Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Building adjustments'

This thesis deals with the methodology, implementation and evaluation of diagnostic work units and structural elements of the historic schoolhouse building. Includes a static assessment of the horizontal structure and conceptual design layout adjustments for potential revitalization in case the object.

The rental price adjustment mechanism is a fundamental component of the model for forecasting future office space requirements. This is an important area of study given the increasing significance of office buildings in the urban environment. This has resulted from the large growth in service oriented employment. Very little academic work has been completed in this area because of the lack of sufficient data. To date, only the U.S. market has been examined. The objective of this thesis is model the rental price adjustment mechanism in the Canadian office market. The intent is to further test the theory in this area, provide a comparison with the results obtained in the U.S., and provide some insight into the workings of the Canadian office market. This thesis reviews the relevant literature on inventory theory, and empirical work performed on the housing market and on data from the U.S. office market. The review points to a series of propositions about the rental price adjustment mechanism in the office market, the most important being the strong relationship between rents and vacancies. The extensions to the model developed in this paper are the specification of the vacancy variable in non linear terms and an attempt to include some proxy for growth expectations. The model is tested using data from Montreal, Toronto, Edmonton, Calgary, and Vancouver. The data has been collected primarily from the Royal LePage Market Survey. Visual inspection of the data uncovers unique characteristics in each individual office market. The underlying reasons point to the importance of integrating growth expectations in the model. The regression results support some degree of asymmetric price behaviour, however the specification of the vacancy variable in non linear terms is not conclusive. Inflation expectations seem to be important as landlords attempt to pass inflationary rises on to the tenants. Operating costs and interest rates do not appear to be significant factors in the model. This leads to the conclusion that they are not important in the cost of holding inventory in the short run. Finally, the proxy used for growth expectations is not significant. The most likely reason for this result is that the variable is not properly specified. The low explanatory power of the model may be attributed to the misspecification of the growth proxy and limitations in the data set. Both of these factors should be considered in future work in this area.
Business, Sauder School of
Graduate

This thesis survey on juxtaposition choice waies evaluation for real property type residence and non-residential space in locality Lesná, where there are built - up type sectional construction namely more - housing type J. Are here used most common manners evaluation for these print real property. On top enclosed is several formulation of several estate agency (juxtaposition offers with demand) in given to locality. Further also design documentation housing periods in type panel building.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
State social security transfers for families existed in South Africa only in the form of state maintenance grants, which paid up to R700 to single parents. The system was not appropriate in the South African context, being racially biased and financially unsustainable. The Department of Welfare - following in principle the recommendations of the "Lund report" - introduced with effect from 1 April 1998 a child support grant which is payable to the primary care-givers of children, regardless of their family status. The level of benefit was set at RIOOper month per child for children up to the age of six (incl.). The Department declared that 48% or 3 million children should be targeted. At the same time, the SMGs are to be phased out over a three year period. This research was conducted between November 1995 and March 1998. The analysis of the different suggestions during the policy process and the final policy is based on two pillars: • A situation analysis of the living conditions of South Africa's children on the basis of a composite index. • An evaluation of policy scenarios on the basis of a microsimulation model. The index tries to give a complex picture of the living conditions of children by looking at the financial situation, housing, health, and employment opportunities of the households the children are living in. The analysis reveals that nearly 70% of South Africa's children up to the age of six (incl.) live below the poverty line as defined. A further analysis of the household structure indicates that poorer children are likely to live in larger households. The overall policy shift from a support of single parent families to children in poverty regardless of their family status is espoused. However, the microsimulation model which analyses the impact of different factors like the 'level of benefit', the 'age-cohort', the 'means-test', and the 'administrative requirements', reveals that there are still serious flaws in the current policy. Due to the fact that the means-test is based on the total household income, nearly 40% of the children living below the poverty line are excluded. In addition, the administration needs urgent attention as its capacity is the decisive factor in the success of the programme. The thesis calculates that in the next five years up to R2 billion less will be spent on poor children and the goal of reaching 3 million children will not be achieved, if the problems identified are not addressed. The thesis develops an alternative suggestion to the current policy. While microsimulation has become quite a standard procedure in the analysis of social policies in industrialised countries, there is so far no application in developing countries. It is hoped that by taking this policy analysis as a case-study, this thesis is a step towards the introduction of this method here. Microsimulation models provide important information to enhance the transparency and accountability of policy processes. In this case, civil society was able to challenge Government's decision on a very informed basis, to put pressure on decision makers successfully, and to make workable alternative suggestions. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that against Government's promise redistribution does not take place. Instead a shift towards a more neo-liberal approach in social policy is observed.

