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Journal articles on the topic 'Budget tracking'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Baumgaertner, William E. "Tracking the Project Budget." Journal of Management in Engineering 2, no. 2 (April 1986): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)9742-597x(1986)2:2(125).

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2

Cavallanti, Giovanni, Nicolò Cesa-Bianchi, and Claudio Gentile. "Tracking the best hyperplane with a simple budget Perceptron." Machine Learning 69, no. 2-3 (February 2, 2007): 143–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10994-007-5003-0.

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3

Awwad, Sari, and Massimo Piccardi. "Prototype-based budget maintenance for tracking in depth videos." Multimedia Tools and Applications 76, no. 20 (October 22, 2016): 21117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-4053-3.

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4

Sahare, Janhvi A. "Planning and Scheduling of Nagpur Metro Project using Smart-sheet tool." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 1032–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37525.

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Abstract: Smart-Sheet is a project management software product, developed and sold by Smart consultancies. It is designed to assist a project manager in developing a plan, assigning resources to tasks, tracking progress, managing the budget, and analysing workloads. Smart sheet can be used as a standalone tool for tracking project progress or it can be used for tracking complex project distributed in many geographical areas and managed by a number of project managers. Smart Sheet is designed to assist a project manager in: 1) Developing a plan, 2) Assigning resources to tasks, 3) Tracking progress, 4) Managing budget and 5) Analysing workloads. In this study an effort is made to estimate the changes in overall cost and time required to execute the phase 1 work of Nagpur metro rail project when done by conventional execution approach and when done by project management software tool of smart sheet Keywords: Project management, Smart sheet, Conventional construction execution, Cost optimization, Time optimization, Resource optimization.
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5

Rogelj, Joeri, Piers M. Forster, Elmar Kriegler, Christopher J. Smith, and Roland Séférian. "Estimating and tracking the remaining carbon budget for stringent climate targets." Nature 571, no. 7765 (July 17, 2019): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1368-z.

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6

Barth, Matthias G., William F. McDonough, and Roberta L. Rudnick. "Tracking the budget of Nb and Ta in the continental crust." Chemical Geology 165, no. 3-4 (April 2000): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(99)00173-4.

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7

Ongwae, Joshua. "Family planning financing: tracking domestic family planning budget allocations at national and sub-national level in Kenya and Uganda." Gates Open Research 3 (December 13, 2019): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12995.1.

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Background: The Abuja Declaration committed African Union countries to allocate at least 15% of their budget to improving the health sector. Consequently, Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevoelkerung (DSW) has been undertaking annual budget studies in Kenya and Uganda to track financial allocation for health and family planning (FP). Methods: This study, carried out between the months of May and October 2017, involved budget analysis of general health and FP funding at national and sub-national level. The study covered the fiscal year 2017/18. However, for comparison purposes, fiscal years 2015/16 and 2016/17 were included in the analysis. Results: In Uganda, during the 2017/18 fiscal year, the government allocated 0.73% ($3.7 million) of its health sector budget ($506.7 million) to FP; of which 98.8% ($3.6 million) was allocated to National Medical Stores (NMS), mainly for the supply of reproductive health commodities. Analysis of four districts shows that only 0.5% ($7,966), 0.8% ($10,046), 0.9% ($9,663) and 1.9% ($35,395) of the health sector budget was allocated to FP in Kamuli, Mityana, Mukono and Tororo, respectively, during the 2017/18 fiscal year. In Kenya, the FP budget allocation at the national level reduced from $6.05 million in 2015/16 to $2.93 million in 2017/18. At the subnational level, there were combined increases in the estimated sub-national FP budget allocations in all eleven counties of 21.8% ($2.1 million), from $9.6 million (2016/17) to $11.7 million (2017/2018). Conclusions: The findings indicate an overall increase in FP allocations over the last three years in the two countries of study. Advocacy personnel should be enlightened on the budget making process, as it provides an excellent platform for advocating for budgetary increases.
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Carlin, Sean, and Kevin Curran. "An Active Low Cost Mesh Networking Indoor Tracking System." International Journal of Ambient Computing and Intelligence 6, no. 1 (January 2014): 45–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaci.2014010104.

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Indoor radio frequency tracking systems are generally quite expensive and can vary in accuracy due to interference, equipment quality or other environmental factors. Due to these limiting factors of the technology, many businesses today find it hard to justify investing in RFID tracking technologies to improve the safety, efficiency and security of their working environments. The aim of this project was to provide a budget RFID tracking system that was capable of tracking a person or object through an indoor environment. To minimize the cost of the RFID tracking system, the components of the system were built from existing electronic equipment and hardware. The software was also written to minimize licensing and support fees allowing a cost effective budget RFID tracking system to be developed. The tracking system consists of a tag, reader nodes and a PC reader which utilize synapse RF 100 engines with python scripts embedded on to the chips. The tracking system software operates through a web portal utilizing web technologies such as HTML, JavaScript and PHP to allow the tags location to be represented on a two dimensional map using scalable vector graphics. During development of the system a new trilateration algorithm was developed and used convert the signals received from the tag to a virtual position on the map correlating to the actual physical position of the tag. A unique contribution of this system is the low cost of building which we estimate as less than £200 UK sterling for a five node system.
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9

QUESADA, LUIS, and ALEJANDRO J. LEÓN. "UNSUPERVISED MARKERLESS 3-DOF MOTION TRACKING IN REAL TIME USING A SINGLE LOW-BUDGET CAMERA." International Journal of Neural Systems 22, no. 05 (September 26, 2012): 1250019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065712500190.

