Journal articles: 'Bud set'

1

Chen, Youzhi, John M. Smagula, Walter Litten, and Scott Dunham. "Variation in Lowbush Blueberry Fruit Set and Fruit Characteristics." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 682d—682. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.682d.

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Twenty stems with four fruit buds were tagged in each of ten lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) clones in a commercial field to assess fruit set and fruit size and weight characteristics. The terminal bud produced the fewest blossoms and fruit but fruit set was equal among all buds (65%–70%). Fruit at bud 4 were slightly smaller in diameter and weighed less than those produced at other buds. Clones with buds producing more blossoms per bud tended to produce more fruit per bud (pearson corr. coeff., r = 0.49), but a stronger correlation was found between fruit set and fruit number (r = 0.81).

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Rasmussen, Hanne N., Steen Soerensen, and Lillie Andersen. "Bud set in Abies nordmanniana Spach. influenced by bud and branch manipulations." Trees - Structure and Function 17, no. 6 (November 1, 2003): 510–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-003-0268-9.

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Frewen, Barbara E., Tony H. H. Chen, Glenn T. Howe, Joel Davis, Antje Rohde, Wout Boerjan, and H. D. Bradshaw. "Quantitative Trait Loci and Candidate Gene Mapping of Bud Set and Bud Flush in Populus." Genetics 154, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 837–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/154.2.837.

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Abstract The genetic control of bud phenology in hybrid poplar was studied by mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting the timing of autumn bud set and spring bud flush. The founders of the mapping pedigree were collected from widely separated latitudes to maximize segregating variation for dormancy-related traits in the F2 generation—the female Populus trichocarpa parent is from Washington State (48°N) and the male P. deltoides parent is from Texas (31°N). Bud set and bud flush timing were measured on the F2 generation in a replicated clonal field trial. Using a linkage map constructed of AFLP and microsatellite markers, three QTL controlling bud set and six QTL controlling bud flush were detected. Additionally, five candidate genes believed to be involved in perception of photoperiod (PHYB1, PHYB2) or transduction of abscisic acid response signals (ABI1B, ABI1D, and ABI3) were placed on the QTL map. PHYB2 and ABI1B were found to be coincident with QTL affecting bud set and bud flush.

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Opseth, Lars, Anna Holefors, Anne Katrine Ree Rosnes, YeonKyeong Lee, and Jorunn E. Olsen. "FTL2 expression preceding bud set corresponds with timing of bud set in Norway spruce under different light quality treatments." Environmental and Experimental Botany 121 (January 2016): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2015.05.016.

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Richardson-Calfee, Lisa E., J. Roger Harris, and Jody K. Fanelli. "Root and Shoot Growth Response of Balled-and-Burlapped and Pot-in-Pot Sugar Maple to Transplanting at Five Phenological Growth Stages." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-26.3.171.

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Abstract The combined effects of phenological growth stage of a tree (e.g., bud break or bud set) and production method on plant response to transplanting are not well documented. This experiment therefore examined shoot extension, trunk diameter increase, and new root length production in balled-and-burlapped (B&B) and pot-in-pot (PIP) sugar maples (Acer saccharum Marsh.) transplanted at five different phenological stages between fall 2000 and early summer 2001 (leaf drop, root quiescence, root activation, bud break, or bud set). Growth measurements were made at bud set and root quiescence in 2001 at bud set in 2002. For B&B trees, total new root length on rhizotron windows was generally greatest for trees planted at bud break and lowest for trees planted at leaf drop. Trees transplanted at leaf drop or root quiescence had the greatest trunk diameter increase, and there was no strong effect of phenological stage at planting on shoot extension. For PIP trees, evidence was weak for a phenological stage effect on post-transplant root length production and trunk diameter increase. Trees transplanted at leaf drop or bud break had the greatest shoot extension. Overall, under the well-irrigated conditions of this study, planting at bud break resulted in the most favorable transplant response for B&B trees, and PIP trees appeared to transplant with equal success at all phenological stages, including after bud set in July.

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Li, Peng, and W. T. Adams. "Genetic control of bud phenology in pole-size trees and seedlings of coastal Douglas-fir." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 1043–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-133.

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The extent to which bud phenology is genetically controlled and related to growth traits was examined in seedlings and pole-size trees of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Data on bud burst, bud set, and stem growth were collected from pole-size trees of 60 open-pollinated families growing in four plantations, and from seedlings of 45 of these same families growing in three trials. In both age-classes, bud burst was under moderate to strong genetic control (h2 ≥ 0.44) and family breeding values were stable across test environments, indicating that this trait could be readily altered in breeding programs. Bud set was inherited strongly in pole-size trees (h2 = 0.81) but weakly in seedlings (h2 < 0.30). Both bud burst and bud set were positively correlated with growth in seedlings and pole-size trees. Thus, selection for greater growth at either age-class is expected to delay bud burst and bud set. We also evaluated the accuracy of two alternatives for assessing bud burst phenology in pole-size trees compared with the traditional method. We show that bud-burst date on lateral branches can be used to accurately rank both individuals and families for bud-burst date on less accessible leader shoots. In addition, we found that families can be ranked for mean bud-burst date by the proportion of trees per family that have flushed on a given scoring day. This method is only effective, however, when between 25 and 75% of all trees in the test have flushed at the time of scoring.

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Banko, Thomas J., and Amelia L. Landon. "Sumagic (Uniconazole) Promotes Flower Bud Set on Camellia japonica." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-23.3.153.

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Abstract Three-year-old container-grown plants of Camellia japonica ‘Grace Albritton’, ‘Paulette Goddard’, and ‘Sea Foam’ were sprayed with a water control, B-Nine (daminozide) at 5000 ppm, Bonzi (paclobutrazol) at 80, 120, 160, 200, and 240 ppm, or Sumagic (uniconazole) at 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 ppm in June. B-Nine and Bonzi treatments provided no increase in flower bud set but Sumagic treatments increased bud set for ‘Grace Albritten’ by up to 370% and ‘Paulette Goddard’ by 200%. In another experiment, Sumagic at 0, 45, 60, 75, and 90 ppm was applied to ‘Grace Albritton’, ‘Paulette Goddard’, and ‘Blood of China’ at three different spring growth stages: Bud swell, partial new shoot growth, and new shoots fully extended. Significant linear or quadratic increases in flower bud set occurred for all cultivars depending on application timing. Application at the two earlier stages resulted in more flowers than application at the latest (full shoot growth) stage. Sumagic decreased plant heights by 10 to 30%, depending on cultivar and application rate but this reduced the need for shearing to maintain form and compactness and made flowers more visible over the surface of the plants.

