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Journal articles on the topic 'Bud morphology and development'
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1
Templeton, C. W. G., K. D. Odlum, and S. J. Colombo. "How to identify bud initiation and count needle primordia in first-year spruce seedlings." Forestry Chronicle 69, no. 4 (August 1, 1993): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc69431-4.
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Bud initiation and subsequent bud development are key steps in the nursery production of first-year temperate spruce seedlings for reforestation. An understanding of the bud initiation and development processes and monitoring methods are of vital importance to both tree seedling nursery workers and foresters. A review of bud morphology and the bud development process is given for spruce seedlings. The equipment required and techniques used in the determination of bud initiation, and estimation of the number of needle primordia are presented. When properly applied, the examination of spruce buds forms a cornerstone for successful nursery management using extended greenhouse culture. Key words: bud initiation, bud morphology, bud dissection, black spruce, Picea mariana, needle primordia, nursery management
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OHTANI, MIWAKA, AYAKA SAKA, FUMI SANO, YOSHIKAZU OHYA, and SHINICHI MORISHITA. "DEVELOPMENT OF IMAGE PROCESSING PROGRAM FOR YEAST CELL MORPHOLOGY." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 01, no. 04 (January 2004): 695–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720004000363.
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Every living organism has its own species-specific morphology. Despite the relatively simple ellipsoidal shape of budding yeast cells, the global regulation of yeast morphology remains unclear. In the past, each mutated gene from many mutants with abnormal morphology had to be classified manually. To investigate the morphological characteristics of yeast in detail, we developed a novel image-processing program that extracts quantitative data from microscope images automatically. This program extracts data on cells that are often used by yeast morphology researchers, such as cell size, roundness, bud neck position angle, and bud growth direction, and fits an ellipse to the cell outline. We evaluated the ability of the program to extract quantitative parameters. The results suggest that our image-processing program can play a central objective role in yeast morphology studies.
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Erwin, John E., and Royal D. Heins. "Temperature Effects on Lily Development Rate and Morphology from the Visible Bud Stage until Anthesis." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 4 (July 1990): 644–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.4.644.
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Day (DT) and night temperatures (NT) influenced Lilium longiflorum Thunb. `Nellie White' stem elongation and development rate from the visible bud stage (VB) until anthesis. Plant height increase after VB was a function of the difference (DIF) between DT and NT (DT-NT). Plant height increased 90% as DIF increased from - 16 to 16C. A cubic model described bud development rate as a function of temperature from 14 to 30C. A linear model adequately described bud development rate as a function of average daily temperature from 14 to 21C. Based on the linear model, bud development rate increased 0.05 per day for each 1C increase in average daily temperature. The base temperature for bud development, i.e., the temperature at which bud development rate was 0, was calculated as 3.5C.
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Kukk, Maarja, and Anu Sõber. "Bud development and shoot morphology in relation to crown location." AoB Plants 7 (2015): plv082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plv082.
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Merrill, E. K. "Structure and development of terminal bud scales in green ash." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-002.
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Structure and development of terminal bud scales of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima) were studied to provide a basis for comparison with foliage leaves of the same species. To identify early developmental stages of bud scales, structure and phenology of terminal buds were investigated first. Overwintering terminal buds have typically three or four pairs of bud scales and three to six pairs of foliage leaf primordia. Bud scales have a flattened base topped by rudimentary leaflets. After bud break, the first leaf primordia that are initiated develop and mature into terminal bud scales by early summer. Although morphology and anatomy of mature foliage leaves and bud scales are very different, primordia of leaf forms are similar until they reach a length of 500 μm. At that length both leaf forms have a base and apical leaflets. Bud scale bases widen and elongate without much thickening, while growth in the apical region is restricted. Marginal growth of the bud scale base is different from that described for most leaf blades. Terminal bud scales could be interpreted as being ontogenetically derived from foliage leaf primordia.
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Chun, Kristin T., and Mark G. Goebl. "The Identification of Transposon-Tagged Mutations in Essential Genes That Affect Cell Morphology in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Genetics 142, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/142.1.39.
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The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae reproduces by budding, and many genes are required for proper bud development. Mutations in some of these genes cause cells to die with an unusual terminal morphology—elongated or otherwise aberrantly shaped buds. To gain insight into bud development, we set out to identify novel genes that encode proteins required for proper bud morphogenesis. Previous studies screened collections of conditional mutations to identify genes required for essential functions, including bud formation. However, genes that are not susceptible to the generation of mutations that cause a conditional phenotype will not be identified in such screens. To identify a more comprehensive collection of mutants, we used transposon mutagenesis to generate a large collection of lethal disruption mutations. This collection was used to identify 209 mutants with disruptions that cause an aberrant terminal bud morphology. The disruption mutations in 33 of these mutants identify three previously uncharacterized genes as essential, and the mutant phenotypes suggest roles for their products in bud morphogenesis.
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Deal, D. L., J. C. Raulston, and L. E. Hinesley. "High temperature effects on apical bud morphology, dark respiration, and fixed growth of blue spruce." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 1871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-251.
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Night temperatures during bud elongation affected the fixed growth of preformed subapical buds of blue spruce (Piceapungens Engelm., 'Fat Albert' and 'Foxtail') but not apical bud growth. Plant volume decreased when nights were >14 °C, primarily because of reduced growth of each elongating subapical bud and not a decrease in number of growing points. Apical buds produced under a 30 °C day generally were broader and more flat topped, with more open, noncompressed bud scales than those produced under a 26 °C day. Night temperature had a greater effect on apical bud morphology than day temperature. The extent of bud break and growth during year n + 1 was inversely related to night temperature under which bud initiation and development occurred and directly related to the degree of apical bud normality noted during year n. 'Foxtail' had a greater degree of apical bud normality, a higher percentage of bud break, and retained its characteristic growth habit better than 'Fat Albert' following bud formation at high day and night temperatures. 'Foxtail' also had the lowest respiration rate and appeared to minimize detrimental effects of high temperatures through maintenance of a relatively low respiratory Q10 value (increase in respiration rate for each 10 °C increase in temperature) over a wide temperature range.
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Monteiro, Ana I., Aureliano C. Malheiro, and Eunice A. Bacelar. "Morphology, Physiology and Analysis Techniques of Grapevine Bud Fruitfulness: A Review." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020127.
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Grapevine reproductive development extends over two growing seasons (vegetative cycles), for the complete formation of inflorescences and clusters. Induction and floral differentiation, the mechanism that leads to the formation of reproductive structures inside dormant buds, is a complex process divided into three well-defined stages (formation of anlagen, inflorescence primordia and flowers). This sequence of stages comprises morphological, biochemical, and physiological events, influenced by a set of environmental and endogenous factors. Inflorescence primordia formation determines the potential number of clusters that will be formed in the following growing season. Thus, during bud dormancy, viticulturists and winemakers can obtain a first yield prediction through the determination of bud fruitfulness. This information allows adjustments to be made to bud load, promoting balanced yield and fruit quality and higher commercial value. The present review describes the morphology and physiology of the formation of inflorescence primordia, as well as discusses the main abiotic and biotic factors involved, including a physiological disorder known as primary bud necrosis. In the same way, we intend to approach the more used techniques of analysis of fruitfulness and its importance for a robust yield forecasting.
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Sakai, Satoki. "The relationship between bud scale morphology and indeterminate and determinate growth patterns in Acer (Aceraceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-019.
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Bud scale morphology was investigated for 18 species of Japanese Acer, including 12 species that exhibit indeterminate growth and 6 that exhibit determinate growth. The bud scales of the inner pairs of terminal buds and all bud scales of lateral buds exhibited different patterns of development in the two types of species. In the indeterminate species, the formation of rudimentary laminae was observed, whereas no laminae formation was observed in the determinate species. Loss of laminae could have occurred over the course of the evolutionary specialization of bud scales, since the bud scales of the indeterminate species are assumed to be more primitive than those of the determinate species. A consideration of the bud morphology of Dipteronia, an outgroup of Acer, supported this view. This study then suggests that in Acer a determinate growth pattern actually evolved from a pattern of indeterminate growth. It seems likely that for some member(s) of the genus Acer, sites of regeneration began to shift from sites containing less shady area to those containing more, and that this shift was associated with the evolution from indeterminate to determinate growth.
