Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Building (Architectural firm)'

The purpose of this research was to study the selection of architectural firms for 1997 and 1998 Indiana school construction projects of two million dollars or more. The study reported rankings for architectural selection criteria. Additionally, the study analyzed architectural selection procedures, architectural fees, the degree of respondent satisfaction with architectural services and the finished product, and the amount of inclusiveness in the selection.State records were used to identify the projects approved during the two-year period. Additional data were collected for 81% of the projects via surveys completed by superintendents or their designees.Major findings reported in the study include the following:1. Fees paid to architects ranged from 3.2% to 12.9% of construction costs, with the mean fee being 5.7%.2. In approximately 60% of the projects studied, respondents reported using an inclusive selection procedure for employing an architect.3. Slightly less than one-third of the projects (29%) used a direct selection procedure that precluded the use of a selection committee or the consideration of more than one firm.4. The two most frequently named selection criteria were experience in designing schools and reputation for completing projects within budget.5. The only variable found to have a significant association with the amount of fee paid was satisfaction with architectural services. Respondents in the low-fee category identified the highly satisfied response more than was expected.Outcomes suggest that a considerable number of school officials in the state did not adhere to the accepted best practices concerning competitive selection and the use of inclusive selection committees. The considerable variance in fees paid to architects was not explained by district size, district wealth, the nature of the construction project, or by the selection procedure used.Additional research was recommended in the following areas: (a) replication of the study in other states, (b) qualitative studies of superintendent attitudes about selection criteria and selection committee membership, (c) criteria for setting architectural fees, and (d) factors contributing to superintendent satisfaction. In addition, Indiana policymakers were encouraged to require local school districts to use competitive selection procedures.<br>Department of Educational Leadership

<p> An exploration of the relationship between man and the elements, fire and water, this project futher develops these ideas by way of the imagination. Man's attempt to form further connections with these elements is often seen as an act of humanization. It is, however, these investigations that allow for such intimate relationships between humans and elements. <p> This project is a fire station that demonstrates the impact fire and water has on man as well as the impact man has on fire and water. Whether the gentle flame of a candle or the ferocious explosions of a volcano, the clear flowing stream or the passionate throes of the ocean, man finds both companionship and challenge in the elements. Man's manipulation of both fire and water enable materials to extend the limit of their properties. It is this control over elements that enables architecture.<br>Master of Architecture

Master of Science<br>Department of Architecture<br>R. Todd Gabbard<br>Almost forty percent of the global energy use and one-third of the global greenhouse gas emission comes from the building industry. Thus, this sector has the largest potential for delivering long term substantial greenhouse gas reduction. (UNEP, 2009)This dissertation starts with the energy auditing of an architectural firm to calculate the amount of energy used. It then expands into addressing the issue on a greater perspective. The whole agenda of the thesis was to develop a strategy to include the building industry in global carbon market. This thesis was performed in collaboration with nationally recognized, medium-sized mid-western architecture firm. A yearlong internship was completed under this firm, and collaborative research was carried out. To reduce the carbon dioxide emission, it is crucial to be able to measure it. This thesis aims at creating basic guidelines for architecture firms to mitigate its carbon footprint. It also examines the possibilities of carbon footprint mitigation on a bigger scale by proposing a system that would encourage architectural and engineering firms to design and produce more energy efficient buildings. The proposed system deals with calculation and incorporation of creative handprint of an architectural firm and uses the system to rebate its carbon footprint and convert the surplus handprint to a credit in the carbon market. The argument made here is that this scheme is driven by incentives and encourages more architecture and engineering firms to design sustainable buildings. The final proposal links the entire building industry to the carbon market. The proposal made is that a positive handprint of architecture and engineering firms can be converted to carbon credits and traded in the carbon markets.

This report examines the diffusion of innovation to North American home building firms. Innovation is defined as new technologies in the form of new products and techniques.<br>The organizational structure of the home building firm and the unique mindset of builders/developers running these firms are examined in order to understand the firm and its leader. Technology diffusion theories are then explored to comprehend how innovation reaches the marketplace. Through research, evaluation criteria are established which builders/developers use when adopting innovation. These criteria are tested by interviewing twelve selected builders/developers in the Montreal-Ottawa region and by recording their responses to thirty innovative products.<br>The study demonstrates that all factors comprising the evaluation criteria are important to different builders/developers at different times. Furthermore, builders/developers cannot be treated as a homogeneous group since their backgrounds are not similar. Accordingly, no model depicting a builder's/developer's decision-making process can guarantee the successful diffusion of an innovation. The author therefore suggests certain guidelines to help innovators diffuse innovation to home building firms.