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Khare, Siddhartha, Guillaume Drolet, Jean-Daniel Sylvain, Maxime Charles Paré, and Sergio Rossi. "Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Black Spruce Bud Phenology across Quebec Based on MODIS-NDVI Time Series and Field Observations." Remote Sensing 11, no. 23 (November 22, 2019): 2745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11232745.

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Satellite remote sensing is a widely accessible tool to investigate the spatiotemporal variations in the bud phenology of evergreen species, which show limited seasonal changes in canopy greenness. However, there is a need for precise and compatible data to compare remote sensing time series with field observations. In this study, fortnightly MODIS-NDVI was fitted using double-logistic functions and calibrated using ordinal logit models with the sequential phases of bud phenology collected during 2015, 2017 and 2018 in a black spruce stand. Bud break and bud set were spatialized for the period 2009–2018 across 5000 stands in Quebec, Canada. The first phase of bud break and the last phase of bud set were observed in the field in mid-May and at the beginning of September, when NDVI was 80.5% and 92.2% of its maximum amplitude, respectively. The NDVI rate of change was estimated at 0.07 in spring and 0.04 in autumn. When spatialized on the black spruce stands, bud break was detected earlier in the southwestern regions (April–May), and later in the northeastern regions (mid to end of June). No clear trend was observed for bud set, with different patterns being detected among the years. Overall, the process bud break and bud set lasted 51 and 87 days, respectively. Our results demonstrate the potential of satellite remote sensing for providing reliable timings of bud phenological events using calibrated NDVI time series on wide regions that are remote or with limited access.

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Alburquerque, N., L. Burgos, and J. Egea. "Influence of flower bud density, flower bud drop and fruit set on apricot productivity." Scientia Horticulturae 102, no. 4 (December 2004): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2004.05.003.

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Usmani, Anam, Roberto Silvestro, Shaokang Zhang, Jian-Guo Huang, Antonio Saracino, and Sergio Rossi. "Ecotypic differentiation of black spruce populations: temperature triggers bud burst but not bud set." Trees 34, no. 5 (June 10, 2020): 1313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-020-01999-4.

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11

Diebel, Kenneth E., and Gilbert H. Fechner. "Natural Variation Among Seedlings from Colorado Sources of Blue Spruce." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 3, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/3.4.106.

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Abstract Germination value, seed weight, cotyledon number, cone length, date of bud set, and height growth were examined on 75 single-tree Colorado sources of blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.) grown under accelerated conditions in a greenhouse. The 75 sources were grouped according to seed zone of origin; and nested analysis of variance indicated significant differences between zones for all traits except cotyledon number and date of bud set. No differences were found among families (grouped according to subregions) within seed zones. Trees in families from low elevations and southern latitudes set bud later than trees of other origins. Variation in date of bud set conformed to local altitudinal clinal patterns. West. J. Appl. For. 2(4):106-109, October 1988.

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Aldrete, Arnulfo, J. G. Mexal, and Karen E. Burr. "Seedling cold hardiness, bud set, and bud break in nine provenances of Pinus greggii Engelm." Forest Ecology and Management 255, no. 11 (June 2008): 3672–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.02.054.

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13

Chiang, Camilo, Marcos Viejo, Oda Toresdatter Aas, Katharina T. Hobrak, Christian Bianchi Strømme, Inger Sundheim Fløistad, and Jorunn E. Olsen. "Interactive Effects of Light Quality during Day Extension and Temperature on Bud Set, Bud Burst and PaFTL2, PaCOL1-2 and PaSOC1 Expression in Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)." Forests 12, no. 3 (March 13, 2021): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030337.

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Light and temperature are crucial factors for the annual growth rhythm of tree seedlings of the boreal and temperate zone. Dormant, vegetative winter buds are formed under short days (SD) and altered light quality. In the conifer Norway spruce, expression of FTL2 increases and PaCOL1-2 and PaSOC1 decrease under light regimes, inducing bud set. Although temperature is known to modulate the timing of bud set, information about combined effects of light climate and temperature on bud phenology and gene expression is limited. We studied the interactive effects of temperature (18, 22/24 °C) and day extension with blue (B), red (R) or far-red (FR) light or different R:FR ratios compared to SD on growth–dormancy cycling and expression of FTL2, PaCOL1-2 and PaSOC1 in Norway spruce seedlings. Day-extension with B light and all treatments involving FR light sustained shoot elongation, with increased growth at higher temperature. The R light treatment resulted in delayed/prevented bud set compared to SD, with more delay/prevented bud set at 24 °C than 18 °C. This was associated with lower PaFTL2-transcript levels at 24 °C and more rapid subsequent bud burst. For the growth-sustaining treatments (long days, FR and B light), the PaFTL2-transcript levels were generally lower and those of PaCO1-2 and PaSOC1 higher compared with SD and R light. In conclusion, our results demonstrate more reduced/prevented bud set and faster bud burst with increased temperature under day extension with R light, indicating less deep dormancy than at lower temperature. Also, sustained shoot elongation under the B light treatment (27 µmol m−2 s−1) in contrast to the lower B light-irradiances tested previously (≤13 µmol m−2 s−1), demonstrates an irradiance-dependent effect of day extension with B light.

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Johnsen, Øystein, and Tore Skrøppa. "Provenances and families show different patterns of relationship between bud set and frost hardiness in Picea abies." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 1858–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-113.

