Journal articles: 'BTXs'

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Arnich, Nathalie, Eric Abadie, Zouher Amzil, Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein, Katia Comte, Estelle Chaix, Nicolas Delcourt, et al. "Guidance Level for Brevetoxins in French Shellfish." Marine Drugs 19, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19090520.

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Brevetoxins (BTXs) are marine biotoxins responsible for neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) after ingestion of contaminated shellfish. NSP is characterized by neurological, gastrointestinal and/or cardiovascular symptoms. The main known producer of BTXs is the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, but other microalgae are also suspected to synthesize BTX-like compounds. BTXs are currently not regulated in France and in Europe. In November 2018, they have been detected for the first time in France in mussels from a lagoon in the Corsica Island (Mediterranean Sea), as part of the network for monitoring the emergence of marine biotoxins in shellfish. To prevent health risks associated with the consumption of shellfish contaminated with BTXs in France, a working group was set up by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses). One of the aims of this working group was to propose a guidance level for the presence of BTXs in shellfish. Toxicological data were too limited to derive an acute oral reference dose (ARfD). Based on human case reports, we identified two lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs). A guidance level of 180 µg BTX-3 eq./kg shellfish meat is proposed, considering a protective default portion size of 400 g shellfish meat.

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Murata, Kazuya, and Takeshi Yasumoto. "Chemiluminescent Receptor Binding Assay for Ciguatoxins and Brevetoxins Using Acridinium Brevetoxin-B2." Toxins 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2019): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11100580.

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Ciguatera is the term for poisoning resulting from eating fish from tropical or subtropical regions. The causative toxins collectively named ciguatoxins (CTXs) widely differ in structures depending on their geographic origins, which range from the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean to the Caribbean Sea. Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) is caused by the ingestion of bivalve shellfish contaminated with brevetoxins (BTXs). Structurally, both CTXs and BTXs consist of fused ether rings aligned in a ladder shape. Pharmacologically, they bind at the same site (site-5) of voltage-gated sodium channels. However, the great structural diversity and the rare availability of reference toxins hinder LC-MS and ELISA methods, which operate on structure-based recognition. In this study, we prepared a chemiluminescent ligand, acridinium BTXB2 (ABTX), and tested its suitability for use in competitive binding assays to detect CTXs and BTXs. The affinity of ABTX to the rat brain synaptosome estimated by Ki (1.66 pM) was approximately two-fold higher than that of PbTx-3 (BTX3). In addition, the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) was 0.84 nM, the maximum number of binding was 6.76 pmol toxin/mg protein, and the detection limit was 1.4 amol. The assays performed on samples spiked with CTX3C or BTXB4 (N-palmitoylBTXB2) at 0.2–1.0 ng CTX/g fish flesh, and 200–800 ng BTXB4/g shellfish showed a linear relationship between the theoretical and observed toxin amounts.

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Tiburtius, Elaine Regina Lopes, Patricio Peralta-Zamora, Alexandre Emmel, and Elenise Sauer Leal. "Degradação de BTXs via processos oxidativos avançados." Química Nova 28, no. 1 (February 2005): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-40422005000100013.

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Rostami, R., and A. Jonidi Jafari. "BTXs Removal with Transition Metals Coated Beds, Considering the Plausible Reaction Mechanisms." Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 8, no. 4 (June 15, 2015): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jest.2015.149.161.

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Nizamidin, Patima, Abliz Yimit, Ismayil Nurulla, and Kiminori Itoh. "Optical Waveguide BTX Gas Sensor Based on Yttrium-Doped Lithium Iron Phosphate Thin Film." ISRN Spectroscopy 2012 (October 18, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/606317.

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Yttrium-doped LiFePO4 powder was synthesized using the hydrothermal method in one step and was used as a sensing material. An optical waveguide (OWG) sensor based on Yttrium-doped LiFePO4 has been developed by spin coating a thin film of LiFe0.99Y0.01PO4 onto a single-mode Tin-diffused glass optical waveguide. Light was coupled into and out of glass OWG employed by a pair of prisms. The guided wave transmits in waveguide layer and passes through the film as an evanescent wave. The sensing film is stable in air, but when exposed to target gas at room temperature, its optical properties such as transmittance (T) and refractive index (nf) were changed; thus, the transmitted light intensity was changed. The LiFe0.99Y0.01PO4 thin film OWG exhibits reversible response to xylene gas in the range of 0.1–1000 ppm. When the concentration of BTX gases was lower than 1ppm, other substances caused a little interference with the detection of xylene vapor. Compared to pure LiFePO4 thin film OWG, this sensor exhibited higher sensitivity to BTXs.

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Tiburtius, Elaine Regina Lopes, Patricio Peralta-Zamora, and Elenise Sauer Leal. "Contaminação de águas por BTXs e processos utilizados na remediação de sítios contaminados." Química Nova 27, no. 3 (June 2004): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-40422004000300014.

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Karnjanakom, Surachai, Akihiro Yoshida, Wahyu Bambang Widayatno, Asep Bayu, Irwan Kurnia, Xiaogang Hao, Panya Maneechakr, Abuliti Abudula, and Guoqing Guan. "Selective deoxygenation of carboxylic acids to BTXs over Cu/β-zeolite prepared by ethylene glycol-assisted impregnation." Catalysis Communications 110 (May 2018): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2018.03.002.

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Chung, Chan Yeup, Ritsuko Yaokawa, Hiroshi Mizuseki, and Yoshiyuki Kawazoe. "Tantalum Vacancy Effects on Electrical Conductivity of La₃Ta₀_.₅Ga_5.₅O₁₄ and Ba-Based P321 Crystals." Key Engineering Materials 508 (March 2012): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.508.325.

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Single Crystalline Langatate (La3Ta0.5Ga5.5O14, LTG) Has Been Widely Used in Piezoelectric Sensors for High Temperature Applications because of its Structural Stability at High Temperature. however, in the Recent Experiment, an Increase of Electrical Conductivity Has Been Also Observed at the Intermediate Temperature Region Ranges from 300 to 700°C. Also, in Theoretical Calculations, Penta-Valent Ta Vacancy Can Be Easily Generated and Influence Resistivity Degradation of the Crystal. In this Study, to Elucidate the Ta Vacancy Effects on Electrical Conductivity of LTG and Recently Proposed Ba-Based P321 Crystal such as BTGS and BTAS, Electrical Conductivity of those Materials Were Calculated and Compared by Utilizing Boltzmann Transport Theory. The Calculated GW Band Gaps of Perfect BTGS and BTAS (5.94 Ev and 6.69 Ev, Respectivily) Were much Larger than that of LTG (5.36 Ev). Also, at Intermediate Temperature (1000K), the Calculated Electrical Conductivity of LTG with V'''''Ta (in Kröger-Vink Notation [13]) Was around Twelve Times Higher than the Conductivity of BTGS and BTAS with Ta Vacancy.

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Sultan, Qasim, Yeong-Jun Kim, Mohammed-Saquib Khan, and Yong-Soo Cho. "Fast Beam Training Technique for Millimeter-Wave Cellular Systems with an Intelligent Reflective Surface." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 4936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144936.

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The concept of an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) has recently emerged as a promising solution for improving the coverage and energy/spectral efficiency of future wireless communication systems. However, as the number of reflecting elements in an IRS increase, the beam training protocol in IRS-assisted millimeter-wave (mmWave) cellular systems requires a large beam training time because it needs to find the best beam pairs for the link between the base station (BS) and the IRS, as well as the link between the IRS and the mobile station (MS). In this paper, a fast beam training technique for IRS-assisted mmWave cellular systems with a uniform rectangular array is proposed for detecting the best beam pairs of BS-IRS and IRS-MS links simultaneously. Two different types of beam training signals (BTSs) are proposed to distinguish simultaneously transmitted beams from the BSs in multi-cell multi-beam environments: the Zadoff–Chu sequence based BTS (ZC-BTS) and m-sequence based BTS (m-BTS). The correlation properties of ZC-BTSs and m-BTSs are analyzed in multi-cell multi-beam environments. In addition, the effect of symbol time offset on the ZC-BTS and m-BTS is analyzed. Finally, simulation results reveal that the proposed technique can significantly reduce the beam training time for IRS-assisted mmWave cellular systems.