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Motion tracking is a critical task in many computer vision applications. Existing motion tracking techniques require either a great amount of knowledge on the target object or specific hardware. These requirements discourage the wide spread of commercial applications based on motion tracking. In this paper, we present a novel three degrees of freedom motion tracking system that needs no knowledge on the target object and that only requires a single low-budget camera that can be found installed in most computers and smartphones. Our system estimates, in real time, the three-dimensional position of a nonmodeled unmarked object that may be nonrigid, nonconvex, partially occluded, self-occluded, or motion blurred, given that it is opaque, evenly colored, enough contrasting with the background in each frame, and that it does not rotate. Our system is also able to determine the most relevant object to track in the screen. Our proposal does not impose additional constraints, therefore it allows a market-wide implementation of applications that require the estimation of the three position degrees of freedom of an object.
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10

Turner, Erica O., and Angeline K. Spain. "The Multiple Meanings of (In)Equity: Remaking School District Tracking Policy in an Era of Budget Cuts and Accountability." Urban Education 55, no. 5 (November 10, 2016): 783–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085916674060.

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How do school district administrators make sense of educational equity as they undertake reform? This study examines tracking policymaking in two urban school districts. Using case studies and an interpretive approach, the study highlights school district leaders’ shifting ways of making sense of tracking and (in)equity while facing achievement gaps, accountability pressures, budgets cuts, and support for tracking. Even after the emergence of powerful opposition, we find that district administrators continued to rethink the meaning of equity in relation to tracking and they pursued policies that expanded access to high-track classes and gifted education. While potentially widening educational opportunity, these moves fundamentally reinscribed the inequity of tracking in their schools.
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MESZAROS, T., L. HASZPRA, and A. GELENCSER. "Tracking changes in carbon monoxide budget over Europe between 1995 and 2000." Atmospheric Environment 39, no. 38 (December 2005): 7297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.021.

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12

Kim, Hee Suk. "Park Administration’s Support for Pure Arts Sector - Tracking 'Cultural Enrichment' in MCST43) Budget -." Journal of Arts and Cultural Management 9, no. 1 (July 30, 2016): 29–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15333/acm.2016.7.30.29.

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13

Angahar, Dr Paul Aondona. "Budget Tracking As a Strategy for Sustaining the Fight against Corruption in Nigeria." IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance 5, no. 5 (2014): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/5933-055114117.

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14

Asmar, S. W., J. W. Armstrong, L. Iess, and P. Tortora. "Spacecraft Doppler tracking: Noise budget and accuracy achievable in precision radio science observations." Radio Science 40, no. 2 (March 15, 2005): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004rs003101.

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15

Rogelj, Joeri, Piers M. Forster, Elmar Kriegler, Christopher J. Smith, and Roland Séférian. "Author Correction: Estimating and tracking the remaining carbon budget for stringent climate targets." Nature 580, no. 7802 (March 25, 2020): E4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2147-6.

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16

Ghiasi, Soheil, Elaheh Bozorgzadeh, Karlene Nguyen, and Majid Sarrafzadeh. "Efficient Timing Budget Management for Accuracy Improvement in a Collaborative Object Tracking System." Journal of VLSI signal processing systems for signal, image and video technology 42, no. 1 (January 2006): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11265-005-4162-0.

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17

Bocanegra-Bahamón, T. M., G. Molera Calvés, L. I. Gurvits, D. A. Duev, S. V. Pogrebenko, G. Cimò, D. Dirkx, and P. Rosenblatt. "Planetary Radio Interferometry and Doppler Experiment (PRIDE) technique: A test case of the Mars Express Phobos Flyby." Astronomy & Astrophysics 609 (January 2018): A59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731524.

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Context. Closed-loop Doppler data obtained by deep space tracking networks, such as the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) and the ESA tracking station network (Estrack), are routinely used for navigation and science applications. By shadow tracking the spacecraft signal, Earth-based radio telescopes involved in the Planetary Radio Interferometry and Doppler Experiment (PRIDE) can provide open-loop Doppler tracking data only when the dedicated deep space tracking facilities are operating in closed-loop mode. Aims. We explain the data processing pipeline in detail and discuss the capabilities of the technique and its potential applications in planetary science. Methods. We provide the formulation of the observed and computed values of the Doppler data in PRIDE tracking of spacecraft and demonstrate the quality of the results using an experiment with the ESA Mars Express spacecraft as a test case. Results. We find that the Doppler residuals and the corresponding noise budget of the open-loop Doppler detections obtained with the PRIDE stations compare to the closed-loop Doppler detections obtained with dedicated deep space tracking facilities.
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18

Luo, Hao, Wenxuan Xie, Xinggang Wang, and Wenjun Zeng. "Detect or Track: Towards Cost-Effective Video Object Detection/Tracking." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 8803–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33018803.

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State-of-the-art object detectors and trackers are developing fast. Trackers are in general more efficient than detectors but bear the risk of drifting. A question is hence raised – how to improve the accuracy of video object detection/tracking by utilizing the existing detectors and trackers within a given time budget? A baseline is frame skipping – detecting every N-th frames and tracking for the frames in between. This baseline, however, is suboptimal since the detection frequency should depend on the tracking quality. To this end, we propose a scheduler network, which determines to detect or track at a certain frame, as a generalization of Siamese trackers. Although being light-weight and simple in structure, the scheduler network is more effective than the frame skipping baselines and flow-based approaches, as validated on ImageNet VID dataset in video object detection/tracking.
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19

Witter, Sophie, Alex Jones, and Tim Ensor. "How to (or not to) … measure performance against the Abuja target for public health expenditure." Health Policy and Planning 29, no. 4 (May 21, 2013): 450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czt031.

