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Journal articles on the topic 'Budget padding'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Enoghase, Itua, and Anthony Emhenya Iyoha Dr. "Budget Padding and Leadership Credibility and Accountability in Nigeria: Implication for Public Policy Making." International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 08, no. 05 (2025): 3066–75. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15449580.

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This paper investigates how budget padding affects leadership credibility, accountability, and public policy making in Nigeria. Budget padding refers to the dishonest and illegal inclusion of extra or false figures in government budgets for personal or political benefit. This practice has become a growing concern in Nigeria’s public finance system, as it undermines good governance and delays national development. The paper used a qualitative research method and data were collected from secondary sources such as academic journals, government reports, newspaper articles, and official docum

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Ugwuoke, C. C., and A. O. Okonkwo. "Budget Padding and Its Effects on the Nigerian Economy: A Theoretical Review." Global Journal of Finance and Business Review 6, no. 2 (2023): 75–85. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8266882.

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<em>This research focused on Budget Padding and its effects on the Nigeria's Economy. The specific objectives were to; evaluate the socio-economic implications of budget padding, examine the powers of the legislature with respect to appropriation, and analyze the ethical and moral implications of budget padding This study involved a descriptive research design and content analysis whereby the qualitative method was adopted using secondary sources of data. Findings revealed that: the socio-economic implication of budget padding is perturbing as it affects all known economic indices negative

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Mittendorf, Brian. "Capital Budgeting when Managers Value both Honesty and Perquisites." Journal of Management Accounting Research 18, no. 1 (2006): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2006.18.1.77.

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It has long been recognized that padding of budgets is a concern that can complicate the practice of resource allocation. At the same time, experimental evidence suggests budget padding is somewhat restrained by a managerial preference for honesty. This paper models the confluence of these two incentives and considers the effect on optimal budgeting policies. In the model, budgetary transfers are established so as to reduce the manager's gain from padding which, in turn, forces the manager to think twice before seeking more funds. An effect of this optimal contract is that when facing a manage

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Arya, Anil, and Brian Mittendorf. "Purchasing sleeping patents to curtail budget padding." Economics Letters 82, no. 2 (2004): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2003.07.002.

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Arya, Anil, and Brian Mittendorf. "Project Assignments When Budget Padding Taints Resource Allocation." Management Science 52, no. 9 (2006): 1345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1060.0532.

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Amos K., Agui. "The Effect of Budget Padding on the Financial Performance of Management University of Africa." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 5, no. 12 (2024): 302–9. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.1224.3408.

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Yusuf, Yahaya, and Bilyaminu Yusuf Hanga. "THE CAUSES AND IMPLICATION OF DELAYED PASSAGE OF 2018 BUDGET ON THE NIGERIAS ECONOMIC RECOVERY AND GROWTH PLAN." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 09 (2021): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13421.

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The study utilized descriptive techniques in the assessment of the impact of sectoral allocations of Nigerias 2018 annual budget on selected macroeconomic variables of GDP growth rate, Exchange rate, Inflation, Oil prices, Oil production, Debt servicing among others and the 2016 Nigerias Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP). We identified some gray areas in the budget, budget padding, constitutional lacuna, non-compliance with fiscal responsibility Act, late preparation and consideration of medium-term expenditure framework, political face-off between the National Assembly and the executiv

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Diegha, Goodman Daniel, and Okowa I. Okowa. "Impact of Budget Implementation on 2023 Fiscal Performance Rankings by States in Nigeria." Research Journal of Management Practice 4, no. 5 (2024): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11241892.

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<em>The study examined impact of revenue implementation of 2023 fiscal performance ranking by thirty five states in Nigeria in the six geopolitical zones in the country. The paper made use of the recorded amount of received revenue in 2023 fiscal year sources from CBN and Nigerian statistical Bulletin to determine the ranking of states based on their fiscal performance, allocation received and effect of the environment on the provision of fiscal infrastructure. The paper anchored on “Overhang Debt Theory” the paper adopted descriptive statistics of frequency table, percentages and

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Olaniyan, Niyi Oladipo, Ayodele Temitope Ekundayo, Oladimeji Emmanuel Oluwadare, and Theresa Omolade Bamisaye. "FORENSIC ACCOUNTING AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR FRAUD DETECTION AND PREVENTION IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR: MODERATING ON MINISTRIES, DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES IN NIGERIA." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 20, no. 1 (2021): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2021.20.1.5.