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Brkic, A., A. Diamantopoulos, and G. Haugeberg. "OP0238 DRUG COST FOR BIOLOGIC AND TARGETED SYNTHETIC DMARDS FOR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS IN NORWAY FROM 2010 TO 2019 - A COUNTRY WITH A NATIONAL TENDER SYSTEM FOR DRUG PRESCRIPTION." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 145.2–146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2243.

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Background:Biologic and Target Synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (BTSs) have caused a paradigm shift in the treatment of patients with inflammatory joint disorders, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis (RA), where remission is now attainable [1]. The high cost of BTSs has caused restrictions on use and prescription, contributing to inequality of care worldwide [2]. An annual tender system was introduced in 2008 in Norway to reduce the costs of these drugs [3].Objectives:Explore changes in drug costs for BTSs for RA patients treated at Norwegian rheumatology outpatient clinics between 2010 and 2019.Methods:The project BioRheuma (BIOlogic treatment of patients suffering from inflammatory RHEUMAtic disorders in Norway) aimed to monitor patients treated with BTSs while using a designed computer program. Anonymized data files from the ten participating centers were merged and analyzed (EXCEL and SPSS). For each year in the ten-year period, the annual total cost for BTSs and mean BTS cost for treatment of one patient was calculated for all current BTSs users, for all those who started BTSs, and for patients starting naïve to BTSs. The cost was calculated based on price offers given at the annual tender process for the different years.Results:The number of registered RA patients in the databases increased from 4909 in 2010 to 9335 in 2019. Simultaneously, the number of patients treated with BTSs increased from 1959 (39.9%) in 2010 to 4209 (45.1%) in 2019. The total treatment expenditure of these BTS treated patients was lowest in 2010 with 226 million Norwegian Kroner (NOK), highest in 2014 (350 million NOK) treating 3448 patients, and second-lowest in 2019 (255 million NOK).The number of BTSs used for each year (Figure 1) is shown for all current users, all who started new BTSs treatment, and those starting BTSs naïve to BTSs. The same figure also reports the average cost of treating one RA patient with BTSs in these three groups. For the current users of BTSs, when the number of treated patients during follow-up doubled, the mean cost to treat one patient with BTSs was reduced by approximately 50% (decreasing from 115497 NOK in 2010 to 60701 NOK in 2019). The number of patients starting on BTSs approximately doubled, while keeping a steady small increase for the naïve patients to BTSs (382 in 2010 to 405 in 2019). The average starting treatment cost decreased from 114549 NOK in 2010 to 37384 NOK in 2019, and from 114987 NOK in 2010 to 28249 NOK in 2019, for patients starting on BTSs and for patients naïve to BTSs, respectively.Figure 1.A ten-year overview of treating RA patient with BTSsConclusion:Our data shows that the average annual costs of treating a Norwegian RA patient on a current BTS, with a national tender system, were reduced by approximately 50% over the ten years 2010-19. For patients starting on a BTS, the average annual cost was reduced by approximately 75%. The consequence for the payers is that treatment can be offered at a lower price, and thus costly drugs may become more available for patients. We believe that mechanisms like the Norwegian tender system enforced upon the commercial pharmaceutical market improve competition and increase availability and use of costly drugs.References:[1]Smolen JS, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2019 update. Ann Rheum Dis 2020;79;685-99.[2]Bergstra SA, et al. Inequity in access to bDMARD care and how it influences disease outcomes across countries worldwide: results from the METEOR-registry. Ann Rheum Dis 2018;77:1413–20.[3]Norwegian Hospital Procurement. (Jan 2021). Available from: https://sykehusinnkjop.no.Acknowledgements:To all members of the BioRheuma projectDisclosure of Interests:None declared

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Girma, Solomon T., and Abinet G. Abebe. "Mobility Load Balancing in Cellular System with Multicriteria Handoff Algorithm." Advances in Fuzzy Systems 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2795905.

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Efficient traffic load balancing algorithm is very important to serve more mobile users in the cellular networks. This paper is based on mobility load balancing handoff algorithm using fuzzy logic. The rank of the serving and the neighboring Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) are calculated every half second with the help of measurement report from the two-ray propagation model. This algorithm is able to balance load of the BTS by handing off some ongoing calls on BTS’s edge of highly loaded BTS to move to overlapping underloaded BTS, such that the coverage area of loaded BTS virtually shrunk towards BTS center of a loaded sector. In case of low load scenarios, the coverage area of a BTS is presumed to be virtually widened to cover up to the partial serving area of neighboring BTS. This helps a highly loaded neighboring BTS or failed BTS due to power or transmission. Simulation shows that new call blocking and handoff blocking using the proposed algorithm are enhanced notably.

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Samadi, Mohammad Taghi, Mohammad Shakerkhatibi, Jalal Poorolajal, Alireza Rahmani, Hassan Rafieemehr, and Mousa Hesam. "Association of long term exposure to outdoor volatile organic compounds (BTXS) with pro-inflammatory biomarkers and hematologic parameters in urban adults: A cross-sectional study in Tabriz, Iran." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 180 (September 2019): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.008.

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Asutay, Fatih, Yusuf Atalay, Hilal Asutay, and Ahmet Hüseyin Acar. "The Evaluation of the Clinical Effects of Botulinum Toxin on Nocturnal Bruxism." Pain Research and Management 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6264146.

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Objectives. Nocturnal bruxism can be managed by botulinum toxin (Botox®) in patients who have not responded to conservative treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin A (BTXA) in the treatment of nocturnal bruxism. Material and Methods. The retrospective study comprised 25 female patients, aged 23–55 years (mean 35.84±8.41 years). All patients received a single injection of BTXA in the right and left masseters. Evaluation was made by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) values, complaint duration, onset of effect, and duration of effectiveness. Results. BTXA produced significant improvements in pain scores. Only 2 adverse events (8%) were recorded. Conclusion. BTX-A is effective in the treatment of nocturnal bruxism.

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Urrego, R., S. M. Bernal-Ulloa, N. A. Chavarría, E. Herrera-Puerta, A. Lucas-Hahn, D. Herrmann, S. Winkler, D. Pache, H. Niemann, and N. Rodriguez-Osorio. "Satellite DNA methylation status and expression of selected genes in Bos indicus blastocysts produced in vivo and in vitro." Zygote 25, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096719941600040x.

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SummaryBovine embryos produced in vivo and in vitro differ with respect to molecular profiles, including epigenetic marks and gene expression profiles. This study investigated the CpG methylation status in bovine testis satellite I (BTS) and Bos taurus alpha satellite I (BTαS) DNA sequences, and concomitantly the relative abundance of transcripts, critically involved in DNA methylation (DNMT1 and DNMT3A), growth and development (IGF2R) and pluripotency (POU5F1) in Bos indicus embryos produced in vitro or in vivo. Results revealed that methylation of BTS were higher (P < 0.05) in embryos produced in vitro compared with their in vivo produced counterparts, while the methylation status of BTαS was similar in both groups. There were no significant differences in transcript abundance for DNMT3A, IGF2R and POU5F1 between blastocysts produced in vivo and in vitro. However, a significantly lower amount of DNMT1 transcripts was found in the in vitro cultured embryos (P < 0.05) compared with their in vivo derived counterparts. In conclusion, this study reported only minor changes in the expression of developmentally important genes and satellite DNA methylation related to the in vitro embryo production system.

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Lee, Yong-Keun, Jason A. Otkin, and Thomas J. Greenwald. "Evaluating the Accuracy of a High-Resolution Model Simulation through Comparison with MODIS Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, no. 4 (April 2014): 1046–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-0140.1.