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We have compared bud set and frost hardiness among Norway spruce (Piceas abies (L.) Karst.) provenances and families in two cold-acclimation regimes in a phytotron; low light intensity and high night temperatures (LL-HNT), and high light intensity and low night temperatures (HL-LNT) under shortening day lengths. Nine provenances from 59-66°N and altitude 100-700 m within Norway, and nine open-pollinated families from a single stand (61°N, 270 m elevation) were used. Both provenances and families started bud set and frost hardening earlier in LL-HNT than in HL-LNT. Correlations between the same trait expressed in two regimes were high for both bud set and hardiness at the provenance level and slightly lower at the family level. The variation among family means in bud set and hardiness was large. The differences found between the family extremes were up to 75% of those found between provenance extremes. The relationship between bud set and frost hardiness was strong among the provenance means within both environments (r = 0.92) but weak for the families (r = 0.22-0.44). Causal factors influencing phenotypic variation within traits and covariation among traits may differ for provenances and families within stands. The strong relationships among traits that are found at the provenance level cannot be generalized to the levels of families or clones.

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Hansen, E., J. E. Olsen, and O. Junttila. "Gibberellins and Subapical Cell Divisions in Relation to Bud Set and Bud Break in Salix pentandra." Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 18, no. 4 (December 1999): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00007065.

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Ojiambo, P. S., H. Scherm, and P. M. Brannen. "Septoria Leaf Spot Reduces Flower Bud Set and Yield Potential of Rabbiteye and Southern Highbush Blueberries." Plant Disease 90, no. 1 (January 2006): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0051.

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In field trials on Premier rabbiteye blueberry, individual shoots were selected and tagged in the fall of 2001, 2002, and 2003 to quantify the effects of Septoria leaf spot severity and disease-induced premature defoliation on flower bud set and return yield. Experiments were carried outsimilarly on Bluecrisp southern highbush blueberry using shoots tagged after fruit harvest in the summer of 2002 and 2003. Leaves on the distal 20-cm segments of these shoots were monitored for disease severity (number of spots per leaf) through the remainder of the growing season; at the same time, defoliation (expressed as the proportion of nodes with missing leaves) was recorded for each of the shoot segments. Flower bud set was assessed subsequently in winter or early spring, and berries were harvested as they matured the following summer to determine return yield. For both cultivars, higher flower bud numbers were more likely to occur on shoots with lower disease levels the previous fall (P ≤ 0.0462 based on a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test). The data further showed that flower bud set potential (i.e., the maximum number of buds on shoots within a given disease severity range) decreased linearly as disease severity increased (r2 ≥ 0.926, P ≤ 0.0005). Based on the slope of this relationship, flower bud set potential decreased by one bud per shoot as disease severity the previous fall increased by 18 and 12 spots per leaf for Premier and Bluecrisp, respectively. Relationships between yield and disease variables were similar to those of flower bud numbers and disease, except that the decrease in yield potential (i.e., the maximum fruit weight per shoot within a given disease severity range) was less gradual than for flower bud set potential. On Premier, yield potential dropped markedly and significantly as disease severity the previous fall exceeded about 50 to 60 spots per leaf on average (P < 0.0001 based on a Kruskal-Wallis test). Evidence for such a threshold effect was weaker on Bluecrisp, presumably because of the lower number of data points for this cultivar combined with lower yields due to poor pollination.

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Bartolini, Susanna, Raffaella Viti, and Lucia Andreini. "The effect of summer shading on flower bud morphogenesis in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)." Open Life Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-012-0109-1.

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AbstractThe aim of this investigation was to assess whether imposed summer shading treatments in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) can affect the main phenological phases related to the floral morphogenesis (floral differentiation, xylogenesis), flower bud growth and quality in terms of bud capacity to set fruit. Experimental trials were carried out on fully-grown trees of ‘San Castrese’ and ‘Stark Early Orange’ cultivars characterized by different biological and agronomical traits to which shadings were imposed in July and August. Histological analysis was carried out from summer onwards in order to determine the evolution of floral bud differentiation, and the acropetal progression of primary xylem differentiation along the flower bud axis. Periodical recordings to evaluate the bud drop, blooming time, flowering and fruit set rates were performed also. These shade treatments determined a temporary shutdown of floral differentiation, slowed xylem progression up to the resumption of flower bud growth and a reduced entity of flowering and fruit set. These events were particularly marked in ‘San Castrese’ cultivar, which is well known for its adaptability to different climatic conditions. These findings suggest that adequate light penetration within the canopy during the summer season could be the determining factor when defining the qualitative traits of flower buds and their regular growth, and ultimately to obtain good and constant crops.

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Burr, Karen E., Stephen J. Wallner, and Richard W. Tinus. "Ethylene and ethane evolution during cold acclimation and deacclimation of ponderosa pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-082.

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Greenhouse container-grown ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.) were cold acclimated and deacclimated in growth chambers during a 19-week regime. Seedling cold hardiness, bud dormancy, and ethylene and ethane evolution from excised needles were measured weekly. Ethylene and ethane evolution and the ethane/ethylene ratio declined from bud set to bud break and did not parallel changes in cold hardiness. Large standard errors of the ethylene evolution means made detecting statistical differences over time difficult. Significant deviations in the ethane evolution means were observed, however, and indicated a sharp decrease and recovery at the start of cold acclimation and a peak at the start of deacclimation. The ethane/ethylene ratio accentuated the declining trend from bud set to bud break and the two sharp deviations in the trend at the start of acclimation and deacclimation.

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Hurme, Päivi, Mikko J. Sillanpää, Elja Arjas, Tapani Repo, and Outi Savolainen. "Genetic Basis of Climatic Adaptation in Scots Pine by Bayesian Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis." Genetics 156, no. 3 (November 1, 2000): 1309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/156.3.1309.

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Abstract We examined the genetic basis of large adaptive differences in timing of bud set and frost hardiness between natural populations of Scots pine. As a mapping population, we considered an “open-pollinated backcross” progeny by collecting seeds of a single F1 tree (cross between trees from southern and northern Finland) growing in southern Finland. Due to the special features of the design (no marker information available on grandparents or the father), we applied a Bayesian quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping method developed previously for outcrossed offspring. We found four potential QTL for timing of bud set and seven for frost hardiness. Bayesian analyses detected more QTL than ANOVA for frost hardiness, but the opposite was true for bud set. These QTL included alleles with rather large effects, and additionally smaller QTL were supported. The largest QTL for bud set date accounted for about a fourth of the mean difference between populations. Thus, natural selection during adaptation has resulted in selection of at least some alleles of rather large effect.

