Journal articles: 'Buganda Kingdom'

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Englebert, Pierre. "Born-again Buganda or the limits of traditional resurgence in Africa." Journal of Modern African Studies 40, no. 3 (September 2002): 345–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x02003956.

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Since the restoration of traditional leaders in Uganda in 1993, the Kingdom of Buganda has developed unusually effective institutions, financing mechanisms and policy tools, re-building itself as a quasi-state. The reinforcement of Buganda's empirical statehood provides one of the farthest-reaching examples of the current trend of traditional resurgence in African politics and to some extent supports claims for the participation of traditional structures in contemporary political systems. Yet, the Buganda experiment also highlights the limits of traditional resurgence as a mode of reconfiguration of politics in Africa. First, it is unclear how the kingdom can maintain the momentum of its revival and the allegiance of its subjects in view of its fiscal pressure on the latter and the limited material benefits it provides to them. Already the monarchists are finding it difficult to translate the king's symbolic appeal into actual mobilisation for development, shedding doubts on one of the main justifications for the kingdom's rebirth. Second, Buganda's claims to political participation clash with the competing notion of sovereignty of the post-colonial state. These limits are likely to confront other similar experiments across the continent.

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EARLE, JONATHON L. "DREAMS AND POLITICAL IMAGINATION IN COLONIAL BUGANDA." Journal of African History 58, no. 1 (February 8, 2017): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853716000694.

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AbstractThis article explores the intellectual history of dreaming practices in the eastern African kingdom of Buganda. Whereas Muslim dissenters used their dreams to challenge colonial authority following the kingdom's late nineteenth-century religious wars, political historians such as Apolo Kaggwa removed the political practice of dreaming from Buganda's official histories to deplete the visionary archives from which dissenters continued to draw. Kaggwa's strategy, though, could only be pressed so far. Recently unearthed vernacular sources show that Christian activists, such as Erieza Bwete and Eridadi Mulira, continued to marshal their dreams and literacy to imagine competing visions of Buganda's colonial monarchy. Earlier scholars had argued that modernity and literacy would displace the political function of dreams. This article, by contrast, proposes that sleeping visions took on new, more complicated meanings throughout the twentieth century. Literacy offered new technologies to expound upon the political implications of dreams and a vast repository of symbols to enrich interpretative performances.

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Kasfir, Nelson. "The restoration of the Buganda Kingdom Government 1986–2014: culture, contingencies, constraints." Journal of Modern African Studies 57, no. 4 (December 2019): 519–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x1900048x.

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ABSTRACTThe restoration of the Kabaka of Buganda a quarter century after its abolition was the unexpected and contested product of different views of Ganda social structure that had emerged over several centuries. Competing groups, despite acting on contradictory cultural principles, overcame the suspicion of a newly empowered central government. Selective recall of cultural norms and adroit organisational tactics of the individuals who recreated the Buganda Kingdom Government allowed them to surpass their rivals and become the main Ganda interlocutors with the central government. They persuaded the central government to restore the king, though not the kingdom. The compromise they struck permitted the king to be cultural, but not political. Not only did that raise further questions about the meaning of Ganda culture, it constrained the Buganda Kingdom Government's ability to promote Ganda interests with the central government and on occasion reduced its support from the Ganda public in the years following restoration.

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Hirata, Koji. "The Land System of the Buganda Kingdom." Journal of African Studies 1999, no. 55 (1999): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.1999.55_67.

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Nott, John. "Malnutrition in a Modernising Economy: The Changing Aetiology and Epidemiology of Malnutrition in an African Kingdom, Buganda c.1940–73." Medical History 60, no. 2 (March 14, 2016): 229–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2016.5.

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The ecological fecundity of the northern shore of Lake Victoria was vital to Buganda’s dominance of the interlacustrine region during the pre-colonial period. Despite this, protein-energy malnutrition was notoriously common throughout the twentieth century. This paper charts changes in nutritional illness in a relatively wealthy, food-secure area of Africa during a time of vast social, economic and medical change. In Buganda at least, it appears that both the causation and epidemiology of malnutrition moved away from the endemic societal causes described by early colonial doctors and became instead more defined by individual position within a rapidly modernising economy.

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Tuck, Michael W., and John A. Rowe. "Phoenix from the Ashes: Rediscovery of the Lost Lukiiko Archives." History in Africa 32 (2005): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2005.0025.