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AbstractSynthetic infrared brightness temperatures (BTs) derived from a high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulation over the contiguous United States are compared with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations to assess the accuracy of the model-simulated cloud field. A sophisticated forward radiative transfer model (RTM) is used to compute the synthetic MODIS observations. A detailed comparison of synthetic and real MODIS 11-μm BTs revealed that the model simulation realistically depicts the spatial characteristics of the observed cloud features. Brightness temperature differences (BTDs) computed for 8.5–11 and 11–12 μm indicate that the combined numerical model–RTM system realistically treats the radiative properties associated with optically thin cirrus clouds. For instance, much larger 11–12-μm BTDs occurred within thin clouds surrounding optically thicker, mesoscale cloud features. Although the simulated and observed BTD probability distributions for optically thin cirrus clouds had a similar range of positive values, the synthetic 11-μm BTs were much colder than observed. Previous studies have shown that MODIS cloud optical thickness values tend to be too large for thin cirrus clouds, which contributed to the apparent cold BT bias in the simulated thin cirrus clouds. Errors are substantially reduced after accounting for the observed optical thickness bias, which indicates that the thin cirrus clouds are realistically depicted during the model simulation.

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Et. al., Md Shariful Islam,. "Analyzing the Effect of Radiation on Human beings of Electromagnetic waves from BTS and MS in Kushtia, Bangladesh." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 10 (May 15, 2021): 448–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i10.4199.

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Based on Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Mobile Station (MS) radiation, the residence of Kushtia district in Bangladesh is usually concerned with the potential health effects. Inhabitants, living in this part of Bangladesh are using communication, internet browsing, and other related uses with the help of mobile cellular communication system. The subscriber needed improving radio coverage, excellent communication networks, and quicker speed for internet browsing with the recent developments in mobile cellular communication technologies. To meet this demand, service providers of mobile cellular companies set up several BTS, which emit harmful radiation that has extremely detrimental impact on the human body. Through this paper, the effects of electromagnetic radiation of MS as well as BTS on the human body have been analyzed and Electromagnetic Field (EMF) radiation levels of MSs along with BTSs located in this region have been measured. These measurements have been compared with the measured value provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Commission of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Finally, a cross-sectional analysis was carried out to evaluate the understanding and self-reported health risks of Electromagnetic waves (EMW) radiation emittedfrom the MS as well as BTS among the inhabitants of this region who are living near and a little away from BTS.

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Ahn, Soi, Joon-Bum Jee, Kyu-Tae Lee, and Hyun-Jong Oh. "Enhanced Accuracy of Airborne Volcanic Ash Detection Using the GEOKOMPSAT-2A Satellite." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 15, 2021): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041359.

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In this study, a technique facilitating the enhanced detection of airborne volcanic ash (VA) has been developed, which is based on the use of visible (VIS), near-infrared (NIR), and infrared (IR) bands by meteorological satellite systems. Channels with NIR and IR bands centered at ~3.8, 7.3, 8.7, 10.5, and 12.3 μm are utilized, which enhances the accuracy of VA detection. The technique is based on two-band brightness temperature differences (BTDs), two-band brightness temperature ratios (BTRs), and background image BTDs. The physical effects of the observed BTDs and BTRs, which can be used to distinguish VA from meteorological clouds based on absorption differences, depend on the channel and time of day. The Advanced Meteorological Imager onboard the GEOKOMPSAT-2A (GK-2A) satellite has several advantages, including the day- and nighttime detection of land and ocean. Based on the GK-2A data on several volcanic eruptions, multispectral data are more sensitive to volcanic clouds than ice and water clouds, ensuring the detection of VA. They can also be used as an input to provide detailed information about volcanoes, such as the height of the VA layer and VA mass. The GK-2A was optimized, and an improved ash algorithm was established by focusing on the volcanic eruptions that occurred in 2020. In particular, the 3.8 μm band was utilized, the threshold was changed by division between day and night, and efforts were made to reduce the effects of clouds and the discontinuity between land and ocean. The GK-2A imagery was used to study volcanic clouds related to the eruptions of Taal, Philippines, on 12 January and Nishinoshima, Japan, from 30 July–2 August to demonstrate the applicability of this product during volcanic events. The improved VA product of GK-2A provides vital information, helping forecasters to locate VA as well as guidance for the aviation industry in preventing dangerous and expensive interactions between aircrafts and VA.

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Diederich, Mike, Tamara Hansmann, Julia Heinzmann, Brigitte Barg-Kues, Doris Herrmann, Patrick Aldag, Ulrich Baulain, et al. "DNA methylation and mRNA expression profiles in bovine oocytes derived from prepubertal and adult donors." REPRODUCTION 144, no. 3 (September 2012): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-12-0134.

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The developmental capacity of oocytes from prepubertal cattle is reduced compared with their adult counterparts, and epigenetic mechanisms are thought to be involved herein. Here, we analyzed DNA methylation in three developmentally important, nonimprinted genes (SLC2A1, PRDX1, ZAR1) and two satellite sequences, i.e. ‘bovine testis satellite I’ (BTS) and ‘Bos taurus alpha satellite I’ (BTαS). In parallel, mRNA expression of the genes was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Oocytes were retrieved from prepubertal calves and adult cows twice per week over a 3-week period by ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration after treatment with FSH and/or IGF1. Both immature and in vitro matured prepubertal and adult oocytes showed a distinct hypomethylation profile of the three genes without differences between the two types of donors. The methylation status of the BTS sequence changed according to the age and treatment while the methylation status of BTαS sequence remained largely unchanged across the different age and treatment groups. Relative transcript abundance of the selected genes was significantly different in immature and in vitro matured oocytes; only minor changes related to origin and treatment were observed. In conclusion, methylation levels of the investigated satellite sequences were high (>50%) in all groups and showed significant variation depending on the age, treatment, or in vitro maturation. To what extent this is involved in the acquisition of developmental competence of bovine oocytes needs further study.

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Ahmad, Samir M., Bruno B. C. Calado, Mariana N. Oliveira, Nuno R. Neng, and J. M. F. Nogueira. "Bar Adsorptive Microextraction Coated with Carbon-Based Phase Mixtures for Performance-Enhancement to Monitor Selected Benzotriazoles, Benzothiazoles, and Benzenesulfonamides in Environmental Water Matrices." Molecules 25, no. 9 (May 2, 2020): 2133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092133.

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In the present work we propose, for the first time, bar adsorptive microextraction coated with carbon-based phase mixtures, followed by microliquid desorption and high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (BAμE-μLD/HPLC-DAD) analysis, to enhance the performance of the determination of traces of benzotriazoles (BTRs), benzothiazoles (BTs), and benzenesulfonamide derivatives (BSDs) in environmental water matrices. Assessing six carbon-based sorbents (CA1, CN1, B test EUR, SX PLUS, SX 1, and R) with different selectivity properties allowed us to tailor the best phase mixture (R, 12.5%/CN1, 87.5%) that has convenient porosity, texture, and surface chemistry (pHPZC,mix ~6.5) for trace analysis of benzenesulfonamide, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, 1H-benzotriazole, 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole, benzothiazole, and 1,3-benzothiazol-2-ol chemicals in aqueous media. Optimized experimental conditions provided average recoveries ranging from 37.9% to 59.2%, appropriate linear dynamic ranges (5.0 to 120.0 µg L−1; r2 ≥ 0.9964), limits of detection between 1.0 and 1.4 μg L−1, and good precisions (relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 9.3%). The proposed methodology (BAμE(R, 12.5%/CN1, 87.5%)-μLD/HPLC-DAD) also proved to be a suitable sorption-based static microextraction alternative to monitor traces of BTRs, BTs, and BSDs in rain, waste, tap, and estuarine water samples. From the data obtained, the proposed approach showed that the BAμE technique with the addition of lab-made devices allows users to adapt the technique to use sorbents or mixtures of sorbents with the best selectivity characteristics whenever distinct classes of target analytes occur simultaneously in the same application.