La sicurezza degli spazi architettonici in emergenza implica una corretta gestione del processo di evacuazione. L’attuale approccio alla progettazione è influenzato da determinismo e schematicità: si suppone che conformazione di spazi e facilities (sistemi di wayfinding) sia di per sè in grado di plasmare il comportamento umano. Il progettista spesso adotta metodi semplificati (da manuali e norme) che considerano l’evacuazione un evento fluidodinamico con scelte umane rigidamente codificate. La letteratura dimostra però come i rapporti uomo-ambiente rendano vane le soluzioni comunemente adottate. Inoltre, stessi problemi sono riscontrati a grande (spazi urbani) e piccola scale (singoli edifici). Lo studio propone un nuovo approccio: il behavioural design (BD) intende progettare spazio e facilities basandosi sul reale comportamento umano. Le fasi principali sono perciò comprensione del comportamento umano con prove sperimentali, sviluppo e validazione di simulatori di evacuazione; analisi del processo per individuarne le criticità; proposta di soluzioni e valutazione dell’impatto tramite simulatore o prove reali. La metodologia BD è applicata a 2 casi riguardanti scenari esistenti complessi. Cardine è minimizzare gli interventi grazie alla localizzazione dei punti critici del processo e alla progettazione di nuovi componenti edilizi. Il primo caso ha visto lo sviluppo di un modello per la simulazione dell’evacuazione post-sisma su scala urbana. Il modello può essere usato per stimare il rischio includendo il fattore umano, valutare l’efficacia di interventi su edifici ed asseto urbano, e di procedure di emergenza. Il secondo caso sviluppa nuovi sistemi di wayfinding in edifici storici (teatri). Essi sono progettati per interagire efficacemente con le persone, guidandole attraverso le corrette vie di fuga, e senza apportare sostanziali modifiche al layout architettonico. Il lavoro è stato svolto anche in coordinazione con il cluster TAV-progetto SHELL O.R.4.4.<br>Occupants' safety in architectural spaces during an emergency is essentially connected to the evacuation process. Current strategies are influenced by a schematic and deterministic approach: it is supposed that building layout and wayfinding systems can directly induce individuals’ behaviors. Interventions on buildings could be enough for reducing people risk, because occupants would surely behave in “the correct way” (e.g.: using right paths). This approach seems to exclude behavioral aspects: experiments demonstrate enormous differences between theoretical and real behaviors in evacuation. Same problems are noticed at both small (building) and wide (urban) scale. Hence, this study focuses on a behavioral point of view and defines a “behavioral design” (BD) approach for increasing people’s safety in architectural spaces. BD is aimed at adapting architectural spaces depending on human behaviors! Hence, method phases include: understanding behaviors in emergency through experiments/real world events; defining and validating evacuation simulation model; analyzing emergency processes through simulator; proposing design solutions based on retrieved critical behaviors and verifying their impact by simulator or drills. The BD method effectiveness is shown by 2 cases. Firstly, an earthquake pedestrians’ evacuation simulator is developed. The model is able to represent man-environment interferences in damaged scenarios and can be used for evaluating vulnerability-reduction interventions on buildings, urban planning and rescuers’ management strategies. The second case concerns wayfinding systems definition in building heritage (theater). Systems are defined so as to address correct evacuation path choices, by reducing overall risks with no architectural modifications. This issue is considerably significant in these buildings because of preservation principles and minimum intervention criterion. This work was developed in accordance with “TAV-progetto SHELL-O.R.4.4” activities.

The thesis aims to examine how the formation of fa&ccedil<br>ades, that is, the interface with a dual response both to interior functioning and exterior urban fabric, is separated from the totality of architectural design by new technological developments and design intentions. This aim is accomplished in three sections, respectively: analysis of the fa&ccedil<br>ade, the properties and formation process in time<br>examining the fa&ccedil<br>ade formation of the high-rise office buildings in Levent-Maslak area in respect to the analysis and examining the working principles and marketing attitudes of fa&ccedil<br>ade manufacturing firms in terms of their role in fa&ccedil<br>ade formation. The focus is on the description of a fa&ccedil<br>ade and the process that generated the autonomy in time is examined. In this sense, the thesis analyzes that the &amp<br>#8216<br>free-fa&ccedil<br>ade&amp<br>#8217<br>application, by which physical autonomy is totally gained, transforms the fa&ccedil<br>ade to a production element by using the technological developments and specifications of curtain-wall system in the Turkish context, in particular in Levent-Maslak area. Besides the technical availability, the representational qualities of the new materials transform this production based character of the free-fa&ccedil<br>ade to a more representational character as an object-fa&ccedil<br>ade. Finally, the study investigates how the technical knowledge inherent in the new fa&ccedil<br>ade systems gives the authority,in formation process of fa&ccedil<br>ades, to the manufacturing firms instead of the architect. It is therefore stressed that the changing role of the architect in the formation process of fa&ccedil<br>ades is often based on the working principles and marketing attitudes of fa&ccedil<br>ade manufacturing firms at present.