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On 24 May 1966 the 500-year-old kingdom of Buganda came to an end. That was the day that Prime Minister Obote sent Colonel Idi Amin to attack the Mengo palace of Kabaka Frederick Mutesa, who was also the President of Uganda. A 120-man bodyguard defended the Kabaka; Amin had automatic and heavy weapons. Nevertheless, Obote was much annoyed that the palace held out against Amin's troops. An audience watched the battle from nearby hilltops, where expatriates and others brought out folding chairs, until a mid-afternoon thunderstorm sent everyone scurrying for cover. The Kabaka used this interruption to scale the rear wall of Mengo palace, where he hailed a passing taxicab and set off for Burundi and ultimately exile in London. Obote divided Buganda into two separate districts (East Mengo and West Mengo), promoted Amin, and gave him the palace as a barracks for his “paratroop” battalion, and more importantly also gave him Buganda's legislative hall—the Bulange—to become Amin's national military headquarters.The casualties in the “battle of Mengo” were certainly few in number compared to the destruction Amin would wreak after his coup in 1971. But one invisible casualty of the Bulange occupation was especially significant for historians. The Bulange was not only the seat of the Lukiiko, the Ganda legislature, it was also the storage building for the Buganda government archives, which went back to the 1890s, and were still well organized anu maintained in 1956-58 when Peter Gutkind made use of them for his doctoral research. By 1963 storage space was becoming scarce when Rowe made several visits to Shaykh Ali Kulumba, the Speaker of the Lukiiko. Shaykh Kulumba opened up cupboards and closets packed with archival folders from floor to ceiling. Clearly the archives were still being preserved, but organization and access had suffered. Three years later, when Amin occupied the Bulange, he simply destroyed the entire archive—the historical record of sixty years of Buganda government ceased to exist.

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HANSON, HOLLY. "MAPPING CONFLICT: HETERARCHY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE ANCIENT CAPITAL OF BUGANDA." Journal of African History 50, no. 2 (July 2009): 179–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853709990065.

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AbstractMultiple, overlapping, and competing forms of authority contributed to the highly centralized Buganda kingdom. Their enduring salience, commonly considered characteristic of heterarchy, challenges our understanding of the early history of the kingdom. A map that specifies the location of 292 chiefs and authority figures in the capital reveals not only the critical importance of multiple forms of authority but also the development of those forms over several centuries. The allocation of space in the capital and other historical sources indicate that compromise and co-optation characterized the practice of power in the ancient kingdom: the king was surrounded, literally and figuratively, by others who curbed his authority.

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Twaddle, Michael. "The Emergence of Politico-Religious Groupings in Late Nineteenth-Century Buganda." Journal of African History 29, no. 1 (March 1988): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700036008.

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This article reconsiders the emergence of politico-religious groupings in the kingdom of Buganda in the late nineteenth century, in the light of historical writings and research since 1952. It accepts J. M. Waliggo's view that the Christian martyrdoms of the mid-1880s need to be taken seriously by secular historians as an influence upon later Christian fanaticism. However, the link to later fanaticism was only politically established during the course of the Ganda succession war of 1888–90, when Kalema's establishment of an Islamic state in Buganda prompted the creation of rival Protestant and Roman Catholic politico-religious groupings. The present writer therefore accepts the stress upon the strategic importance of the Ganda Christian martyrs in Roland Oliver's pioneering study of The Missionary Factor in East Africa but questions the view of Oliver (and subsequent historians) that European missionaries were primarily responsible for the emergence of political competition between Anglican and Roman Catholic Christians in Buganda. Nonetheless, when politico-religious groupings did emerge in the kingdom during the succession war of 1888–90, both C.M.S. missionaries and the White Fathers were most important in ensuring that the two rival politico-religious groupings did not abort themselves as a result of Ganda Christian chiefs indulging in inter-personal strife along other lines of cleavage. That, however, is largely a later story, to which Oliver's Missionary Factor still serves as the essential introduction.

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Pier, David G. "Tuning the Kingdom: Kawuugulu Musical Performance, Politics, and Storytelling in Buganda." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 53, no. 2 (April 14, 2019): 382–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2019.1586352.

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Goist, Mitchell, and Florian G. Kern. "Traditional institutions and social cooperation: Experimental evidence from the Buganda Kingdom." Research & Politics 5, no. 1 (January 2018): 205316801775392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168017753925.