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Whitson, Sally, and Peter Whitson. "BTEs." Hearing Journal 56, no. 3 (March 2003): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hj.0000293017.40757.3a.

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Adelakun, A. O., B. Y. Lawal, M. A. Adekoya, and K. E. Ukhurebo. "Chaotic assessment of the key performance indicators for a GSM Network congestion in an election period in Nigeria." Nigeria Journal of Pure and Applied Physics 9, no. 1 (April 21, 2020): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpap.v9i1.6.

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This paper investigates the chaos-based assessment of the Key performance Indicators (KPIs) for the Cellular network congestion during and after 2011 People Democratic Party (PDP) presidential primary election in Eagle Square within Abuja and its environs. Chaotic quantifiers such as average mutual information, Lyapunov exponents and specific attenuation were employed to study the congestion rate or dynamical state of the network. The chaotic assessment of the Wideband Code Division Multiplexing Access (WCDMA) data services provided by MTN network using KPIs are reported. The data retrieved from the three Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) were used to analyse the performance of the network. The results revealed the state of dynamical behaviour of the congestion during the study period. Keywords: Key performance Indicators (KPIs); Wideband Code Division Multiplexing Access (WCDMA); Global System of Mobile communication (GSM); Base Transceiver Station (BTS); Chaotic Quantifiers

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Al-Hashemy, Rageed Hussein Hussan, and Intisar Mohsin Saadoon. "An intelligent algorithm to reduce and eliminate coverage holes in the mobile network." Journal of Intelligent Systems 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 920–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2021-0046.

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Abstract The need for services in the world of telecommunications and the prosperity and rapid development of this sector around the world has led mobile phone companies to compete to provide the best services to customers. One of these devices used for communications is the mobile phone. The mobile phone is simply an electronic device that is mainly serving unwired telecommunications through a cellular network of particular base stations known as cell sites. There are many obstacles or problems in the telecommunication field, and the relevant institutions and companies should find solutions to these obstacles and problems. One of these obstacles in telecommunications is the coverage holes. Coverage holes occur when the location of the mobile phone is set in midway between the two base transceiver stations (BTSs). This causes an abnormal interruption in communication until the user crosses the coverage holes area. This paper presents an intelligent algorithm as a set of technical steps that can be used to improve the communication services of the mobile phone network and to solve the communication problems via the reduction of the coverage holes between two BTSs. It suggests a method that could alleviate this problem using a strategy that reduces the coverage holes by developing an intelligent algorithm system to receive signal strength indicators and use AT command “+CREG” to disconnect and reconnect to available BTS within an acceptable energy level. As a result, the connection turned from marginal into good connection.

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Lin, Chin E., and Ying-Chi Huang. "Dynamic Antenna Alignment Control in Microwave Air-Bridging for Sky-Net Mobile Communication Using Unmanned Flying Platform." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/732628.

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This paper presents a preliminary study on establishing a mobile point-to-point (P2P) microwave air-bridging (MAB) between Unmanned Low Altitude Flying Platform (ULAFP) and backhaul telecommunication network. The proposed Sky-Net system relays telecom signal for general mobile cellphone users via ULAFP when natural disaster sweeps off Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs). Unlike the conventional fix point microwave bridging application, the ULAFP is cruising on a predefined mission flight path to cover a wider range of service. The difficulty and challenge fall on how to maintain antenna alignment accurately in order to provide the signal strength for MAB. A dual-axis rotation mechanism with embedded controller is designed and implemented on airborne and ground units for stabilizing airborne antenna and tracking the moving ULAFP. The MAB link is established in flight tests using the proposed antenna stabilizing/tracking mechanism with correlated control method. The result supports backbone technique of the Sky-Net mobile communication and verifies the feasibility of airborne e-Cell BTS.

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Spencer, Carolyn T., Barry J. Byrne, Randall M. Bryant, Renee Margossian, Melissa Maisenbacher, Petar Breitenger, Paul B. Benni, Sharon Redfearn, Edward Marcus, and W. Todd Cade. "Impaired cardiac reserve and severely diminished skeletal muscle O2 utilization mediate exercise intolerance in Barth syndrome." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 301, no. 5 (November 2011): H2122—H2129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00479.2010.

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Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a mitochondrial myopathy characterized by reports of exercise intolerance. We sought to determine if 1) BTHS leads to abnormalities of skeletal muscle O2 extraction/utilization and 2) exercise intolerance in BTHS is related to impaired O2 extraction/utilization, impaired cardiac function, or both. Participants with BTHS (age: 17 ± 5 yr, n = 15) and control participants (age: 13 ± 4 yr, n = 9) underwent graded exercise testing on a cycle ergometer with continuous ECG and metabolic measurements. Echocardiography was performed at rest and at peak exercise. Near-infrared spectroscopy of the vastus lateralis muscle was continuously recorded for measurements of skeletal muscle O2 extraction. Adjusting for age, peak O2 consumption (16.5 ± 4.0 vs. 39.5 ± 12.3 ml·kg−1·min−1, P < 0.001) and peak work rate (58 ± 19 vs. 166 ± 60 W, P < 0.001) were significantly lower in BTHS than control participants. The percent increase from rest to peak exercise in ejection fraction (BTHS: 3 ± 10 vs. control: 19 ± 4%, P < 0.01) was blunted in BTHS compared with control participants. The muscle tissue O2 saturation change from rest to peak exercise was paradoxically opposite (BTHS: 8 ± 16 vs. control: −5 ± 9, P < 0.01), and the deoxyhemoglobin change was blunted (BTHS: 0 ± 12 vs. control: 10 ± 8, P < 0.09) in BTHS compared with control participants, indicating impaired skeletal muscle extraction in BTHS. In conclusion, severe exercise intolerance in BTHS is due to both cardiac and skeletal muscle impairments that are consistent with cardiac and skeletal mitochondrial myopathy. These findings provide further insight to the pathophysiology of BTHS.

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He, Li, Yan Wang, Jinghui Gao, Jianhong Wang, Tongxin Zhao, Zhixin He, Zuting Zhong, Xingmin Zhang, and Lisheng Zhong. "Enhancing the Energy Density of Tricritical Ferroelectrics for Energy Storage Applications." Materials 12, no. 4 (February 18, 2019): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12040611.

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Recently, tricritical ferroelectrics have been drawn tremendous attention, owing to their ultrahigh dielectric permittivities of up to εr > 5 × 104, and their consideration for prototype materials in the development of high-performance energy storage devices. Nevertheless, such a materials system suffers from the disadvantage of low breakdown strength, which makes its energy density far from the satisfactory level for practical application. In this paper, a material-modification approach has been reported, for improving the dielectric strength for tricritical ferroelectric materials Ba(Ti1−xSnx)O3 (BTS) through doping with Bi1.5ZnNb1.5O7 (BZN) additives. The results suggest that the electric strength has been largely improved in the modified tricritical ferroelectric material (BTSx-yBZN), and the associated energy density reaches Ue = 1.15 J/cm3. Further microstructure investigation indicates that the modified tricritical ferroelectric material exhibits homogenous fine grains with perovskite structure in crystal symmetry, and the BZN may help to form a special structure that could enhance the breakdown strength. The findings may advance the material design and development of high-energy storage materials.

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Feher, Anita, Martin M. Smith, Donald H. Saklofske, Rachel A. Plouffe, Claire A. Wilson, and Simon B. Sherry. "The Big Three Perfectionism Scale–Short Form (BTPS-SF): Development of a Brief Self-Report Measure of Multidimensional Perfectionism." Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 38, no. 1 (October 11, 2019): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734282919878553.

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The Big Three Perfectionism Scale (BTPS) is a 45-item self-report measure of perfectionism with three overarching factors: rigid, self-critical, and narcissistic perfectionism. Our objective was to create a brief version of the BTPS, the Big Three Perfectionism Scale–Short Form (BTPS-SF). Sixteen items were selected, and confirmatory factor analysis using a large sample of Canadian university students ( N = 607) revealed the BTPS-SF had acceptable model fit. Moreover, the BTPS-SF displayed strong test–retest reliability. The relationships of the BTPS-SF factors with depression, anxiety, stress, emotional intelligence, personality, resiliency, and elements of subjective well-being also suggested adequate criterion validity. Overall, results suggest the BTPS-SF represents an efficient, easily administered, and novel means of assessing multidimensional perfectionism.