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Abstract In 2001, African heads of state committed ‘to set a target of allocating at least 15% of our annual budget to the improvement of the health sector’. This target has since been used as a benchmark to hold governments accountable. However, it was never followed by a set of guidelines as to how it should be measured in practice. This article sets out some of the areas of ambiguity and argues for an interpretation which focuses on actual expenditure, rather than budgets (which are theoretical), and which captures areas of spending that are subject to government discretion. These are largely domestic sources, but include budget support, which is externally derived but subject to Ministry of Finance sectoral allocation. Theoretical and practical arguments in favour of this recommendation are recommended using a case study from Sierra Leone. It is recommended that all discretionary spending by government is included in the numerator and denominator when calculating performance against the target, including spending by all ministries on health, social health insurance payments, debt relief funds and budget support. Conversely, all forms of private payment and earmarked aid should be excluded. The authors argue that the target, while an important vehicle for tracking political commitment to the sector, should be assessed intelligently by governments, which have legitimate wider public finance objectives of maximizing overall social returns, and should be complemented by a wider range of indicators, to avoid distortions.
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20

Wagner, Todd H., Alex R. Dopp, and Heather T. Gold. "Estimating Downstream Budget Impacts in Implementation Research." Medical Decision Making 40, no. 8 (September 19, 2020): 968–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x20954387.

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Health care decision makers often request information showing how a new treatment or intervention will affect their budget (i.e., a budget impact analysis; BIA). In this article, we present key topics for considering how to measure downstream health care costs, a key component of the BIA, when implementing an evidence-based program designed to reduce a quality gap. Tracking health care utilization can be done with administrative or self-reported data, but estimating costs for these utilization data raises 2 issues that are often overlooked in implementation science. The first issue has to do with applicability: are the cost estimates applicable to the health care system that is implementing the quality improvement program? We often use national cost estimates or average payments, without considering whether these cost estimates are appropriate. Second, we need to determine the decision maker’s time horizon to identify the costs that vary in that time horizon. If the BIA takes a short-term time horizon, then we should focus on costs that vary in the short run and exclude costs that are fixed over this time. BIA is an increasingly popular tool for health care decision makers interested in understanding the financial effect of implementing an evidence-based program. Without careful consideration of some key conceptual issues, we run the risk of misleading decision makers when presenting results from implementation studies.
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21

حامد جمعة, م. م. أحمد, and د. كمال فيلد البصري. "التأثيرات السياسية في استدامة الدين العام في موازنة العراق 2019." Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences 2020, no. 66 (October 31, 2020): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/ijes2020.66.1.

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This study clarifies the analysis of the reality of the financial policy in the budget of Iraq 2019, and that analysis is evaluated by tracking the elements of the public budget from public expenditures and public revenues, and the study focuses on the size of the political impact on the path of public spending, as well as the analysis of public spending and revenues in various sectors and sections of the public budget. This study also shows the size of the risks resulting from the continuation of the financial deficit, as well as the risks of public debt according to the indicators of its sustainability analysis within the financial and economic indicators that express the risks of public debt. The study emphasized that public spending is still based on the political decision and does not achieve the principles and objectives of the economic budget that achieve the public benefit. The necessity requires efficient spending and fair distribution in order to avoid future public debt risks and their impact on future generations
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22

Sheikholeslami, Fatemeh, Dimitris Berberidis, and Georgios B. Giannakis. "Large-Scale Kernel-Based Feature Extraction via Low-Rank Subspace Tracking on a Budget." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 66, no. 8 (April 15, 2018): 1967–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2018.2802446.

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23

Maisonpierre, I. N., M. A. Sutton, P. Harris, N. Menzies‐Gow, R. Weller, and T. Pfau. "Accelerometer activity tracking in horses and the effect of pasture management on time budget." Equine Veterinary Journal 51, no. 6 (June 17, 2019): 840–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.13130.

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24

van Ittersum, Koert, Joost M. E. Pennings, and Brian Wansink. "Trying Harder and Doing Worse: How Grocery Shoppers Track in-Store Spending." GfK Marketing Intelligence Review 2, no. 2 (November 1, 2010): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gfkmir-2014-0063.

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Abstract All over the world the economic crisis has raised the number of households which are below the poverty line. A careful tracking of expenditures has become increasingly necessary to avoid financial distress. Models of spending behavior often implicitly assume that budget shoppers know how much they spend while shopping. As demonstrated here, this assumption is the exception rather than the rule
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Mosier, Rachel, and Douglas D. Gransberg. "A Framework to Reconcile Green Goals with Budget Reality." ISRN Construction Engineering 2013 (May 12, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/656742.

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A public agency that decides to implement green design and construction features in its capital improvement program is actually adding an undetermined incremental cost to the initial cost of public buildings. Past research has portrayed these costs as a percentage increase, essentially creating an overall contingency for green buildings, but no work has been done to quantify the incremental cost on a building's actual design program that can be assigned directly to the project budget. This research sought to provide an objective approach to estimating sustainable design and proposes a framework for estimating the initial capital costs of sustainable building design and construction as measured by the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification program. The framework allows tracking of costs during design and can be utilized for estimating future projects. The framework is developed using case study analysis of green building projects in OK City, Oklahoma. The paper concludes that the cost of “going green” can be estimated as a unit price basis as a cost per LEED credit. The proposed framework can be used by any public agency to determine the additional cost of LEED certification and for budgeting future projects.
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McBeck, Jessica, Michele Cooke, Pauline Souloumiac, Bertrand Maillot, and Baptiste Mary. "The influence of detachment strength on the evolving deformational energy budget of physical accretionary prisms." Solid Earth 9, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 1421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1421-2018.