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Tickle, C. "Retinoic acid and chick limb bud development." Development 113, Supplement_1 (January 1, 1991): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.113.supplement_1.113.
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The chick limb bud is a powerful experimental system in which to study pattern formation in vertebrate embryos. Exogenously applied retinoic acid, a vitamin A derivative, can bring about changes in pattern and, on several grounds, is a good candidate for an endogenous morphogen. As such, the local concentration of retinoic acid might provide cells with information about their position in relation to one axis of the limb. Alternatively, retinoic acid may be part of a more complex signalling system. Homeobox genes are possible target genes for regulation by retinoic acid in the limb. In particular, one homeobox gene, XlHbox 1 is expressed locally in the mesenchyme of vertebrate forelimbs and might code for an anterior position. When the pattern of the chick wing is changed by retinoic acid or by grafts of signalling tissue such that anterior cells now form posterior structures, the domain of XlHbox 1 expression expands rather than contracts. The expansion of XlHbox 1 expression correlates with shoulder girdle abnormalities. Retinoic acid application leads to visible changes in bud shape and this allows dissection of the way in which patterning is co-ordinated with morphogenesis. Results of recombination experiments and studies of changes in the apical ridge and proliferation in the mesenchyme suggest the following scheme: retinoic acid is involved in specification of position of mesenchyme cells; this specification determines their local interaction with the ridge that controls ridge morphology; the thickened apical ridge permits local proliferation in the underlying mesenchyme. The recent advances in molecular biology that permit analysis of the expression of various interesting genes in developing limbs hold out the promise that further investigation may soon allow a complete account of the patterning process in one part of the vertebrate embryo.
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Duboc, Veronique, and Malcolm P. O. Logan. "Regulation of limb bud initiation and limb-type morphology." Developmental Dynamics 240, no. 5 (February 28, 2011): 1017–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.22582.
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Ott, Jacqueline P., and David C. Hartnett. "Higher-order bud production increases tillering capacity in the perennial caespitose grass Scribner’s Panicum (Dichanthelium oligosanthes)." Botany 90, no. 9 (September 2012): 884–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b2012-043.
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The persistence and dynamics of perennial grass populations strongly depend on tiller recruitment from the bud bank. Because of the structural organization of grasses as populations of phytomers, bud production and tillering are constrained by morphology. An infrequent trait observed in only a few caespitose grasses is the branching of buds to produce higher-order buds prior to tiller development. We studied bud bank dynamics in Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schult.) Gould a C3 perennial caespitose grass widely distributed in the eastern Great Plains. A hierarchy of bud development occurred in D. oligosanthes, with primary buds branching to produce secondary, tertiary, and quaternary buds. This higher-order bud production increased the overwintering propagule supply for spring recruitment by 4.5 times, and more than half of successful tiller recruits originated as higher-order buds. The temporal patterns of higher-order bud production and development suggest that growing season length may be an important factor determining the extent of higher-order bud production and subsequent year tiller natality in D. oligosanthes. Higher-order bud production likely has important consequences for the population dynamics of grasses. It may increase bud bank densities and tillering capacity, buffer population dynamics, and increase intraclonal tiller densities and resource consolidation in caespitose grasses.
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Burrows, GE. "Anatomical Aspects of Root Bud Development in Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii)." Australian Journal of Botany 38, no. 1 (1990): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900073.
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Root bud development was studied in the severed, secondarily thickened, lateral roots of 20-year-old hoop pines (Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex D. Don). The buds arose adventitiously in the parenchyma of the proliferated pericycle at positions opposite the diarch primary xylem poles, although they were not associated with lateral roots. The buds had an orthotropic mainstem and juvenile leaf morphology and could thus be a useful source of material for vegetatively propagating elite hoop pines.
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Martins, Aline Redondo, Norbert Pütz, Ana Dionisia da Luz Coelho Novembre, Sônia Maria de Stefano Piedade, and Beatriz Appezzato da Glória. "Seed germination and seedling morphology of Smilax polyantha (Smilacaceae)." Biota Neotropica 11, no. 2 (June 2011): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032011000200003.
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Brazilians have been using the underground organs of Smilax species in alternative medicine since the 19th century because of their anti-rheumatic qualities. However, even nowadays, these species are explored only by extractivism. Studies on seed germination and development of these organs could be useful to preserve these plants. After germination, seedling development of Smilax polyantha was analyzed to understand underground stem formation. Furthermore, to analyze the ontogenesis of the underground system, seedlings aged from one to twelve months were sectioned. One of the most striking features of this species is the presence of two stem branching systems. The plumule gives rise to the first stem branching system with negative geotropism. Its first underground axillary bud sprouted into the other caulinar axis with positive geotropism. The horizontal growth and the subsequent thickening of this underground organ depended on the development of axillary buds from basal nodes of the previous branches. The cotyledonary bud did not play a role in the underground formation, as previously described in the literature for this genus, but the buds of the basal cataphylls built the second stem branching system. In this study we discuss the terminology and suggest calling this second stem branching system a rhizophore.
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Tokita, Masayoshi, and Noriko Iwai. "Development of the pseudothumb in frogs." Biology Letters 6, no. 4 (February 10, 2010): 517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.1038.
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Frogs have highly conserved hand and foot morphology, possessing four fingers and five toes. As an exception, two Japanese ranid frog species, the Otton frog Babina subaspera and the dagger frog Babina holsti , possess a unique thumb-like structure (the pseudothumb) in the forelimb, giving an appearance of a total of five fingers on the hand. To obtain insights into the developmental mechanisms that generate this novel character, we investigated the hand morphogenesis of the Otton frog. The unique morphological pattern of the pseudothumb was already established in juveniles. Surprisingly, the bud-like structure, which is similar to the area of inductive activity (e.g. feather buds in birds and the carapacial ridge in turtles), was detected over the site where the future prepollex develops in larvae. By contrast, this bud-like structure was not found in larvae of other ranid species. We discuss possible scenarios that would favour the evolution of this very unusual trait in frogs.
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Ishizuna, Fumiko, and Nobuhiro Tsutsumi. "Flower Bud Formation of Sacred Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.): A Case Study of ‘Gyozankouren’ Grown in a Container." HortScience 49, no. 4 (April 2014): 516–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.4.516.
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The genus Nelumbo consists of two species, N. nucifera and N. lutea. N. nucifera is an ornamental and edible plant that is widely cultivated. Earlier studies of sacred lotus (N. nucifera) flowers focused mainly on morphology, phyllotaxis, leaf arrangements, and flower development. During the growing season, sacred lotus produces one foliage leaf at each node. Flower buds emerge from the abaxial side of the basal part of the foliage leaf. However, the number of blooming flowers is much less than the number of foliage leaves. Little is known concerning flower bud formation during lotus plant development. This is the first experimental study to reveal that every node has one flower bud even in the dormant shoot apex and that most of the formed flower buds aborted in the course of floral development. Our results suggest that flower bud formation of sacred lotus is independent of daylength. On the other hand, whether a formed bud reaches blooming may depend on environmental factors.
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HANDAYANI, TRI. "Flower morphology, floral development and insect visitors to flowers of Nepenthes mirabilis." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 18, no. 4 (October 7, 2017): 1624–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180441.