Hur länge ett bygglov är giltigt finns reglerat i plan- och bygglagen (PBL) 9:43 som att den åtgärd ett bygglov avser ska ha påbörjats inom två år och avslutas inom fem år från den dag då bygglovet vann laga kraft. Huvudfrågan i studien handlar om svårigheten i att bedöma om åtgärden verkligen blivit påbörjad. Det finns ont om rättspraxis kring vad som avses med "påbörjats" vilket antagligen innebär att landets kommuner gör olika tolkningar i frågan. En annan fråga som studien behandlar är hur ändringar efter ett bygglovsbeslut hanteras. Rimligtvis händer det att byggherrar behöver göra justeringar under byggnationens gång. Syftet är att undersöka hur kommunerna tolkar PBL 9:43 med avseende på begreppet "påbörjats" samt hur giltighetstiden för byggnationens påbörjande efterlevs. Vidare är syftet att ge en beskrivning av den rättsliga grunden för vad som avses med "påbörjats" i nu gällande lagstiftning. Studien ska även utreda om PBL ger möjlighet att justera bygglov under byggnationens gång och hur kommunerna hanterar sådana fall i praktiken. Studien byggs upp av en juridisk analys som avser att beskriva de rättsliga grunderna kring bygglov och speciellt regeln i PBL 9:43. För att undersöka hur tvåårsfristen efterlevs genomfördes en kvantitativ undersökning av 500 bygglovshandlingar i sex kommuner. En enkätundersökning skickades ut till 75 kommuner för att ge svar på frågor kring kommunens tolkningar av "påbörjats" i PBL 9:43 och hanteringen av justeringar efter bygglovsbeslutet. Resultatet av den juridiska analysen visar att det sannolikt krävs att ett arbete med byggnadens grund ska kommit igång för att byggnationen ska bedömas som påbörjad. Enkätundersökningen visar på stora skillnader i hur kommunerna tolkar "påbörjats" i PBL 9:43. Den visar även att häften av kommunerna inte gör någon aktiv kontroll av giltighetstiden för byggnationens påbörjande. Av undersökningen framgick även att det är vanligt förekommande att byggherrar vill göra justeringar under byggnationens gång och de flesta kommunerna hanterar det inom det befintliga bygglovet. Av bygglovsgranskningen framgick inget fall där startbesked lämnats efter tvåårsfristens utgång. Slutsatser som dras i studien är bland annat att ett förtydligande av lagstiftningen troligtvis skulle ge en mer enhetlig bedömning av "påbörjats" i kommunerna, samt att det är oklart vilket stöd PBL ger för kommunernas hantering av justeringar av bygglov.
How long a building permit is valid is regulated in the Swedish planning and building act (PBL) 9:43. The validity of the permit is defined as the actual works with the building must be commenced in two years and ended in five years. The main question in this study is about the difficulty in assessing whether the actual works with the building has been commenced. There are few law cases that define the meaning of "commenced", which probably means that municipalities make different interpretations of the issue. Another question the study addresses is how changes in building permits are handled after the permit has become valid. Reasonably it happens that developers need to make adjustments of the building permit during the actual construction. The aim of this study is to examine how municipalities interpret PBL 9:43 with respect to the term "commenced" and how the building permits limitation of two years is complied with. Furthermore, the purpose is to give a description of the legal basis of what is meant by "commenced" in the current legislation. The study also intends to investigate whether PBL provides the ability to adjust the building permit during the time of the construction, and how municipalities deal with such cases in practice. The study is based on a legal analysis that aims to describe the legal grounds surrounding the building permit and especially the rule in PBL 9:43. To examine how the two-year period is complied, a quantitative survey of 500 building permit documents in six municipalities was completed. A questionnaire was sent out to 75 municipalities to provide answers to questions about the municipalities interpretations of "commenced" in PBL 9:43 and how adjustments of building permits are being handled. The outcome of the legal analysis shows that work with a building's foundation is probably a requirement that is needed for the work to be assessed as "commenced". The questionnaire survey reveals large differences in how municipalities interpret "commenced" in PBL 9:43. It also shows that half of the municipalities do not perform any active controls of the building permit's two year limitation. The investigation reveals that it is common that developers make adjustments during the time of construction and that most municipalities deal with it within the existing building permit. The investigation of building permits shows no case where starting clearance was given after the two year limitation. We conclude that a clarification of the legislation would likely provide a more uniform assessment of "commenced" in the municipalities. Likewise, it is unclear what support PBL provides considering adjustment after the building permit has become valid.