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Xie, Shang, Hui Xu, Bo Lin, Kan Wang, Xiao-Feng Shan, and Zhi-Gang Cai. "An Experimental Study on Botulinum Toxin Type A for the Treatment of Excessive Secretion after Submandibular Gland Transplantation in Rabbits." Journal of Ophthalmology 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7058537.

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Objectives. To investigate whether botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) could control excessive secretion after submandibular gland (SMG) transplantation in rabbits and its possible mechanisms.Methods. A new SMG transplantation model was established in rabbit. 30 successfully constructed models were randomly assigned to five groups including control group and four experimental groups. Secretion outputs were used to analyze the effect of BTXA injection on excessive secretion. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Western blot, and immunofluorescence were performed to analyze its possible mechanisms.Results. After BTXA injection, a significant decrease of excessive secretion after SMG transplantation was found in 2 and 4 weeks groups, but no significant effect on 12 and 24 weeks groups. HE and TEM results showed that BTXA led to morphological and ultrastructural changes of acinar cells of transplanted SMG. Western blot results suggested that BTXA decreased the aquaporin-5 (AQP5) protein expression after BTXA injection for 2 and 4 weeks. Immunofluorescence results showed that AQP5 protein was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm after BTXA injection for 2 and 4 weeks, which might indicate that BTXA promoted AQP5 expression from the cell membrane to cytoplasm.Conclusion. BTXA could effectively control excessive secretion after SMG transplantation in rabbits.

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Agarwal, Prasoon, Laura Cole, Abin Chandrakumar, Kristin Hauff, Amir Ravandi, Vernon Dolinsky, and Grant Hatch. "Phosphokinome Analysis of Barth Syndrome Lymphoblasts Identify Novel Targets in the Pathophysiology of the Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 7 (July 12, 2018): 2026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19072026.

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Barth Syndrome (BTHS) is a rare X-linked genetic disease in which the specific biochemical deficit is a reduction in the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) as a result of a mutation in the CL transacylase tafazzin. We compared the phosphokinome profile in Epstein-Barr-virus-transformed lymphoblasts prepared from a BTHS patient with that of an age-matched control individual. As expected, mass spectrometry analysis revealed a significant (>90%) reduction in CL in BTHS lymphoblasts compared to controls. In addition, increased oxidized phosphatidylcholine (oxPC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) levels were observed in BTHS lymphoblasts compared to control. Given the broad shifts in metabolism associated with BTHS, we hypothesized that marked differences in posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation would be present in the lymphoblast cells of a BTHS patient. Phosphokinome analysis revealed striking differences in the phosphorylation levels of phosphoproteins in BTHS lymphoblasts compared to control cells. Some phosphorylated proteins, for example, adenosine monophosphate kinase, have been previously validated as bonafide modified phosphorylation targets observed in tafazzin deficiency or under conditions of reduced cellular CL. Thus, we report multiple novel phosphokinome targets in BTHS lymphoblasts and hypothesize that alteration in the phosphokinome profile may provide insight into the pathophysiology of BTHS and potential therapeutic targets.

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Comprix, Joseph, Roger C. Graham, and Jared A. Moore. "Empirical Evidence on the Impact of Book-Tax Differences on Divergence of Opinion among Investors." Journal of the American Taxation Association 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jata.2011.33.1.51.

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ABSTRACT: It is well known that the objectives of financial accounting and tax accounting sometimes conflict, resulting in book-tax differences (BTDs). In this study we test for associations between measures of BTDs and measures of market participants’ uncertainty regarding the information conveyed in financial reports. The measures of market participant uncertainty are: (1) share turnover, (2) analyst forecast dispersion, and (3) stock return variance. We find positive associations between levels and variability of total BTDs and the three measures. After disaggregating BTDs into their permanent and temporary components, we find that both are positively associated with market uncertainty, although the permanent component of BTDs is generally more strongly and consistently associated with measures of uncertainty than is the temporary component. We interpret these results, in part, as indicative of the possible effect of uncertainty contained in BTDs, especially permanent BTDs, on the precision of the information conveyed in the financial statements.

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Claypool, Steven M., Kevin Whited, Santi Srijumnong, Xianlin Han, and Carla M. Koehler. "Barth syndrome mutations that cause tafazzin complex lability." Journal of Cell Biology 192, no. 3 (February 7, 2011): 447–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201008177.

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Deficits in mitochondrial function result in many human diseases. The X-linked disease Barth syndrome (BTHS) is caused by mutations in the tafazzin gene TAZ1. Its product, Taz1p, participates in the metabolism of cardiolipin, the signature phospholipid of mitochondria. In this paper, a yeast BTHS mutant tafazzin panel is established, and 18 of the 21 tested BTHS missense mutations cannot functionally replace endogenous tafazzin. Four BTHS mutant tafazzins expressed at low levels are degraded by the intermembrane space AAA (i-AAA) protease, suggesting misfolding of the mutant polypeptides. Paradoxically, each of these mutant tafazzins assembles in normal protein complexes. Furthermore, in the absence of the i-AAA protease, increased expression and assembly of two of the BTHS mutants improve their function. However, the BTHS mutant complexes are extremely unstable and accumulate as insoluble aggregates when disassembled in the absence of the i-AAA protease. Thus, the loss of function for these BTHS mutants results from the inherent instability of the mutant tafazzin complexes.

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Jackson, Mark. "Book-Tax Differences and Future Earnings Changes." Journal of the American Taxation Association 37, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/atax-51164.

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ABSTRACT Prior studies suggest that large book-tax differences (BTDs) are associated with future earnings changes or earnings persistence. The literature has explored a number of potential explanations for this relation, without a clear answer emerging. To integrate the various assertions I divide total BTDs into temporary and permanent categories and hypothesize that temporary BTDs (reflected in deferred taxes) predict future changes in pretax earnings, whereas permanent BTDs predict future changes in tax expense. The results are consistent with these hypotheses. Prior studies also suggest that both types of BTDs are associated with earnings management and tax avoidance. I find evidence that tax avoidance firms have a more positive association between their BTDs and both pretax earnings changes and tax expense changes. However, I find only inconsistent evidence on the influence of earnings management on the association of the components of BTDs and future earnings changes, with results dependent on the research design. Overall, the evidence suggests that while tax avoidance and earnings management may contribute to the association between BTDs and future earnings changes, there are also more fundamental drivers of this association.

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Riguen Koubaa, Rakia, and Anis Jarboui. "Direct and mediated associations among earnings quality, book-tax differences and the audit quality." Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 15, no. 3 (October 2, 2017): 293–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfra-06-2016-0052.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the direct and indirect links between book-tax differences (BTDs) and audit quality using accounting conservatism (proxy of earnings quality). Hence, this paper seeks to extend prior audit quality research. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a sample of Tunisian listed firms on the Tunis Stock Exchange and operating in the industrial and commercial sectors during 2005-2012. This investigation is motivated by structural equations system models that specify both a direct link and an indirect link that is mediated by information reflected in BTDs. Findings The results show that for the Tunisians companies, firms with large BTDs are associated with higher audit quality implies that such BTDs represent an observable proxy for earnings quality that affects auditor decisions. The authors find statistically an indirect link between abnormal BTDs and audit quality that is mediated by earnings quality. The current study also provides evidence that information reflected in BTDs can improve audit quality. Practical implications The findings may be of interest to the academic researchers, practitioners and regulators who are interested in discovering the informational value of BTDs in the audit process. Originality/value This paper extends the existing literature by examining the mediation effect of information reflected in BTDs on relationship between BTDs and audit quality.

