Academic literature on the topic 'Budgeted costs and selling price'
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Journal articles on the topic "Budgeted costs and selling price"
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Savage, Philip, Sarah Mahmoud, Yogin Patel, and Hagop Kantarjian. "Cancer Drugs: An International Comparison of Postlicensing Price Inflation." Journal of Oncology Practice 13, no. 6 (June 2017): e538-e542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jop.2016.014431.
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Purpose: The cost of cancer drugs forms a rising proportion of health care budgets worldwide. A number of studies have examined international comparisons of initial cost, but there is little work on postlicensing price increases. To examine this, we compared cancer drug prices at initial sale and subsequent price inflation in the United States and United Kingdom and also reviewed relevant price control mechanisms. Methods: The 10 top-selling cancer drugs were selected, and their prices at initial launch and in 2015 were compared. Standard nondiscounted prices were obtained from the relevant annual copies of the RED BOOK and the British National Formulary. Results: At initial marketing, prices were on average 42% higher in the United States than in the United Kingdom. After licensing in the United States, all 10 drugs had price rises averaging an overall annual 8.8% (range, 1.4% to 24.1%) increase. In comparison, in the United Kingdom, six drugs had unchanged prices, two had decreased prices, and two had modest price increases. The overall annual increase in the United Kingdom was 0.24%. Conclusion: Cancer drug prices are rising substantially, both at their initial marketing price and, in the United States, at postlicensing prices. In the United Kingdom, the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme, an agreement between the government and the pharmaceutical industry, controls health care costs while allowing a return on investment and funds for research. The increasing costs of cancer drugs are approaching the limits of sustainability, and a similar government-industry agreement may allow stability for both health care provision and the pharmaceutical industry in the United States.
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Priya, G. Gayathri. "House Price Prediction using Machine Learning Techniques." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 3645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35831.
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The real estate market is one of the most price-driven, but it is still affected by volatility. This is one of the main uses of machine learning ideas to improve and predict costs with high precision. As housing prices are fluctuating, People are cautious when trying to buy a new house based on their budget and marketing strategy. The purpose of the paper is to forecast consistent home prices for non-owners based on their financial dispositions and aspirations. The paper involves predictions using various Regression techniques like linear regression, random forest regression, polynomial regression, robust regression, lasso regression, elastic net regression, stochastic gradient descent, svm regression, artificial neural network. On a data set, house price prediction has been done by combining all of the above-mentioned strategies to determine which is the most effective. The purpose of the paper is to assist the seller in accurately estimating the selling price of a house. Physical circumstances, and location, among other things, were all taken into account while determining the cost.
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Ajo, Antasalam. "DAMPAK KEBIJAKAN ANGGARAN PEMASARAN TERHADAP VOLUME PENJUALAN PRODUK MIE INSTAN PT INDOFOOD CBP SUKSES MAKMUR, TBK DI KOTA BAUBAU." Media Agribisnis 3, no. 1 (October 22, 2019): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35326/agribisnis.v3i1.438.
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This study aims to 1) analyze the influence of the marketing budget policy on the volume of product sales of instant noodles in the PT. Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur, Tbk in Baubau, 2) a portrait of the volume of product sales of instant noodles in the PT. Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur, Tbk in Baubau. In this study the research variables consisted of the dependent variable is the volume of sales, and independent variables consisting of distribution costs, advertising costs, costs outlets, and promotional costs. Apart from that necessary support is also variable: the number of workers, the number of receipts of goods, the amount of budget, schedule the use of budgets, types of sales activities, and the selling price. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis, and trend analysis of sales volume. The study produced several conclusions, among others, promotional costs, advertising costs, costs associated outlets and distribution costs and simultaneously positively and significantly influenced the partial volume of product sales of instant noodles in the PT. Indofood CBP Success prosperous, Tbk Baubau. Based on the value of elasticity, promotional expenses increased 1% then it will increase the sales volume of 0.004%, advertising expenses increased 1% then it will increase the sales volume of 0.002%, expenses increased 1% then the outlet will increase the sales volume of 0.001%, and distribution costs increased 1%, then will increase the sales volume of 0 001%. Volume sales of instant noodle products at PT. Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur, Tbk Baubau from 2010 to 2014 has increased by an average of 159.406 billion rupiahs per year while the year 2011 to 2015 the average sales volume will reach 197.315 billion rupiahs per year.
Keywords: marketing budget policies and trends in sales volume.
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Kaharti, Eni. "Evaluasi Prosedur Penyusunan Anggaran dan Penetapan Anggaran." Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi dan Keuangan 8, no. 2 (April 12, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32639/jiak.v8i2.293.
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This research aimed to identify the roles of budget as a means of planning, controlling, and decision making at a hotel company, namely VSSB. This research evaluated budgeting process using the guidelines of Anthony and Govindarajan (2011) and Nafarin (2013). Budgetary control was evaluated in two ways, namely: (1) evaluation of budget implementation, (2) evaluation of budget achievement. The evaluation of calculating cost of room sold is a basis for determining a selling price by giving discounts. Cost classification is required in deciding budget management (Supriyono, 1989). Costs are classified according to their purpose.
The results of this research indicated that the procedure for making budget in VSSB 2018 was normatively in compliance with budgeting procedure. GOP generated by VSSB could be classified as low budget (below 40%). In Seminyak Bali, VSSB was regarded as a leader in the hotel business based on hotel competitor report. The simulation of the basic room costs in VSSB was already proper so that giving discounts would not result in loss.
Keywords: budget, planning, controlling, decision making, cost classification, BEP analysis and CVP analysis.
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Boyarskaya, Tatiana Valerevna, and Elena Vladimirovna Derkach. "Inclusion of Ipragliflozin into the Vital and Essential Drugs List: Budget Impact Analysis." Medical Technologies. Assessment and Choice (Медицинские технологии. Оценка и выбор), no. 4 (38) (December 1, 2019): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31556/2219-0678.2019.38.4.055-061.