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Choi, Seong-Tae, Doo-Sang Park, and Seong-Mo Kang. "Nutrient Accumulation and Flower Bud Formation Affected by the Time of Terminal Bud Set on Water Sprouts of Persimmon." HortScience 46, no. 3 (March 2011): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.3.523.

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Heavy pruning to lower tree height of persimmon results in excessive production of water sprouts and reduced yield. This experiment was conducted on ‘Fuyu’ (Diospyros kaki) trees to assess if the time for terminal bud set of water sprouts affected flower bud formation. Some sprouts were not pruned to serve as fruiting branches for the next season. Thirty to 40 water sprouts were tagged in 2005 and 2006, the growth of which stopped from mid-June to late August. The later terminal buds set, the lower the percent dry weight in the apical 10 cm. The apical segments of sprouts that continued to grow to mid- to late August were characterized by low soluble sugars, starch, and inorganic elements such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) compared with those that set terminal buds earlier. The number of flower buds from the water sprouts that set terminal buds by early August the previous year bore more than 12 flower buds the next year, whereas those that grew to mid- to late August bore fewer than three. It was concluded that water sprouts could be used as fruiting branches for the next year as long as terminal buds set by early August, thereby alleviating yield reductions that come with heavy pruning.

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Di Lorenzo, Rosario, and Antonino Pisciotta. "Combined influence of bud load and bud position along the cane on vegetative and reproductive parameters of grape cv. Grillo." BIO Web of Conferences 13 (2019): 04012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191304012.

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Cultivar Grillo vines are characterized by problems with flower biology (the fertility of basal buds) and fructification (millerandage). In this study, to manage the variability in bunch weight with winter pruning and to program others canopy management practices (i.e. early defoliation), three different treatments of bud load were set up by leaving the cane with 3, 6 or 10 buds. The effects of bud load and cane length were studies regarding bud fertility, shoot leaf area, and the number of flowers and berries, as well as the relationship between leaf area and percentage of fruit set, leaf area/flower and percentage of fruit set, and the number of hens and chicks berries. Shoots in the distal position had higher values of fertility and inflorescences with a greater number of flowers, while no ‘apical’ effect of the buds emerged. A good relationship was found between fruit set and the number of flowers, leaf area at flowering and yield, and square centimeters/flower and percentage of fruit set. Cane length was found to be a valid tool for managing bunch weight variability; the value of the leaf area/flower can be used to program early defoliation practice carried out to manage berry set.

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Santamaría, MaEstrella, Rodrigo Hasbún, MaJosé Valera, Mónica Meijón, Luis Valledor, Jose L. Rodríguez, Peter E. Toorop, MaJesús Cañal, and Roberto Rodríguez. "Acetylated H4 histone and genomic DNA methylation patterns during bud set and bud burst in Castanea sativa." Journal of Plant Physiology 166, no. 13 (September 2009): 1360–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2009.02.014.

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Hart, J. M., Arthur Poole, Kris L. Wilder, and B. C. Strik. "N RATE AND TIMING AFFECT ON CRANBERRY YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1148b—1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1148b.

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Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) require low rates of N fertilizer compared to many horticultural and agronomic crops. Excess N promotes vegetative growth at the expense of yield. Growers desire information about N fertilization to achieve optimum yields without overgrowth, Little information has been published about N rate and timing influence on cranberries in south coastal Oregon. An N rate and timing field experiment with Crowley and Stevens cultivars was established to answer grower questions. N was applied at 0, 18, 36 and 54 kg/ha in various combinations at popcorn (white bud), hook, fruitset, early bud, and late bud. Yield, yield components, (fruit set, number of flowering and total uprights, berry size, flowers per upright and the proportion of uprights that flower), vegetative growth and anthocyanin content were measured. After 2 years of treatments, N rate or timing had little influence on yield or yield components in the previously heavily fertilized Crowley bed. In the previously lightly fertilized Stevens bed, N rate increased yield, vine growth, and the number of flowering uprights, N timing also influenced the number of flowering uprights. The total number of uprights was influenced by the interaction of N rate and timing.

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Patten, K. D., and J. Wang. "Leaf Removal and Terminal Bud Size Affect the Fruiting Habits of Cranberry." HortScience 29, no. 9 (September 1994): 997–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.9.997.

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Percentage of fruiting uprights, fruit set, number of fruit per upright, and flower bud formation of `McFarlin' and `Stevens' cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) were reduced by removal of old leaves, new leaves, or both on the upright. Results varied slightly, based on which leaves were removed, time of removal, cultivar, year, and bog site. Percentage of fruiting uprights, flowers and fruit per upright, and fruit set were higher on uprights with a terminal bud size >1 mm in diameter in September than for those <1 mm in diameter. Effects were cultivar and site dependent. Terminal bud size of `McFarlin' was negatively related to the subtending number of fruit and positively related to leaf fresh weight of the upright.

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Dokoozlian, N. K. "Gibberellic Acid Application Timing Influences the Bud Viability and Fruitfulness of Seedless Table Grape Cultivars." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 598c—598. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.598c.

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A study initiated in Spring 1995 examined the influence of gibberellic acid (GA3) application timing on the return fruitfulness of Thompson Seedless and Flame Seedless table grapes. Vines treated with GA3 at prebloom, bloom, or berry set were compared to vines treated at prebloom + bloom + berry set and nontreated vines. Application amounts for each cultivar and timing were based on commercial label recommendations. Nodes from each treatment were collected in mid-winter and dissected, and their viability and fruitfulness were recorded. Bud viability (shoots per bud) and fruitfulness (clusters per shoot) also were evaluated at budbreak in 1996. The results indicate that GA3 applications at prebloom and bloom are most detrimental to bud viability and cluster initiation in these cultivars.

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Biruk, Sławomir, and Piotr Jaśkowski. "Selection of subcontractors using ordinal ranking methods based on Condorcet approach." Budownictwo i Architektura 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 033–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24358/bud-arch_16_154_04.