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Abstract. Tracking the evolution of the deformational energy budget within accretionary systems provides insight into the driving mechanisms that control fault development. To quantify the impact of these mechanisms on overall system efficiency, we estimate energy budget components as the first thrust fault pair develops in dry-sand accretion experiments. We track energy budget components in experiments that include and exclude a basal layer of glass beads in order to investigate the influence of detachment strength on work partitioning. We use the measurements of normal force exerted on the backwall to estimate external work, and measurements of strain observed on the sides of the sand packs to estimate the internal work, frictional work and work against gravity done within increments of each experiment. Thrust fault development reduces the incremental external work and incremental internal work, and increases the incremental frictional work and incremental gravitational work. The faults that develop within higher-friction detachment experiments produce greater frictional work than the faults in experiments with glass bead detachments because the slip distribution along the detachments remains the same, while the effective friction coefficient of the detachment differs between the experiments. The imbalance of the cumulative work budget suggests that additional deformational processes that are not fully captured in our measurements of the energy budget, such as acoustic energy, consume work within the deforming wedge.
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Gu, Yeyi, Xinmin Zhou, Minjie Wan, and Guohua Gu. "Visual Target Tracking using Robust Information Interaction between Single Tracker and Online Model." MATEC Web of Conferences 232 (2018): 02046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823202046.

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In this paper, a novel tracking algorithm based on the cooperative operation of online appearance model and typical tracking in contiguous frames is proposed. First of all, to achieve satisfactory performances in challenging scenes, we focus on establishing a robust discriminative tracking model with linear Support Vector Machine (SVM) and use the particle filter for localization. Intended to fit the particle filter, the outputs of SVM classifier are mapped into probabilities with a sigmoid function so that the posterior of candidate samples is estimated. Then, the tracking loop starts with median flow method and the coordinated operation of the two trackers is mediated by the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate for the target probability of negative samples, which is defined during the sigmoid fit. Lastly, for the purpose of model update, we sum up the optimal SVM using a prototype set with the predefined budget, and the classifier is updated on both the prototype set and the updated data from the tracking results every few frames. A number of comparative experiments are conducted on real video sequences and both qualitative and quantitative evaluations demonstrate a robust and precise performance of our method.
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Trailovic, L., and L. Y. Pao. "Computing Budget Allocation for Efficient Ranking and Selection of Variances With Applicationto Target Tracking Algorithms." IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 49, no. 1 (January 2004): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tac.2003.821428.

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29

Kelemen, Zsofia, Herwig Grimm, Claus Vogl, Mariessa Long, Jessika M. V. Cavalleri, Ulrike Auer, and Florien Jenner. "Equine Activity Time Budgets: The Effect of Housing and Management Conditions on Geriatric Horses and Horses with Chronic Orthopaedic Disease." Animals 11, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071867.

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Housing and management conditions strongly influence the health, welfare and behaviour of horses. Consequently, objective and quantifiable comparisons between domestic environments and their influence on different equine demographics are needed to establish evidence-based criteria to assess and optimize horse welfare. Therefore, the present study aimed to measure and compare the time budgets (=percentage of time spent on specific activities) of horses with chronic orthopaedic disease and geriatric (≥20 years) horses living in different husbandry systems using an automated tracking device. Horses spent 42% (range 38.3–44.8%) of their day eating, 39% (range 36.87–44.9%) resting, and 19% (range 17–20.4%) in movement, demonstrating that geriatric horses and horses suffering from chronic orthopaedic disease can exhibit behaviour time budgets equivalent to healthy controls. Time budget analysis revealed significant differences between farms, turn-out conditions and time of day, and could identify potential areas for improvement. Horses living in open-air group housing on a paddock had a more uniform temporal distribution of feeding and movement activities with less pronounced peaks compared to horses living in more restricted husbandry systems.
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Grewal, Dhruv, Stephanie M. Noble, Carl-Philip Ahlbom, and Jens Nordfält. "The Sales Impact of Using Handheld Scanners: Evidence from the Field." Journal of Marketing Research 57, no. 3 (April 21, 2020): 527–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022243720911624.

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Anecdotal evidence is mixed regarding whether handheld scanners used in stores increase or decrease consumer sales. This article reports on three field studies, supported by eye-tracking technology and matched sales receipts, as well as two laboratory studies that show that handheld scanner use increases sales, notably through unplanned, healthier, and impulsive purchases. The findings highlight that these effects may be limited by factors such as not having a budget; for those without a budget, use of scanners can decrease sales. Building on embodied cognition and cognitive appraisal theories, the authors predict that scanners, as a bodily extension, influence sales through both cognitive (shelf attention, perceived control) and affective (number of products touched, shopping experience) mechanisms. The results offer implications for retailers considering whether to integrate scanners into their store environments.
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Srinivas, S. V., V. H. C. V. Megha Shyam, Raghav Nanduri, Vasundhara Singhal, and Vishnu Dath R. "From Single Screen to YouTube: Tracking the Regional Blockbuster." BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies 9, no. 2 (December 2018): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974927619841205.

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Recent developments related to production, distribution and viewing of movies point to the need for research projects that examine multiples sites and formats simultaneously. This article outlines an ongoing project whose primary objective is to track the migration of movies across geographical spaces as well as screens. Our starting point—the pretext rather—is the ‘regional blockbuster’ that is the name we have given to big budget productions made by Chennai- and Hyderabad-based film industries. The regional blockbuster, being an all-India form that circulates in multiple language versions, offers opportunities for comparisons across regions in India and also between theatrical and other spaces of movie consumption. In the current phase, the focus of our project is the transformation of single screen cinema halls on the one hand and dubbing on the other. These, we suggest are among the necessary conditions for the emergence of the blockbuster. We present here the initial findings of fieldwork carried out by us simultaneously in Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Delhi.
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Lee, Ming-Yih, T. Holt, and A. J. Sturm. "A Contribution to Multi-Axis Robot Contouring Accuracy Analysis: Modeling, Simulation, and Evaluation." Journal of Mechanical Design 113, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2912815.