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The sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) do not only affect the blood glucose level, but also help to reduce body weight and blood pressure. Recently ipragliflozin, the new drug from the SGLT2i group has appeared on the Russian market. The aim of this study was to analyze the budget impact of including ipragliflozin into the vital and essential drugs (VED) list for treatment of type 2 DM in adults. Material and methods. Budget impact analysis was performed in a mathematical model. The modeling period was 5 years. The target population included adult patients with type 2 DM eligible for glucose-lowering therapy with SGLT2i. The number of patients during the modeling period was calculated based on the information about SGLT2i public procurement and the data from the Federal Register of DM (FRDM). The cost of ipragliflozin was calculated on the basis of the price planned for state registration if the drugis included into the VED list (2.118 rubles for 30 tablets, 50 mg each); costs of dapagliflozin and empagliflozin were equal to the registered maximum selling prices plus VAT and the weighted average maximum wholesale allowance in the Russian Federation. The sensitivity analysis was performed to the variability of prices and target population size. Results. The estimated number of patients treated with SGLT2i was 14.052 in the 1-st year and 47.392 in the 5-th year. The calculated difference in the cost of SGLT2i over 5 years between the current and the expected practice (if ipragliflozin is included into the VED list) was –3.02 million rubles (cost reduction by 0.06%). For the first year, costs decreased by 0.1 million rubles, or 0.02%. Conclusion. The inclusion of ipragliflozin into the VED list leads to a reduction in costs within the budget of the State guarantee program for free provision of medical care to citizens.
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ARKHANGELSKII, Yurii. "ON THE KEY CURRENT PROBLEMS OF UKRAINE." Economy of Ukraine 2019, no. 4 (May 3, 2019): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2019.04.082.
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Actual economic issues of current Ukraine’s economy are considered, namely: on subsidies to producers, budget deficit, custom duties, pricing, especially in the energy sector, ecology, and the achievements of structural adjustment. Dynamics of subsidies to manufacturers and subsidies’ distribution by industries is studied, and the formula for non-provision of subsidies to manufacturers is determined. In line with this, subsidies should not be provided to enterprises when the selling price of their products is lower than material costs (plus depreciation). Particular attention is paid to pricing issues in the power industry: application of uniform wholesale prices for purchased electricity from its manufacturers is justified. With the introduction of a uniform price, the rent for the hydro and nuclear power plants should be introduced and sent to the budget. The expediency of applying sharply increased tariffs for the “green” electricity is considered. The approach to the ecology should be balanced. It is hardly justified that the wholesale “green” tariff is almost 10 times higher than the similar tariff for hydroelectric power plants. The expediency of the transition to a deficit-free budget is shown. It is necessary to leave from the deficit budget; for doing this the author proposes to establish progressive rates of taxation of personal income (up to 50%, as in the EU). A brief analysis of the results of the restructuring of Ukraine’s economy, since 1992, is carried out and concluded that it is ineffective. It is necessary to strengthen the role of the state in coordinating the work of enterprises through the central ministries and departments headed by the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine, which should again be transformed into a renewed Gosplan (State Planning Committee). Given the theoretical inconsistency of the thesis that a monopoly can raise the price without following the law of supply and demand, it is advisable to eliminate the Anti-Monopoly Committee of Ukraine and the National Energy and Utilities Regulatory Commission of Ukraine, which are similar to the former State Price Committee in the Ukrainian SSR and determine the price for all – including the monopolists.
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Niri Antari, Putu Evi Henda, Ketut Budi Susrusa, and Ketut Suamba. "PENGARUH BIAYA BAURAN PROMOSI TERHADAP OMZET PENJUALAN USAHA AGRIBISNIS DI DENPASAR." JURNAL MANAJEMEN AGRIBISNIS (Journal Of Agribusiness Management) 7, no. 1 (May 3, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jma.2019.v07.i01.p6.
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Marketing requires more than just developing a good product, set an attractive price, offering an affordable prices, but also need to promote the product itself. The success of a marketing program also determined by promotion mix. This research aimed to analyzed the influence of promotion mix cost simultaneously, partially and the most dominantly variable toward the sales turnover of agribusiness company in Denpasar. The research method was used descriptive statistics. Through descriptive statistical analysis will be described and described characteristic table of respondents, while the influence of promotion mix cost to sales turnover using multiple linear regression analysed using the help of SPSS program version 22.0. Based on multiple linear analysis, the results of research showed promotion mix variables give simultaneous positive and significant effect toward the sales turnover p ? 0.05 with determination coefficient 0.575 or 57.5 %. Partially, all of five variables promotional mix showed that the cost of advertising, cost of personal selling, cost of sales promotion and cost of direct marketing give significant affect, while the variable cost of public relations showed insignificant results. The most dominant variable affecting the sales turnover is the cost of sales promotion with standardized beta coefficient point to 0.463. Suggestions that can be given by the author to agribusiness entrepreneurs in Denpasar in order to implement promotional mix cost policies that are appropriate in the future to be in accordance with the capabilities and budget owned by the company. The combination of the five components of the promotional mix costs is still carried out, but must pay attention and consider allocating funds efficiently into the promotional mix costs so that the company does not experience losses.
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Derkach, Elena. "Budget Impact Analysis of Inclusion in the Expensive Drugs List of Canakinumab for Treatment of Systemic Onset Juvenile Arthritis." Medical Technologies. Assessment and Choice (Медицинские технологии. Оценка и выбор), no. 1 (35) (May 1, 2019): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31556/2219-0678.2019.35.1.066-073.