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Handayani T. 2017. Flower morphology, floral development and insect visitors to flowers of Nepenthes mirabilis. Biodiversitas 18: 1624-1631. Nepenthes mirabilis Druce is a commercial ornamental pitcher plant belonging to the Nepenthaceae. This species is often used as a parent plant in artificial crossbreeding. The plant is also used in traditional medicine, rope-making, handicraft, and bouquets. Flower development and pollen maturity are important factors in pitcher plant crossbreeding. However, information about its flowering is still lacking. This study aimed to record the flower morphology, flower development, and faunal visitors to male inflorescences of N. mirabilis planted in Bogor Botanic Gardens, West Java, Indonesia. Twelve racemes of flowers were taken as a sample for observing the process of inflorescence development, while ten flowers on each raceme were observed for investigating the flowering pattern of individual flowers. The morphology of flowers, the process of inflorescence development, the flowering pattern for individual flowers, the number of open flowers, the longevity of anthesis, and the appearance of insect (and/or other faunal) visitors to flowers were observed and recorded, using naked eyes, a hand lens, and a camera. Six phases of inflorescence development were identified: inflorescence bud phase, raceme phase, the opening of the raceme-protecting sheath phase, inflorescence-stalk and flowerstalk growth phase, open flower phase and pollen maturity phase. Four phases of flower development were observed: growth of flower bud, the opening of tepals, pollen maturation, and flower senescence. The pattern of anthesis within an inflorescence was acropetal. The number of flowers per raceme was 56 to 163. The peak duration of anthesis of a flower was 11 days (30.7% of flowers). The length of the raceme-stalks was 17-31 cm. The length of the racemes was 23-38 cm. The most common visitors to the flowers were stingless bees, Trigona apicalis.
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Krasowski, M. J., and J. N. Owens. "Development of the crown (nodal diaphragm) in coastal Douglas-fir seedlings." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 2473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-317.
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Crown development of coastal Douglas-fir seedlings was studied in 2 consecutive years, compared between seedling lots from low and high elevation grown under containerized-nursery conditions, and related to bud development. Differentiation of the crown began after bud-scale initiation had been completed in seedlings from both elevations. Bud development in high elevation seedlings preceded that of low elevation seedlings by about 2 weeks. The thickening of the cell walls was not strictly related to the completion of embryonic shoot formation, particularly in seedlings from the low elevation source. Intercellular spaces between crown cells were filled with pectic substances during the dormant period. Dictyosomes, ER, plasma membrane, and possibly the nuclear envelope appeared to be involved in formation of cell walls in the crown. Vacuolar and cytoplasmic tannins were abundant in cells of the differentiating crown; the former apparently served as a reservoir of carbohydrates utilized during crown development. ER appeared to be involved in vacuole formation and autophagic processes. Cells of the mature crown were highly vacuolated and during dormancy, the cytoplasm was very dense. Development and morphology of the crown are discussed in relation to its possible function.
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Gullbrand, Björn, Thomas Åkerlund, and Kurt Nordström. "On the Origin of Branches inEscherichia coli." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 21 (November 1, 1999): 6607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.21.6607-6614.1999.
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ABSTRACT Some Escherichia coli strains with impaired cell division form branched cells at high frequencies during certain growth conditions. Here, we show that neither FtsI nor FtsZ activity is required for the development of branches. Buds did not form at specific positions along the cell surface during high-branching conditions. Antibiotics affecting cell wall synthesis had a positive effect on branch formation in the case of ampicillin, cephalexin, and penicillin G, whereas mecillinam and d-cycloserine had no substantial effect. Altering the cell morphology by nutritional shifts showed that changes in morphology preceded branching, indicating that the cell’s physiological state rather than specific medium components induced branching. Finally, there was no increased probability for bud formation in the daughters of a cell with a bud or branch, showing that bud formation is a random event. We suggest that branch formation is caused by abnormalities in cell wall elongation rather than by aberrant cell division events.
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Vinogradova, Yulia Konstantinovna, Alla Georgievna Kuklina, Ekaterina Vasilyevna Tkacheva, Andrey Sergeevich Ryabchenko, Maksim Igorevich Khomutovskiy, and Olga Vladimirovna Shelepova. "Comparative floral and pollen morphology of some invasive and native impatiens species." Revista de la Universidad del Zulia 11, no. 30 (July 2, 2020): 315–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.30.20.
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To evaluate the hypothesis of competitive superiority of invasive species, we compared the invasive Impatiens parviflora DC. and I. Glandulifera royle, the naturalized I. Nevskii pobed. and the native I. Noli-tangere L. in the flowers’ morphometric characters at different phases of anthesis. The characters in which alien species have a competitive superiority over closely related I. Noli-tangere are revealed. Morphological variability was studied by morphometric observations of the following characters: bud: length and diameter; spurred sepal: length and width; spur: length and diameter; lateral sepal: length and width; largest petal: length and death; large lobe of lateral petal: length and width; small lobe of lateral petal: length and width; anther: length; stamen’s filament: length; calyptra: length and width; ovary: length and diameter; length of a style, length of a stigma. There is a tendency for alien Impatiens species of the earlier development of androecium and gynoecium: сaliptra is formed at the stage of uncolored bud, the pistil is differentiated in ovary, short style and stigma is formed at the stage of colored bud. No other flowers’ morphometric characters, representing competitive advantage of the invasive I. Glandulifera and I. Parviflora over the native I. Noli-tangere and naturalized I. Nevskii were identified.
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Warner, Ryan M. "Temperature and Photoperiod Influence Flowering and Morphology of Four Petunia spp." HortScience 45, no. 3 (March 2010): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.3.365.
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Flowering and morphology of four Petunia Juss. spp. [P. axillaris (Lam.) Britton et al., P. exserta Stehmann, P. integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz & Thell., and P. ×hybrida Vilm.] were evaluated in response to photoperiod and temperature. Photoperiod responses were evaluated under 9-h short days (SD), 9-h photoperiod plus 4-h night-interruption lighting (NI), or a 16-h photoperiod supplemented with high-pressure sodium lamps (16-h HPS). All species flowered earlier under NI than SD and were classified as facultative (quantitative) long-day plants. Increasing the daily light integral within long-day treatments increased flower bud number for P. axillaris only. In a second experiment, crop timing and quality were evaluated in the temperature range of 14 to 26 °C under 16-h HPS. The rate of progress toward flowering for each species increased as temperature increased from 14 to 26 °C, suggesting the optimal temperature for development is at least 26 °C. The calculated base temperature for progress to flowering varied from 0.1 °C for P. exserta to 5.3 °C for P. integrifolia. Flowering of P. axillaris and P. integrifolia was delayed developmentally (i.e., increased node number below the first flower) at 14 °C and 17 °C or less, respectively, compared with higher temperatures. Petunia axillaris and P. integrifolia flower bud numbers decreased as temperature increased, whereas P. ×hybrida flower bud number was similar at all temperatures. The differences in crop timing and quality traits observed for these species suggest that they may be useful sources of variability for petunia breeding programs.
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Bolivar-Medina, Jenny L., Juan E. Zalapa, Amaya Atucha, and Sara E. Patterson. "Relationship between alternate bearing and apical bud development in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)." Botany 97, no. 2 (February 2019): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2018-0058.
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Similar to other woody crops, cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) exhibits alternate bearing or a tendency to produce heavier yields one year, followed by lighter yields the next year. Unfortunately, despite the occurrence in many fruit crops, this trait is not well understood. The variable differentiation of floral initials in cranberry uprights is a distinguishing characteristic associated with alternate bearing. This study evaluates bud morphology and the presence of floral initials through characterization of longitudinal sections of apical buds from vegetative and fruiting uprights of alternate and non-alternate bearing genotypes. Our results reveal that differentiation of floral initials in fruiting uprights only occurs in non-alternate bearing genotypes and after initiation in vegetative uprights. In addition, a strong positive correlation was found between the increase of bud width and the presence of floral initials. Lastly, uprights from the alternate bearing genotype exhibited significantly faster growth rates of the reproductive buds compared with the vegetative buds. In summary, our study shows marked differences in timing and growth rates of floral initials between uprights of the two genotypes, suggesting a possible correlation with resource allocation during the growth season, and thus could contribute to cultivar selection and management practices.
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Fielder, Peter, and John N. Owens. "A comparative study of shoot and root development of interior and coastal Douglas-fir seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-086.