Syfte: VR förbättrar kommunikationen mellan aktörer men merarbete krävs för att skapa VR-modeller. Övriga begräsningar generella för BIM är juridisk osäkerhet, bristande kompetens bland personal samt ändrat arbetsflöde. Särskilt små företag behöver mer forskning för att använda BIM applikationer som VR. Målet är att visa ett förslag, på ett attraktivt sätt, hur mindre arkitektföretag kan använda VR-modeller och presentationer i tidiga skeden under slutkundsmöten. Detta baserat på arkitektföretagets önskemål och resurser. Metod: Kvalitativa metoder fallstudie och intervjuer har använts för att nå målet. Först utfördes intervjuer med BIM-ansvarig och projektörer. Fallstudien bygger på att en befintlig 3D-modell bearbetades till VR-modell och testades i en workshop. Deltagarna i workshopen var projektörer och slutkunder. För att sammanfatta workshopen intervjuades deltagarna. Resultat: Att skapa en VR-modell och hålla möte med slutkund var uppskattat av projektörer och slutkunder. Den resurs som främst behövdes var tid för att skapa modellen samt inlärning av nytt arbetssätt. HMD i kombination med datorskärm anses vara en god presentationsteknik. Främst material var svår att presentera genom VR och begränsat till ett mindre arkitektföretags resurser. Slutkunderna uppfattade att VR-modellen endast var en guide. Konsekvenser: Mindre arkitektföretag kan använda VR vid slutkundsmöte. Det behövs avsättas tid för att modellera VR samt inlärning av nytt arbetssätt. HMD i kombination med datorskärm bör användas för VR-presentation. För att förtydliga att VR endast användas som guide kan leveransmedelande användas. Begränsningar: Studien inriktar sig på ett företags synvinkel. Ett företag ingår i studien.<br>Purpose: VR improves communication between stakeholders but extra work is a demand to create a VR-model. Additional limitations general for BIM is legal uncertainty, lack of competence among employees and changed workflow. Especially smaller companies need more research if they are going to use BIM application as VR. The goal is to show a suggestion, in an attractive way, how smaller architectural firms can use VR-models and presentation in early stage of the project during end customer meetings. This based on the firms desire and resources. Method: Qualitative method case studies and interviews is used to achieve the goal. First interviews are conducted with BIM-manger and designers. The case studies are based on an existing 3D-model processed to a VR-model and tested in a workshop. The participants in the workshop are designers and end customers. The participants in the workshop are interviewed to sum up the workshop. Findings: To create a VR-model and to hold end clients meeting with help of VR was appreciate by planers and end clients. Time for creating and learn new working strategy was the recurs that the company was in lack of. HMD in combination with computer screen was considered a good presentation. Material was hardest to present through VR restricted to a smaller architect firm. The end clients’ perceived that VR only was a guide. Implications: A smaller architect firm can use VR when holding an end client meeting. Time need to be assigned to create VR-models and learn new working strategy is. HMD in combination with computer screen is to prefer to when presenting VR. To clarify that VR is a guide a delivering message can be used. Limitations: The study focuses on a firm’s point of view. One firm is included in the study.