Purpose: This thesis investigates the accessibility in the existing housing stock in Jönköping. The inventory was carried out with the help of the handbook Accessibility in Existing Housing abbreviated as TIBB.  The aim is to investigate the extent of accessibility problems based on the selection in Jönköping city with TIBB, and to calculate costs for eliminating these problems. This provides a basis that contributes to improving social sustainability. To achieve the goal, the following questions were asked: (1) How many multi-family houses from the selection of 40, 50 and 60s in Jönköping, have problems with accessibility according to TIBB? (2) What is the occurrence of different types of accessibility problems in the surveyed apartment buildings? (3) What might the cost estimate be to meet the requirements of TIBB, with and without subsidization for an elevator? Method: The main method that was used for this thesis where a case-study with observation. A total of 15 real estate’s where investigated and gave data that was analyzed and gave results through data processing. A document analysis was made for cost estimate to use the same calculations to obtain generalizable figures, as well as compare costs. To give background to the problem a literature study has been accomplished which confirms that there are accessibility problems in the existing housing stock. Findings: The findings that shows that all investigated multifamily housing in the city of Jönköping have accessibility problems. Since they only reach the lowest level in TIBB. The most common accessibility problems for the investigated housing are that the lowest and highest step of stairs aren’t marked, no place for a walker outside and inside the entry, no elevator and the thresholds are higher than 15 mm. To address accessibility problems with the highest possible accessibility level for each property, the cost was estimated to amount to approximately SEK 20.0 million without subsidization when installing an elevator. The cost amounts to approximately SEK 10.4 million with subsidization when installing a elevator. Implications: The conclusions drawn are that the identified the accessibility problems based on the selection in Jönköping's city must be addressed to accommodate housing for the increasing proportion of elderly people in the future. Real estate companies may raise the rent by a maximum of SEK 450 per month if an elevator is installed. For real estate companies to be able to adapt their properties, which contributes to improved social sustainability, the proposal for subsidization when installing an elevator needs to go through, otherwise property companies will lose at a loss if they address accessibility problems. Limitations: Limitations in the thesis is for the year’s forties, fifties and sixties and only five multifamily houses from each decade has been inventoried. Costs relate to many different factors from a socio-economic perspective and will be limited to reasonable rent increases according to the property managers.
Syfte: Detta arbete undersöker tillgängligheten av det befintliga bostadsbeståndet i Jönköping stad. Inventeringen utfördes med hjälp av handboken Tillgänglighet i befintligt bostadsbestånd, TIBB.  Målet är att undersöka omfattningen av tillgänglighetsproblem utifrån urvalet i Jönköping stad med TIBB, samt att beräkna kostnader för att eliminera dessa problem. Detta ger ett underlag som bidrar till en förbättring av den sociala hållbarheten. För att uppnå målet ställdes följande frågeställningar: (1) Hur många flerbostadshus utifrån urvalet från 40-, 50- och 60-tal i Jönköping stad, har problem med tillgängligheten enligt TIBB? (2) Vad är förekomsten av olika typer av tillgänglighetsproblem i de undersökta flerbostadshusen? (3) Vad kan kostnadsuppskattningen vara för att uppfylla kraven i TIBB, med och utan subventionering för en hiss?  Metod: Antalet fastigheter som undersökts var 15 stycken. En fallstudie med observation gav rådata som analyserats och gett resultat genom databearbetning. En dokumentanalys gjordes inför kostnadsuppskattningen för att använda sig av samma beräkningar för att kunna få fram generaliserbara siffror, samt jämföra kostnader. För att ge bakgrund till problemet har en litteraturstudie utförts vilket bekräftar att det finns tillgänglighetsproblem i det befintliga bostadsbeståndet.  Resultat: Resultatet utifrån arbetet visade att samtliga undersökta flerbostadshusen i Jönköping har problem med tillgängligheten då de endast uppnådde den lägsta nivån enligt TIBB. De vanligaste tillgänglighetsproblemen för de undersökta flerbostadshusen är att trappans nedersta och övertas steg är ej markerade, avsaknad av uppställningsplats för rollator utanför och innanför entrén, hiss saknas samt är trösklarna över 15 mm. För att åtgärda tillgänglighetsproblemen med högsta möjliga tillgänglighetsnivå för respektive fastighet beräknades kostnaden fram till cirka 20,0 miljoner kronor utan subventionering vid installation av hiss. Kostnaden uppgår till cirka 10,4 miljoner kronor med subventionering vid installation av hiss.  Konsekvenser: Slutsatserna som dras är att de identifierade tillgänglighetsproblemen utifrån urvalet i Jönköpings stad måste åtgärdas för att tillgodose bostäder för den ökande andelen äldre människor i framtiden. Fastighetsföretagen får höja hyran med max 450 kronor i månaden om hiss installeras. För att fastighetsbolagen ska kunna tillgänglighetsanpassa sina fastigheter, vilket bidrar till en förbättrad social hållbarhet, behöver förslaget till subventionering vid installering av hiss gå igenom, annars kommer fastighetsbolagen gå med förlust om de åtgärdar tillgänglighetsproblemen.  Begränsningar: Avgränsningar i arbetet är utifrån årtal, 40-, 50- och 60-talet samt att enbart fem objekt från varje tidsepok inventeras. Kostnader berör många olika faktorer inom ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv och kommer i arbetet begränsas till rimliga hyreshöjningar enligt fastighetsförvaltarna.