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The study examined forensic accounting as an instrument of detection and prevention of fraud in Nigeria. It specifically examined the influence of forensic accounting on detection and prevention of fraud in Ministries, Departments and Agencies in Nigeria. The study is predicated on policeman theory, white collar theory, fraud diamond theory. Primary sources of data were employed which covered the period of ten (10) years spanning from 2010 to 2020. A cross sectional Survey design was adopted. A Questionnaire was used in data collection from the staff of Integrated Personnel Payroll Information

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Das, Vasudev. "Legislative kleptocracy in Nigeria: systems approach." Journal of Money Laundering Control 21, no. 2 (2018): 134–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-02-2017-0006.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore legislative kleptocracy, specifically, budget padding, in Nigeria’s budding democracy, using systems thinking approach for a positive social change. Nigeria’s legislature is not free from the problem of kleptocracy inasmuch as some legislators have been charged with kleptocratic activities. The multifariousness of kleptocracy rooted in its differential coefficient in the Nigeria’s legislature does not underplay its sophistication. Design/methodology/approach In this qualitative analysis, the author generated data through a systematic analysis of

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Lucky Tijani, Abdulsalami, and Ivongbe Matthew Ihaza. "Information on Budgeting and Budgetary Allocation in Federal University Library, Lafia, Nasarawa State - Nigeria." Sumerianz Journal of Social Science, no. 41 (January 19, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47752/sjss.41.1.11.

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This project research titled “Information on budgetary allocation in Federal University Library, Lafia (FUL Lafia)” was undertaken to ascertain the level of budgetary allocation and implementation in aiding library services in the institution. The methodology used in the study was the survey which adopted the descriptive sampling of 20 library staffs sampled for the study. The Questionnaire was constructed where each of the items in the questionnaire was grouped in accordance with their relationship to the research questions and analyzed using frequency distribution tables. The findings reveal

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Oluremi, Tolulope. "Pragmeme of Political Humour in Selected Nigerian Political Cartoons." Journal of Language and Education 5, no. 4 (2019): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/jle.2019.9682.

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Political humour is a recurring element in print media and other genres, touching various areas of Nigerian political discourse. A number of research studies have investigated political humour in contemporary Nigerian political discourse. The political humour deployed in responding to some prominent political events in 2016, however, is relatively unexplored. This current endeavour, therefore, attempts to examine the pragmeme of humour in selected 2016 political events that are remediated in political cartoons. These include political matters such as Nigeria’s 56th Independence Anniversary, th

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13

Sherwood, Owen A., Stefan Schwietzke, Victoria A. Arling, and Giuseppe Etiope. "Global Inventory of Gas Geochemistry Data from Fossil Fuel, Microbial and Burning Sources, version 2017." Earth System Science Data 9, no. 2 (2017): 639–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-639-2017.

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Abstract. The concentration of atmospheric methane (CH4) has more than doubled over the industrial era. To help constrain global and regional CH4 budgets, inverse (top-down) models incorporate data on the concentration and stable carbon (δ13C) and hydrogen (δ2H) isotopic ratios of atmospheric CH4. These models depend on accurate δ13C and δ2H end-member source signatures for each of the main emissions categories. Compared with meticulous measurement and calibration of isotopic CH4 in the atmosphere, there has been relatively less effort to characterize globally representative isotopic source si

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Singh, Abhishek, Anil K. Singh, Sapna Rawat, et al. "Satellite-Based Quantification of Methane Emissions from Wetlands and Rice Paddies Ecosystems in North and Northeast India." Hydrobiology 1, no. 3 (2022): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology1030023.

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Methane is produced by various natural processes that directly or indirectly contribute to the entire Earth’s methane budget. If the Earth’s overall methane budget becomes imbalanced, CH4 has an impact on climate change. Wetlands, rice fields, animals, factories, and fossil fuels are major sources of methane emissions. Among all the resources, wetlands and rice fields are more prominent factors in methane emission, dependent on the water table, temperature, and vegetation. Our study employed the GIS remote sensing technique to analyze methane emissions from 2003 to 2021 in the northern part of

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Gao, Xiaoye, Aimin Lv, Shengyin Wang, Liantai Su, Peng Zhou, and Yuan An. "Greenhouse gas intensity and net ecosystem carbon budget following the application of green manures in rice paddies." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 106, no. 2 (2016): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-016-9797-7.

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Hu, Zhiqiang, Caiyun Gu, Carmelo Maucieri, et al. "Crayfish–Fish Aquaculture Ponds Exert Reduced Climatic Impacts and Higher Economic Benefits than Traditional Wheat–Rice Paddy Cultivation." Agriculture 12, no. 4 (2022): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12040515.