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Introduction. In 2018 the Federal Order of 03.08.2018 No. 299-FO was adopted, whereby the provision of drugs for the treatment of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJA) was delegated to the federal level. Aim. In accordance with the requirements for the development of formularies of medicines, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 871, the budget impact analysis of inclusion in the expensive drugs list of canakinumab for the treatment of sJA was conducted. Material and methods. The drug costs were calculated based on the manufacture`s maximum selling price inclusive of all taxes and additional charges according to the legislation of the Russian Federation. Characteristics and the size of the target population of patients diagnosed with sJA were determined based on the data from different sources – clinical trials, registries, standards, of medical care, experts` judgment. The time horizon of the analysis is 1 year and 3 years. The sensitivity analysis was performed to test how results affected by changes in key assumptions such as drug price and size of the target population. Results. The budget impact analysis revealed that provision for the target population of canakinumab for the treatment of sJA does not require a significant increase in the programme budgeting of costly diseases. The insignificant increase is required for the programme budgeting equal to the amount of 1,588 billion per year, which is 4% less than the 2018 budget. Conclusions. Assurance of centralized purchasing of canakinumab from federal budget resources is in harmony with the financing capacity of costly diseases programme, extended from 2019, to cover canakinumab reimbursement for patients with sJA.
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McBride, Ali, and Daniel O. Persky. "Impact of Treatment Sequencing on Outcomes and Costs in Relapsed Follicular or Other Low Grade B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma - Results of an Evidence-Based Budget Impact Model." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-141748.
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Introduction: The choice of initial therapy in follicular lymphoma can be a key determinant in future therapy, as irreversible toxicities with first line regimens can impact the patient's ability to tolerate future treatment. Minimizing drug exposure will result in less frequent occurrence of significant adverse events and associated treatment costs. In the era of COVID-19 pandemic, there is additional benefit to minimizing the number of patient visits and hospital admissions. Limited information exists related to the outcomes and associated costs of existing treatment sequences. Additionally, treatment administration at different types of clinical sites results in varied reimbursement models, making informed evaluation of clinical and financial evidence challenging. Methods: The current study applies a budget impact model methodology in order to describe the associated impact of treatment selection and sequencing on outcomes and costs in the treatment of relapsed or refractory low-grade follicular lymphoma in first line therapy followed by Consolidation and also in first line therapy to second line therapy. Key model inputs included: Number of treatment cycles, number of days a treatment was received, duration of response (DOR), rate of side effects and associated costs, and total treatment costs, including drugs, medical treatment, laboratory testing and adverse event costs. Treatment outcomes were based on the published literature that summarized the overall response rate, median DOR, and toxicity. Treatment regimen costs were evaluated based on payer pricing, Wholesale Acquisition Cost (WAC), Average Selling Price (ASP) and Average Wholesale Price (AWP) and modified to adjust for weight-based dosing and negotiate payer reimbursement rates. Associated medical costs for medical treatment and supportive care were estimated using current Medicare fee schedule rates. Included were seven options for first line therapy of follicular lymphoma from 2020 NCCN Guidelines - (Bendamustine + rituximab (BR); Bendamustine + Obinutuzumab (OB); CHOP rituximab (RCHOP); CHOP + Obinutuzumab (OCHOP); CVP+ rituximab (RCVP); CVP + Obinutuzumab (OCVP); Lenalidomide + rituximab (R2)), followed by three for Consolidation (Rituximab maintenance (RM); Obinutuzumab maintenance (O); Radioimmunotherapy (RIT with 90 Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan (Y90-IT, Zevalin)) and three Second Line therapy options (RIT; Lenalidomide only; Lenalidomide + Obinutuzumab (LO)). Results: The treatment sequence of first line BR followed by Consolidation with RIT Y90 (Zevalin) had the longest predicted DOR (2586 days). The associated treatment sequence costs were $212,485 for BR followed by Y90-IT, compared with $233, 388 for BR followed by rituximab maintenance, which had a predicted DOR of 2478 days. The predicted DOR for treatment sequences starting with OCHOP, OCVP and RCHOP and followed by RIT with Y90-IT was approximately 1000 days less than BR followed by Y90-IT for a cost difference of $4,421, $12,914 and $25,826, respectively. The treatment sequence of first line BR followed by Second Line RIT Y90-IT had the second longest predicted DOR of 2586 days at costs of $212,485, compared to 2778 days for BR followed by LO, at a total sequence costs of $796,695. Conclusion: The use of Y90-IT in Consolidation or Second Line treatment demonstrated desired patient outcomes at one of the lowest cost profiles. Additionally, Y90-IT administration can be completed in only two clinic visits, reducing patient travel and contact, improving safety in an era of COVID-19 precautionary measures and reducing cost. Figure 1. Duration of Response and Total Sequence Costs for Twelve First Line to Consolidation and First Line to Second Line Treatment Regimens. Disclosures McBride: Merck: Speakers Bureau; Coherus BioSciences: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Consultancy; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy; MorphoSys: Consultancy; Sandoz: Consultancy.
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Rizzo, Marcella, and Filippo Mazzamuto. "La vendita diretta dei prodotti ortofrutticoli un'esperienza siciliana." ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, no. 1 (June 2009): 97–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2009-001007.