Les écarts communément observés entre les prévisions de consommations énergétiques et les performances réelles des bâtiments limitent le développement des projets de construction et de réhabilitation. La garantie de performance énergétique (GPE) a pour vocation d’assurer des niveaux de consommations maximaux et donc de sécuriser les investissements. Sa mise en place fait cependant face à plusieurs problématiques, notamment techniques et méthodologiques. Ces travaux de thèse se sont intéressés au développement d’une méthodologie pour la GPE associant les outils de simulation énergétique dynamique (SED) à un protocole de mesure et vérification. Elle repose d’abord sur la modélisation physico-probabiliste du bâtiment. Les incertitudes sur les paramètres physiques et techniques, et les variabilités des sollicitations dynamiques sont modélisées et propagées dans la SED. Un modèle de génération de données météorologiques variables a été développé. L’étude statistique des résultats de simulation permet d’identifier des modèles liant les consommations d’intérêt à des facteurs d’ajustement, caractéristiques des conditions d’exploitation. Les méthodes de régression quantile permettent de déterminer le quantile conditionnel des distributions et caractérisent donc conjointement la dépendance aux facteurs d’ajustement et le niveau de risque de l’engagement. La robustesse statistique de ces méthodes et le choix des meilleurs facteurs d’ajustement ont été étudiés, tout comme l’influence des incertitudes sur la mesure des grandeurs d’ajustement en exploitation. Leur impact est intégré numériquement en amont de la méthodologie. Cette dernière est finalement mise en œuvre sur deux cas d’étude : la rénovation de logements, et la construction de bureaux
Discrepancies between ex-ante energy performance assessment and actual consumption of buildings hinder the development of construction and renovation projects. Energy performance contracting (EPC) ensures a maximal level of energy consumption and secures investment. Implementation of EPC is limited by technical and methodological problems.This thesis focused on the development of an EPC methodology that allies building energy simulation (BES), and measurement and verification (M&V) process anticipation. The building parameters’ uncertainties and dynamic loads variability are considered using a Monte-Carlo analysis. A model generating synthetic weather data was developed. Statistical studies of simulation results allow a guaranteed consumption limit to be evaluated according to a given risk. Quantile regression methods jointly capture the risk level and the relationship between the guaranteed energy consumption and external adjustment factors. The statistical robustness of these methods was studied as well as the choice of the best adjustment factors to consider. The latter will be measured during building operation. The impact of measurement uncertainties is statistically integrated in the methodology. The influence of M&V process accuracy is also examined. The complete EPC methodology is finally applied on two different projects: the refurbishment of a residential building and the construction of a high energy performance office building

La lauze désigne un matériau naturel en plaquette (sédimentaire (lauze calcaire, lauze de grès), métamorphique (lauze schiste) ou magmatique (lauze de phonolite), obtenu par clivage le long des zones de fragilité horizontale de la roche. Cet éco-matériau est utilisé dans l'architecture vernaculaire et patrimoniale dans de nombreuses régions d'Europe, notamment dans le Massif central en France, où, il constitue un élément clé des paysages culturels agropastoraux méditerranéens du périmètre «Causses et Cévennes» inscrit au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO. Ce matériau soumis à des conditions environnementales rudes peut se retrouver endommagé, compromettant ainsi sa fonction d’étanchéité. La variété d’environnements propices à la formation des lauzes du Massif central fait qu’elles ont une diversité de caractéristiques diagénétiques. Cette thèse a pour objectif de caractériser et de comprendre les processus d’endommagement des lauzes calcaires notamment lorsqu’elles sont soumises à divers cycles thermo-hydriques (gel/dégel, absorption/séchage, choc thermique), en se basant sur leur comportement en vibration, en relation avec leur caractéristiques diagénétiques. Pour cela, différents aspects ont été abordés, notamment, d’une part l’utilisation de l’analyse modale expérimentale pour caractériser l’endommagement de lauze calcaire soumise à des cycles de gel/dégel. Et d’autre part la caractérisation du rôle et de l’importance des processus hydriques et thermiques dans les mécanismes de dégradation de ces matériaux, vis-à-vis de leurs propriétés physiques et de leurs caractéristiques