Le Building Information Modeling (BIM) est une technologie innovante qui regroupe un ensemble de méthodes, procédés et outils de travail permettant d’alimenter et d’exploiter une base de données contenant des informations d’un ouvrage tout au long de son cycle de vie. Sa diffusion est encouragée en France et à travers le monde, car il porte un fort potentiel à la fois pour le secteur de la construction dans son ensemble et pour le gestionnaire de patrimoine qu’est l’État. Le BIM nécessite cependant la mise en place d’un cadre technique, règlementaire et humain conséquent. Sa diffusion est lente et il suscite des réactions assez contrastées chez les professionnels, en particulier les architectes. Ces derniers, par la place importante qu’ils tiennent dans l’équipe de maîtrise d’œuvre, constituent un acteur incontournable de la transition de l’ensemble du secteur vers des pratiques BIM. Bien qu’il s’agisse d’une innovation collaborative, l’adoption de pratiques BIM impacte chacune des entreprises qui le mettent en place à titre individuel. Cet impact est très peu connu et étudié pour l’instant, tant au niveau organisationnel qu’à l’échelle du secteur. Dans ce travail de recherche, nous proposons des modèles permettant d’appréhender la diffusion et l’adoption du BIM au sein des organisations. Nous avons également référencé les facteurs qui impactent la décision d’adopter des pratiques BIM dans les organisations ainsi que ceux qui impactent le succès ou l’échec de sa mise en œuvre. Ces modèles nous ont permis de réaliser une enquête auprès des agences pour cartographier l’état du secteur de l’architecture, de la diffusion du BIM chez les architectes, et la manière dont ils l’implémentent. L’enquête a mis en évidence certaines contradictions entre la culture professionnelle des architectes et la nature du BIM. Le fait que les agences aient commencé à déployer des pratiques BIM malgré ces nombreuses contradictions peut être le marqueur d’un changement culturel important pour la profession d’architecte. Notre immersion au sein de plusieurs agences nous a permis d’étudier les mécanismes à l’œuvre au cours de l’implémentation d’outils et de pratiques BIM. Cette phase de changement souvent radical pour une agence est difficile à mener. Nous nous sommes donc appuyés sur l’ensemble de nos résultats pour proposer des recommandations et une feuille de route à destination des agences qui souhaitent implémenter des pratiques BIM<br>Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a set of methods, processes and tools that provide continuity and use of building information throughout its lifecycle. It improves the way buildings are designed, built and managed. BIM diffusion is encouraged in France and throughout the world because it holds great potential both for the Architecture Engineering Construction and Operation (AECO) sector and for the State as an asset manager. However, its diffusion requires the development of an extensive regulatory, technical and social framework. Its diffusion is slow and raises a broad range of reactions from practitioners, especially architects. As a central member of the project management team and intervening at the beginning of a building lifecycle, architects are a key player of BIM diffusion among the AECO sector. Although BIM is a collaborative innovation, the adoption of BIM practices impacts each firm individually. This impact is very little known and studied, both at the organizational level and at the sector level. In this research work, we propose several models for understanding the diffusion and adoption of BIM in organizations, as well as the factors that influence it. These models have allowed us to survey architectural firms using mixed methods in order to map the state of the architectural sector, the progress of BIM adoption within firms, and the strategies that they develop to implement BIM practices. The survey highlighted some contradictions between the professional culture of architects and characteristics of the BIM technology. The interest of many design firms in BIM practices despite these contradictions could be a sign of a cultural change. Our immersion in four architecture firms within the scope of action research has allowed us to study the mechanisms that take place during the implementation of BIM tools and practices. Implementation is often a radical change for a design firm and is difficult to carry out. We exploited all the observations made during the survey and research action to provide recommendations and a roadmap for design firms wishing to implement BIM practices

Corporations, design firms, technology, and furniture companies are rethinking the concept of the ‘workplace’ environment and built ‘office’ in an effort to respond to changing characteristics of the workplace. The following report presents a case study, post-occupancy assessment of an architecture firm’s relocation of their corporate headquarters in Dallas, TX. This ethnographic research transpired from September 2013 to February 2014 and included participant observation, employee interviews, and an office-wide employee survey. Applying a user-centered approach, this study sought to identify and understand: 1) the most and least effective design elements, 2) unanticipated user-generated (“un-designed”) elements, 3) how the workplace operates as an environment and system of design elements, and 4) opportunities for continued improvement of their work environment. This study found that HKS ODC successfully increased access to collaborative spaces by increasing the size (i.e. number of square feet, number of rooms), variety of styles (i.e. enclosed rooms, open work surfaces), and distribution of spaces throughout the office environment. An increase in reported public transit commuting from 6.5% at their previous location to 24% at HKS ODC compares to almost five times the national public transit average (5%) and fifteen times the rate of Texas workers (1.6%) and Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Metro Area (1.5%). This supports the real estate decision and design intent of the office that relocating near public transit would increase use (nearly six times that of reported use at 1919 McKinney, 6.5%). Additional findings and discussion relate to HKS ODC’s design enabling increased access to natural light and improved air quality, increased cross-sector collaboration, increased connection to downtown Dallas and engagement with the larger Dallas architectural community, as well as the open office environment encouraging education between all employee levels. Discrepancies between designed ‘flexibility’ and work away from the desk are explored along with the role of technology to facilitate work without replacing face-to-face interaction. This work also identifies key challenges with the design and employee experience and provides recommendations for addressing areas of concern for continued improvement of the workplace design. Continued user-centered research in the field of workplace design is necessary to assess the effect of current interventions in other office environments for comparison and inform future endeavors.