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Recent studies show that traditional institutions and their representatives—such as chiefs or elders—are influential political forces in Sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere. In this paper, we explore the causal mechanism through which traditional institutions increase cooperation and mobilization. We employ a lab-in-the-field experiment using modified public goods games involving the Buganda Kingdom of Uganda. We incorporate references to traditional authority to measure whether participants contribute more when traditional institutions are involved. We explicate and test two possible mechanisms through which traditional institutions might affect cooperation and mobilization: a horizontal mechanism driven by peer-to-peer effects; and a vertical mechanism driven by access to social hierarchies. We find evidence for the latter. This suggests that traditional institutions increase cooperation, because individuals expect that their cooperation and investment will be rewarded by traditional social elites.

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Tugume, Hassan Lubowa. "The Prospects of Integrating Traditional Religion and Orthodox Psychiatric Healing Methods Among the Baganda of Uganda." East African Journal of Traditions, Culture and Religion 3, no. 1 (June 15, 2021): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajtcr.3.1.345.

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The main objective of this study is to analyse the possibility of integrating traditional psychiatric healing methods among the Baganda into Orthodox healing practices. The debate was influenced by the resistance of some ailments to the orthodox medication and the proven efficacy of traditional healing processes in the treatment of some complications. This paper has singled out psychiatric complications. In Uganda, the ambience of psychiatric victims on the streets of Kampala and towns has raised concern about the efficiency of the psychiatric hospital at Butabika in Kampala. The primary data were obtained through interviews and questionnaires through a survey in five counties of Buganda kingdom. On the other hand, secondary data were obtained through a review and synthesis of relevant literature on Buganda, psychiatric healing, religion and African culture. The empirical analysis was done through descriptive analysis using analytical and critical tools. This paper established that the need for alternative approaches to psychiatric cases led to new interest in traditional healing which has shown some positive responses. Consequently, traditional practitioners under their association of native healers have availed themselves the opportunity of this debate to call for recognition as partners in the provision of effective and affordable health care. This paper explored the traditional psychiatric healing process in Buganda, Uganda by analysing the various concepts, perspectives and dimensions and argued for the integration of traditional methods with modern ones.

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REID, RICHARD. "THE GANDA ON LAKE VICTORIA: A NINETEENTH- CENTURY EAST AFRICAN IMPERIALISM." Journal of African History 39, no. 3 (November 1998): 349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853798007270.

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The examination of the growth of canoe transport in Buganda in the nineteenth century is an aspect of the kingdom's history that has received little serious consideration to date. This paper focuses on the ways in which the canoe fleet, especially from the 1840s, was systematically developed and utilized in the extension of Ganda power and influence in the Lake Victoria region. The need to protect and promote commerce was one of the driving forces behind Buganda's diplomatic, military and technological policies in the second half of the nineteenth century. This was consistent with objectives of the kingdom that had endured since around the middle of the sixteenth century, although the scale of these objectives had expanded along with the kingdom's horizons. Yet recognition of this basic continuity should not detract from our appreciation of the degree to which the Ganda innovated to meet the challenges of long-distance trade, as well as the challenges to their control of the external environment. The presence of Ganda at Tabora, on the southern shore of Lake Victoria, and even at Zanzibar itself is indicative of the alacrity with which Kabaka Suna (c. 1830–56) and Kabaka Mutesa (1856–84) seized their opportunities and attempted to secure conditions perceived to be favourable to the ‘national interest’ far beyond territorial borders. Yet Ganda also failed to realize the full military potential of their canoes. Despite their considerable efforts, the success of the naval endeavour was never without qualifications, and it is one of the primary aims of this paper to analyze these deficiencies.

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Stonehouse, Aidan. "The Bakooki in Buganda: identity and assimilation on the peripheries of a Ugandan kingdom." Journal of Eastern African Studies 6, no. 3 (August 2012): 527–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2012.696904.

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REID, RICHARD. "NATIONHOOD, POWER AND HISTORY: UNFINISHED BUSINESS AND THE LONGUE DURÉE IN UGANDA Governing Uganda: British Colonial Rule and its Legacy. By GARDNER THOMPSON. Kampala: Fountain Publishers, 2003. Pp. x+366. £22.95, paperback (ISBN 9970-02-394-2). Landed Obligation: The Practice of Power in Buganda. By HOLLY ELISABETH HANSON. Portsmouth NH: Heinemann, 2003. Pp. xxii+264. No price given (ISBN 0-325-07037-7); $26.95, paperback (ISBN 0-325-07036-9)." Journal of African History 46, no. 2 (July 2005): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853704009958.