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Wang, Jian, Juan Tan, Hongyan Guo, Qicheng Zhang, Rui Jia, Xuan Xu, Yunqi Geng, and Wentao Qiao. "Bovine Foamy Virus Transactivator BTas Interacts with Cellular RelB To Enhance Viral Transcription." Journal of Virology 84, no. 22 (September 15, 2010): 11888–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01036-10.

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ABSTRACT Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on cellular machinery for their efficient transcription and replication. In a previous study we reported that bovine foamy virus (BFV) is able to activate the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway through the action of its transactivator BTas to enhance viral transcription. However, the mechanism used by NF-κB to enhance BFV transcription remains elusive. To address this question, we employed a yeast two-hybrid assay to screen for BTas-interacting proteins. We found that RelB, a member of NF-κB protein family, interacts with BTas. We confirmed the putative RelB-BTas interaction in vitro and in vivo and identified the protein regions responsible for the RelB-BTas interaction. Using a luciferase reporter assay, we next showed that RelB enhances BFV transcription (BTas-induced long terminal repeat [LTR] transactivation) and that this process requires both the localization of the RelB-BTas interaction in the nucleus and the Rel homology domain of RelB. The knockdown of the cellular endogenous RelB protein using small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly attenuated BTas-induced LTR transcription. The results of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis showed that endogenous RelB binds to the viral LTR in BFV-infected cells. Together, these results suggest that BFV engages the RelB protein as a cotransactivator of BTas to enhance viral transcription. In addition, our findings indicate that BFV infection upregulates cellular RelB expression through BTas-induced NF-κB activation. Thus, this study demonstrates the existence of a positive-feedback circuit in which BFV utilizes the host's NF-κB pathway through the RelB protein for efficient viral transcription.

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Suzuki-Hatano, Silveli, Mughil Sriramvenugopal, Manash Ramanathan, Meghan Soustek, Barry J. Byrne, W. Todd Cade, Peter B. Kang, and Christina A. Pacak. "Increased mtDNA Abundance and Improved Function in Human Barth Syndrome Patient Fibroblasts Following AAV-TAZ Gene Delivery." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 14 (July 11, 2019): 3416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20143416.

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Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare, X-linked, mitochondrial disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding tafazzin. BTHS results in cardiomyopathy, muscle fatigue, and neutropenia in patients. Tafazzin is responsible for remodeling cardiolipin, a key structural lipid of the inner mitochondrial membrane. As symptoms can vary in severity amongst BTHS patients, we sought to compare mtDNA copy numbers, mitochondrial fragmentation, and functional parameters between primary dermal BTHS fibroblasts isolated from patients with two different mutations in the TAZ locus. To confirm cause‒effect relationships and further support the development of gene therapy for BTHS, we also characterized the BTHS cells following adeno-associated virus (AAV)-TAZ transduction. Our data show that, in response to AAV-TAZ transduction, these remarkably dynamic organelles show recovery of mtDNA copy numbers, mitochondrial structure, and mitochondrial function, providing additional evidence to support the therapeutic potential of AAV-mediated gene delivery for BTHS. This study also demonstrates the direct relationship between healthy mitochondrial membrane structure and maintenance of proper levels of mtDNA copy numbers.

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&NA;. "BTS 67582." Drugs in R & D 2, no. 2 (February 1999): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00126839-199902020-00003.

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Berweck, S., S. H. Lee, A. S. Schr�der, and Florian Heinen. "Botulinumtoxin (BTX)." Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 153, no. 4 (April 2005): 379–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00112-005-1108-3.

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Ziayi, Parimah, Seyed Mostafa Farmanbar, and Mohsen Rezvani. "YAICD: Yet Another IMSI Catcher Detector in GSM." Security and Communication Networks 2021 (January 28, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8847803.

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In GSM, the network is not authenticated which allows for man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks. Attackers can track traffic and trace users of cellular networks by creating a rogue base transceiver station (BTS). Such a defect in addition to the need for backward compatibility of mobile networks makes all GSM, UMTS, and LTE networks susceptible to MITMs. These attacks are conducted using IMSI-Catchers (ICs). Most of the solutions proposed for detecting ICs in the literature are based on using specific mobile devices with root access. Also, they cannot identify ICs to which users are not connected. In this paper, we propose an approach called YAICD for detecting ICs in the GSM network. YAICD consists of a sensor that can be installed on Android mobile devices. It detects ICs by extracting 15 parameters from signals received from BTSs. We also established a lab-scale testbed to evaluate YAICD for various detection parameters and for comparing it against existing solutions in the literature. The experimental results show that YAICD not only successfully detects ICs using the parameters but also identifies ICs to which users are not yet connected to the network.

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Greenwell, Amanda A., Keshav Gopal, Tariq R. Altamimi, Christina T. Saed, Faqi Wang, Seyed Amirhossein Tabatabaei Dakhili, Kim L. Ho, et al. "Barth syndrome-related cardiomyopathy is associated with a reduction in myocardial glucose oxidation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 320, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): H2255—H2269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00873.2020.

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Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare genetic disorder due to mutations in tafazzin that is frequently associated with infantile-onset cardiomyopathy and subsequent heart failure. Although previous studies have provided evidence of perturbed myocardial energy metabolism in BTHS, actual measurements of flux are lacking. We now report a complete energy metabolism profile that quantifies flux in isolated working hearts from a murine model of BTHS, demonstrating that BTHS is associated with a reduction in glucose oxidation.

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Gulley, J. D., P. Walthard, J. Martin, A. F. Banwell, D. I. Benn, and G. Catania. "Conduit roughness and dye-trace breakthrough curves: why slow velocity and high dispersivity may not reflect flow in distributed systems." Journal of Glaciology 58, no. 211 (2012): 915–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2012jog11j115.

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AbstractDye-trace breakthrough curves (BTCs) that increase in velocity and decrease in dispersivity through a melt season have been interpreted as indicating a switch from a distributed to a conduit subglacial drainage system, but this interpretation has not been validated in glaciers where the drainage system configuration was independently known. To test if processes other than a change in the configuration of the subglacial drainage system could produce similar BTCs, we measured BTCs from a persistent, mapped subglacial conduit beneath Rieperbreen, Svalbard, which lacks a distributed system because it is frozen to its bed. This conduit produced slow and highly dispersed BTCs early in the melt season when meltwater delivery rates were low, and fast and sharply peaked BTCs after the snowpack had retreated past the injection moulin. At Rieperbreen, the seasonal evolution of BTCs was controlled by decreases in conduit roughness as increased rates of meltwater delivery increased the relative submergence depths of rocks on the conduit floor. Because seasonal changes in roughness can produce slow and highly dispersed BTCs, dye-tracing studies may not be capable of uniquely identifying subglacial drainage system configurations. As a result, conduits may form earlier in melt seasons than previously recognized.

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Lương Xuân, Chiểu, Phúc Nguyễn Quang, and Dũng Chu Tiến. "Nghiên cứu mối tương quan thực nghiệm giữa cường độ chịu kéo khi uốn và mô đun đàn hồi của bê tông xi măng làm mặt đường." Transport and Communications Science Journal 72, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47869/tcsj.72.2.2.

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Mặt đường bê tông xi măng (BTXM) là loại mặt đường cấp cao, được sử dụng khá phổ biến cho giao thông đường bộ cũng như đường băng sân bay. Hiện nay, thiết bị FWD (Falling Weight Deflectometer)thường được dùng để đánh giá sức chịu tải của mặt đường BTXM. Tuy nhiên, phương pháp FWD sau khi xử lý chỉ xác định được mô đun đàn hồi của BTXM mà không xác định được cường độ chịu kéo khi uốn của BTXM. Trong khi đó cường độ chịu kéo khi uốn của BTXM là chỉ tiêu quan trọng để đánh giá chất lượng của mặt bê tông xi măng. Vì vậy, bài báo có mục tiêu xây dựng mối tương quan giữa cường độ chịu kéo khi uốn vàmô đun đàn hồicủa BTXM nhằm phục vụ cho công tác đánh giá kết cấu áo đường BTXM. Kết quả cho thấy, giữa cường độ chịu kéo khi uốn vàmô đun đàn hồi có mối quan hệ tuyến tính và mô hình đảm bảo sự tin cậy với R bình phương hiệu chỉnh là 66.0%.