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Bud development and root elongation of coastal and interior seedlots of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) were compared from September through March after 4 months of growth under Styroblock container nursery production conditions. Apical development of vegetative buds was described in terms of morphology, mitotic index, apical dimensions, and cell numbers. An estimate was made of the number of leaf primordia produced on the embryonic shoot. Morphological and anatomical stages of bud development in the interior variety occurred about 4 weeks in advance of those in the coastal variety. Cell divisions ceased in apices in November and December in interior and coastal varieties, respectively, and resumed in mid-February in both varieties, so all apices were undergoing cell division by March 1. Flushing was variable but occurred earlier in the interior variety. Numbers of white root tips were highest during October and March in both varieties. Root elongation tended to follow the pattern of bud development in each variety, so the interior variety had greater numbers of white root tips >0.5 mm long about 2 weeks earlier in the fall than the coastal variety. Apical activity and peak numbers of root tips >0.5 mm long were synchronized in both varieties by the following March. In the interior variety white root tips were absent during December and January whereas some were present throughout the sampling period in the coastal variety. The interior variety produced a larger bud and entered dormancy earlier than the coastal variety when cultivated under coastal conditions. Differences in phenology between the two varieties are sufficient to justify the development of more specific nursery cultural practices to achieve maximum seedling quality.
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Xingwei, Chen, Thohirah Lee Abdullah, Sima Taheri, Nur Ashikin Psyquay Abdullah, and Siti Aishah Hassan. "Flower Ontogenesis and Fruit Development of Synsepalum dulcificum." HortScience 51, no. 6 (June 2016): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.51.6.697.
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Synsepalum dulcificum from the family Sapotaceae is known as miracle fruit and is a valuable horticultural species. All plant parts are of medicinal importance whereas the fruit known as magic berry, miracle berry, or sweet berry is consumed fresh. Surprisingly, very little is known on the species in terms of flower morphology and flower development. In this study, an observation on the flower morphology and flower development of miracle fruit has been made with the aid of microscopic techniques. Miracle fruit flower requires 100 days to develop from reproductive meristem to full anthesis. The flower development can be divided into six stages based on the size and appearance of the flower bud. The fruit with persistent style developed and ripened 90 days after anthesis. Heavy fruit drop was observed at 40–60 days after anthesis which contributed to the final fruit set of average of 5.06% per plant. Through this study, miracle fruit is strongly insect pollinated and prevents self-fertilization. A study on pollination ecology is needed to identify the pollinator for miracle fruit, as this is important in manipulating fruit loading in the future.
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Moncur, MW, and DJ Boland. "Floral Morphology of Eucalyptus melliodora A. Cunn. ex Schau. And Comparisons With Other Eucalypt Species." Australian Journal of Botany 37, no. 2 (1989): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9890125.
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The important phases of floral development in E. melliodora from bud initiation to anthesis and style abscission are documented by means of scanning electron micrographs. Thirteen phases of bud development from first indication of operculum abscission to style abscission are presented, as well as the timing and duration of each phase. Anther dehiscence commences prior to flower opening and no pollen grains were observed on flowers 2 days after opening. Secondary transportation of pollen after deposition is possible. Nectar secretion did not commence until after pollen was shed and the stigma became receptive. Although individual flowers were protandrous, there was some overlap within a single inflorescence between pollen shed and the 'wet stigma' phase, suggesting that geitonogamy was possible. The style did not increase in length following anthesis, a common feature in Eucalyptus, leaving the stigma in close proximity with the anthers. There was a graduation in filament length from the outer to inner whorls. The innermost anthers produced the most pollen grains while the outermost were staminodal. There was considerable difference between the number of stamens (71-312), staminodes (0-83) and pollen grains per anther (643-1790) found in the six species examined. Stamen length in all species increased across the staminophore from 1.82-6.99 mm in the inner whorl to 4.84-12.61 mm in the outer whorl.
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Pemberton, H. Brent, Harold F. Wilkins, and James S. Hodges. "Growth relationships of individual flowers during late stages of floral development of Rhododendron L. 'Prize' and 'Gloria'." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 1350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-100.
Full textAbstract:
Single terminal inflorescences from two-stemmed plants of Rhododendron L. cv. 'Prize' and 'Gloria' were recurrently sampled during a 9°C cold treatment and subsequent forcing period in an 18°C growth chamber until plants reached anthesis. At each sample period, bud length and width were measured on each inflorescence, while subtending bud scale, petal, stamen ('Gloria' only), style, peduncle and ovary length, ovary width, and flower weight were determined on the two most basally attached flowers within an inflorescence for each cultivar. Polynomial regression models were calculated for each floral growth measurement over time, except for bud length and width, for each of the four flowers within a cultivar. Comparison of regression models revealed differences in floral part growth patterns among the various flowers within each cultivar. During the first week of placement in 18°C forcing temperatures after the cold treatment, bud length was the only floral part to grow on 'Prize' plants, while only female flower parts grew on 'Gloria' plants. These results indicate differences in growth resumption patterns between cultivars after cold storage. However, petal and style length were strongly correlated to flower weight for both cultivars indicating that these measurements could be used in laboratory or field situations to determine the floral stage of growth. The growth equations described would be useful for controlling the variability among shoots and flowers for analytical determinations, such as hormonal content analysis, and for studying relationships of floral growth patterns to environmental stimuli that could be used to control flowering. The statistical techniques used in this research make it possible to reduce the number of plants for such studies, as measurements taken on different flowers on the same plant can be used for floral part growth comparisons despite the inherent correlation present between such measurements.Key words: morphology, dormancy, growth modeling, multivariate multiple regression, controlled environment.
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Shao, Fengxia, Sen Wang, Juan Chen, and Rongyan Hong. "Megasporogenesis, Microsporogenesis, and Development of Female and Male Gametophytes of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. ‘Zhongqiusucui’." HortScience 54, no. 10 (October 2019): 1686–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14237-19.
Full textAbstract:
To investigate whether reproductive disorders exist in the sexual reproduction of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. ‘Zhongqiusucui’ and to understand the reproductive biology of ‘Zhongqiusucui’ and genetic improvements in jujube trees, we used ‘Zhongqiusucui’ flowers at different developmental stages as materials and conducted field and microscopic observations on the developmental pattern of mega- and microsporogenesis, as well as on the development of male and female gametophytes. The results show the following. 1) From the inflorescence development stage to flowering, the grade 0 bud on the inflorescence exhibited an increase in horizontal diameter, longitudinal diameter, peduncle length, and bud weight, but the rates of increase were different. From day 1 to day 5 after the inflorescence had developed, floral buds mostly grew horizontally. Day 5 was the floral bud flattening stage. From day 6 to day 8 after the inflorescence had developed, floral buds mostly grew longitudinally, and day 8 was the floral bud enlarging stage. 2) The stamens of ‘Zhongqiusucui’ had five anthers, and there were four locules per anther. The anther wall consisted of epidermis, endothecium, one- to two-layered middle layer, and a secretory-type tapetum. In addition, the development of the anther wall belonged to the basic type. The cytokinesis of the microsporocytes was synchronous, the tetrads mostly arranged as a tetrahedron, and the mature pollen had three germ pores, three grooves, and was bicellular pollen. During meiosis, the microsporocytes in each locule were at the same phase and therefore exhibited synchrony. Among the different anthers in the same floral bud, as well as the four locules in the same anther, the microsporocytes had asynchronous meiosis. 3) The pistils in the ‘Zhongqiusucui’ had two ovaries, two anatropous ovules, inner and outer integument, crassinucellate tetrads formed by the meiosis of megasporocytes aligned linearly along the nucellus, megaspore at the chalazal end that developed into the functional megaspore, which underwent mitotic division three times and developed into the mature embryo sac containing seven cells and eight nuclei, and embryo sac development of the Polygonum type. 4) The external morphology of the ‘Zhongqiusucui’ floral buds correlated with the internal developmental stage of the male and female gametophyte. Therefore, the internal developmental progress of the stamen and pistil can be determined by the external morphological characteristics of the floral buds.
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Kampny, Christine M., and Judith M. Canne-Hilliker. "Patterns of floral development in Agalinis and allies (Scrophulariaceae). I. Floral development of Agalinis fasciculata and A. tenuifolia." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 11 (November 1, 1987): 2255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-307.