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A new way of interpreting the 3D dynamic contouring errors attributed to a multi-axis robot system based on a relaxed performance measure was introduced. Generic contouring error models were derived for evaluating path following performance for planar and spatial contours. Estimated errors were then correlated to experimental tracking test results. Finally, an overall robot contouring performance budget was mapped into joint domain dynamics matching criteria which considered to be more meaningful from a control standpoint.
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Wang, Yifan, Konstanty S. Bialkowski, Albertus J. Pretorius, Abraham G. W. du Plooy, and Amin M. Abbosh. "In-Road Microwave Sensor for Electronic Vehicle Identification and Tracking: Link Budget Analysis and Antenna Prototype." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 19, no. 1 (January 2018): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tits.2017.2690679.

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34

Przybylo, Jaromir. "Object detection and tracking for low-cost video surveillance system." Image Processing & Communications 18, no. 2-3 (December 1, 2013): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10248-012-0083-2.

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Abstract Automated and intelligent video surveillance systems play important role in the modern world. Since the amount of various video streams that must be analyzed grows, such artificial intelligence systems can assist humans in performing tiresome tasks. As a result, the effectiveness of response to a dangerous situations is increasing (detect unexpected movement or unusual behavior that may pose a threat to people, property and infrastructure). Video surveillance systems have to meet several requirements: must be accurate and not produce too many false alarms, moreover it must be able to process the received video stream in real-time to provide a sufficient response time. The work presented here focuses on the selected challenges of scene analysis in video surveillance systems (object detection/tracking, effectiveness of the whole system). The aim of the research is to design a low-budget surveillance system, that can be used for example in a home security monitoring. Such solution can be use not only to surveillance but also to monitor elderly person at home or provide new ways of interacting in human-computer interaction systems.
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Leight, William, Pierre-Francois Giraud, Peter Kluit, Jochen Meyer, Edward Moyse, and Alan Poppleton. "New Fitting Concept in ATLAS muon tracking for the LHC Run-2." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 06006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921406006.

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Muons with high momentum - above 500 GeV - are an important constituent of new physics signatures in many models. Run-2 of the LHC is greatly increasing ATLAS’s sensitivity to such signatures thanks to an ever-larger dataset of such particles, enhanced further by an increase in the center-of-mass energy. The ATLAS Muon Spectrometer chamber alignment contributes significantly to the uncertainty of the reconstruction of these high-momentum objects. The proper treatment of measurements during tracking and the correct propagation of the alignment effects is extremely challenging. Recently, an innovative approach that imposes Gaussian constraints on ensembles of detector hits was implemented. It provides a significant improvement to high-momentum tracking without increasing the CPU budget. Furthermore, it allows for the verification of the expected alignment quality using high-statistics collision data. A detailed discussion of the algorithmic realization is given, the expected performance gains are presented and prospects for further applications of the approach are outlined.
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Nguyen, Bai, Nghia Tang, Wookpyo Hong, Zhiyuan Zhou, and Deukhyoun Heo. "Clock-Voltage Co-Regulator With Adaptive Power Budget Tracking for Robust Near-Threshold-Voltage Sequential Logic Circuits." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 67, no. 2 (February 2020): 622–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2019.2948944.

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37

Yamauchi, Koichiro. "Incremental Learning on a Budget and its Application to Quick Maximum Power Point Tracking of Photovoltaic Systems." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 18, no. 4 (July 20, 2014): 682–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2014.p0682.

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Recent improvements in embedded systems has enabled learning algorithms to provide realistic solutions for system identification problems. Existing learning algorithms, however, continue to have limitations in learning on embedded systems, where physical memory space is constrained. To overcome this problem, we propose a Limited General Regression Neural Network (LGRNN), which is a variation of general regression neural network proposed by Specht or of simplified fuzzy inference systems. The LGRNN continues incremental learning even if the number of instances exceeds the maximum number of kernels in the LGRNN. We demonstrate LGRNN advantages by comparing it to other kernel-based perceptron learning methods. We also propose a light-weighted LGRNN algorithm, -LGRNNLight- for reducing computational complexity. As an example of its application, we present a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) microconverter for photovoltaic power generation systems. MPPT is essential for improving the efficiency of renewable energy systems. Although various techniques exist that can realize MPPT, few techniques are able to realize quick control using conventional circuit design. The LGRNN enables the MPPT converter to be constructed at low cost using the conventional combination of a chopper circuit and microcomputer control. The LGRNN learns the Maximum Power Point (MPP) found by Perturb and Observe (P&O), and immediately sets the converter reference voltage after a sudden irradiation change. By using this strategy, the MPPT quickly responds without a predetermination of parameters. The experimental results suggest that, after learning, the proposed converter controls a chopper circuit within 14 ms after a sudden irradiation change. This rapid response property is suitable for efficient power generation, even under shadow flicker conditions that often occur in solar panels located near large wind turbines.
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38

Venner, Marie. "Maintenance Quality Management and Environmental Stewardship." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1911, no. 1 (January 2005): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105191100101.

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Some of the most extensive information management and decision support systems at state departments of transportation (DOTs) are used in maintenance for condition tracking, work planning, budget estimation, and quality assurance. DOTs are confronted with the challenge of managing these and emerging environmental information and decision support needs in integrated systems that incorporate transportation and environmental assets and quality and the activities, materials, labor, budget, and tools needed to assess and manage them. Systems integration remains an elusive goal. Although a few states are pursuing integrated asset management systems, recent leaps forward have been frequently limited to integration of management systems within a single functional area, e.g., integration of Pontis for bridge management with Virtis to bridge load rating. In that decentralized context, this paper presents several leading examples or best practices in asset and maintenance quality management in various areas of maintenance where environmental aspects that are difficult to quantify have begun to be incorporated.
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Chrisler, Brett, and Justin P. Stachnik. "The Moist Entropy Budget of Terminating Madden–Julian Oscillation Events." Journal of Climate 34, no. 11 (June 2021): 4243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0064.1.