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- Fruits and fresh vegetables direct selling: case from a Sicilian experience A specific producer's organization based on cooperative governance system that operates in the Province of Catania, primarily in the citrus fruit sector, has promoted in the first part of nineties a network of retailer stores, located in the northeast of Italy and directly managed by the cooperative members. This network of agricultural 118 producers has subsequently involved an increasing number of cooperatives and points of sale, structuring a policy based on a supply of citrus fruit linked with others fresh vegetables. This phenomenon is still growing, taking advantage of several new laws (the "Orientation law", the reformed Commercial law, and the 2007 State Financial Budget law) that simplify administrative and fiscal regulation on selling procedures. This law innovation process has also created new rules to make retailing activity easy and favourable (especially from the fiscal point of view) to direct selling run by the agricultural entrepreneur. This research takes in to account the economic results of this particular retailing activity, through an exploratory investigation conducted during 2005 and 2006, which underlines the added-value, generated by this specific formula used as a marketing tool. Furthermore, through this study it is possible to put in evidence, from the strategic point of view, some relevant characteristic constitutional elements and strengths or weaknesses system of this Sicilian producer's organization model. The study results show the importance of an innovative organizational and managerial model for local agriculture, and how it is possible to compete in the market and guarantee sale flows and a interesting added-value level for the producers. The evidence of the study, concerning this specific network formula, introduces two different advantages. The first one is to protect agriculture and to guarantee the sale of the annual production, when there is a large volume of production. The second one is connected to the possibility of regulating sale flows and price level thanks to the extremely elastic structure of sales points, characterised by low investments and low fixed costs. Moreover, goods supply on command at sale points, enable a "just in time" shipment, optimizing logistics and goods collection in the company. The determination of the Unit Gross income obtained by the company production direct selling, has put in evidence the great amount of operative margins of the examined distributional channel. It has to be remarked that these margins can even increase if the company production gets integrated with associated organisations that are controlling complementary goods production. In other words, the recent law which encourages these integrations enable producers to increase their gainsJEL Code: Q13Key words: direct selling, citrus, organization, supply, value-added
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Budgeted costs and selling price"
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Zukalová, Kateřina. "Řízení developerského projektu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232830.
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Master’s thesis aims at understanding the process of planning and implementation of development project. It focuses in particular on the description and analysis of various stages of the project, especially in terms of their management and elimination of potential risks. The first part of the thesis deals mainly with theoretical introduction of the topic and definition of basic concepts and methods. The second part of the work is already trying to map a specific development project and to analyze its real progress. This section also proposed other possible approaches to addressing certain specific tasks within the individual phases and the elimination of potential risks that the project actually occurred, including the proposal of optimal process for managing development project.
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Carvalho, Francisco José Pereira de. "Os efeitos dos tributos indiretos sobre os materiais para a construção civil." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1474.
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Previous issue date: 2011-10-20This work relates to the theme "The Effects of Indirect Taxes in the Materials for Construction" and features literature that surrounds and underlies the PIS, COFINS, IPI and ICMS, in addition to legal changes that occurred in the period 2002 to 2010 and echoed in the cost calculations in the formation of the sale price and the collection of these taxes to state coffers. To measure the effects of these legal changes were made simulation calculations on costs and selling prices, accompanied by analysis of changes in these tax revenues to public coffers. As a result of these studies, simulations and analysis, it was shown that such changes, arising from government action, both from Sao Paulo State and Union, which now sought to increase consumption, with the reduction in tax rates, reducing costs and selling prices to consumers, either by increasing the tax burden was passed on to prices charged by manufacturers and traders, being transferred to consumers, resulted in virtually all cases, these taxes increase in revenues to state coffers. Changes in PIS (1) and COFINS (2), generated an increase in taxes, commodity prices and increased tax revenue of the Union The IPI (3), the rate reductions in 2006 and 2009, the Federal Government to stimulate consumption and fight global financial crisis, reduced costs and prices and provided increased tax revenue. About ICMS (4), we examined the effects caused by cuts in its rates in 2006 that caused a reduction in cost and sale price of building materials, whose effects were eliminated by the expansion of the tax substitution, which occurred since April 2008, which in addition to increasing costs and prices, has provided increased tax revenue from the tax
Este trabalho diz respeito ao tema Os Efeitos dos Tributos Indiretos sobre os Materiais para a Construção Civil e apresenta pesquisa bibliográfica que envolve e fundamenta o PIS, a COFINS, o IPI e o ICMS, além das alterações legais que ocorreram no período de 2002 a 2010 e que repercutiram nos cálculos dos custos, na formação do preço de venda e na arrecadação desses tributos aos cofres públicos. Para se medir os efeitos dessas alterações legais, foram feitas simulações de cálculos nos custos e nos preços de venda, acompanhadas de análises das variações nas arrecadações desses tributos aos cofres públicos. Como resultado dessas pesquisas, simulações e análises, foi visto que tais mudanças, originadas de medidas governamentais, tanto do Estado de São Paulo como da União, que ora buscaram intensificar o consumo, com a redução de alíquotas de tributos, diminuindo os custos e os preços de venda aos consumidores, ora aumentando a carga tributária que foi repassada aos preços praticados pelos fabricantes e comerciantes, sendo transferidas aos consumidores, acarretaram, praticamente, em todos os casos, aumento nas arrecadações desses tributos aos cofres públicos. As mudanças no PIS (1) e na COFINS (2) geraram aumento na carga tributária, nos preços das mercadorias e elevação na arrecadação da União. Quanto ao IPI (3), as reduções de alíquotas em 2006 e 2009 feitas pelo Governo Federal, para estimular o consumo e combater a crise financeira mundial, diminuíram os custos e preços e proporcionaram aumento na arrecadação. Sobre o ICMS (4), foram examinados os efeitos provocados pelas reduções de suas alíquotas em 2006, que ocasionaram redução no custo e no preço de venda dos materiais para construção, cujos efeitos foram eliminados pela ampliação do regime de Substituição Tributária, ocorrida desde abril de 2008, que além de elevar custos e preços, proporcionou, aumento na arrecadação desse imposto
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BERÁNKOVÁ, Jana. "Možnosti využití inseminace koz v ČR." Master's thesis, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-46595.