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In pursuit of higher economic profits, an increasing number of conventional rice paddies are being converted into aquaculture ponds in Southeast China. Due to the lack of field observations, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by this change are not clear. A parallel field experiment in Southeast China was performed to compare CH4 and N2O emissions from rice paddies and rice-paddy-converted freshwater crayfish–fish aquaculture ponds that had previously been rice paddies. The annual fluxes of CH4 and N2O fluxes from inland crayfish–fish aquaculture averaged 0.36 mg m−2 h−1 and 45.55 μg m−

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17

Timilsina, Arbindra, Fiston Bizimana, Bikram Pandey, Ram Kailash Prasad Yadav, Wenxu Dong, and Chunsheng Hu. "Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Paddies: Understanding the Role of Rice Plants." Plants 9, no. 2 (2020): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020180.

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Paddies are a potential source of anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. In paddies, both the soil and the rice plants emit N2O into the atmosphere. The rice plant in the paddy is considered to act as a channel between the soil and the atmosphere for N2O emission. However, recent studies suggest that plants can also produce N2O, while the mechanism of N2O formation in plants is unknown. Consequently, the rice plant is only regarded as a channel for N2O produced by soil microorganisms. The emission of N2O by aseptically grown plants and the distinct dual isotopocule fingerprint of plant-em

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18

Li, Hong, Min Zhao, Changhui Peng, Haiqiang Guo, Qing Wang, and Bin Zhao. "Gross Ecosystem Productivity Dominates the Control of Ecosystem Methane Flux in Rice Paddies." Land 10, no. 11 (2021): 1186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10111186.

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Although rice paddy fields are one of the world’s largest anthropogenic sources of methane CH4, the budget of ecosystem CH4 and its’ controls in rice paddies remain unclear. Here, we analyze seasonal dynamics of direct ecosystem-scale measurements of CH4 flux in a rice-wheat rotation agroecosystem over 3 consecutive years. Results showed that the averaged CO2 uptakes and CH4 emissions in rice seasons were 2.2 and 20.9 folds of the wheat seasons, respectively. In sum, the wheat-rice rotation agroecosystem acted as a large net C sink (averaged 460.79 g C m−2) and a GHG (averaged 174.38 g CO2eq m

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19

Tsai, Jeng-Lin, Ben-Jei Tsuang, Po-Sheng Lu, Ming-Hwi Yao, and Yuan Shen. "Surface Energy Components and Land Characteristics of a Rice Paddy." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46, no. 11 (2007): 1879–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1568.1.

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Abstract Many meteorological and air-quality models require land characteristics as inputs. A field experiment was conducted to study the surface energy budget of a rice paddy in Taiwan. During the day, the energy balance ratio measured by an eddy covariance (EC) system was found to be 95% after considering the photosynthetic and local advected heat fluxes. The observations by the EC system suggest that the Bowen ratio was about 0.18 during the daytime. The EC system also measured the daytime absorbed carbon dioxide flux. The equivalent photosynthetic energy flux was about 1% of the net solar

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20

Wei, Lei, Lin Cheng, Fuxing Guo, Fuyong Wu, and Yanping Wang. "Influence of Biochar and Modified Polyglutamic Acid Co-Coated Urea on Crop Growth and Nitrogen Budget in Rice Fields." Agriculture 14, no. 12 (2024): 2212. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122212.

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Natural superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) were essential coating materials for developing slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) due to low cost and biodegradability. However, conventional natural SAPs were unsuitable for rice systems due to low stability and short slow-release period. Herein, a natural SAP with a semi-interpenetrating polymer network was prepared by poly (γ-glutamic acid) (PGlu), diatomite, and pullulan polysaccharide and combined with biochar to develop double-layer co-coated slow-release urea for rice systems. The results indicated that diatomite and pullulan modification significant

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21

Gu, Xinqin, Li Yao, and Lifeng Wu. "Prediction of Water Carbon Fluxes and Emission Causes in Rice Paddies Using Two Tree-Based Ensemble Algorithms." Sustainability 15, no. 16 (2023): 12333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612333.

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Quantification of water carbon fluxes in rice paddies and analysis of their causes are essential for agricultural water management and carbon budgets. In this regard, two tree-based machine learning models, which are extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and random forest (RF), were constructed to predict evapotranspiration (ET), net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE), and methane flux (FCH4) in seven rice paddy sites. During the training process, the k-fold cross-validation algorithm by splitting the available data into multiple subsets or folds to avoid overfitting, and the XGBoost model was used

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Saiki, Makoto, Thi Phuong Mai Nguyen, Junko Shindo, and Kei Nishida. "Nitrogen balance in paddy fields under flowing-irrigation condition." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 116, no. 1 (2019): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-019-10019-y.