Full textAbstract:
The sequence of events and morphology of structures were similar during early floral development of Agalinis tenuifolia and A. fasciculata. The lateral-posterior calyx primordia were initiated first, followed by the middle-posterior primordium, and lastly by the two anterior primordia. The corolla primordia arose in an anterior to posterior succession, then the four stamen primordia were initiated simultaneously. Later the gynoecium originated as an oval-shaped ridge. Two depressions within it became locules, and the two sides of the cleaved ridge separating them met and formed a septum. A placenta formed in each locule and numerous ovules were initiated on it. Zygomorphy was apparent in the calyx, corolla, and androecium during the primordial stage. Organogenesis in the calyx was rapid so that the calyx lobes and tube were well formed before organogenesis of other floral parts. Except for those of the calyx, floral character states distinctive for each species were manifested late in development of the floral bud.
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Norton, Christian H., and Christian R. Lacroix. "Quantitative developmental analysis of two phenotypes of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in the context of homeosis." Botany 96, no. 6 (June 2018): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2017-0185.
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The flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Malvaceae) exist in two floral morphologies: a single phenotype, and a double phenotype. This study focused on the early stages of floral development, just before the initiation of petal primordia and up until the bifurcation of the stamen primordia. The two phenotypes were compared using logistic regression and bootstrapping techniques. Four aspects of floral development were considered: (i) organogenesis of petal and stamen primordia, and stamen bifurcation; (ii) allometry of stamen primordia; (iii) morphology of stamen primordia; and (iv) size of stamen primordia. The single and double buds initiated petal primordia at the same bud radii, but double buds initiated stamen primordia and stamen bifurcation at larger bud radii than the single phenotype. Double stamen primordia were shorter, wider, and more spherical than single stamen primordia, although the sizes of the single and double stamen primordia (defined as the sum of their length and width measurements) were not different. Results suggest that the additional space on the floral meristem of the double phenotype is linked to the divergent development of stamen primordia occupying this extra space.
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Hébant-Mauri, R. "Cauline meristems in leptosporangiate ferns: structure, lateral appendages, and branching." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 1612–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-196.
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This study on shoot apical meristem structures in leptosporangiate ferns examines the precise initiation of lateral appendages in the meristems. Interrelationships and early development of the main stem, fronds, and branches are described. Ontogeny and histology within the apical meristem must be considered in a reasonable morphological interpretation of the adult plant, especially with respect to the lateral system (i.e. frond and bud assemblage) in creeping branched ferns. Key words: branching, lateral initiations, meristem structure, morphology, ontogeny.
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Azmi, Tubagus Kiki Kawakibi, Dewi Sukma, Sandra Arifin Aziz, and Dan Muhamad Syukur. "Morfologi dan Pertumbuhan Planlet Hasil Induksi Poliploidi melalui Perlakuan Kolkisin pada Kuncup Bunga Anggrek Bulan (Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume)." Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) 44, no. 1 (June 24, 2016): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24831/jai.v44i1.12503.
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<br />Induction of polyploid gametes is one of useful plant polyploidization methods. Some of its benefits are to obtain triploid and tetraploid progenies at the same time by cross and self pollination. Previous research showed that some morphological characters which could be the indications of polyploidy plantlets before the analysis of chromosome number. Colchicine treatment on flower bud of diploid Phalaenopsis amabilis was conducted to determine the effect of colchicine on flower bud development, plantlets morphology and growth, and potential of polyploidy induction based on plantlets morphology. Colchicine concentrations in the experiment were 0, 50, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg L-1, with three days duration of treatments with aluminium foil wraps on flower buds. The results showed that high colchicine concentrations (2,000 mg L-1) inhibited flowers blooming of treated flower buds. Based on morphological characters, plantlets were classified into normal and putative polyploid plantlets. Putative polyploid plantlets from colchicine with the concentration of 50, 500, and 1,000 mg L-1 were 71.2, 86.4, and 100.0% respectively.<br /><br />Keywords: colchicine concentration, morphological characters, normal plantlets, putative polyploidy, reproductive organ<br /><br />
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Lee, J., and C. Tickle. "Retinoic acid and pattern formation in the developing chick wing: SEM and quantitative studies of early effects on the apical ectodermal ridge and bud outgrowth." Development 90, no. 1 (December 1, 1985): 139–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.90.1.139.
Full textAbstract:
When retinoic acid is locally applied to the anterior margin of developing chick wing buds on ion-exchange beads, dose-dependent changes in the skeletal pattern result. At low doses, additional digits develop. At high doses, there is thinning of the symmetrical wing. Local application of retinoic acid to the apex of the bud also leads to pattern changes, but in contrast normal wing patterns are almost always obtained following application posteriorly. These effects are manifest at 6–7 days after the operation although only a brief exposure (14–20 h) to retinoic acid is required. Therefore the morphology of wing buds was studied at shorter times after the start of treatment. The local application of retinoic acid to the wing bud margin leads to changes in extent of the apical ridge that can be detected at 24 h after application. The behaviour of the apical ridge with varying doses and positions of retinoic acid application has been analysed quantitatively and dose response curves obtained. At low doses of retinoic acid, the length of the apical ridge increases or remains constant, but then progressively decreases with higher doses. The progressive obliteration of the ridge starts first near the bead and then involves more distant parts of the bud. Thus the region of the ridge affected depends on the position at which the retinoic acid is applied. We propose that these effects on the apical ridge reflect dose-dependent responses to the local concentration of retinoic acid that varies with distance from the source. At high doses, the apical ridge disappears but at low doses it is maintained. Since grafts of polarizing region tissue also have a graded effect on ridge morphology, a possible interpretation of the retinoic acid effects is that tissue adjacent to the source is converted into polarizing region tissue. Alternatively, retinoic acid may act directly on the ridge cells. The changes in the extent of the apical ridge produced by retinoic acid lead to different forms of bud outgrowth. The form of the outgrowth depends on the dose of retinoic acid, the position of application and the interaction between the effects of the local source of retinoic acid and those of the polarizing region of the host bud. These considerations give some insights into why anterior application of retinoic acid leads to the development of additional digits whereas posterior application generally gives normal wings.
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Falcão, Poliana Figueroa, Gladys Flávia de A. Melo-de-Pinna, Inara R. Leal, and Jarcilene S. Almeida-Cortez. "Morphology and anatomy of extrafloral nectaries in Solanum stramonifolium (Solanaceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-083.
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Solanum stramonifolium Dunal. (Solanaceae) is a pioneer species very common in the Atlantic forest of northeast Brazil. The plants bear extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) that are frequently visited by ants. Ant exclusion experiments show reduced seed set in plants without ants. This paper describes the morphology and anatomy of the nectary of S. stramonifolium. This species bears structural EFNs, vascularized by both phloem and xylem. The nectary is located around the lower, external surface of the calyx, as a ring of five protuberances. Secretory cells are present only below these protuberances and arranged in several strata. The nectar is secreted by stomata situated on projections above the surface of these protuberances. Nectar secretion begins at the floral bud stage and continues through fruit development. We suggest that production of nectar during the entire reproductive period of S. stramonifolium functions as a mechanism of flower and seed protection.Key words: Solanaceae, Solanum stramonifolium, extrafloral nectaries, ants, plant-ant interactions.
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Hoque, MA. "Floral biology of indigenous pummelo genotypes." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 2 (August 20, 2015): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v40i2.24556.