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The goal of this work is to determine necessary economic and organizational measures for introducing goat insemination in Czech Republic. As the current number of goats is 14 402 head, 23 044 doses are needed for their successful insemination. These doses would be produced from 14 brood billy-goats. Supposing investment costs to establish the insemination station, are estimated at 3 220 000CZK. The period to repay them would be 4 years and 340 days according to the assumed calculated prices of insemination doses. The distribution and sale of insemination doses would be arranged by breeding organizations under an agreement with the intended insemination station. The assumed selling price of 1 insemination dose to final customer could be 230,8 CZK during the 1st year. The price includes a fee of 100 CZK for the realisation of insemination.This price would be gradually reduced to 199 CZK (6th year).
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KECSEIOVÁ, Klára. "Efektivnost produkce vybraných konvenčních a ekologických farem v západních Čechách." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-54932.
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The aim of the work is to analyse the production efficiency of conventional and organic farms in the Western Bohemia. Based on the data of questionnaire investigation in 2009 I selected four farms from the Pilsen Region. Evaluative criteria were as follows: the total area under cultivation, farming system (conventional or organic), type of arable crops (especially wheat, oat, potatoes). The data were extracted from terrain investigation, telephone conversations, interview with farmers, yearbook of organic farming, situational review and forecast balance of Czech Statistical Office and Ministry of Agriculture. Supporting data were extracted from ÚZEI database. Crop yields, the costs of crops and selling price in recent 10 years were investigated. From the results it can be concluded, that crop yields in organic farming are lower than crop yields in conventional farming. The yields of wheat growing in organic farming are 40 % lower than in conventional farming. The yields of potatoes growing in organic farming are 40 % lower than in conventional farming and the yields of oat growing in organic farming are 30 % lower than in conventional farming. Production efficiency of chosen crops in organic farming is comparable to conventional farming due to higher redemption price and lower costs. In some organic farms the growing of chosen crops is even more profitable than in conventional farms. Structure of costs in organic farming is the most differential component comparable to conventional farming. It is because of different spending of fertilization and crop management practice.
Book chapters on the topic "Budgeted costs and selling price"
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Kuenne, Robert E. "Selling Costs and Cognitive Distancing." In Price and Nonprice Rivalry in Oligopoly, 328–88. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-50371-7_12.
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Yamazaki, Akira. "Monetary equilibrium with buying and selling price spread without transactions costs." In Advances in Mathematical Economics, 167–83. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68450-3_8.
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Goodin, Robert E. "Selling Environmental Indulgences." In Climate Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195399622.003.0023.
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According to a common and currently influential diagnosis, the environmental crisis has essentially economic roots. The problem is not just that there are too many people, or even that they are on average enjoying too high a standard of living. All that is true, too, of course. More fundamentally, however, problems of environmental despoliation are said to derive from skewed incentives facing agents as they pursue their various goals. For some things, people must pay full price. For others, they pay only partially or indirectly or belatedly. To an economist, it goes without saying that the lower the costs, the more people will consume of any particular commodity. Where some of the costs of their activities will be borne by others, agents looking only to their own balance sheets will overengage in those activities. Because some of the costs are “external” (which is to say, are borne by others, rather than themselves), agents will undertake more of those activities than they would have done had they been forced to pay their full costs. They will do more of them than is socially optimal, taking due account of costs and benefits to everyone concerned (Pigou 1932). Environmental despoliation poses problems of economic externalities of just that sort. Environmental inputs are typically “common property resources.” Clean air and water, fisheries, the ozone layer, the climate are everyone’s business—and no one’s. No one “owns” those things. There is no one with standing to sue you if you take them without paying; nor is there anyone you could pay for permission to impinge on them, even if you wanted to do so. That fact inevitably gives rise to a divergence between the full social costs created by your actions and the portion of those costs sheeted back to you as private costs, to be entered on your own ledger. It is, of course, only the latter sorts of costs to which economically rational agents can be expected to respond (Freeman et al. 1973; Fisher 1981; Pearce et al. 1989, esp. p. 5).
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Soni, Hardik N., and Ashaba Devrajsinh Chauhan. "Optimal Selling Price and Order Size for Non-Instantaneous Deteriorating Items With Generalized Price and Time-Dependent Demand and Partial Backlogging." In Handbook of Research on Promoting Business Process Improvement Through Inventory Control Techniques, 58–73. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3232-3.ch004.
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The problem of determining the optimal selling price and lot size for an inventory system with non-instantaneous deteriorating item is considered in this chapter. In order to provide general framework, the pricing and lot sizing problem is modeled assuming a general price and time dependent demand function. The model allows for backlogging of demand which is characterized by decreasing function of waiting time. As the problem involves revenue and costs, a natural objective function for the model is profit per period. First, the sub problem in which price is fixed is solved to determine the optimal inventory policy. To broaden the problem, a procedure is developed for obtaining the optimal selling price and order size. To investigate the characteristics of the proposed model, numerical illustrations are presented.
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Guchhait, Rekha, Sarla Pareek, and Biswajit Sarkar. "Application of Distribution-Free Approach in Integrated and Dual-Channel Supply Chain Under Buyback Contract." In Handbook of Research on Promoting Business Process Improvement Through Inventory Control Techniques, 388–426. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3232-3.ch021.
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Customer's aim is to obtain good quality products with less effort. Nowadays, the preference of online selling is very high compare to offline selling. A dual channel supply chain model is introduced to control the quality of products with more profit using buyback contract by reducing lost sale costs. Manufacturer sells product through retail and e-tail channel, i.e., by dual channel. Demand of products depends on e-tail price, retail price, demand sensitivity, advertisement of retail channel, service level of e-tail channel, and delivery cost e-tail channel. This delivery cost has inverse impact on demand of e-tail chain. This study finds the maximum profit for each case and compares results when advertisement and service level are not present in supply chain. The model is solved for centralized and decentralized ways for RC (retail channel) using Stackelberg game policy, EC (e-tail channel), and DC (dual channel). Numerical results give that the model obtains maximum profit at optimum point. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to test the effects of key parameters of the model.