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Abstract Flowing irrigation which drains a large volume of water is one of agricultural techniques for ensuring rice quality. In this study, the nitrogen input and output were characterised in paddy fields under flowing irrigation based on observation in Central Japan, and the estimated nitrogen loadings were compared to the reported values in traditional paddy fields under stagnant irrigation by using budget analysis. The annual water fluxes in the studied fields were calculated to be more than ten times larger than those in traditional fields. The concentrations of most nitrogen forms in sur

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23

Latimer, Karen. "SOS (self-help or spoonfeeding): teaching students the art of retrieving architectural information." Art Libraries Journal 27, no. 1 (2002): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200019908.

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This paper looks at the way architecture students at Queen’s University are educated in the art of information retrieval from their undergraduate to their postgraduate years. Particular emphasis is paid to the role the librarian plays in the first year project to research, and produce a model of, a seminal building and to the development of PADDI (Planning Architecture Design Database Ireland) as a teaching tool for researching local architecture. The impact on library management is examined in relation to effective deployment of decreasing staff resources in the face of increasing student num

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Ghosh, A., P. K. Patra, K. Ishijima, et al. "Variations in global methane sources and sinks during 1910–2010." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 20 (2014): 27619–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-27619-2014.

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Abstract. Atmospheric methane (CH4) increased from ~900 ppb (parts per billion, or nanomoles per mole of dry air) in 1900 to ~1800 ppb during the 2000s at a rate unprecedented in any observational records. However, the causes of the CH4 increase are poorly understood. Here we use initial emissions from bottom-up inventories for anthropogenic sources, emissions from wetlands and rice paddies simulated by a terrestrial biogeochemical model, and an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM)-based chemistry-transport model (i.e. ACTM) to simulate atmospheric CH4 concentrations for 1910 to 2010.

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Ghosh, A., P. K. Patra, K. Ishijima, et al. "Variations in global methane sources and sinks during 1910–2010." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 5 (2015): 2595–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2595-2015.

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Abstract. Atmospheric methane (CH4) increased from ~900 ppb (parts per billion, or nanomoles per mole of dry air) in 1900 to ~1800 ppb in 2010 at a rate unprecedented in any observational records. However, the contributions of the various methane sources and sinks to the CH4 increase are poorly understood. Here we use initial emissions from bottom-up inventories for anthropogenic sources, emissions from wetlands and rice paddies simulated by a~terrestrial biogeochemical model, and an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM)-based chemistry-transport model (i.e. ACTM) to simulate atmospheri

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Braaten, Robert O., and Mark Flaherty. "Salt balances of inland shrimp ponds in Thailand: implications for land and water salinization." Environmental Conservation 28, no. 4 (2001): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892901000388.

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Brackish water ponds for farming black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) have recently proliferated in inland areas of Thailand's central plain, raising concerns about land and water salinization. The environmental impacts of inland shrimp farming were assessed by analysing the salt balance for an inland shrimp farm. Field data on water fluxes and pond salinity, collected from nine ponds in Chachoengsao Province from May–July 1999, were used to model the salt balance for a typical shrimp pond over one growout cycle. During growout, seepage represented 38% (11.5 tonnes crop−1) of salt losses, pond

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Guilhen, Jérémy, Ahmad Al Bitar, Sabine Sauvage, et al. "Denitrification and associated nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from the Amazonian wetlands." Biogeosciences 17, no. 16 (2020): 4297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4297-2020.

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Abstract. In this paper, we quantify the CO2 and N2O emissions from denitrification over the Amazonian wetlands. The study concerns the entire Amazonian wetland ecosystem with a specific focus on three floodplain (FP) locations: the Branco FP, the Madeira FP and the FP alongside the Amazon River. We adapted a simple denitrification model to the case of tropical wetlands and forced it by open water surface extent products from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite. A priori model parameters were provided by in situ observations and gauging stations from the HYBAM Observatory. Ou

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Wang, L. L., C. C. Song, and G. S. Yang. "Dissolved organic carbon characteristics in surface ponds from contrasting wetland ecosystems: a case study in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 1 (2013): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-371-2013.

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Abstract. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a significant component of carbon and nutrient cycling in fluvial ecosystems. Natural wetlands, as important DOC sources for river and ocean ecosystems, have experienced extensive natural and anthropogenic disturbances such as climate change, hydrological variations and land use change in recent years. The DOC characteristics in surface ponds from contrasting wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeastern China were investigated. Surface ponds at seven sites (two natural phialiform wetlands, three natural riparian wetlands, one degraded wetland and one

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Souza, Regiane, Renato Afonso Jr., Manfred Klonz, and Regis Landim. "New generation of AC-DC Current Transfer Standards at Inmetro." ACTA IMEKO 1, no. 1 (2012): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v1i1.24.