Full textAbstract:
Flower morphology and bud development of pummelo accessions CG-1, CG-18 and CG-151 were studied at the Pummelo Orchard of Regional Agricultural Research Station, BARI, Akbarpur, Moulvibazar and the Horticulture Laboratory of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University during 2008-2009. Pummelo flowers were bisexual, bore singly on leaf axils or in clusters with or without leaf on stem in all accessions, and colour were white. Calyx diameter varied from 0.94 in CG-1 to 1.02 in CG-18. Number of petals per flower ranged from 4.0 to 4.5. Anthers were yellow in colour and only CG- 151 produced few rudimentary styles. Diameter of stigma varied from 0.39 mm to 0.49 mm. Number of locules per ovary was in between 14.6 to16.0 and number of ovules per locules varied from 4.0 to 9.0. Stages of floral bud development from initiation to anthesis were divided into 9 distinct stages. In pummelo, a total of 27.7 to 31.2 days were required from a bud initiation to reach its fully developed stage. Suitable time for emasculation of pummelo flowers was found within 26 days from flower bud initiation. Between 3:00am to 5:00am, about 76% flowers were found to be opened and between 4:00pm to 5:00pm in all the three accessions, dehiscence of pollens was recorded. Abscission of stamen, petal and style started after 50.8, 76.4 and 162.3 hrs and completed after 128.4, 137.9 and 228.3 hrs of anthesis, respectively.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 40(2): 177-188, June 2015
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Lawson, A. R., P. W. G. Sale, and K. B. Kelly. "Effect of defoliation frequency on an irrigated perennial pasture in northern Victoria 2*Part 1, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 1997, 48, 811 - 17.. Individual plant morphology." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 6 (1997): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96089.
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The effect of 5 winter and 2 post-winter defoliation frequencies on the morphology of medium-leafed and large-leafed white clover and perennial ryegrass plants in an irrigated perennial pasture in northern Victoria was investigated. Measurements included leaf appearance rates, axillary bud development and survival, stolon elongation and survival, and tiller production and survival. White clover leaf appearance rate was affected little by either defoliation frequency or cultivar, ranging from 0·4 leaves/week in July to 1·1 leaves/week in February. In contrast, perennial ryegrass leaf appearance rate in the same period ranged from 0·35 to 0·7 leaves/week. Axillary bud production on clover stolons was highest in winter and spring and lowest through summer, and was usually greater in the medium-leafed than in the large-leafed cultivars. When the swards were not defoliated through winter, the rate of bud production was reduced in late winter; this was followed by a high rate of bud production in early spring, resulting in little treatment difference in the number of buds per stolon by mid spring. Bud survival was greater when initiated in winter than in summer. The rate of stolon death in spring was higher in the swards not defoliated during winter and higher in the large-leafed than in the medium-leafed cultivar. These effects were associated with the stolon elongation rate in late winter; the medium-leafed cultivar was unaffected by defoliation frequency, whereas in the large-leafed cultivars the rate of stolon elongation increased as the defoliation interval lengthened and canopy shading increased. Perennial ryegrass tiller production was greater with frequent than infrequent winter or post-winter defoliation, but never exceeded 1·2 daughter tillers/tiller, with 44% of the reproductive tillers failing to replace themselves. The low leaf appearance rate and tiller production of the perennial ryegrass may contribute to its poor competitiveness and persistence in this environment.
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Levi, A., and K. C. Sink. "Histology and Morphology of Asparagus Somatic Embryos." HortScience 26, no. 10 (October 1991): 1322–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.10.1322.
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The histology and morphology of developing asparagus Asparagus officinalis L.) somatic embryos arising in callus cultures were examined and contrasted with that documented for zygotic embryos. Histological sections of lateral bud-derived callus cultured for 2 weeks on embryo induction medium consisting of Murashige and Skoog salts and vitamins (MS) with 1.5 mg NAA/liter and 0.1 mg kinetin/liter indicated the formation of distinct groups of embryogenic cells. At 4 weeks, the callus was comprised of embryos in the early and late globular stages and a few bipolar embryos. Within 2 weeks on embryo development medium consisting of MS with 0.05 mg NAA/liter and 0.1 mg kinetin/liter, the globular embryos developed a bipolar shape having an expanded upper region that formed the cotyledon and a smaller region that formed the radicle. Within 4 to 6 weeks on this latter medium, each mature bipolar embryo was opaque and had a large cotyledon, a distinct shoot apex at the cotyledon-hypocotyl junction, and vascular connections between the radicle, shoot apex, and cotyledon. Many mature somatic embryos resembled the asparagus zygotic embryos in having a crescent shape, whereas others had a short but wide cotyledon. Both somatic embryo types converted to plantlets at equal rates. Chemical names used: N- (2-furanylmethyl)-1 H -purin-6-amine (kinetin); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
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Shah, Mita M., James B. Tee, Tobias Meyer, Catherine Meyer-Schwesinger, Yohan Choi, Derina E. Sweeney, Thomas F. Gallegos, et al. "The instructive role of metanephric mesenchyme in ureteric bud patterning, sculpting, and maturation and its potential ability to buffer ureteric bud branching defects." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 297, no. 5 (November 2009): F1330—F1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00125.2009.
Full textAbstract:
Kidney organogenesis depends on reciprocal interactions between the ureteric bud (UB) and the metanephric mesenchyme (MM) to form the UB-derived collecting system and MM-derived nephron. With the advent of in vitro systems, it is clear that UB branching can occur independently of MM contact; however, little has been done to detail the role of MM cellular contact in this process. Here, a model system in which the cultured isolated UB is recombined with uninduced MM is used to isolate the effects of the MM progenitor tissue on the development and maturation of the collecting system. By morphometrics, we demonstrate that cellular contact with the MM is required for vectorial elongation of stalks and tapering of luminal caliber of UB-derived tubules. Expression analysis of developmentally significant genes indicates the cocultured tissue is most similar to an embryonic day 19 ( E19) kidney. The likely major contributor to this is the functional maturation of the collecting duct and proximal nephron segments in the UB-induced MM, as measured by quantitative PCR, of the collecting duct-specific arginine vasopressin receptor and the nephron tubule segment-specific organic anion transporter OAT1, Na-Pi type 2 cotransporter, and Tamm-Horsfall protein gene expressions. However, expression of aquaporin-2 is upregulated similarly in isolated UB and cocultured tissue, suggesting that some aspects of functional maturation can occur independently of MM cellular contact. In addition to its sculpting effects, the MM normalized a “branchless” UB morphology induced by FGF7 or heregulin in isolated UB culture. The morphological changes induced by the MM were accompanied by a reassignment of GFRα1 (a receptor for GDNF) to tips. Such “quality control” by the MM of UB morphology may provide resiliency to the branching program. This may help to explain a number of knockout phenotypes in which branching and/or cystic defects are less impressive than expected. A second hit in the MM may thus be necessary to make these defects fully apparent.
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Serra, R., R. W. Pelton, and H. L. Moses. "TGF beta 1 inhibits branching morphogenesis and N-myc expression in lung bud organ cultures." Development 120, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 2153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.8.2153.
Full textAbstract:
Lung buds isolated from 11.5 days post coitum mouse embryos survive and undergo branching morphogenesis in culture. This organ culture system was used to examine the role of TGF beta 1 and N-myc expression in lung branching morphogenesis. By 24 hours, TGF beta 1 reversibly inhibited branching morphogenesis in a concentration-dependent manner. N-myc is known to be expressed during embryonic development in epithelial cells involved in branching morphogenesis and homozygous null N-myc mice have defects in lung development. In the present study, TGF beta 1 was shown to inhibit the steady-state level of N-myc RNA 3- to 4-fold at 14 and 48 hours of treatment as measured by northern blot and RNase protection analysis. Suppression of N-myc expression in epithelium was confirmed by in situ hybridization. Since inhibition of N-myc occurred prior to the observed changes in morphology and previous genetic studies have demonstrated and important role for N-myc in lung development, a model is proposed in which TGF beta 1 inhibits tracheobronchial development by inhibiting expression of N-myc.
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Heanue, Tiffany A., Randy L. Johnson, Juan-Carlos Izpisua-Belmonte, Claudio D. Stern, Eddy M. De Robertis, and Clifford J. Tabin. "Goosecoid misexpression alters the morphology and Hox gene expression of the developing chick limb bud." Mechanisms of Development 69, no. 1-2 (December 1997): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4773(97)00149-4.
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Orlovich, D. A., A. N. Drinnan, and P. Y. Ladiges. "Floral development in Melaleuca and Callistemon (Myrtaceae)." Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 6 (1998): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97041.