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Yaghin, R. Ghasemy, S. M. T. Fatemi Ghomi, and S. A. Torabi. "Pricing and Lot-Sizing Decisions in Retail Industry." In Advances in Computational Intelligence and Robotics, 268–89. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4991-0.ch013.
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Analysis of inventory systems involving market-oriented pricing decisions has recently become an interesting topic in the field of inventory control. Price and marketing expenditure are considered as important elements when selling goods and enhancing revenues by manufacturers. The importance of accounting for uncertainty in such environments spurs an interest to develop appropriate decision making tools to deal with uncertain and ill-defined parameters (such as costs and market function) in joint pricing and lot-sizing problems. In this research, a fuzzy chance constraint multi-objective programming model based on p-fractile approach is proposed to determine the optimal price, marketing expenditure and lot size. Considering pricing, marketing and lot-sizing decisions simultaneously, a possibilistic programming based on necessity measure is considered to handle imprecise data and constraints. Discount strategy as a fuzzy power function of order quantity is determined. After applying appropriate strategies to defuzzify the original possibilistic model, the equivalent multi-objective crisp model is then transformed by a single-objective programming model. A meta-heuristic algorithm is applied to solve the final crisp counterpart.
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Mishin, Andrey, and Polina Kisarina. "Calendar Spread Hedging Mechanism for Mining Companies." In Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage, 1–12. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0361-4.ch001.
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This chapter attempts to answer the question of how much of its current production a mining company should hedge by forward selling by using a model that allows a company to determine the optimal (profit-maximising) hedge. The risk estimation model of company failure is based on the forward price of metals; the miner's operating costs is based on quantitative approach for mining companies. The chapter considers the transition to advanced digital, intelligent manufacturing technologies, robotic systems, the creation of systems for processing large amounts of data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. The model calculates the present value of future income distributed as dividends in order to determine the value of the company from the perspective of the owner or investor, a multiple of the current value of the product. By simulating the work of several companies working with different levels of forward, it is possible to determine the relative profitability and survival in the market that allows one to determine the optimal hedging ratio.
Conference papers on the topic "Budgeted costs and selling price"
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Pouralikhani, Hamed, Omid Tehranian, and Abolfazl Mirzazadeh. "Determining optimal selling price and the economic order quantity comparing crisp and fuzzy number costs." In 2016 12th International Conference on Industrial Engineering (ICIE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/induseng.2016.7519354.
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Yaïci, Wahiba, and Michela Longo. "Feasibility Analysis of Refuelling Infrastructure for Compressed Renewable Natural Gas Long-Haul Heavy-Duty Trucks in Canada." In ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2021-62478.
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Abstract With environmental concerns and limited natural resources, there is a need for cleaner sources of energy in the transportation sector. Renewable natural gas (RNG) is being considered as a potential fuel for heavy-duty applications due to its comparable usage to diesel and gasoline in vehicles. The idea of compressed RNG vehicles is being proposed especially because it will potentially significantly reduce harmful emissions into the environment. This initiative is taken in order to decrease vehicle emissions and support Canada’s commitments to the climate plans reinforcing active transportation infrastructure, in concert with new transit infrastructure, and zero emission vehicles. This study examines the feasibility of implementing a nationwide network of compressed RNG refuelling infrastructure in order to accommodate a conversion of Canada’s long-haul, heavy-duty truck fleet from diesel fuel to RNG. Two methods, Constant Traffic and Variable Traffic, along with data about compressed RNG infrastructure and vehicles, were developed and used to predict fuelling requirements for Canada’s long-haul, heavy-duty truck fleet. Then, a detailed economic analysis was conducted on various test cases to estimate how different variables impact the final selling price of RNG. This provided insight with the understanding of what factors go into pricing RNG and if it can compete against diesel in the trucking market. Results disclosed that the cost to purchase RNG is the greatest factor in the final selling price of compressed RNG. Due to the variability in RNG production however, there is no precise cost, which makes predictions difficult. However, results revealed that it is possible for compressed RNG to be competitive with diesel, with the mean compressed RNG price being 16.5% cheaper than diesel, before being taxed. Future studies should focus on the feasibility of the production of RNG and the associated costs, with emphasis on the Canadian landscape. An in-depth analysis on operational and maintenance costs for compressed RNG refuelling stations may also provide predictions that are more accurate.
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Alexandrescu, Aurora C., Simona Adina O. Alexandrescu, and Constantin Adrian O. Alexandrescu. "Contributions Concerning the Power Optimization of the Pumping Stations." In ASME 2008 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the Heat Transfer, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2008-55007.
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Profitability of water distribution activity depends largely on the relationships between operational capability and service costs, related to supplier’s performance, volume of distributed water and effective operating costs. The main variables that influence the total selling price are required investment value, specific consumption of electrical energy for pumping power, unit price of the electrical energy and total volume of monthly consumed water billed. The selection of rehabilitation and modernization measures must rely on market studies results that appropriately establish the quantities of water that may be distributed and billed. Present and future water requirements will be determined based on the analysis of actual operation data and on estimation of future trends in water consumption on national and international levels. The optimization calculation will use two target functions: total maximum efficiency and total electric power consumption required for transport of each cubic meter of supplied water, and cubic meter of sewage water, respectively. The mathematical methods may be improved by taking into account all active consumers in the network with simultaneous water requirements, at each moment of the day. Using several original mathematical algorithms, authors developed a computer program that calculates the functional parameters of the ensemble pumping station – hydrophore – pipe distribution network, as well as the available consumer parameters. This may be accomplished at each moment in time, depending on the number of active consumers simultaneously connected to the supply network, in the hypothesis of a minimum price of cubic meter of pumped water. This paper proposes a solution of the problem of reducing production costs for supplied domestic water, which directly affects the reduction of the electric power consumption.