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The appearance of these two books marks the continuation of what has been a veritable resurgence of interest in Ugandan history in the last decade or so, facilitated in part by the relative stability provided by Yoweri Museveni's presidency. The renaissance dates to the early and mid-1990s: while scholars of a more senior generation published work which seemed to encapsulate several decades' thinking on the region – Christopher Wrigley and Jean-Pierre Chrétien foremost among them – a new generation turned its attention to Uganda in a manner that had not been possible since the 1960s. A number of doctoral theses produced by European and North American scholars during the 1990s have progressed into monograph form or given rise to flurries of articles. Holly Hanson's book is part of that wave; Gardner Thompson's research was undertaken a little earlier, but the Ph.D. thesis that forms the basis of his book was completed at the beginning of the 1990s. While not all of this work has been concerned with Buganda, it is clear that the kingdom continues to loom large in the scholarly imagination. The centrality of Buganda in Ugandan history is a theme which has linked together much of the work of the last decade, in terms of the nature of the precolonial kingdom, its relationship with the British and its role in the protectorate, and later independent nation, of Uganda. Other critical issues have been raised, too, such as the need to revisit both the precolonial and the colonial pasts, and discontinuity, in terms of understanding the degree to which the colonial ‘moment’ was as disruptive as it was transitory.

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Yoder, John. "The Quest for Kintu and the Search for Peace: Mythology and Morality in Nineteenth-Century Buganda." History in Africa 15 (1988): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171868.

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While Africa has produced ruthless and aggressive individuals, Africa has also provided thinkers and public officials with deep moral sensitivity and vision. The following essay discusses a perceptive and powerful African plea for peace and justice in nineteenth-century Buganda. In a country torn by strife, certain Ganda leaders expressed their deep distress about the growing incidence of state violence by reformulating the Kintu myth, the theological, constitutional, and social cornerstone of their kingdom. These concerned individuals boldly reshaped the Kintu story, the Ganda people's most sacred symbol, to describe the tension between peace and violence as the most important issue in Ganda politics.

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Rowe, John A. "Erieza Kintu's Sulutani Anatoloka: A Nineteenth-Century Historical Memoir From Buganda." History in Africa 20 (1993): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171977.

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An 85-year-old villager named Erieza Kintu died at Kabubu in the county of Bulemezi, kingdom of Buganda, sometime in 1965. His passing was virtually unnoticed, except by relatives and a few neighbors. Through my research trips between 1962 and 1964 had on several occasions brought me to within a few miles of his house, I never met Kintu. Yet he is one of my best sources for the history of Buganda in the 1890s. Indeed, his memory of the so called “rebellion” by Kabaka Mwanga against the British in 1897 is the single best source I know, particularly valuable as an “insider” eyewitness participant. Even more importantly, unlike the earlier “official” histories of Mwanga's uprising, Kintu's view is from the point of the losers in the conflict—those who had resisted the new order of Christianity, private land tenure, and protectorate status within the British empire.As so often happens with the vanquished, their history was suppressed by the victors, who—through the control of schooling and the printing press— ensured that only their own version of the conflict would become history. Yet somehow, at the age of almost seventy years the non-literate Erieza Kintu managed to dictate his oral memoirs to the manager of the Baganda Cooperative Society Press, and the result was Sulutani Anatoloka, a printed pamphlet that went on sale in Kampala priced one shilling a copy. After a few days no doubt the small edition was sold out and disappeared from view. Fortunately, one copy wound up in the hands of a prominent anthropologist from the University of Chicago, Lloyd Fallers, who was director of the East African Institute of Social Research at Makerere University in the early 1950s. Years later, when Fallers returned to Chicago, he brought back the pamphlet and offered me a photocopy, which I translated from Luganda into English in 1964. At that time I knew nothing about the author, except what was printed in his memoir covering the years from 1892 to 1899, nor did I know the circumstances surrounding the publication, or even the date when it had been printed. So here was a mysterious, unique, and potentially invaluable historical source—if only one could investigate its provenance.

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Dennison, David Brian. "The Resonance of Colonial Era Customary Codes in Contemporary Uganda." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 22 (December 12, 2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2019/v22i0a7587.