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A choice of a subcontractor may have critical impact on realization of the project, it has influence on the cost, duration, and quality. Selection of the best sucontractor can be defined as multiple criteria decision making problem (MCDM) of choosing a proper offer from set of alternatives evaluated by using set of criteria. Decision maker should determine the criteria as objective and measurable. Significance of decision making problem is presented by large amount of theories and methods developed for solving MCDM problems and number of criteria considered in these problems. A Condorcet method (formulated over two centuries ago) is commonly accepted for democratic (majority of criteria determines the winner) and fair election – a Condorcet winner is the alternative which is preferred in all pair-wise comparisons. According to social choice theory where a Condorcet winner cannot be obtained from a set of alternatives, the best solution is close to being a Condorcet winner. The paper presents four selection methods of the best alternative that is as close as possible to being a Condorcet winner and contains examples of a subcontractor selection using only ordinal scales of evaluation of alternatives.

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Osada, Noriyuki, and Shinji Sugiura. "Effects of pollinators and flower bud herbivores on reproductive success of two ericaceous woody species differing in flowering season." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 1 (January 2006): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-163.

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To investigate the relative importance of pollinators and flower bud herbivores on final fruit set, the ratios of flower to flower bud (flower/bud), fruit to flower (fruit/flower), and fruit to flower bud (fruit/bud) were examined for the two bumble-bee-pollinated ericaceous species that have different flowering seasons: Pieris japonica (Thunb.) D. Don produces flower buds in autumn and blooms in early spring, whereas Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude produces flower buds and blooms in late spring. Floral longevity was longer in P. japonica than in L. ovalifolia, and bagged flowers had an even longer floral longevity. The fruit/flower ratio was similar between the cross-pollinated and control flowers in P. japonica, but was smaller in control flowers than in cross-pollinated flowers in L. ovalifolia. Despite unpredictable pollinator activity in early spring, long flowering duration and no competition for pollinators facilitated reproductive success of P. japonica. In contrast, short flowering duration and severe competition for pollinators limited the reproductive success of L. ovalifolia. Flower bud herbivory was more severe in P. japonica than in L. ovalifolia. In both species, predispersal seed herbivores were negligible. Consequently, the fruit/bud ratio was mainly affected by the flower/bud ratio in P. japonica and by the fruit/flower ratio in L. ovalifolia. Our results suggest that despite intense herbivory of flower buds, early spring flowering of P. japonica facilitates pollination because of less competition for pollinators in comparison to L. ovalifolia. Thus, the relative importance of pollinators and herbivores on fruit set differs between the two studied species that differ in flowering periods.

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Howe, Glenn T., Gary Gardner, Wesley P. Hackett, and Glenn R. Furnier. "Phytochrome control of short-day-induced bud set in black cottonwood." Physiologia Plantarum 97, no. 1 (May 1996): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1996.970115.x.

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29

Howe, Glenn T., Gary Gardner, Wesley P. Hackett, and Glenn R. Furnier. "Phytochrome control of short-day-induced bud set in black cottonwood." Physiologia Plantarum 97, no. 1 (May 1996): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1996.tb00484.x.

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30

Greene, Duane W. "659 Reducing Floral Initiation and Return Bloom in Fruit Trees— Applications and Implications in Fruit Production: Pome Fruit." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 561E—561. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.561e.

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Pome fruit display a biennial bearing tendency that is characterized by heavy flowering and fruit set one year followed by a year with reduced bloom and fruit set. This tendancy results in a year with heavy cropping with small fruit, and a subsequent year with large fruit and a small crop. Both situations are undesirable. Chemical thinners in the “on” year are frequently used to modify this cropping behavior. Alternative methods to control cropping by flower bud inhibitions will be discussed. Gibberellin application in the “off” year at or soon after bloom will inhibit flower bud formation and encourage moderate flowering. This method of crop regulation has been used infrequently. Gibberellins differ in their ability to inhibit flowering. Therefore, selection of a specific gibberellin and an effective concentration range may provide greater flexibility in controlling flowering. The cytokinins CPPU and thidiazuron inhibit flower bud formation, increase fruit size, and also thin fruit. Appropriate application of these cytokinins will be discussed where beneficial effects on fruit size may be achieved while maintaining a moderate level of flower bud formation.

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31

Ahmed, FE, RG Mutters, and AE Hall. "Interactive Effects of High Temperature and Light Quality on Floral Bud Development in Cowpea." Functional Plant Biology 20, no. 6 (1993): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9930661.

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Floral bud development of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is arrested by high night temperature and long days under natural sunlight, but not under all types of artificial lighting systems. The objective of this study was to determine whether floral bud development at high night temperature is influenced by the red/far red (R/FR) ratio during the day. Cowpea plants were grown in glasshouses with natural sunlight, and growth chambers having either metal halide-based (MH) or fluorescent-based (EL) lighting systems. Plants were subjected to R/FR ratios of 1.3, 1.6, or 1.9 with both lighting systems. Floral bud development was arrested by high night temperature under natural sunlight with R/FR ratio of 1.2, and under MH and FL lighting systems when the R/FR ratio was 1.3 or 1.6. High night temperature did not affect floral bud development of plants grown under MH or FL light with a R/FR ratio of 1.9 and the plants produced flowers, but pod set was inhibited at this temperature. Floral bud development and pod set of a heat-tolerant cowpea genotype were normal under high night temperature and not influenced by light quality or lighting system. Apparently, the degree to which high temperatures injure floral bud development depends on the R/FR ratio during the day, and values of 1.3 to 1.6 are required to elicit the same responses as those that occur in sunlight.

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32

Ojiambo, Peter S., Harald Scherm, and Phillip M. Brannen. "Temporal Dynamics of Septoria Leaf Spot of Blueberry and its Relationship to Defoliation and Yield." Plant Health Progress 8, no. 1 (January 2007): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2007-0726-05-rs.

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In field trials on Premier rabbiteye blueberry in Georgia, onset of Septoria leaf spot (caused by Septoria albopunctata) occurred between late April and mid-June. Average disease severity increased sigmoidally until late September, after which it declined due to the abscission of severely affected leaves. Disease severity was highest on early-emerging leaves and on those located on shoots closer to the ground. Pycnidiospore inoculum was present throughout the season, and leaves became infected by S. albopunctata season-long. Disease severity, defoliation, flower bud set, and next season's yield were interrelated; severely affected leaves abscised earlier in the fall than those with low disease severity, and shoots with severely diseased leaves and/or high levels of defoliation had reduced flower bud set. Furthermore, such shoots consistently had low yields the following year. The results form the basis for identifying disease levels that can be tolerated during specific periods of crop development without negatively impacting flower bud set and yield. Accepted for publication 15 March 2007. Published 26 July 2007.