diagénétiques, ont été examinées. Les méthodes de diagnostic des structures basées sur leur réponse en vibration et les méthodes d’identification mixtes numériques/expérimentales constituent des méthodes pratiques, robustes, pertinentes et non-invasives pour l’étude des processus d’endommagement de ces géomatériaux. Par ailleurs, la présence caractéristiques diagénétiques telles que les fissures et les stylolites au sein des lauzes influence leur performance mécanique et leur durabilité. Les processus hydriques qui sont l’origine des dégradations de ces matériaux s’opèrent au sein de ces défauts diagénétiques. Enfin il est possible de prédire la susceptibilité d’une lauze à être gélive, soit à partir de l’évaluation de la quantité de glace formée dans les défauts diagénétiques, soit en se servant du savoir-faire traditionnel des artisans qui consistent à se servir du son produite par les lauzes
Tilestone is a natural stone material (sedimentary (limestone, sandstone), metamorphic (schist slate) or magmatic (phonolite lauze), splits along horizontal lines of weakness of stone, that can be used for roofing. This eco-material is used for roofing in many regions in Europe (France, Italy, Spain, Great Britain) and contribute to the authenticity of a region, such as in the Massif Central area in France, where they constitute a key element of the Mediterranean agropastoral cultural landscape of the “Causses and Cévennes” perimeter registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Limestone tilestone subjected to aggressive climatic conditions could undergo mechanical damage, compromising its roof sealing function.The variety of environments conducive to the formation of the limestone tilestone of the central massif makes them have a diversity of diagenetic characteristics. This thesis aims to characterize and understand the damage processes of limestone tilestone, especially when they are subjected hydro-thermal cycles, based on their vibration response and related to their diagenetic features. Thus, different aspects will be investigated, such as, on the one hand the use of experimental modal analysis to characterize the damage occurring to the limestone subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. And on the other hand, the characterization of the role and importance of hydric and thermal processes in the degradation mechanisms of these materials, related to their physical properties and their diagenetic characteristics, was investigated. Vibration-based monitoring methods and mixed numerical/experimental identification methods are practical, robust, relevant and non-invasive methods for studying the damage processes of these geomaterials. Moreover, the presence of diagenetic features such as cracks and stylolites within limestone tilestone influences their mechanical performance and durability. The hydric processes leading to the degradation of these materials occurs inside these flaws. Finally, it is possible to predict the frost susceptibility of limestone tilestone, either from the evaluation of the ice quantity of formed inside the diagenetic flaws, or by implementing the traditional technic of slate roofer consisting in using sound produced by tilestone

Os conflitos ambientais surgem a partir das necessidades de desenvolvimento econômico e social e dos conseqüentes usos dos recursos naturais. À medida que esses recursos naturais foram se tornando escassos, os modelos de desenvolvimento existentes passaram a ser criticados, culminando em 1987 com a definição de desenvolvimento sustentável. Uma contribuição para a implementação do desenvolvimento sustentável é a resolução de conflitos ambientais por meio de abordagens alternativas, com a construção de consenso. O ordenamento jurídico brasileiro atribui ao ministério público características e instrumentos que permitem a utilização dessas abordagens na resolução dos conflitos ambientais. Por meio do inquérito civil, instrumento exclusivo da instituição e do termo de ajustamento de conduta, o promotor de justiça realiza a resolução de conflitos ambientais sem a intervenção do poder judiciário. Além dos instrumentos, uma característica do ministério público favorável à utilização dessas abordagens é a credibilidade social da instituição. O presente trabalho busca comprovar, com base na experiência da promotoria de justiça do meio ambiente da comarca de São Carlos – SP, a efetividade da resolução de conflitos ambientais por meio da construção de consenso utilizando esses instrumentos. Para alcançar esse objetivo, realizou-se, no período de 2001 a 2004, levantamento de dados armazenados em registro eletrônico, nos inquéritos civís e termos de ajustamento de conduta, além do acompanhamento de audiências e participação em vistorias realizadas pelo promotor de justiça em exercício. Além disso, realizou-se entrevistas com representantes de instituições de gestão e fiscalização ambiental e de organizações não governamentais. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a utilização do inquérito civil, em conjunto com o termo de ajustamento de conduta soluciona a maior parte dos conflitos ambientais evitando a intervenção do poder judiciário e a ação civil pública, obtendo a maior conscientização da sociedade civil e do próprio poder público, reduzindo o tempo e os custos das negociações, pois a maior parte dos conflitos é resolvida no prazo de um ano e meio, permitindo a reparação do dano em tempo viável, possibilitando ainda a antecipação aos danos ambientais. Porém, uma das maiores dificuldades detectadas é a falta de apoio técnico e de dados ambientais disponíveis, organizados e confiáveis para a tomada de decisões, o que resultou na recomendação do desenvolvimento de uma pesquisa complementar para preencher essa lacuna e melhorar o desempenho da atuação dos promotores de justiça na resolução de conflitos ambientais.
The environmental conflicts arise from the need for economical and social development and from the consequent use of natural resources. When these natural resources were becoming scarce, the existing development models started to be criticized, culminating with the definition of sustainable development in 1987. A contribution for the implementation of sustainable development is the resolution of environmental conflicts by alternative approaches, with the consensus building. The brazilian juridical ordainment ascribe to the public ministry characteristics and tools that allow the use of these approaches in the environmental conflicts resolution. By means of civil inquest, exclusive tool for the institution, and the conduct adjustment term, the justice prosecutor attain the environmental conflicts resolution without the interference of the judiciary. Beside the tools, a characteristic of the public ministry that is favorable to the use of such approaches is the social credibility of the institution. This work tries to prove, based on the experience of the environmental prosecutor office from the city of Sao Carlos – SP, the effectiveness of environmental conflicts resolution by means of the consensus building by using these tools. To reach this objective, a thorough research was carried out, from 2001 through 2004, in the data electronically recorded from the civil inquests and conduct adjustment terms. In this period, a number of hearings and inspections carried out by the assigned justice prosecutor were followed. In addition, many interviews with representatives from environmental management and surveillance institutions and non governmental organizations were done. The results show that the use of civil inquest together with the conduct adjustment term solve the greatest part of environmental conflicts. The successful use of such tools avoids the intervention of both the judiciary and the civil public action, resulting in a greater consciousness from both the civil society and government, reducing thereby time and costs associated with the negotiations, as the greatest part of the conflicts is solved in one year and a half, allowing the reparation of the harm in viable time, thus enabling the antecipation of environmental harms. One of the greatest difficulties, however, is the lack of both technical support and the availability of organized and reliable environmental data for the decision making process. These constraints resulted in the recommendations for the development of a complementary research to fill up such gap and to improve the performance of action of the justice prosecutors in the resolution of environmental conflicts.

To mitigate climate change, buildings need to cut down on energy consumption drastically. The necessary technologies exist, and energy policy seeks to encourage building owners to implement appropriate measures. However, the policy instruments and their current designs fail to put buildings on a climate saving track. In recognition of the tremendous barriers, as the long cycles for retrofit and the substantial investments, this dissertation elicits the possibility to attach measures to a given megatrend: the growth of cities. What are the factors that influence the energy demand aside from the sheer growth? Is it possible to employ them to achieve more efficient investments and higher energy savings? This dissertation delivers the amplitude of migration’s influence on energy demand and why it is not proportional to population growth. It further reveals the migration-related factors that drive energy demand and discusses them as triggers for potential policy adoption. The impact of such policy instruments is quantified and shows more energy can be saved at the same level of investment when considering migration processes.