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Colonial era codifications of customary law – especially those codified in indigenous first languages – have a resilient capacity to form and inform living customary law. In the context of Mukono District, Uganda, modern conceptions of customary law are informed and shaped by colonial era codifications promulgated by the British Protectorate and the Kingdom of Buganda. This research insight offers practical benefits to those seeking to promote access to justice and human rights development in Mukono District. Such benefits speak to the potential vitality and relevance of colonial era customary codifications. Misgivings about the alien influences and exploitative purposes that distorted and corrupted colonial era codes do not warrant disregard of their active legacy within modern customary legal frameworks. The use of receptive research approaches such as those developed and modelled by Sally Falk Moore can help ensure the ongoing influence of colonial era codes are not hidden by contemporary orthodoxies and biases.

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Green, Elliott D. "Understanding the Limits to Ethnic Change: Lessons from Uganda's “Lost Counties”." Perspectives on Politics 6, no. 3 (August 18, 2008): 473–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592708081231.

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The historically constructed nature of ethnicity has become a widely accepted paradigm in the social sciences. Scholars have especially have focused on the ways modern states have been able to create and change ethnic identities, with perhaps the strongest case studies coming from colonial Africa, where the gap between strong states and weak societies has been most apparent. I suggest, however, that in order to better understand how and when ethnic change occurs it is important to examine case studies where state-directed ethnic change has failed. To rectify this oversight I examine the case of the “lost counties” of Uganda, which were transferred from the Bunyoro kingdom to the Buganda kingdom at the onset of colonial rule. I show that British attempts to assimilate the Banyoro residents in two of the lost counties were an unmitigated failure, while attempts in the other five counties were successful. I claim that the reason for these differing outcomes lies in the status of the two lost counties as part of the historic Bunyoro homeland, whereas the other five counties were both geographically and symbolically peripheral to Bunyoro. The evidence here thus suggests that varying ethnic attachments to territory can lead to differing outcomes in situations of state-directed assimilation and ethnic change.

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Meierkord, Christiane. "Attitudes Towards Exogenous and Endogenous Uses of English: Ugandan’s Judgements of English Structures in Varieties of English." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 1 (December 10, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p1.

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Uganda is a former British protectorate, where English has contributed to the country’s linguistic ecology since 1894, when the British established a protectorate over the area of the Buganda kingdom. Over time, Ugandan English has developed as a nativised second language variety, spoken by Uganda’s indigenous population. At the same time, due to migrations, globalisation and the influence of international media and the Internet, its speakers have increasingly been in contact with varieties other than British English: American English, Indian English, Kenyan English, and Nigerian English may all influence Ugandan English. This paper looks at how Ugandan English can be conceptualised as a variety shaped by other varieties. It reports on the results of acceptability tests carried out with 184 informants in the North, the Central and the West of Uganda and discusses how speakers assess individual grammatical structures used in Ugandan English and in those varieties they are potentially in contact with.

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Tuck, Michael W. "Kabaka Mutesa and Venereal Disease: An Essay on Medical History and Sources in Precolonial Buganda." History in Africa 30 (2003): 309–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361541300003272.

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In an article in History in Africa about the Ganda monarch Mutesa, Richard Reid argued that Mutesa likely suffered from syphilis. In a chapter on Mutesa in a just published volume, John Rowe concluded that the disease from which Mutesa suffered was gonorrhea. While on the surface similar—both sexually transmitted, neither particularly desirable—the diseases are actually quite different. Popular biographies often offer gossip about individuals' medical histories, but there can be legitimate reasons to investigate the medical history of past leaders, two of which are pertinent here. First, the medical conditions from which they suffered may well have affected their lives and their decisions as leaders. Reid addresses this point, speculating that Mutesa's syphilis may have progressed to an extent that it affected him mentally. Reid suggests that this might help explain Mutesa's erratic behavior toward the latter years of his reign, as he shifted his favor from one court group and foreign delegation to another. Rowe raises a similar point about Mutesa's health and competing groups, although in a different way. Rowe shows how Mutesa's illness became a point of competition between foreign missionaries and indigenous religious specialists as each sought to win his favor by curing his lllness. Reid and Rowe also both mention the effect Mutesa's illness had on the perception of him as Kabaka. The Baganda equated the health and well-being of the Kabaka with the health of the kingdom, and Mutesa's extended illness and bedridden state would not have been a positive attribute.

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Reid, Richard J. "Ghosts in the Academy: Historians and Historical Consciousness in the Making of Modern Uganda." Comparative Studies in Society and History 56, no. 2 (April 2014): 351–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417514000073.