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33

Chun, Kristin T., and Mark G. Goebl. "The Identification of Transposon-Tagged Mutations in Essential Genes That Affect Cell Morphology in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Genetics 142, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/142.1.39.

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The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae reproduces by budding, and many genes are required for proper bud development. Mutations in some of these genes cause cells to die with an unusual terminal morphology—elongated or otherwise aberrantly shaped buds. To gain insight into bud development, we set out to identify novel genes that encode proteins required for proper bud morphogenesis. Previous studies screened collections of conditional mutations to identify genes required for essential functions, including bud formation. However, genes that are not susceptible to the generation of mutations that cause a conditional phenotype will not be identified in such screens. To identify a more comprehensive collection of mutants, we used transposon mutagenesis to generate a large collection of lethal disruption mutations. This collection was used to identify 209 mutants with disruptions that cause an aberrant terminal bud morphology. The disruption mutations in 33 of these mutants identify three previously uncharacterized genes as essential, and the mutant phenotypes suggest roles for their products in bud morphogenesis.

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34

Hagan, A. K., J. R. Akridge, K. L. Bowen, and C. H. Gilliam. "Nitrogen and Flowering Dogwood. II. Impact of Nitrogen Fertilization Rate on Flower Bud Set and Tree Growth." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-26.4.204.

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Abstract Impact of nitrogen (N) fertilization rate on the growth of ‘Cloud 9’ and ‘Cherokee Chief’ flowering dogwood was assessed in a field planting from February 2001 until January 2006 in southwest Alabama (USDA Zone 8a). Starting at planting in 2001 and ending in 2005, ammonium nitrate was broadcast in a 0.3 m2 circle around the base of each tree at 4.1, 8.3, 16.5, 33.0 and 66.0 g N·m−2 (37.5, 75, 150, 300, 600 lb N·A−1) with the application of half of each N-rate in April and June of each year. In each year, disease control was maintained with approximately six applications of Heritage 50W fungicide made at 2-week intervals. Trunk diameter and tree height were recorded in early-winter from 2001 through 2006; flower bud counts were taken annually from 2003 to 2006. With the exception of 2004 when N rate had not influence on bud formation, highest flower bud counts were associated with elevated rates of 33 and 66 g N·m−2 (300 and 600 lb·N−2). Nitrogen rate had no influence on the height or trunk diameter of flowering dogwood until three and four years, respectively, after planting. Impact of N rates below 66.0 g N·m−2 (600 lb·A−1) per year on tree height was minimal. In 2005 and 2006, trunk diameter was greater for trees receiving the two highest than the two lowest N rates. Regression analysis was used to calculate optimum N rate for flower bud set, as well as change in trunk diameter and tree height.

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35

Kaya, Zeki, R. K. Campbell, and W. T. Adams. "Correlated responses of height increment and components of increment in 2-year-old Douglas-fir." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 9 (September 1, 1989): 1124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-170.

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The consequences for growth and phenology of early selection for height or its growth components were evaluated in 160 open-pollinated families of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) from southwestern Oregon. Seedlings from two inland and two coastal populations (40 families each) were grown for two growing seasons in a common garden. Predicted response to selection suggests that risk of low juvenile–mature correlation and maladaptation with early selection would be less in the inland than in the coastal region. A phenological event that influences a common growth pattern seems to account for the difference in response. Early bud set in the 1st year was genetically correlated with larger overwintering buds in seedlings from both inland and coastal regions. These larger buds yielded a large increment of predetermined growth in the 2nd year, followed by little or no free growth and early bud set. Seedlings with late bud set in the 1st year had the converse pattern. Inland seedlings set buds much earlier on the average than did coastal seedlings; hence seedlings from the two regions had different growth patterns. Risks that can attend early selection for height generally would be decreased in both regions by selecting for predetermined growth, but several qualifications are discussed.

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36

Takeo, K., and E. Nakai. "Mode of cell growth of Malassezia (Pityrosporum) as revealed by using plasma membrane configurations as natural markers." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 32, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m86-074.

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The mode of cell growth of Malassezia was studied by freeze–fracture using the plasma membrane configurations of this organism as natural markers. The plasma membrane of the mature cell bodies of M. pachydermatis had a ring swelling, and on each side of the ring, one set of straight and spiral grooves and circumvallate bulgings. The cell always divided at the ring swelling (M. pachydermatis) or depression (M. furfur), soon followed by budding there. A new set of similar configurations formed on the bud. In all the 12 strains of Malassezia studied, the spiral grooves in the mother and bud parts were both left-handed but opposite in the direction of elongation. By comparing distances between the spiral grooves in short and long buds and in mothers, the bud tip was suggested as the major, and adjacent regions as the minor, sites of wall growth. Some characterizations of the plasma membrane invaginations, especially in relation to the mode of cell growth, were also described.

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37

Yanfang, C., and L. Lixin. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRUIT SET AND STAGE OF BUD EMASCULATION IN GERANIUM." Acta Horticulturae, no. 404 (July 1995): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1995.404.5.

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38

Breen, K. C., D. S. Tustin, J. W. Palmer, and D. C. Close. "Method of manipulating floral bud density affects fruit set responses in apple." Scientia Horticulturae 197 (December 2015): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.042.

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39

Wassel, Abdel Hameed M. "Effect of Dormex on `Roomy Red' Grape Vines (Vitis vinifera L.)." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 516G—517. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.516g.

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The present investigation was carried out during 1994 and 1995 seasons on `Roomy Red' grape vines cultivated in Minia and Beni Suef governates to study the effect of Dormex and/or overcropping on `Roomy Red' grape vines. Bud opening, number of clusters per vine, as well as the yield and its physical and chemical properties, were studied. Results indicated that Dormex overcame the irregularity of bud opening. At the same time, bud opening preceded the control by about 4 weeks. The percentage of bud opening, fruit set, as well as the number of clusters per vine, were increased. On the other hand, over-cropping had a vice versa effect on the previous parameters as compared with the control. Results also indicated that onion was of less effect than berseem in this concern.