碩士
國立中山大學
財務管理學系研究所
96
"Enhanced index fund" is an investment strategy, combining active and passive management elements, for index tracking and return enhancing through disciplined market timing, stock selection and leverage activities. Though enhanced index funds have been well developed globally, there is only one enhanced index fund in Taiwan - "Polaris/P-Shares Taiwan Dividend+ ETF". Taiwan''s stock market falls between weak form and semi-strong form efficiency. With the growth of Taiwan''s mutual fund industry size, the enhanced index funds have very good chance to become the main investment instruments of institutional investors, index investors, and pensions. This study attempts to build enhanced index funds, then analyzes the performance and checks the feasibility of launching such products in Taiwan. In this study, we select "TSEC Taiwan 50 index (TW50)" as the benchmark index. The innovative "Multi-section Adjustment Model" divides the original weights of constituent stocks into two sections. Each section is adjusted through parameters. The "multi-factor model section" is responsible for the delivery of enhanced return, while the "cash dividend yield section" is used to provide excess cash dividend yield. The investment target is set for less than 1.5 percent tracking error, at least 1 percent tracking difference, and higher cash dividend yield than the benchmark. Building methodology can be divided into "fixed parameter model" and "floating parameters model" according to its update frequency. Empirical studies show that: (1) The enhanced index fund built from the "fixed parameter model" not only exhibits risk slightly lower than the benchmark, but also enjoys higher return. (2) In the short-term, the performance of the enhanced index fund built from "floating parameters model" is difficult to predict; in the long-term, however, the risk is lower and the return is higher than TW50. The cumulative return from the "fixed parameter model" is higher than the "floating parameters model" by about 2 percent. (3) The effectiveness of the parameters used to control the optimal weight distribution is decreasing over time, so it is necessary to update parameters regularly. (4) Raising "enhancement multiplier" will cause higher tracking error, but also bring higher tracking difference. This result proves that "multi-factor model section" works nicely and has its contribution. (5) As the "section allotment" and/or "fixed rate" getting lower, there will be more and more weights distributed to the cash dividend yield level, resulting in higher cash dividend yield. It means the "cash dividend yield section" has its merit as well. (6) Regular parameter updates to the "floating parameters model" helps to reduce the tracking error and, at the same time, maintain positive tracking difference. Considering the perpetual life of real world funds, "floating parameters model" should be a better building methodology. "Multi-Section Adjustment Model" has following advantages: (1) Its concept is intuitive and easy to use. (2) Sections can be customized based on investment objectives. (3) It is easy to analyze the impacts and trade-off among the parameters.

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
工業科技教育學系
107
The quadcopter has been popular in recent years because it is stable and easy to control. Therefore, it is applied to many fields, such as shooting, competitive flight, rescue and so on. In this article, Arduino NANO and MPU6050 module were used to make the quadcopter. Understanding the four-axis system flight principles and theories as well as adjusting the PID controller helped to achieve flight stablility of the four-axis aircraft. With the rise of wireless induction devices, the gesture recognition could be realized. Through the Leap Motion device, we could understand the logic of gestures and test the success rate of each gestures. Finally, with combination of Parrot Ardrone2.0 and gesture recognition control, we found the connection problem. The program code in gesture control was changed to solve it, and this experiment was completed then. The experimental results showed the high performance of gesture recognition and the success in controling the quadcopter.