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AbstractThe public and professional significance of precolonial History as a discipline has declined markedly across much of sub-Saharan Africa over the last forty years: History has been both demonized—depicted as deeply dangerous and the source of savagery and instability—and portrayed as irrelevant when set alongside the needs for economic modernization and “development.” This paper explores this trend in the context of Uganda, with a particular focus on the kingdom of Buganda, chosen for its particularly rich oral and literary heritage and the thematic opportunities offered by its complex and troubled twentieth century. The paper aims to explore how “the past”—with a focus on the precolonial era—has been understood there in several distinct periods. These include the era of imperial partition and the formation of the Uganda Protectorate between the 1880s and the 1910s; competition for political space within colonial society to the 1950s; decolonization and the struggle to create new nationhood in the mid-twentieth century; and political crises and partial recovery since the 1970s. Ultimately, the paper seeks to assess the role of History in a modern African society vis-à-vis the developmental agendas and notions of economic growth against which African “progress” and prospects for “stability” are currently measured.

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Twaddle, Michael. "The Nine Lives of Semei Kakungulu." History in Africa 12 (1985): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171726.

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Semei Kakungulu enjoyed at least nine lives in the area of the Uganda Protectorate immediately before, during, and after the imposition of British protectorate rule there at the close of last century, in his successive roles as elephant hunter, guerrilla leader, Ganda chief, border warlord, British ally in military campaigns, “native collector,” colonial client-king, President of the Busoga Lukiko, and leader of the anti-medicine Bamalaki and Bayudaya separatist sects. The purpose of these notes, however, is not to provide more details about these successive phases in Kakungulu's extraordinary career, but rather to comment briefly on the nine major surviving vernacular accounts of his very full life.John Rowe remarks that “it was natural that biographies, particularly of men of heroic proportions, should also [have been] mobilized in the struggle against moral decline” after the First World War by Ganda vernacular authors, along with works of moral admonition and military memoir once uncritical admiration for British Christianity gave way to a more guarded and wary respect for things British with the increased penetration of Buganda by both British rule and mercantile capitalism. Rowe may also be right in saying that the many biographies of Kakungulu in Luganda “may have reflected the particular attraction of a non-conforming heroic figure who turned his back on the ‘establishment,’ carved a kingdom for himself in the east and virtually thumbed his nose at Apolo Kagwa and the British.” Certainly, this is a major attraction as regards my biographical interest in the man! But, as I hope the following notes on his nine principal vernacular lives may indicate, there are also other explanations.

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FITZSIMONS, WILLIAM. "WARFARE, COMPETITION, AND THE DURABILITY OF ‘POLITICAL SMALLNESS’ IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY BUSOGA." Journal of African History 59, no. 1 (March 2018): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853717000706.

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AbstractMost scholarship on the military history of precolonial Africa focuses on state-level conflict, drawing on examples such as the Asante, Buganda, Zulu, and Kongo kingdoms. The current article instead examines connections between warfare and political history in the politically fragmented setting of nineteenth-century Busoga, Uganda, where a small geographical region hosted more than fifty micro-kingdoms competing as peer polities. Using sources that include a rich corpus of oral traditions and early archival documents, this article offers a reconstruction of military practices and ideologies alongside political histories of important Busoga kingdoms during the long nineteenth century. The article argues that routine political destabilization caused by competition between royal leaders, combined with shifting interests of commoner soldiers, continuously reconstituted a multi-polar power structure throughout the region. This approach moves beyond assessing the role of warfare in state formation to ask how military conflict could be a creative force in small-scale politics as well.

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Sutton, J. E. G. "The Antecedents of the Interlacustrine Kingdoms." Journal of African History 34, no. 1 (March 1993): 33–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700032990.