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Valianpour, Fredoen, Ronald JA Wanders, Peter G. Barth, Henk Overmars, and Albert H. van Gennip. "Quantitative and Compositional Study of Cardiolipin in Platelets by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Application for the Identification of Barth Syndrome Patients." Clinical Chemistry 48, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 1390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/48.9.1390.

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Abstract Background: The concentration of cardiolipin (CL) in cultured skin fibroblasts is a useful indicator of Barth syndrome (BTHS; MIM 302060), but the sampling and culturing of fibroblasts are burdensome and time-consuming procedures. We investigated whether the analysis of CL in platelets might help to identify BTHS in patients suspected of having this condition. Methods: We used HPLC and online electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) to quantify CL molecular species. The CL content of platelets was studied in blood samples of BTHS and non-BTHS patients. Control blood samples drawn from healthy adults were collected and analyzed within 24 h (n = 10) and 48 h (n = 10) to characterize any effect of sample shipping time on the CL content in platelets. Samples were collected from children 1–10 years of age who were not affected by BTHS (n = 6) and from BTHS patients (n = 4) and analyzed within 24 h. Results for all four groups were compared by a Student t-test for all individual analyses. Results: We found different CL molecular species, e.g., (C18:2)4-CL. BTHS patients had a specific decrease of tetralinoleyl-CL concentrations in platelets (0.1–0.5 nmol/mg of protein; n = 4) compared with all control groups (2.3–5.5 nmol/mg of protein; n = 26). Only minor differences were observed among the different control groups. Conclusions: Quantitative and compositional analyses of CL in platelets by the proposed method allow identification of BTHS patients more rapidly than gene analysis or analysis of CL in cultured skin fibroblasts. The abnormality of CL may explain the abnormal mitochondrial function observed in BTHS. The differences between the control groups did not cause any complication.

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Kulik, Willem, Henk van Lenthe, Femke S. Stet, Riekelt H. Houtkooper, Helena Kemp, Janet E. Stone, Colin G. Steward, Ronald J. Wanders, and Frédéric M. Vaz. "Bloodspot Assay Using HPLC–Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Detection of Barth Syndrome." Clinical Chemistry 54, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2007.095711.

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Abstract Background: Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a serious X-linked, metabolic, multisystem disorder characterized by cardiomyopathy, neutropenia, myopathy, and growth delay. Because early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are of key importance for the survival of affected boys, we developed a biochemical BTHS screening method based on analysis of the monolysocardiolipin:cardiolipin ratio in bloodspots. Methods: We performed chloroform/methanol extraction on quarter-inch punches of dried bloodspots on Guthrie cards from BTHS patients and controls. Extracts were dried (60 °C, N2) and reconstituted in CHCl3/methanol/H2O [50:45:5 vol/vol/vol, 0.1% NH3 (25%)]. HPLC–tandem mass spectrometry analysis was performed with a normal-phase HPLC column and multiple reaction monitoring transitions for monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) and cardiolipin (CL) with a total run time of 10 min. The ratio of MLCL and CL was used as screening parameter. Results: All BTHS patients (n = 31) had monolysocardiolipin:cardiolipin ratios >0.40 and all controls (n = 215) had monolysocardiolipin:cardiolipin ratios <0.23. Using a cutoff point of 0.30, a blind test of 206 samples (199 controls, 7 BTHS) had sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Bloodspots could be stored at 4 °C or room temperature for >1 year without affecting the test outcome. Three neonatal Guthrie cards of BTHS patients taken 3.6 to 5.8 years previously were correctly identified as positive for BTHS. Conclusions: HPLC–tandem mass spectrometry analysis of dried bloodspots is an unambiguous screening test for BTHS with potential for rapid screening of neonates suspected of having BTHS, making remote and retrospective diagnosis accessible for a disease that is almost certainly underdiagnosed.

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Hu, Wei-Wei, Zeng Zhang, Jin-Wei He, Wen-Zhen Fu, Chun Wang, Hao Zhang, Hua Yue, Jie-Mei Gu, and Zhen-Lin Zhang. "Establishing Reference Intervals for Bone Turnover Markers in the Healthy Shanghai Population and the Relationship with Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women." International Journal of Endocrinology 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/513925.

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The reference ranges of bone turnover markers (BTMs) were important during the treatment of osteoporosis, and the associations with bone mineral density (BMD) were controversial. The aim of this study was to establish the reference ranges of N-terminal procollagen of type l collagen (P1NP), osteocalcin (OC), and beta C-terminal cross-linked telopeptides of type I collagen (β-CTX) in Shanghai area and to investigate the relationships between BTMs and BMD in postmenopausal women. 2,799 subjects recruited in Shanghai City were measured BTMs to establish the reference ranges. Additional 520 healthy postmenopausal women were also measured BTMs, these women measured BMD in addition. BTMs were measured using the Roche electrochemiluminescence system. We used the age range of 35 to 45-year-olds to calculate reference intervals. The reference range of OC was 4.91 to 13.90 ng/mL for women and 5.58 to 16.57 ng/mL for men, P1NP was 13.72 to 32.90 ng/mL for women and 16.89 to 42.43 ng/mL for men, andβ-CTX was 0.112 to 0.210 ng/mL for women and 0.100 to 0.378 ng/mL for men. BTMs significantly negatively correlated with lumbar spine and femoral and total hip in postmenopausal women ( = −0.157~−0.217,P< 0.001). We established the normal reference ranges of P1NP, OC, andβ-CTX in the Shanghai area. This study also found that BTMs correlated with BMD and suggested that BTMs were the key determining factors of early BMD decreases.

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Lee, Jae Hyup, Jin-Hyok Kim, Jin-Hwan Kim, Hak-Sun Kim, Woo-Kie Min, Ye-Soo Park, Kyu-Yeol Lee, and Jung-Hee Lee. "Efficacy and Safety of Transdermal Buprenorphine versus Oral Tramadol/Acetaminophen in Patients with Persistent Postoperative Pain after Spinal Surgery." Pain Research and Management 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2071494.

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Purpose. Control of persistent pain following spinal surgery is an unmet clinical need. This study compared the efficacy and safety of buprenorphine transdermal system (BTDS) to oral tramadol/acetaminophen (TA) in Korean patients with persistent, moderate pain following spinal surgery.Methods. Open-label, interventional, randomized multicenter study. Adults with persistent postoperative pain (Numeric Rating Scale [NRS] ≥ 4 at 14–90 days postsurgery) were enrolled. Patients received once-weekly BTDS (n=47; 5 μg/h titrated to 20 μg/h) or twice-daily TA (n=40; tramadol 37.5 mg/acetaminophen 325 mg, one tablet titrated to 4 tablets) for 6 weeks. The study compared pain reduction with BTDS versus TA at week 6. Quality of life (QoL), treatment satisfaction, medication compliance, and adverse events (AEs) were assessed.Findings. At week 6, both groups reported significant pain reduction (mean NRS change: BTDS −2.02; TA −2.76, bothP<0.0001) and improved QoL (mean EQ-5D index change: BTDS 0.10; TA 0.19, bothP<0.05). The BTDS group achieved better medication compliance (97.8% versus 91.0%). Incidence of AEs (26.1% versus 20.0%) and adverse drug reactions (20.3% versus 16.9%) were comparable between groups.Implications. For patients with persistent pain following spinal surgery, BTDS is an alternative to TA for reducing pain and supports medication compliance. This trial is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov:NCT01983111.

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Wu, Chiao-En, Yi-Ru Pan, Chun-Nan Yeh, and John Lunec. "Targeting P53 as a Future Strategy to Overcome Gemcitabine Resistance in Biliary Tract Cancers." Biomolecules 10, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10111474.

