technique for the roughness by reflected light scattering effect from the ultra-precision machined surface is constructed nice in this study.

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Listewnik, Paulina, and Adam Mazikowski. "Automatic system for optical parameters measurements of biological tissues." Photonics Letters of Poland 10, no. 3 (October 1, 2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v10i3.846.

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In this paper a system allowing execution of automatic measurements of the optical parameters of scattering materials in a efficient and accurate manner is proposed and described. The system is designed especially for measurements of biological tissues including phantoms, which closely imitate optical characteristics of a real tissue. The system has modular construction and is based on ISEL system, luminance and color meter and a computer with worked out dedicated software and user interface. Performed measurements of scattering distribution characteristics for selected materials revealed good accuracy, confirmed by comparative measurements using well-known reference characteristics. Full Text: PDF ReferencesWróbel, M. S., Popov, A. P., Bykov, A. V., Kinnunen, M., Jedrzejewska-Szczerska, M., & Tuchin, V. V. (2015). Measurements of fundamental properties of homogeneous tissue phantoms. Journal of Biomedical Optics CrossRef Wróbel, M. S., Jedrzejewska-Szczerska, M., Galla, S., Piechowski, L., Sawczak, M., Popov, A. P., Cenian, A. (2015). Use of optical skin phantoms for preclinical evaluation of laser efficiency for skin lesion therapy. Journal of Biomedical Optics. CrossRef Jędrzejewska-Szczerska, M., Wróbel, M. S., Galla, S., Popov, A. P., Bykov, A. V., Tuchin, V. V., & Cenian, A. (2015). Investigation of photothermolysis therapy of human skin diseases using optical phantoms. In Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. CrossRef Brown A. M., et al.: Optical material characterization through BSDF measurement and analysis, Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 7792, 2010 CrossRef 4-Axis Controller: iMC-S8. Operating Instruction. ISEL Germany AG, 2012. DirectLink Konica Minolta, Inc. (2005-2013). Chroma meter CS-200. Datasheet. DirectLink Malacara D.: Color Vision and Colorimetry; Theory and Applications, SPIE Press, 2002. DirectLink A. Mazikowski, M. Trojanowski: Measurements of Spectral Spatial Distribution of Scattering Materials for Rear Projection Screens used in Virtual Reality Systems, Metrology and Measurement Systems, 20 (3), pp. 443 - 452, 2013 CrossRef

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Kroneberger, Monika, and Sebastian Fray. "Scattering from reflective diffraction gratings: the challenges of measurement and simulation." Advanced Optical Technologies 6, no. 5 (January 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aot-2017-0032.

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AbstractThe accurate simulation of stray light is essential for the prediction of signal detection fidelity in an optical instrument with high contrast requirements. In a spectrometer, the scattering from reflective gratings is poorly understood and difficult to characterize, but contributes significantly to the overall system stray light and reduction in contrast. This paper describes the approaches that will be taken at OHB System AG to establish a sufficiently precise fitting of bidirectional scatter distribution functions (BSDFs) to existing data obtained from measurements of scattering from gratings. The work is being undertaken in preparation for the analysis and fitting of a BSDF to the scattering from the grating for the FLEX low-resolution spectrometer that will be measured in the second half of 2017.

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Schertler, Donald J., and Paul O. McLaughlin. "Optical simulation of microstructured surfaces." Advanced Optical Technologies 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aot-2014-0053.

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Sokolov, Vadim, Dmitry Zhdanov, Igor Potemin, Andrey Zhdanov, and Nikolay Deryabin. "A Bidirectional Scattering Function Reconstruction Method Based on Optimization of Microrelief Heights Distribution." Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Machine Vision (GraphiCon 2020). Part 2, December 17, 2020, paper6–1—paper6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51130/graphicon-2020-2-3-6.

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The work is devoted to the development of a new method for reconstructing the scattering properties of a rough surface, which is described using the bi-directional scattering distribution function (BSDF). There are several different methods of BSDF reconstruction using various approaches. However, they all have their drawbacks: for example, a method based on modeling the measured distribution of heights often requires a complicated fit apart from the expensive measurements themselves, various analytical methods are usu-ally operable within the average roughness values with their standard distribution, and a rather good and universal method for optimizing the normals distribution density does not support internal reflections on the elements of the roughest surface. The proposed solution uses the geometry models of the rough surface, which allows simulating a physically more accurate propagation of light through the rough surface taking into account internal reflections, and hence a more accurate reconstruction of the bidirectional scattering distribution function. The results of BSDF reconstruction with the new method are proved by comparison with measurement results.

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