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Floral development of seven species of Melaleuca and four species of Callistemon is compared. The multistaminate fascicles of Melaleuca develop from stamen primordia initiated on antepetalous pre-staminal bulges (PSBs); the resultant bundles of stamens become separated by hypanthial expansion as the flower bud enlarges. In most species of Callistemon examined the stamen primordia are initiated directly on the floral apex, and the stamens are distributed evenly around the hypanthium at anthesis. The possession of large and prominent PSBs, and thus stamen fascicles, is a feature of most species of Melaleuca and their total absence is a feature of most species of Callistemon; however, there is a continuum between these two extremes. Several taxa of both genera exhibit intermediate morphology. In C. glaucus (Bonpl.) Sweet, small but distinct PSBs develop, which influence antepetalous stamen groups that remain contiguous at anthesis. This also occurred in M. leucadendra (L.) L. This variable expression of PSBs is the result of differences in the timing of stamen initiation. Other variable features are determined by the space available for primordium initiation and the patterns of growth and expansion of the developing flower.
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Dahl, Ulf, Anders Sjödin, Lionel Larue, Glenn L. Radice, Stefan Cajander, Masatoshi Takeichi, Rolf Kemler, and Henrik Semb. "Genetic Dissection of Cadherin Function during Nephrogenesis." Molecular and Cellular Biology 22, no. 5 (March 1, 2002): 1474–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.22.5.1474-1487.2002.
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ABSTRACT The distinct expression of R-cadherin in the induced aggregating metanephric mesenchyme suggests that it may regulate the mesenchymal-epithelial transition during kidney development. To address whether R-cadherin is required for kidney ontogeny, R-cadherin-deficient mice were generated. These mice appeared to be healthy and were fertile, demonstrating that R-cadherin is not essential for embryogenesis. The only kidney phenotype of adult mutant animals was the appearance of dilated proximal tubules, which was associated with an accumulation of large intracellular vacuoles. Morphological analysis of nephrogenesis in R-cadherin −/− mice in vivo and in vitro revealed defects in the development of both ureteric bud-derived cells and metanephric mesenchyme-derived cells. First, the morphology and organization of the proximal parts of the ureteric bud epithelium were altered. Interestingly, these morphological changes correlated with an increased rate of apoptosis and were further supported by perturbed branching and patterning of the ureteric bud epithelium during in vitro differentiation. Second, during in vitro studies of mesenchymal-epithelial conversion, significantly fewer epithelial structures developed from R-cadherin −/− kidneys than from wild-type kidneys. These data suggest that R-cadherin is functionally involved in the differentiation of both mesenchymal and epithelial components during metanephric kidney development. Finally, to investigate whether the redundant expression of other classic cadherins expressed in the kidney could explain the rather mild kidney defects in R-cadherin-deficient mice, we intercrossed R-cadherin −/− mice with cadherin-6−/− , P-cadherin −/−, and N-cadherin +/− mice. Surprisingly, however, in none of the compound knockout strains was kidney development affected to a greater extent than within the individual cadherin knockout strains.
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Milenkovic, L., L. V. Goodrich, K. M. Higgins, and M. P. Scott. "Mouse patched1 controls body size determination and limb patterning." Development 126, no. 20 (October 15, 1999): 4431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.20.4431.
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Hedgehog (Hh) proteins control many developmental events by inducing specific cell fates or regulating cell proliferation. The Patched1 (Ptc1) protein, a binding protein for Hh molecules, appears to oppose Hh signals by repressing transcription of genes that can be activated by Hh. Sonic hedgehog (Shh), one of the vertebrate homologs of Hh, controls patterning and growth of the limb but the early embryonic lethality of ptc1(−)(/)(−) mice obscures the roles of ptc1 in later stages of development. We partially rescued ptc1 homozygous mutant embryos using a metallothionein promoter driving ptc1. In a wild-type background, the transgene causes a marked decrease in animal size starting during embryogenesis, and loss of anterior digits. In ptc1 homozygotes, a potent transgenic insert allowed survival to E14 and largely normal morphology except for midbrain overgrowth. A less potent transgene gave rise to partially rescued embryos with massive exencephaly, and polydactyly and branched digits in the limbs. The polydactyly was preceded by unexpected anterior limb bud transcription of Shh, so one function of ptc1 is to repress Shh expression in the anterior limb bud.
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Liu, Jingyi, Meijing Shi, Jing Wang, Bo Zhang, Yushun Li, Jin Wang, Ahmed H. El-Sappah, and Yan Liang. "Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of the Development of Sepal Morphology in Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 16 (August 18, 2020): 5914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165914.
Full textAbstract:
Sepal is an important component of the tomato flower and fruit that typically protects the flower in bud and functions as a support for petals and fruits. Moreover, sepal appearance influences the commercial property of tomato nowadays. However, the phenotype information and development mechanism of the natural variation of sepal morphology in the tomato is still largely unexplored. To study the developmental mechanism and to determine key genes related to downward sepal in the tomato, we compared the transcriptomes of sepals between downward sepal (dsp) mutation and the wild-type by RNA sequencing and found that the differentially expressed genes were dominantly related to cell expansion, auxin, gibberellins and cytokinin. dsp mutation affected cell size and auxin, and gibberellins and cytokinin contents in sepals. The results showed that cell enlargement or abnormal cell expansion in the adaxial part of sepals in dsp. As reported, auxin, gibberellins and cytokinin were important factors for cell expansion. Hence, dsp mutation regulated cell expansion to control sepal morphology, and auxin, gibberellins and cytokinin may mediate this process. One ARF gene and nine SAUR genes were dramatically upregulated in the sepal of the dsp mutant, whereas seven AUX/IAA genes were significantly downregulated in the sepal of dsp mutant. Further bioinformatic analyses implied that seven AUX/IAA genes might function as negative regulators, while one ARF gene and nine SAUR genes might serve as positive regulators of auxin signal transduction, thereby contributing to cell expansion in dsp sepal. Thus, our data suggest that 17 auxin-responsive genes are involved in downward sepal formation in the tomato. This study provides valuable information for dissecting the molecular mechanism of sepal morphology control in the tomato.
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Pickens, Kimberly A., Jan Wolf, James M. Affolter, and Hazel Y. Wetzstein. "322 In Vitro Propagation of the Ornamental Bromeliad, Tillandsia eizii." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 447E—447. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.447e.
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Many bromeliad species indigenous to the rain forests of Central and South America are threatened because of over-collection and habitat destruction. Studies were conducted to develop propagation protocols for Tillandsia eizii, a rare ornamental bromeliad of ceremonial significance to the Highland Maya communities in Chiapas, Mexico. We anticipate using in vitro propagation for the conservation of this species with the potential of utilizing bromeliads as an alternative and sustainable forest resource. Protocols were developed for the sterilization and germination of axenic seed. Seedling growth in vitro was assessed and outplanting studies were conducted. Media were evaluated to promote adventitious bud production in experiments using the plant growth regulators naphthaleneacetic acid and benzylaminopurine. Pulse time and duration, as well as the stage of seed development, had a marked effect on bud production. The effects of various potting media on plant growth and survival were assessed. A pure pine bark medium elicited over 95 percent survival. Plants exhibited a “tank-like” morphology characteristic of plants in the wild.
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Gradziel, Thomas M., and Mary Ann Thorpe. "489 Detection of Hidden Sectorial Chimeras in Almond Shoots through Distortions in Flower Symmetry." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 529C—529. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.529c.