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The main interlacustrine kingdoms have been presented, on the evidence of their royal genealogies recalling up to thirty reigns, as stretching back to a ‘Chwezi’ period some five centuries ago. This view was promoted especially in the Kitara zone, comprising Bunyoro and regions to its south and, as a close linguistic grouping, extending to Nkore, Karagwe and Buhaya. Rwanda to the south-west and Buganda to the east, though each rather distinct, share some of the same cultural and traditional features. In the central Kitara zone it has been further argued that the ‘Chwezi’ period is represented by various impressive archaeological sites – hilltop shrines, notably at Mubende, with special and archaic objects; complex earthwork enclosures at Bigo and elsewhere; and the concentrated settlement nearby at Ntusi. Certain of these have been claimed as Chwezi royal capitals of ancient Kitara, and specific features have been compared with royal abodes of recent centuries. Such literal interpretation, let alone royalist manipulation, of oral traditions is now considered too simplistic; not only are the Chwezi generally regarded as gods or mythical heroes, but also the role of archaeology is now seen as something more positive than the mere verification of verbal evidence.Renewed archaeological research indicates that Ntusi was occupied from about the eleventh to the fifteenth centuries a.d. and that the earthworks, including Bigo, and the settlement on Mubende hill fall into the latter half of that span. This cultural grouping thrived on a combination of cattle-keeping and grain cultivation, as is especially clear at Ntusi on fertile ground in the midst of the Bwera grasslands. It may have been the growing strains of a delicately balanced economy as competition increased for cattle and the pastures which led to its eventual breakdown. During the last half-millennium Bwera has been a peripheral and lightly populated district between Bunyoro, Nkore and Buganda. It is difficult to imagine these later kingdoms developing directly out of a supposed ‘Chwezi’ one based at Ntusi and the Bigo constructions.Two periods of marked change are discernible therefore, one around the middle of this millennium, the other at its beginning. That earlier, mid-Iron Age, revolution witnessed the introduction of cattle on a large scale and the first intensive exploitation of the interlacustrine grasslands. Cattle becoming then an economic asset, it may be inferred that ownership of stock and defence of the pastures became sources of prestige and patronage, with obvious social, political and military implications. This situation opened opportunities for other specializations, including the production of salt for distant distribution. Traditions concerning gods and heroes, and the continuing popular chwezi cults, illustrate the changes and may also echo the cultural and economic importance of iron and its working among agricultural populations from before the pastoral revolution.

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HOESING, PETE. "Damascus Kafumbe. Tuning the Kingdom: Kawuugulu Musical Performance, Politics, and Storytelling in Buganda. Rochester Studies in Ethnomusicology. Rochester, NY and Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: University of Rochester Press, 2018. xxviii, 151 pp., list of illustrations, orthography, note on musical examples, glossary, list of interviews, notes, works cited, index. ISBN 9781580469043 (cloth)." Yearbook for Traditional Music 51 (November 2019): 280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ytm.2019.18.

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Roberts, Andrew. "History of Anti-colonial Resistance and Protest in the Kingdoms of Buganda and Bunyoro, 1862–1899. By Viera Pawlikova-Vilhanová. Prague: Oriental Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1988. Pp. 335 (mimeo). (Dissertationes Orientales, no. 45). No price given." Journal of African History 32, no. 01 (March 1991): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700025603.

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Twaddle, Michael. "Viera Pawlikova-Vilhanova, History of Anti-colonial Resistance and Protest in the Kingdoms of Buganda and Bunyoro, 1862-1899. Prague: Oriental Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1988, 335 pp., mimeo, paper cover, no price stated, but available from the publisher at Lazenaka 4, Prague 1, Czechoslovakia." Africa 62, no. 2 (April 1992): 302–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160475.

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Reid, Andrew. "Buganda: unearthing an African kingdom." Archaeology International, December 8, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ai.0711.

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Reid, Andrew. "Buganda: unearthing an African kingdom." Archaeology International 7 (October 23, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ai.v7i0.111.

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"Ekifananyi Kya Muteesa." Screenworks 10, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.37186/swrks/10.1/4.

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Andrea Stultiens’ Ekifananyi Kya Muteesa / The King Pictured (by many) investigates the social and cultural biography of the first known photograph of a King (Kabaka) of Buganda, the kingdom to which present day Uganda owes its name. The picture was produced by explorer H.M. Stanley in 1875 and, despite its wide adaptation, was not widely known in Uganda at the time Stultiens’ investigation began. This reflective and multifaceted video essay features interviews with a cacophony of contemporary picture-makers narrating their reactions to the original image and details Stultiens’ attempts to recreate the photograph with the current Kabaka.

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"XIII: THE MOLSON COMMISSION: UGANDA AND THE LOST COUNTIES OF BUNYORO: 1961." Camden Fifth Series 57 (May 17, 2019): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960116319000186.

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Soon after I left Ghana I found myself with another and much more difficult and challenging assignment in Africa. This was a mission to Uganda to sort out the differences between the Kingdoms of Buganda and Bunyoro before the country became independent in October 1962.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Buganda Kingdom'

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