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40

Ketchie, Delmer O., and Eugene D. Fairchild. "607 PB 249 THE EFFECT OF PRUNING ON FRUIT SET OF `ANJOU' PEAR TREES." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 519b—519. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.519b.

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Five different pruning techniques were begun in 1990 on Anjou pear trees to determine their effect on fruit set: (1) unpruned; (2) central leader, (3) central leader modified to Verner method; (4) stubbed into 2- to 4-year-old wood first year and then developed to central leader; and (5) mold-and-hold. Half of each treatment was spread, the other half not spread. Half of each of the combination training and spreading were tipped back to the first fruit bud at cluster bud time. The trees were 9 years old and on OHXF97 rootstock. The unpruned trees had the highest yield, 81 Kgm/tree. The other treatments ranged between 52 and 58 Kgm/tree. Regardless of pruning treatment, the spread trees out yielded the non-spread trees by 16 Kgm/uee.. There was essentially no difference between trees tipped in the spring and those that were not tipped.

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41

Fisher, P. R., J. H. Lieth, and R. D. Heins. "Modeling Flower Bud Elongation in Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) in Response to Temperature." HortScience 31, no. 3 (June 1996): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.3.349.

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A model was developed to quantify the response of Easter lily (`Nellie White') flower bud elongation to average air temperature. Plants were grown in greenhouses set at 15, 18, 21, 24, or 27C after they had reached the visible bud stage. An exponential model fit the data with an R2 of 0.996. The number of days until open flowering could be predicted using the model because buds consistently opened when they were 16 cm long. The model was validated against data sets of plants grown under constant and varying greenhouse temperatures at three locations, and it was more accurate and mathematically simpler than a previous bud elongation model. Bud length can be used by lily growers to predict the average temperature required to achieve a target flowering date, or the flowering date at a given average temperature. The model can be implemented in a computer decision-support system or in a tool termed a bud development meter.

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42

Rogalska, Magdalena. "Selection of a set of earthmoving equipment in the aspect minimizing the emission of CO2." Budownictwo i Architektura 12, no. 4 (December 11, 2013): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1978.

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The aim of the calculation is to allow the selection of a set of earthmoving machinery in terms of minimizing the emission of CO2. The capacity of excavators and CO2 emission of set of machines was predicted. The forecasting methods: multiple regression and neural networks were used. The analysis of autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation residuals and sensitivity analysis were performed. The MAPE errors of forecasts were calculated. The calculation example in terms of selection of machines emission of carbon dioxide on the basis of forecasting models was performed.

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43

Sutherland, Mhairi, Alan Julian, and Frances Huddart. "Clove Oil Delays Rather Than Prevents Scur/Horn Growth in Dairy Cattle." Veterinary Sciences 6, no. 4 (December 13, 2019): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6040102.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate if administration of clove oil prevents scur/horn growth in dairy cattle long term. At approximately 4 days of age, calves had one of four treatments assigned to each horn bud: (1) clove oil administered subcutaneously under the horn bud (CLOV, n = 132); (2) cautery disbudded and the horn bud removed (BUDOFF, n = 126); (3) cautery disbudded and the horn bud tissue left intact (BUDON, n = 129); (4) a liquid nitrogen filled probe applied to the horn bud area (CRYO, n = 131). At approximately 16 months of age, all cattle were checked for scur or horn development. A sub-set of scurs/horns from the CLOV cattle were removed to evaluate tissue and structural development. In total, 5% of CLOV buds developed into horns and 63% into scurs; 10% of the scurs looked like normally developed horns but they were not attached to the skull. Cautery disbudding prevented scur and horn development in cattle when the horn bud tissue was removed, but some scur growth was observed in the BUDON treatment. CRYO was 100% ineffective at preventing scur/horn growth. Injecting clove oil under the horn bud appeared to delay horn development, but not prevent it, when administered to 4 day old dairy calves.

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44

Hawkins, C. D. B., A. M. Eastham, T. L. Story, R. Y. N. Eng, and D. A. Draper. "The effect of nursery blackout application on Sitka spruce seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 2201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-249.

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Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) seedlings were cultured using two nursery methods of blackout (short photoperiod) application: static treatment (constant day length of 14.28 h) and dynamic treatment (day length varying over length of experiment, with a mean of 14.28 h). Both methods when compared with a control (natural day length) reduced seedling height by inducing terminal bud set, increased seedling root weight, and decreased shoot to root and sturdiness ratios. Both static and dynamic blackout treatment seedlings had 26 and 30% lammas flush, respectively. Compared with control, both methods accelerated cold hardiness acquisition. After winter storage at −2 °C, treated seedlings flushed sooner than did control stock under light:dark temperatures of 25:20 °C. Under a cooler regime, 15:5 °C, differences among treatments were not significant. After planting in a common garden trial, terminal bud phenology had a range of treatment responses. Control seedlings flushed later and set bud sooner. Dynamic treatment seedlings' bud set phenology was nearest to that of controls. At a common garden trial and a reforestation site, blackout-treated seedlings had greater first-season terminal height increment. Planting check was observed for all treatments in the field during the second and third growing seasons. After five field seasons there was no height difference among treatments, and survival averaged 87%. Groundline stem diameter was never different among treatments. Biologically, the dynamic treatment is intermediate between the static and control treatments, but the static treatment is recommended because it is easier to apply in the nursery, and differences between the dynamic and static treatments were minimal.

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45

Williamson, J. G., and E. P. Miller. "Early and Mid-fall Defoliation Reduces Flower Bud Number and Yield of Southern Highbush Blueberry." HortTechnology 12, no. 2 (January 2002): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.2.214.