碩士
佛光大學
未來學系
96
Abstract Since1991, Ministry of Finance has approbated to set up 15 new commercial banks. Until the end of December 2007, the number of local banks in total are 39, branches are 3313. The market share of every bank is general low, and the services are highly-homogeneity. High market competition and low Carry Trade reduced the bank's profit space. In order to expand sales, banks relaxed the standards of Credit granting which resulted in the excessive competition. Overall financial institutions Non Performing Loan ratio increased constantly and reached new and historical high from 2.85% in 1995 to 7.48% in 2001. In consumer banking, traditional mortgage loan has transformed into a kind of new financial planning tool. This research aims at finding the reasons of affecting repayment behind time for mortgage loan customers; furthermore, giving the adjustment analysis suggestion to overall financial institution's policy of mortgage loan credit granting to reduce making bad mortgage loans effectively and reinforcing mortgage-loan credit of Taiwan financial institution mortgage-loan credit granting policy adjustment. This research is taking the Bank SinoPac mortgage loan's customers for example. We chose ten-year personal mortgage loan cases from 1998 to 2007 as samples, which were approbated by Bank SinoPac,whose repayment behind time more than 30 days in a year. This research obtained ten background factors of the forming overdue payment from overdue payment mortgage-loan cases, which are (1) Loan to Value is above 80% collateral's estimate value (2) the using of the revolving credit amount (3) more than five times' credit information reports in recent three months (4) revenue-to-expenditure ratio is over 60% (5)have the permission period (6) had and used the cash card (7) has more than two credit loans (8) small suite or investment products (9) job year less than one year (10) high debt. The results of this research discovered that among ten background factors of the forming overdue payment,the proportion of the five factors (which are Loan to Value is above 80% collateral's estimate value, the using of the revolving credit amount, more than fives times' credit information reports in recent three months, having and used the cash card,and high debt) had the upward trend during ten years from 1998 to 2007. Except Loan to Value is above 80% collateral's estimate value belongs to collateral's factor, the other four factors are belong to borrower's personal financial planning factors. This demonstrated that banks put more emphasis on evaluating borrowers' financial planning behavior for credit granting risk.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
營建工程系碩士班
98
Public construction engineering is one of the significant elements to enhance the national competitiveness. In order to strengthen and improve the engineering quality, the Public Construction Commission had enacted “System of Quality Management for Public Engineering Construction” and began to execute the inspection since 2002, which aimed to make all the parties participating in the actual engineering work, including the principals, construction advisors, and contractors, recognize the importance of engineering quality. This study collected a total of 52 inspection cases of Taichung County Government between 2007 and 2008, and collated the data in the checklist about other flaws which inspectors failed to well indentify or the choices were not precisely defined. After correcting all the mistakes and misplaced errors as well as slightly modifying the contents and words, this study discovered that the number of other flaws for agencies reduced to 1 from 22; the numbers of other flaws for construction supervisors and contractors, which were 26 and 24 respectively, returned zero while they were completely relocated to relevant flaw items; the number of other flaws for construction quality and intensity reduced to 2 from 61; the number of other flaws for intensity and safety, which were 37 and 39 respectively, returned zero while they were completely relocated to relevant flaw items.

博士
國立成功大學
建築學系
106
Global climate change and its related environmental issues have aroused public concern about the sustainable development of society. In recent decades, concerted efforts have been made to reduce globally greenhouse gas emissions. In construction, it has been able to make significant contributions to energy conservation and greenhouse gas emissions by setting regulations to control the design of energy-saving designs for building enclosures. The ENVLOAD of Taiwan and OTTV of Southeast Asian countries are both performance-based envelope building indices. According to the deductions of formula transformation and physical significance, this paper proved that interconversion can be achieved between ENVLOAD and OTTV. Taking office buildings in in Kaohsiung, Taipei, Taichung and Hualien for example, this paper applied uncertainty analysis and building energy simulation techniques to successfully establish an OTTV formula for office buildings in Taiwan and determined the OTTV reference value of the corresponding and current ENVLOAD reference values. Meanwhile, the scoring of green building envelope energy saving has been transformed from ENVLOAD to OTTV. Taiwan Green Building label is currently going internationalization. In particular, regarding the promotion of Southeast Asian countries facing south; the method proposed by this paper is suitable to develop a consistent formula for other countries or cities. It is believed that this formula will be helpful for the internationalization of Taiwan Green Building label certification system.

The globalization of business has resulted in both large numbers of workers living and working abroad, as well as an increasingly multicultural domestic work environment. Organizational research has shown that cross-cultural training mitigates or proactively guards against the frustrations, misunderstandings, and culture shock often resulting from cross-cultural interactions that lead to poor adjustment and job performance (Harris & Kumra, 2000). Despite the recent surge of studies in this area, previous cross-cultural effectiveness studies have failed to take into account a number of moderating variables. Particularly, the role of the expatriate's supervisor and the personality and motivational differences of the expatriate have not yet been explored. Thus, the present study draws upon cross-cultural training theory, in addition to the leader-member exchange framework, in proposing that cross-cultural training for the supervisor of an expatriate subordinate will moderate the impact of cross-cultural training on the expatriate subordinate's adjustment and job performance. Furthermore, self-efficacy, openness to experience, and extraversion were tested as moderators of the relationship between cross-cultural training and job performance. Participants were individuals from a variety of countries who were coming to the United States for practical training. They took part in a web-based cross-cultural training study before leaving for the U.S. or shortly after they arrived. Results indicate that supervisor cross-cultural training does impact the effectiveness of cross-cultural training on job performance and work-related adjustment. Additionally, results support the predictions that self-efficacy and extraversion moderate the relationship between cross-cultural training and job performance.