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AbstractRecent studies have examined moist entropy (ME) as a proxy for moist static energy (MSE) and the relative role of the underlying processes responsible for changes in ME that potentially affect MJO propagation. This study presents an analysis of the intraseasonally varying (ISV) ME anomalies throughout the lifetime of observed MJO events. A climatology of continuing and terminating MJO events is created from an event identification algorithm using common tracking indices including the OLR-based MJO index (OMI), filtered OMI (FMO), real-time multivariate MJO (RMM), and velocity potential MJO (VPM) index. ME composites for all indices show a statistically significant break in the wavenumber-1 oscillation at day 0 for terminating events in nearly all domains except RMM phase 6 and phase 7. The ME tendency is decomposed into horizontal and vertical advection, sensible and latent heat fluxes, and shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes using ERA-Interim data. The relative role of each processes toward the eastward propagation is discussed as well as their effects on MJO stabilization. Statistically significant differences occur for all terms by day −10. A domain sensitivity test is performed where eastward propagation is favored for vertical advection given a larger, asymmetric domain for continuing events. A reduced eastward propagation from vertical advection is evident 2–3 days before similar differences in horizontal advection for terminating events. The importance of horizontal advection for the eastward propagation of the MJO is discussed in addition to the relative destabilization from vertical advection in the convectively suppressed region downstream of future terminating MJOs.
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Vox, Jan P., Anika Weber, Karen Insa Wolf, Krzysztof Izdebski, Thomas Schüler, Peter König, Frank Wallhoff, and Daniel Friemert. "An Evaluation of Motion Trackers with Virtual Reality Sensor Technology in Comparison to a Marker-Based Motion Capture System Based on Joint Angles for Ergonomic Risk Assessment." Sensors 21, no. 9 (May 1, 2021): 3145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093145.

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The reproduction and simulation of workplaces, and the analysis of body postures during work processes, are parts of ergonomic risk assessments. A commercial virtual reality (VR) system offers the possibility to model complex work scenarios as virtual mock-ups and to evaluate their ergonomic designs by analyzing motion behavior while performing work processes. In this study a VR tracking sensor system (HTC Vive tracker) combined with an inverse kinematic model (Final IK) was compared with a marker-based optical motion capture system (Qualisys). Marker-based optical motion capture systems are considered the gold standard for motion analysis. Therefore, Qualisys was used as the ground truth in this study. The research question to be answered was how accurately the HTC Vive System combined with Final IK can measure joint angles used for ergonomic evaluation. Twenty-six subjects were observed simultaneously with both tracking systems while performing 20 defined movements. Sixteen joint angles were analyzed. Joint angle deviations between ±6∘ and ±42∘ were identified. These high deviations must be considered in ergonomic risk assessments when using a VR system. The results show that commercial low-budget tracking systems have the potential to map joint angles. Nevertheless, substantial weaknesses and inaccuracies in some body regions must be taken into account. Recommendations are provided to improve tracking accuracy and avoid systematic errors.
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Madison, Cory. "Tracking public support for Japan’s remilitarization policies: An examination of elitist and pluralist governance." Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 4, no. 2 (April 15, 2018): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057891118764354.

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Has Japan’s post-Second World War transformation into one of the most militarily capable nations been the result of 60 years of truly representative government? This research compares government-collected opinion polls to policy trends and actions, to determine whether the case of Japan’s remilitarization argues for or against the country’s democratic quality. For the purpose of this research, the size of Japan’s military and its legislative freedom to act as a more conventional military were considered the most pertinent militarization policies. Results indicated that those policies were consistently unjustified by measured opinion, suggesting elitist policy formation. However, other policy areas, such as Japan’s military budget, participation in UN peacekeeping, and national defense capability, have indicated a more pluralist model of policy formation. Therefore, results suggest that the country’s remilitarization has been the product of both elitist and pluralist governance.
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Capitaine, Armande, Gael Pillonnet, and Bruno Allard. "Strategies of Maximum Power Point Tracking for Sub-mW Benthic Microbial Fuel Cells." Journal of Low Power Electronics 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jolpe.2019.1620.

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Benthic microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are promising alternatives to conventional batteries for powering underwater low-power sensors. Regarding performances (10's μW at 100's mV for cm 2-scale electrodes), an electrical interface is required to maximize the harvested energy and boost the voltage. Because the MFCs electrical behavior fluctuates, it is common to refer to maximum power point tracking (MPPT). Using a sub-mW flyback converter, this paper compares the benefit of different MPPT strategies: either by maximizing the energy at the converter input or at the converter output, or by fixing the MFC operating point at its nominal maximum power point. A practical flyback has been validated and experimentally tested for these MPPT options showing a gain in efficiency in certain configurations. The results allow determining a power budget for MPPT controllers that should not exceed this gain. Eventually, considering typical MFC fluctuations, avoiding any MPPT controller by fixing the converter operating parameters may offer better performances for sub-mW harvesters.
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43

Kasagi, Nobuhide, and Akio Matsunaga. "Three-dimensional particle-tracking velocimetry measurement of turbulence statistics and energy budget in a backward-facing step flow." International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 16, no. 6 (December 1995): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-727x(95)00041-n.

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44

Kasagi, N., and A. Matsunaga. "Three-dimensional particle-tracking velocimetry measurement of turbulence statistics and energy budget in a backward-facing step flow." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 37, no. 3 (May 1996): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6701(96)89310-6.

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45

Vannière, Benoît, Malcolm Roberts, Pier Luigi Vidale, Kevin Hodges, Marie-Estelle Demory, Louis-Philippe Caron, Enrico Scoccimarro, Laurent Terray, and Retish Senan. "The Moisture Budget of Tropical Cyclones in HighResMIP Models: Large-Scale Environmental Balance and Sensitivity to Horizontal Resolution." Journal of Climate 33, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 8457–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0999.1.