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Three experiments were conducted in north-central Florida to determine the effects of fall defoliation on flower bud initiation and yield of southern highbush (SHB) blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum hybrid). In 1998, randomly selected upright shoots of mature, field-grown `Misty' and `Sharpblue' plants were hand-defoliated at monthly intervals beginning 4 Sept. and ending 7 Dec. In 1999, a similar study was conducted using different plants of the same cultivars. Representative shoots were defoliated at monthly intervals beginning 14 Sept. and ending 15 Dec. Additional shoots were also partially defoliated by removing the distal two-thirds of each leaf at monthly intervals from 15 Oct. through 15 Dec. In a third experiment, 2-year-old container-grown `Star' SHB plants were completely defoliated at monthly intervals beginning 13 Sept. and ending 15 Dec. In each experiment, control shoots, or plants ('Star'), were not defoliated. Although there were differences among cultivars and years, all cultivars tested demonstrated negative effects on reproductive growth and development from September and October defoliations. For `Sharpblue', reduced fruit yield from early fall defoliation appeared to be due to fewer fruit set per flower bud. However, for `Misty', reduced fruit yield from early fall defoliation was the result of large reductions in flower bud numbers as well as fewer fruit set per flower bud. September and October defoliations of `Star' reduced yields or delayed fruit ripening. Collectively, these experiments demonstrate the importance of maintaining healthy foliage through October in the lower southeastern United States for adequate flower bud initiation and high yields of SHB blueberry the following spring.

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Żółtowski, Mariusz, and Krzysztof Napieraj. "Experimental modal analysis in research." Budownictwo i Architektura 16, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 005–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24358/bud-arch_17_163_01.

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Experimental modal analysis has grown steadily in popularity since the advent of the digital FFT spectrum analyser in the 1970’s. This days impact testing has become widespread as a fast and economical means of finding the vibration modes of a machine or structure. Its significantly use ascending roles can be seen also in the civil engineering industry [6]. This paper reviews the main topics associated with experimental modal analysis including making FRF measurements, modal excitation techniques, and modal parameter estimation from a set of FRFs.

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47

Piwnicki, Paweł. "Road projects – waters in the reports on the environmental impact assessment." Budownictwo i Architektura 15, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 031–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24358/bud-arch_16_151_03.

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One of the key impacts of roads on the environment is their influence on soil-water conditions. Through accurate identification of initial state of the environment, analysis of the scale and range of impacts and selection of appropriate solutions to protect the environment the road project can be successfully achieved in accordance with the principle of sustainable development. This is particularly important in the context of achieving environmental objectives and good status of surface and ground water bodies as set out in the Water Framework Directive and polish Water Law act.

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48

St. Clair, J. Bradley. "Genetic variation in fall cold hardiness in coastal Douglas-fir in western Oregon and Washington." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 7 (July 2006): 1110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-084.

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Genetic variation in fall cold damage in coastal Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii ) was measured by exposing excised branches of seedlings from 666 source locations grown in a common garden to freezing temperatures in a programmable freezer. Considerable variation was found among populations in fall cold hardiness of stems, needles, and buds compared with bud burst, bud set, and biomass growth after 2 years. Variation in fall cold hardiness was strongly correlated (r = 0.67) with cold-season temperatures of the source environment. Large population differences corresponding with environmental gradients are evidence that natural selection has been important in determining genetic variation in fall cold hardiness, much more so than in traits of bud burst (a surrogate for spring cold hardiness), bud set, and growth. Seed movement guidelines and breeding zones may be more restrictive when considering genetic variation in fall cold hardiness compared with growth, phenology, or spring cold hardiness. A regional stratification system based on ecoregions with latitudinal and elevational divisions, and roughly corresponding with breeding zones used in Oregon and Washington, appeared to be adequate for minimizing population differences within regions for growth and phenology, but perhaps not fall cold hardiness. Although cold hardiness varied among populations, within-population and within-region variation is sufficiently large that responses to natural or artificial selection may be readily achieved.

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O'Neill, Gregory A., Sally N. Aitken, and W. Thomas Adams. "Genetic selection for cold hardiness in coastal Douglas-fir seedlings and saplings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 1799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-114.

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Genetic control of cold hardiness in two-year-old seedlings was compared with that in 7-year-old saplings of 40 open-pollinated families in each of two breeding populations (Coast and Cascade) of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) from western Oregon. In addition, the efficacy of bud phenology traits as predictors of cold hardiness at the two stages was explored. Fall and spring cold hardiness were assessed using artificial freeze testing. Similar genetic control of cold hardiness in seedlings and saplings is suggested by strong type-B genetic correlations (rB) between the two ages for fall and spring cold injury traits (rB[Formula: see text] 0.78) and by similar trends in individual tree heritability estimates (hi2), e.g., hi2was greater in spring (hi2= 0.73) than in fall (hi2= 0.36) and greater in the Coast population (hi2= 0.69) than in the Cascade population (hi2= 0.40) at both ages. Strong responses to direct selection are expected for spring cold hardiness at both ages and for fall cold hardiness in seedlings, even under mild selection intensities. Similar heritabilities in seedlings and saplings, and strong genetic correlations between ages for cold-hardiness traits, ensure that selection at one age will produce similar gains at the other age. Type-A genetic correlations (rA) between fall and spring cold hardiness were near zero in the Cascade population (rA= 0.08 and -0.14 at ages 2 and 7, respectively) but were moderate and negative in the Coast population (rA= -0.54 and -0.36, respectively). Bud-burst timing appears to be a suitable surrogate to artificial freeze testing for assessing spring cold hardiness in both seedlings and saplings, as is bud set timing for assessing fall cold hardiness in seedlings, but bud set timing is a poor predictor of fall cold hardiness in saplings.

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Guak, Sunghee, and Leslie H. Fuchigami. "Effect of Abscisic Acid on Nitrogen Mobilization, Dormancy, and Cold Acclimation in Apple Trees." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 449A—449. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.449a.

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Spring-grafted potted `Fuji'/M26 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees were fertigated with Plantex (20N–10P–20K) weekly until 28 Aug., and sprayed with 1000 ppm abscisic Acid (ABA) two times at 5-day intervals in early September. Nitrogen concentrations of leaves, bark, wood, and root tissues were analyzed using near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy at 20to 30-day intervals beginning in August. In general, during leaf senescence, the content of leaf nitrogen decreased and stem nitrogen increased. ABA enhanced leaf senescence and the mobilization of nitrogen from the leaves to the stem tissues. ABA significantly enhanced terminal bud set, endodormancy induction, and cold acclimation. Eventually, the controls attained the similar degree of nitrogen concentration in the stem, terminal bud set, endodormancy, and hardiness.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bud set'

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