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Steele, Robert, Peter Baldwin, and James Kesseli. "Insertion of Shock Wave Compression Technology Into Micro Turbines for Increased Efficiency and Reduced Costs." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68203.
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The following analysis is presented to serve as a preliminary design guide for micro turbine engine designers to consider the potential advantages of incorporating the Rampressor into their recuperated engine designs. It is shown that the increase in compressor efficiency and the shift in optimum pressure will increase the efficiency of the engine and lower the recuperator inlet temperature and specific cost. This also provides the opportunity to increase the turbine inlet temperature and specific power without incorporating more costly air-cooled metal or ceramic components into the turbine design. Ramgen Power Systems, Inc. (RPS) is developing a family of high performance supersonic compressor designs that combine many of the aspects of shock compression systems, commonly used in supersonic flight inlet design, with turbo-machinery design practices employed in conventional axial and centrifugal compressor design. The result is a high efficiency compressor that is capable of single stage pressure ratios in excess of those available in existing axial or centrifugal compressor designs. This technology provides a tremendous opportunity for replacement and/or de-staging of multi-stage centrifugal or axial compressors in gas turbines for greater efficiency, less cost, fewer parts, lower weight, and reduced footprint. A conceptual single-stage supersonic compressor has been defined for integration with a micro turbine in the 200 to 500 kWe class. This configuration offers the potential to achieve the DOE Advanced Micro Turbine Systems goals of greater than 40% LHV electric efficiency and $500 per kWe package selling price.
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Cohen, Stuart M., Gary T. Rochelle, and Michael E. Webber. "Turning CO2 Capture On and Off in Response to Electric Grid Demand: A Baseline Analysis of Emissions and Economics." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54296.
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Coal consumption accounted for 36% of America’s CO2 emissions in 2005, yet because coal is a relatively inexpensive, widely available, and politically secure fuel, its use is projected to grow in the coming decades [1]. In order for coal to contribute to the U.S. energy mix without detriment to an environmentally acceptable future, implementation of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology is critical. Techno-economic studies of CCS have demonstrated its large expense due to substantial energy requirements and capital costs. However, such analyses typically calculate cost indicators using static plant performance parameters that are assumed to be constant over plant lifetime. That is, CO2 capture systems are generally assumed to capture a constant percentage of CO2 from power plant flue gas and consume a particular amount of plant gross generation capacity. Such studies do not consider dynamic plant operation that may result from diurnal and seasonal variations in electricity supply and demand, nor do they capture the economic desire to minimize CO2 emissions costs while maximizing profits by selling electricity at high price times. In this study, CO2 capture systems are analyzed in a grid level dynamic framework by considering the possibility of turning capture systems off during peak system load to regain generation capacity lost to the energy requirement of CO2 capture. This practice eliminates the costs of building additional generation capacity to make up for CO2 capture energy requirements, and it allows plant operators to benefit from selling more electricity during high price time periods. Dynamic CO2 capture operation is particularly suited to post-combustion (PC) CO2 absorption, a leading capture technology that, unlike other capture methods, offers the ability for flexible or on/off operation. This paper presents a case study on the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) electric grid of baseline cost and CO2 emissions estimates associated with different strategies of using on/off CO2 capture operation to satisfy peak electricity demand. It compares base cases of no CO2 capture and “always on” capture with scenarios where capture is turned off during: 1) peak load hours every day of the year, 2) days of the year of system peak load, and 3) system peak load hours only on seasonal peak load days. The study considers the implications of installing PC CO2 capture on all coal-fired plants in the ERCOT grid to better understand if on/off operation is desirable and which operational strategy may be the most economically viable under a policy of constrained CO2 emissions.
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Cohn, Arthur, Shelton Ehrlich, Joseph Darguzas, and Edwin Giermac. "Compressed Air Storage With Humidification: An Economic Analysis." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-328.
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A large, 530 MW, Compressed Air Storage with Humidification (CASH) cycle was configured as an energy-storage plant utilizing as the low pressure expander the turbine of the Siemens-Westinghouse W 501F2 with a firing temperature of about 2400°F (1315C) and a 1600°F (870C) high pressure Dresser turbine. A selling price for electricity was developed for this CASH plant and compared with that for power produced by simple and combined cycle power plants of similar size. At 90°F ambient, where cycling power is most necessary, the specific capital cost of the CASH plant was calculated to be 405 $/kW while the simple and combined cycle were 403 and 489 $/kW respectively. The CASH plant has a much lower incremental cost than does the simple cycle. These factors result in the CASH plant having lower overall costs than the simple cycle for operation of over about 400 hr/yr. and lower than the combined cycle for operation of less than about 4000 hr/yr.
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Pina, Eduardo Antonio, and Marcelo Modesto. "Proposals to Maximize Electricity Generation From Sugar Cane in Brazil." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20132.
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Brazil’s sugarcane industry has been characterized by low efficiency in energy production as it consumes large amounts of bagasse as fuel in its cogeneration system, considering its low price and abundance. The possibility of selling surplus electricity to the grid has motivated investments in improvements, such as reduction of steam demand by means of process thermal integration and double distillation systems, and employment of condensing instead of back pressure steam turbines. Four different cogeneration systems were analyzed in this work: two traditional Rankine Cycles, the first presenting back pressure steam turbine and the second featuring condensing steam turbine configuration; a BIGCC (Biomass Gasification Combined Cycle) and an altered model of the BIGCC, comprised by an extra gas turbine set operating with ethanol. Thermoeconomic analyses determining exergy based costs of electricity and ethanol for all cases were carried out. The main objective of this work is to assess the proposal to maximize electricity production from the sugarcane industry in Brazil.