Full textAbstract:
Somatic mutations in shoot growing points, while considered relatively common in many horticultural clones, cannot be detected unless the mutation results in a distinguishable change and comes to occupy sufficient shoot area to be observable. Noninfectious bud-failure (BF) in almond, a genetic mutation which results in failure during early development of vegetative but not flower buds, behaves as a chimera in its incidence within an affected tree and in vegetative progeny from bud-failure prone clonal sources (i.e., vegetative lineage). Early stages of BF development are thought to occur as very limited and so undetected sectorial or mericlinal chimeras. Detection of BF during these early stages would be very valuable for the selection of low-BF source clones for nursery increase. Flower symmetry, as measured by differences in the size of each of the five petals of an almond flower, was evaluated as an indicator of the relative fitness of the individual cell lineages from which different petals were derived. Several hundred flowers from individual clonal sources of the almond variety `Nonpareil', known to produce either very low, medium, or very high levels of BF in their vegetative progeny, were tested over 3 separate years. Significant reductions in flower symmetry were consistently observed for medium BF potential clonal sources relative to either low- or high-BF sources despite the lack of any observable BF symptoms in the medium-BF trees tested. Associated with asymmetric-flower-prone sources was a greater number of an easily distinguishable distorted petal morphology. Medium BF-potential sources consistently produced 2- to 3-fold greater numbers of this petal morphology relative to low BF-sources, although the occurrence of distorted petals in both low and medium BF sources limits its use as an efficient field selection tool. Research findings, however, are allowing a more detailed understanding of the developmental ontogeny of “bud-sport” mutations and may have application in the analysis of otherwise hidden chimeras resulting from either somatic mutations or genetic transformation/regeneration schemes.
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HAMIM, ZAHRUL ROMADLON, and DORLY. "Perkembangan Morfo-anatomi Bunga, Buah, dan Biji Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L), Sebagai Tanaman Penghasil Biodisel." Jurnal Sumberdaya Hayati 5, no. 1 (November 12, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jsdh.5.1.1-10.
Full textAbstract:
Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum), a non-edible producing plant, is a tropical plant traditionally used by local residents as firewood, building material and medicinal plants. The research aimed to study the development of flower and fruit as well as oil content of nyamplung seeds. Two adult trees (P1 and P2) with different provenance were used in experiment. Morphology of flower and fruit, and seed germination were observed from the field, while the microscopic anatomical observations and oil content analysis were carried out in the laboratory. The result showed that a single generative bud generally had 8-15 flowers. The flower was arranged in bunches, with 4 petals, 4 sepals, single pistil and 4 files of anthers surrounded the pistil. In some cases, the flowers had 5 sepals, or 3 sepals and 3 anthers files. Fruits were round, green and turned to harden with brownish color during maturation. Flower bud grown from bud was ready to blossom 27 days after initiation (DAI). There were up to 48.52% flower buds drop at 24 DAI, and they were still increase up to 64.5% flower drop during the whole of flower development. The observation also showed that fruit drop rate of P2 plant was higher than P1. After flower bloom for 3 or 4 days after anthesis, the flowers started to lose their parts. The fruits started to ripe 8-10 week after anthesis (WAA). Seeds from P2 tree had oil content of 51.79%, which was higher than the P1 tree (42.57%).
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McAvoy*, Richard J., Mariya V. Khodakovskaya, Hong Liu, and Yi Li. "Ethylene-inducible Expression of ipt Gene Produces a Dramatic Increase in Fower Bud Count in Transgenic Plants." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 821B—821. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.821b.
Full textAbstract:
Cytokinins play an important role in regulating plant growth and development. The cytokinin gene, isopentenyl transferase (ipt), was placed under the control of the ACC oxidase promoter from the LEACO1 gene from Lycopersicon esculentum and introduced into Nicotiana tabacum (cv. Havana) and chrysanthemum (Dendranthema × grandiflorum `Iridon'). Transformants were confirmed by PCR reaction and Southern blot and analyzed for phenotypical changes under both greenhouse and growth chamber conditions. With both species, LEACO1-ipt transgenic plants displayed a wide range of vegetative and generative phenotypes. With plants growing in the vegetative state, some LEACO1-ipt transgenic lines appeared similar to the non-transgenic wild-type cultivars while other lines showed excessive lateral branch development and short internodes. With plants grown under generative conditions, several LEACO1-ipt transgenic lines showed a 2 to 10-fold increase in the number of flower buds relative to the wild-type cultivars. With chrysanthemum, dramatic increases in bud count were observed on transgenic lines that otherwise displayed a morphology similar to the non-transgenic lines. Analysis of ipt expression indicated a marked change in gene expression between the most extreme phenotypes observed in this study. LEACO1-ipt lines that express normal vegetative development but increased flower bud counts appear to have great potential for ornamental crop improvement.
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Steeves, Margaret W., and Taylor A. Steeves. "Inflorescence development in Amelanchier alnifolia." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 8 (August 1, 1990): 1680–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-216.
Full textAbstract:
The morphology and development of the inflorescence of Amelanchier alnifolia, a potential fruit crop, are described. Although racemelike in appearance, the 8- to 12-flowered inflorescence is determinate, and the occasional branching of the basal member indicates its compound nature. This basal member in the axil of a foliage leaf frequently bears three to four bracteoles instead of the two characteristic of the remaining lateral flowers, and an arrested bud may be found in the axil of one or more of the bracteoles. The inflorescence is thus interpreted as a much reduced panicle. The phenology of inflorescence development in relation to seasonal shoot growth has been documented. Transformation of vegetative shoot apices to the flowering condition begins after the differentiation of a set of cataphylls and as the current fruit crop is ripening. It is marked by the accelerated formation of bract primordia with precocious axillary buds, culminating after about 2 weeks with the initiation of a terminal flower. Although the last to be formed, the terminal flower at all subsequent stages is equivalent in development to those at the base of the inflorescence. The buds in the axils of three to five bracts immediately below the terminal flower are arrested at an early stage and variation in inflorescence size may in part be due to variability in their development.
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Lu, Hui-Chen, Eric C. Swindell, Walter D. Sierralta, Gregor Eichele, and Christina Thaller. "Evidence for a role of protein kinase C in FGF signal transduction in the developing chick limb bud." Development 128, no. 13 (July 1, 2001): 2451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.13.2451.
Full textAbstract:
In developing limbs, numerous signaling molecules have been identified but less is known about the mechanisms by which such signals direct patterning. We have explored signal transduction pathways in the chicken limb bud. A cDNA encoding RACK1, a protein that binds and stabilizes activated protein kinase C (PKC), was isolated in a screen for genes induced by retinoic acid (RA) in the chick wing bud. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) also induced RACK1 and such induction of RACK1 expression was accompanied by a significant augmentation in the number of active PKC molecules and an elevation of PKC enzymatic activity. This suggests that PKCs mediate signal transduction in the limb bud. Application of chelerythrine, a potent PKC inhibitor, to the presumptive wing region resulted in buds that did not express sonic hedgehog (Shh) and developed into wings that were severely truncated. This observation suggests that the expression of Shh depends on PKCs. Providing ectopic SHH protein, RA or ZPA grafts overcome the effects of blocking PKC with chelerythrine and resulted in a rescue of the wing morphology. Taken together, these findings suggest that the responsiveness of Shh to FGF is mediated, at least in part, by PKCs.
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Morgan, Bruce A., and Cliff Tabin. "Hox genes and growth: early and late roles in limb bud morphogenesis." Development 1994, Supplement (January 1, 1994): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.1994.supplement.181.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, molecular analysis has led to the identification of some of the key genes that control the morphogenesis of the developing embryo. Detailed functional analysis of these genes is rapidly leading to a new level of understanding of how embryonic form is regulated. Understanding the roles that these genes play in development can additionally provide insights into the evolution of morphology. The 5′ genes of the vertebrate Hox clusters are expressed in complex patterns during limb morphogenesis. Various models suggest that the Hoxd genes specify positional identity along the anteroposterior (A-P) axis of the limb. Close examination of the pattern of Hoxd gene expression in the limb suggests that a distinct combination of Hoxd gene expressed in different digit primordia is unlikely to specify each digit independently. The effects of altering the pattern of expression of the Hoxd-11 gene at different times during limb development indicate that the Hoxd genes have separable early and late roles in limb morphogenesis. In their early role, the Hoxd genes are involved in regulating the growth of the undifferentiated limb mesenchyme. Restriction of the expression of successive 5′ Hoxd genes to progressively more posterior regions of the bud results in the asymmetric outgrowth of the limb mesenchyme. Later in limb development, Hoxd genes also regulate the maturation of the nascent skeletal elements. The degree of overlap in function between different Hoxd genes may be different in these early and late roles. The combined action of many Hox genes on distinct developmental processes contribute to pattern asymmetry along the A-P axis.