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Chiamogu, Peter Amobi. "Budget Padding and Appropriation in Nigeria: An Appraisal of Legislative Powers in an Evolving Democracy." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3181781.

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Kumar, Pradeep. "Usage of quotas in the state budget: A case study of Karnataka in India." Disability Studies Quarterly 29, no. 1 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v29i1.169.

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Salajegheh, M., A. Molina, and K. Fu. "Home Telemedicine: Encryption is Not Enough." Journal of Medical Devices 3, no. 2 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3134785.

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Implantable medical devices and home monitors make use of wireless radio communication for both therapeutic functions and remote monitoring of patients' vital signs. While our past work showed that lack of cryptographic protection results in disclosure of private medical data and manipulation of therapies (Halperin et al., IEEE S&P, 2008) our present work shows that even using encryption is insufficient to protect the confidentiality of patient telemetry. Our experiment analyzes the security of data traffic patterns of two sets of real medical telemetry: a corpus from PhysioNet (an online

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Feldman, Dina. "Human Rights of Children with Disabilities in Israel - The Vision and the Reality." Disability Studies Quarterly 29, no. 1 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v29i1.172.

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Belenguer-Manzanedo, María, Carles Alcaraz, Antonio Camacho, Carles Ibáñez, Mar Català-Forner, and Maite Martínez-Eixarch. "Effect of post-harvest practices on greenhouse gas emissions in rice paddies: flooding regime and straw management." Plant and Soil, March 22, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-05234-y.

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Abstract Aims To assess 1) the effect of the combination of flooding (winter flooding vs. non-winter flooding; WFL vs NWF) and timing of straw incorporation (early vs late straw incorporation; ESI vs LSI) in the post-harvest of paddy agrosystem, on a year-round global balance of greenhouse gases (GHG) exchanges, i.e. methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O); 2) the impact on the net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) and 3) the resulting net global warming potential (GWP). Methods A field experiment was conducted with fortnightly samplings of main GHG emissions. Effect of the s

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Zhou, Xi, Xin Li, Qicheng Bei, et al. "Time-series metatranscriptomics reveals differential salinity effects on the methanogenic food web in paddy soil." mSystems, July 21, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00017-25.

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ABSTRACT Saltwater intrusion and sea level rise (SWISLR) threaten coastal agroecosystems, yet their impact on the methanogenic food web in rice paddies remains virtually unknown. Using “double-RNA” metatranscriptomics (rRNA, mRNA), we investigated salinity effects on the methanogenic community in straw-amended slurries following different preincubation periods. Our results demonstrate that salt stress significantly inhibits methane (CH 4 ) production, with the degree of inhibition varying by the community’s successional stage. Salinity fundamentally shifted the methanogenic food web toward Clo

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Yu, Haoming, Wenxin Ba, Peter Dörsch, et al. "Quantifying Soil Gaseous Nitrogen Losses From Nitrification and Denitrification Based on Nitrogen Isotope Model." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 39, no. 4 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gb008376.

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AbstractGaseous nitrogen (N) losses from nitrification and denitrification (NO + N2O + N2) pathways contribute a significant fraction of the total N losses from cropland ecosystems. The N mass balance and process‐based models are commonly applied to estimate the NO + N2O + N2 losses but have suffered from systematic error accumulations or model over‐parameterization, leading to a large uncertainty in estimation, hindering effective management of the global N budget. Here, we proposed a novel N isotope model, which considers fertilizer, ammonia volatilization and harvest after testing steady‐st

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Xu, Xiaoyu, Atsushi Maruyama, and Hiroyuki Kusaka. "Improvements in the Land and Crop Modeling Over Flooded Rice Fields by Incorporating the Shallow Paddy Water." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 15, no. 8 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2022ms003248.

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AbstractFlooded rice paddies are important for modifying land surface energy and water budgets, especially in Asian countries. This study incorporated shallow paddy water into the Noah with Multi‐Parameterization (Noah‐MP) model to enhance its performance in capturing the distinct features of small Bowen ratios over flooded rice fields. The paddy surface water was parameterized as one integrated layer along with the top soil layer, and meteorological measurements from two crop sites in Japan, that is, SAITO (early rice) and SAGA (late rice), were employed for model evaluation at the field scal

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