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Elgowainy, Amgad, Marianne Mintz, Bruce Kelly, Matthew Hooks, and Mark Paster. "Optimization of Compression and Storage Requirements at Hydrogen Refueling Stations." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61638.
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The transition to hydrogen-powered vehicles requires detailed technical and economic analyses of all aspects of hydrogen infrastructure, including refueling stations. The cost of such stations is a major contributor to the delivered cost of hydrogen. Hydrogen refueling stations require not only dispensers to transfer fuel onto a vehicle, but also an array of such ancillary equipment as a cascade charging system, storage vessels, compressors and/or pumps/evaporators. This paper provides detailed information on design requirements for gaseous and liquid hydrogen refueling stations and their associated capital and operating costs, which in turn impact hydrogen selling price at various levels of hydrogen demand. It summarizes an engineering economics approach which captures the effect of variations in station size, seasonal, daily and hourly demand, and alternative dispensing rates and pressures on station cost. Tradeoffs in the capacity of refueling station compressors, storage vessels, and the cascade charging system result in many possible configurations for the station. Total costs can be minimized by optimizing that configuration. Using a methodology to iterate among the costs of compression, storage and cascade charging, it was found that the optimum hourly capacity of the compressor is approximately twice the station’s average hourly demand, and the optimum capacity of the cascade charging system is approximately 15% of the station’s average daily demand. Further, for an hourly demand profile typical of today’s gasoline stations, onsite hydrogen storage equivalent to at least 1/3 of the station’s average daily demand is needed to accommodate peak demand.
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McIlveen-Wright, D. R., J. T. McMullan, and D. J. Guiney. "Some CHP Options for Wood-Fired Fuel Cells." In ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58023.
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The possibility of integrating biomass gasifiers with fuel cells has already been explored and shown to offer a method for using renewable energy to generate electricity at a small scale. A preliminary study of applying such a system for use in an isolated community and for several selected buildings has been made and the results of these studies reported earlier. In this study wood gasification integrated with fuel cell (WGIFC) systems in CHP configurations for five building systems with different energy demand profiles, are assessed. These are a hospital, a hotel, a leisure centre, a multi-residential community and a university hall of residence. Heat and electricity use profiles for typical examples of these buildings were obtained and the WGIFC system scaled to the power demand. Detailed technical, environmental and economic analyses of each version are made, using the ECLIPSE process simulation package. Various factors influencing the economic viability of each application are examined and a sensitivity analysis for each system produced. The WGIFC system was modelled for two different types of fuel cell, the Molten Carbonate and the Phosphoric Acid. In each case an oxygen-fired gasification system is proposed, in order to eliminate the need for a methane reformer. Technical, environmental and economic analyses of each version were made, using ECLIPSE. Since fuel cell lifetimes are not yet precisely known, economics for a range of fuel cell lifetimes have been produced. While the wood-fired Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (WFPAFC) system was found to have low electrical efficiency (13–16%), the wood-fired Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (WFMCFC) system was found to be quite efficient for electricity generation (24 to 27%). Much of the waste heat could be recovered for the WFPAFC, so that the overall efficiency was 64 to 67%, and some waste heat, but potentially of higher grade, could be recovered by the WFMCFC to give an overall energy efficiency of 60 to 63%. The capital costs of both systems are still expected to be very high, but the examination of wood fuel prices, fuel cell costs, fuel cell lifetime and waste heat selling prices on the break-even selling price for electricity, as well as comparative sensitivity analyses, can help identify which other factors would have the main impacts on the system economics.
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Yaïci, Wahiba, and Michela Longo. "Feasibility Study of Refuelling Infrastructure for Compressed Hydrogen Gas Long-Haul Heavy-Duty Trucks in Canada." In ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2021-62480.
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Abstract In view of serious environmental problems occurring around the world and in particular climate change caused significantly by dangerous CO2 emissions into the biosphere in the developmental process, it has become imperative to identify alternative and cleaner sources of energy. It is now indisputable that there cannot be sustained development or meaningful growth without a commitment to preserve the environment. Compressed hydrogen is being considered as a potential fuel for heavy-duty applications because it will possibly substantially reduce toxic greenhouse gas emissions. The cost of hydrogen will be a main element in the acceptance of compressed hydrogen internal combustion vehicles in the marketplace since of its effect on the levelized cost of driving. The cost of hydrogen at the pump is determined by its production cost, which is mainly a function of the feedstock and process utilised, the distribution cost and the refuelling station cost. This paper investigates the feasibility of implementing a nationwide network of hydrogen refuelling infrastructure in order to accommodate a conversion of Canada’s long-haul, heavy-duty truck fleet from diesel fuel to hydrogen. This initiative is taken in order to reduce vehicle emissions and support Canada’s commitments to the climate plans supporting active transportation infrastructure, together with new transit infrastructure, and zero emission vehicles. Two methods, Constant Traffic and Variable Traffic, along with data about hydrogen infrastructure and vehicles, were developed to estimate fuelling requirements for Canada’s long-haul, heavy-duty truck fleet. Furthermore, a thorough economic study was conducted on various test cases to evaluate how diverse variables affects the final selling price of hydrogen. This provided insight with the understanding of what factors go into pricing hydrogen and if it can compete against diesel in the trucking market. Results revealed that the cost to purchase hydrogen is the greatest factor in the pump price of hydrogen. Due to the variability in hydrogen production, however, there is no precise cost, which makes predictions difficult. Moreover, it was found that the pump price of hydrogen is, on average, 239% more expensive than diesel fuel. Future work should concentrate on the costs and logistics of high-capacity hydrogen refuelling stations, which is required to deliver fuel to a fleet of long-haul, heavy-duty trucks. A breakdown of hydrogen production costs, with regard to the Canadian landscape and the requirements of a long-haul, heavy-duty truck fleet, may possibly give further accurate predictions of those made in this study.