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Gemcitabine-based chemotherapy is the current standard treatment for biliary tract cancers (BTCs) and resistance to gemcitabine remains the clinical challenge. TP53 mutation has been shown to be associated with poor clinicopathologic characteristics and survival in patients with BTCs, indicating that p53 plays an important role in the treatment of these cancers. Herein, we comprehensively reviewed previous BTC preclinical research and early clinical trials in terms of p53, as well as novel p53-targeted treatment, alone or in combination with either chemotherapy or other targeted therapies in BTCs. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that p53 mutations in BTCs are associated with enhanced gemcitabine resistance, therefore targeting p53 may be a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of BTCs. Directly targeting mutant p53 by p53 activators, or indirectly by targeting cell cycle checkpoint proteins (Chk1, ataxia telangiectasia related (ATR), and Wee1) leading to synthetic lethality, may be potential future strategies for gemcitabine-resistant p53 mutated BTCs. In contrast, for wild-type p53 BTCs, activation of p53 by inhibition of its negative regulators (MDM2 and wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (WIP1)) may be alternative options. Combination therapies consisting of standard cytotoxic drugs and novel small molecules targeting p53 and related signaling pathways may be the future key standard approach to beat cancer.

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Shackelford, Charles D., and Catherine S. Hong. "Comparative analyses of alternative breakthrough curves from cumulative mass column testing of soil–bentonite backfills." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 57, no. 8 (August 2020): 1197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2019-0468.

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The results of eight cumulative mass column tests were analyzed via several different methods to evaluate the dispersion coefficient, D, and the retardation factor, Rd, governing the migration of chloride (Cl−), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) through soil–bentonite backfills for vertical cutoff walls. Regression of the measured relative (effluent) concentration (RC) breakthrough curves (BTCs) resulted in relatively accurate determinations of Rd, but relatively inaccurate determinations of D for all three solutes. Values of Rd based on dimensionless time, T, corresponding to an RC of 0.5 were underestimated for all three solutes due to the significance of diffusion on solute transport. With a few exceptions, Rd for K and Zn based on analyses of the steady-state portions of measured cumulative mass ratio (CMR) BTCs and T – CMR BTCs were relatively accurate, whereas analysis of measured T – CMR BTCs was more accurate for determining Rd of Cl−. Overall, there is no advantage to analyzing the results of cumulative mass column tests in the form of RC BTCs, whereas the CMR and T – CMR BTCs offer the advantage of determining Rd based on simple linear regressions of the steady-state portions of the BTCs, i.e., provided steady-state solute transport has been established.

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Kannan, C., R. Vignesh, C. Karthick, and B. Ashok. "Critical review towards thermal management systems of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicle with its electronic control unit and assessment tools." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 235, no. 7 (January 19, 2021): 1783–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020982865.

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Lithium-ion batteries are facing difficulties in an aspect of protection towards battery thermal safety issues which leads to performance degradation or thermal runaway. To negate these issues an effective battery thermal management system is absolute pre-requisite to safeguard the lithium-ion batteries. In this context to support the future endeavours and to improvise battery thermal management system (BTMS) design and its operation the article reveals on three aspects through the analysis of scientiﬁc literatures. First, this paper collates the present research progress and status of various battery management strategies employed to lithium-ion batteries. Further, to promote stable and efficient BTMS operation as an initiation the extensive attention is paid towards roles of BTMS electronic control unit and also presented the essential functionality need to consider for designing best BTMS control strategy. Finally, elucidates the various unconventional assessment tools can be employed to recognize the suitable thermal management technique and also for establish optimum BTMS operation based on requirements. From the experience of this article additionally delivers some of the research gaps identified and the essential areas need to focus for the development of superior lithium-ion BTMS technology. All the contents reveal in this article will hopefully assist to the design commercially suitable effective BTMS technology especially for electro-mobility application.

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Zhao, Chunyu, Beile Zhang, Yuanming Zheng, Shunyuan Huang, Tongtong Yan, and Xiufang Liu. "Hybrid Battery Thermal Management System in Electrical Vehicles: A Review." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 27, 2020): 6257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236257.

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The Li-ion battery is of paramount importance to electric vehicles (EVs). Propelled by the rapid growth of the EV industry, the performance of the battery is continuously improving. However, Li-ion batteries are susceptible to the working temperature and only obtain the optimal performance within an acceptable temperature range. Therefore, a battery thermal management system (BTMS) is required to ensure EVs’ safe operation. There are various basic methods for BTMS, including forced-air cooling, liquid cooling, phase change material (PCM), heat pipe (HP), thermoelectric cooling (TEC), etc. Every method has its unique application condition and characteristic. Furthermore, based on basic BTMS, more hybrid cooling methods adopting different basic methods are being designed to meet EVs’ requirements. In this work, the hybrid BTMS, as a more reliable and environmentally friendly method for the EVs, will be compared with basic BTMS to reveal its advantages and potential. By analyzing its cost, efficiency and other aspects, the evaluation criterion and design suggestions are put forward to guide the future development of BTMS.

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Brocchini, Maurizio. "A reasoned overview on Boussinesq-type models: the interplay between physics, mathematics and numerics." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 469, no. 2160 (December 8, 2013): 20130496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2013.0496.

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This paper, which is largely the fruit of an invited talk on the topic at the latest International Conference on Coastal Engineering, describes the state of the art of modelling by means of Boussinesq-type models (BTMs). Motivations for using BTMs as well as their fundamentals are illustrated, with special attention to the interplay between the physics to be described, the chosen model equations and the numerics in use. The perspective of the analysis is that of a physicist/engineer rather than of an applied mathematician. The chronological progress of the currently available BTMs from the pioneering models of the late 1960s is given. The main applications of BTMs are illustrated, with reference to specific models and methods. The evolution in time of the numerical methods used to solve BTMs (e.g. finite differences, finite elements, finite volumes) is described, with specific focus on finite volumes. Finally, an overview of the most important BTMs currently available is presented, as well as some indications on improvements required and fields of applications that call for attention.

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Tu, Youying, Lianfu Chen, Ning Ren, Bo Li, Yuanyuan Wu, Gary O. Rankin, Yon Rojanasakul, Yaomin Wang, and Yi Charlie Chen. "Standardized Saponin Extract from Baiye No.1 Tea (Camellia sinensis) Flowers Induced S Phase Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis via AKT-MDM2-p53 Signaling Pathway in Ovarian Cancer Cells." Molecules 25, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 3515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153515.

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Ovarian cancer is considered to be one of the most serious malignant tumors in women. Natural compounds have been considered as important sources in the search for new anti-cancer agents. Saponins are characteristic components of tea (Camellia sinensis) flower and have various biological activities, including anti-tumor effects. In this study, a high purity standardized saponin extract, namely Baiye No.1 tea flower saponin (BTFS), which contained Floratheasaponin A and Floratheasaponin D, were isolated from tea (Camellia sinensis cv. Baiye 1) flowers by macroporous resin and preparative liquid chromatography. Then, the component and purity were detected by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS/MS. This high purity BTFS inhibited the proliferation of A2780/CP70 cancer cells dose-dependently, which is evidenced by the inhibition of cell viability, reduction of colony formation ability, and suppression of PCNA protein expression. Further research found BTFS induced S phase cell cycle arrest by up-regulating p21 proteins expression and down-regulating Cyclin A2, CDK2, and Cdc25A protein expression. Furthermore, BTFS caused DNA damage and activated the ATM-Chk2 signaling pathway to block cell cycle progression. Moreover, BTFS trigged both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis—BTFS up-regulated the expression of death receptor pathway-related proteins DR5, Fas, and FADD and increased the ratio of pro-apoptotic/anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family. BTFS-induced apoptosis seems to be related to the AKT-MDM2-p53 signaling pathway. In summary, our results demonstrate that BTFS has the potential to be used as a nutraceutical for the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer.

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Journal articles on the topic 'BTXs'

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