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AbstractPrevious studies have shown that the number, intensity, and structure of simulated tropical cyclones (TCs) in climate models get closer to the observations as the horizontal resolution is increased. However, the sensitivity of tropical cyclone precipitation and moisture budget to changes in resolution has received less attention. In this study, we use the five-model ensemble from project PRIMAVERA/HighResMIP to investigate the systematic changes of the water budget of tropical cyclones in a range of horizontal resolutions from 1° to 0.25°. Our results show that, despite a large change in the distribution of TC intensity with resolution, the distribution of precipitation per TC (i.e., averaged in a 5° radial cap) does not change significantly. This result is explained by the fact that low- and high-resolution models represent equally well the large-scale balance that characterizes the moisture budget of TCs, with the radius of the moisture source extending to ~15° from the center of the TC (i.e. well beyond the TC edge). The wind profile is found to converge in the low and high resolutions for radii > 5°, resulting in a moisture flux convergence into the TC of similar magnitude at low and high resolutions. In contrast to precipitation per TC, TC intensity does increase at higher resolution and this is explained by the larger surface latent heat flux near the center of the storm, which leads to an increase in equivalent potential temperature and warmer core anomalies, although this extra latent heat represents a negligible contribution to the overall moisture budget. We discuss the complication arising from the choice of the tracking algorithm when assessing the impact of model resolution.
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46

Zrenner, Markus, Stefan Gradl, Ulf Jensen, Martin Ullrich, and Bjoern Eskofier. "Comparison of Different Algorithms for Calculating Velocity and Stride Length in Running Using Inertial Measurement Units." Sensors 18, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 4194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124194.

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Running has a positive impact on human health and is an accessible sport for most people. There is high demand for tracking running performance and progress for amateurs and professionals alike. The parameters velocity and distance are thereby of main interest. In this work, we evaluate the accuracy of four algorithms, which calculate the stride velocity and stride length during running using data of an inertial measurement unit (IMU) placed in the midsole of a running shoe. The four algorithms are based on stride time, foot acceleration, foot trajectory estimation, and deep learning, respectively. They are compared using two studies: a laboratory-based study comprising 2377 strides from 27 subjects with 3D motion tracking as a reference and a field study comprising 12 subjects performing a 3.2-km run in a real-world setup. The results show that the foot trajectory estimation algorithm performs best, achieving a mean error of 0.032 ± 0.274 m/s for the velocity estimation and 0.022 ± 0.157 m for the stride length. An interesting alternative for systems with a low energy budget is the acceleration-based approach. Our results support the implementation decision for running velocity and distance tracking using IMUs embedded in the sole of a running shoe.
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47

Saunois, Marielle, Ann R. Stavert, Ben Poulter, Philippe Bousquet, Josep G. Canadell, Robert B. Jackson, Peter A. Raymond, et al. "The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017." Earth System Science Data 12, no. 3 (July 15, 2020): 1561–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020.

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Abstract. Understanding and quantifying the global methane (CH4) budget is important for assessing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. Atmospheric emissions and concentrations of CH4 continue to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing, after carbon dioxide (CO2). The relative importance of CH4 compared to CO2 depends on its shorter atmospheric lifetime, stronger warming potential, and variations in atmospheric growth rate over the past decade, the causes of which are still debated. Two major challenges in reducing uncertainties in the atmospheric growth rate arise from the variety of geographically overlapping CH4 sources and from the destruction of CH4 by short-lived hydroxyl radicals (OH). To address these challenges, we have established a consortium of multidisciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate new research aimed at improving and regularly updating the global methane budget. Following Saunois et al. (2016), we present here the second version of the living review paper dedicated to the decadal methane budget, integrating results of top-down studies (atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up estimates (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven extrapolations). For the 2008–2017 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by atmospheric inversions (a top-down approach) to be 576 Tg CH4 yr−1 (range 550–594, corresponding to the minimum and maximum estimates of the model ensemble). Of this total, 359 Tg CH4 yr−1 or ∼ 60 % is attributed to anthropogenic sources, that is emissions caused by direct human activity (i.e. anthropogenic emissions; range 336–376 Tg CH4 yr−1 or 50 %–65 %). The mean annual total emission for the new decade (2008–2017) is 29 Tg CH4 yr−1 larger than our estimate for the previous decade (2000–2009), and 24 Tg CH4 yr−1 larger than the one reported in the previous budget for 2003–2012 (Saunois et al., 2016). Since 2012, global CH4 emissions have been tracking the warmest scenarios assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Bottom-up methods suggest almost 30 % larger global emissions (737 Tg CH4 yr−1, range 594–881) than top-down inversion methods. Indeed, bottom-up estimates for natural sources such as natural wetlands, other inland water systems, and geological sources are higher than top-down estimates. The atmospheric constraints on the top-down budget suggest that at least some of these bottom-up emissions are overestimated. The latitudinal distribution of atmospheric observation-based emissions indicates a predominance of tropical emissions (∼ 65 % of the global budget, < 30∘ N) compared to mid-latitudes (∼ 30 %, 30–60∘ N) and high northern latitudes (∼ 4 %, 60–90∘ N). The most important source of uncertainty in the methane budget is attributable to natural emissions, especially those from wetlands and other inland waters. Some of our global source estimates are smaller than those in previously published budgets (Saunois et al., 2016; Kirschke et al., 2013). In particular wetland emissions are about 35 Tg CH4 yr−1 lower due to improved partition wetlands and other inland waters. Emissions from geological sources and wild animals are also found to be smaller by 7 Tg CH4 yr−1 by 8 Tg CH4 yr−1, respectively. However, the overall discrepancy between bottom-up and top-down estimates has been reduced by only 5 % compared to Saunois et al. (2016), due to a higher estimate of emissions from inland waters, highlighting the need for more detailed research on emissions factors. Priorities for improving the methane budget include (i) a global, high-resolution map of water-saturated soils and inundated areas emitting methane based on a robust classification of different types of emitting habitats; (ii) further development of process-based models for inland-water emissions; (iii) intensification of methane observations at local scales (e.g., FLUXNET-CH4 measurements) and urban-scale monitoring to constrain bottom-up land surface models, and at regional scales (surface networks and satellites) to constrain atmospheric inversions; (iv) improvements of transport models and the representation of photochemical sinks in top-down inversions; and (v) development of a 3D variational inversion system using isotopic and/or co-emitted species such as ethane to improve source partitioning. The data presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-CH4-2019 (Saunois et al., 2020) and from the Global Carbon Project.
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Tuinenburg, O. A., R. W. A. Hutjes, T. Stacke, A. Wiltshire, and P. Lucas-Picher. "Effects of Irrigation in India on the Atmospheric Water Budget." Journal of Hydrometeorology 15, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 1028–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-078.1.

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Abstract The effect of large-scale irrigation in India on the moisture budget of the atmosphere was investigated using three regional climate models and one global climate model, all of which performed an irrigated run and a natural run without irrigation. Using a common irrigation map, year-round irrigation was represented by adding water to the soil moisture to keep it at 90% of the maximum soil moisture storage capacity, regardless of water availability. For two focus regions, the seasonal cycle of irrigation matched that of the reference dataset, but irrigation application varied between the models by up to 0.8 mm day−1. Because of the irrigation, evaporation increased in all models, but precipitation decreased because of a strong decrease in atmospheric moisture convergence. A moisture tracking scheme was used to track individual evaporated moisture parcels through the atmosphere to determine where these lead to precipitation. Up to 35% of the evaporation moisture from the Ganges basin is recycling within the river basin. However, because of a decreased moisture convergence into the river basin, the total amount of precipitation in the Ganges basin decreases. Although a significant fraction of the evaporation moisture recycles within the river basin, the changes in large-scale wind patterns due to irrigation shift the precipitation from the eastern parts of India and Nepal to the northern and western parts of India and Pakistan. In these areas where precipitation increases, the relative precipitation increase is larger than the relative decrease in the areas where precipitation decreases. It is concluded 1) that the direct effects of irrigation on precipitation are small and are not uniform across the models; 2) that a fraction of up to 35% of any marginal evaporation increase (for example, due to irrigation) will recycle within the river basin; and 3) that when irrigation is applied on a large scale, the dominant effect will be a change in large-scale atmospheric flow that decreases precipitation in eastern India and increases it in western and northern India.
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49

Lymanets, A. "The Silicon Tracking System of the CBM Experiment at FAIR." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 64, no. 7 (September 17, 2019): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe64.7.607.

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The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at FAIR (Darmstadt, Germany) is designed to study the dense nuclear matter in a fixed target configuration with heavy ion beams up to kinetic energies of 11 AGeV for Au+Au collision. The charged particle tracking with below 2% momentum resolution will be performed by the Silicon Tracking System (STS) located in the aperture of a dipole magnet. The detector will be able to reconstruct secondary decay vertices of rare probes, e.g., multistrange hyperons, with 50 мm spatial resolution in the heavy-ion collision environment with up to 1000 charged particle per inelastic interaction at the 10 MHz collision rate. This task requires a highly granular fast detector with radiation tolerance enough to withstand a particle fluence of up to 1014 neq/cm2 1-MeV equivalent accumulated over several years of operation. The system comprises 8 tracking stations based on double-sided silicon microstrip sensors with 58 мm pitch and strips oriented at 7.5∘ stereo angle. The analog signals are read out via stacked microcables (up to 50 cm long) by the front-end electronics based on the STS-XYTER ASIC with self-triggering architecture. Detector modules with this structure will have a material budget between 0.3% and 1.5% radiation length increasing towards the periphery. First detector modules and ladders built from pre-final components have been operated in the demonstrator experiment mCBM at GSI-SIS18 (FAIR Phase-0) providing a test stand for the performance evaluation and system integration. The results of mSTS detector commissioning and the performance in the beam will be presented.
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Boskri, Abdelkarim, Romain G. Petrov, Thami El Halkouj, Massinissa Hadjara, James Leftley, Zouhair Benkhaldoun, Pierre Cruzalèbes, Aziz Ziad, and Marcel Carbillet. "Potential and sky coverage for off-axis fringe tracking in optical long baseline interferometry." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 506, no. 1 (May 26, 2021): 1364–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1505.

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ABSTRACT The spectacular results provided by the second-generationVLTI instruments GRAVITY and MATISSE on active galactic nuclei (AGN) trigger and justify a strong increase in the sensitivity limit of optical interferometers. A key component of such an upgrade is off-axis fringe tracking. To evaluate its potential and limitations, we describe and analyse its error budget including fringe sensing precision and temporal, angular and chromatic perturbations of the piston. The global tracking error is computed using standard seeing parameters for different sites, seeing conditions and telescope sizes for the current GRAVITY Fringe Tracker (GFT) and a new concept of Hierarchical Fringe Tracker. Then, it is combined with a large catalogue of guide star candidates from Gaia to produce sky coverage maps that give the probability to find a usable off-axis guide star in any part of the observable sky. These maps can be used to set the specifications of the system, check its sensitivity to seeing conditions, and evaluate the feasibility of science programs. We check the availability of guide stars and the tracking accuracy for a large set of 15 799 Quasars to confirm the feasibility of a large program on Broad Line Regions in the K band with the GFT and show how it can be extended to the L, M, and N bands. Another set of 331 well-characterized nearby AGNs shows the high potential of MATISSE for imaging and characterization of the dust torus in the N band under off-axis tracking on both Unit Telescopes and Auxiliary Telescopes.
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