Developed from a desire to explore alternative ways of addressing aspects of architecture, the project After the Architects tells the story of the KTH School of Architecture building through the eyes of me - one of its many users. The project consists of a film, an exhibition and a hand book with mental excercises. Investigating the tools we have at hands as architects in the context of storytelling as a mean of communication, I wanted to dissect the many layers of interpretation and experiences a building consists of. It is often said that the core of a building is what it does and how it does this. Since buildings, rooms and spaces are experienced differently by everyone, I think the active use of subjectivity is the best way of approaching this theme. The KTH School of Architecture building has been my second home for five years. It has hosted architecture education since 1970, but after the summer of 2015, it is entering a new phase as the school is moving to a new building. Therefore, as a student leaving the building, I’m using my subjectivity as a tool for investigating the relationship between the course of time, the school building, and myself.  Which effects and stories has it staged over the years and how has the building affected me, on an intellectual-, as well as on a personal level? Some of the themes I’ve been working with are; the aspects of time, memories and nostalgia, the different roles of a building, spaces as references, and the interplay between perspective, interpretation and meaning.<br>Sprunget ur en önskan att undersöka alternativa sätt att diskutera arkitektoniska aspekter skildrar projektet After the Architects historien om KTH arkitekturskolans byggnad sett genom mina ögon i egenskap av en av dess många användare. Projektet består av en film, en utställning och en handbok med tankeövningar. Genom att använda mig av formen av historieberättande vill jag belysa den mängd av lager av tolkningar och upplevelser som en byggnad skapar förutsättningar för. Det sägs att kärnan i vad en byggnad är består av det den gör och hur den gör detta. Eftersom vi upplever byggnader, rum och platser på olika sätt anser jag att en aktiv användning av det subjektiva perspektivet är det bästa sättet att ta sig an detta ämne. KTHs Arkitekturskola har varit mitt andra hem de senaste fem åren. Sedan 1970 har det inrymt arkitekturutbildningen i Stockholm, men efter vårterminen 2015 går byggnaden in i en ny fas, då skolverksamheten flyttar till en ny byggnad. I egenskap av en student som lämnar byggnaden använder jag mig av min subjektivitet som ett analysverktyg för att undersöka relationen mellan tidens gång, byggnaden och mig själv. Vilka upplevelser och historier har den iscensatt genom åren och hur har byggnaden påverkat mig; både på ett intellektuellt- och på ett känslomässigt plan? Några av de teman jag arbetat med är: tiden &amp; byggnaden, minnen &amp; nostalgi, byggnadens olika roller, platser som referenser, och sambandet mellan perspektiv, tolkning och meningsskapande.

This thesis explores how a displayed image and architecture interact together. This manifesto is analogically explored using parts of the human body such as the eyeballs as a structural analysis for the buildings with a projection of the cornea, the pupil, the retina, the optic nerves and the brain. This analysis follows a sequential order of capturing light, transcribing light into image, and displaying such image onto a screen. Both, the image and architecture are created parallel to each other respectively when conceiving an architectural idea in order to develop the idea into a building and then perceiving the architecture from such building. These steps are a cinematic approach using a video camera to record an experience of movement through the journey of a metro ride. This video is one of the tools used to edit an urban tissue of downtown Washington, D.C. The project becomes a Center for the Art of Moving Images exposing vectors of movements through its architecture. The building is manifested in a three-dimensional design where the site provides a sunken plaza 60 ft below street level perceived as a new floor in the city. The underground metro station transitions to the street surface through the use of this plaza in a very harmonious way. The result is a visual depth parallel to the perspectives perceived in movies where you see beyond the surface of the screen and in this case, beyond the surface of the city.<br>Master of Architecture

Ce travail de thèse est consacré à l’évaluation et l’amélioration des modèles à zones, utilisés dans l’ingénierie de la sécurité incendie pour simuler la propagation des fumées dans un bâtiment en situation d’incendie. Il a pour ambition d’améliorer la compréhension des écoulements des fumées dans un bâtiment. Le mémoire de thèse est divisé en deux parties. La première est essentiellement consacrée à l’état de l’art et à une évaluation de la capacité du code CFAST, code à zones largement utilisé dans l’ingénierie de la sécurité incendie, à simuler les écoulements de fumées dans un bâtiment. Le code à zones CFAST est confronté aux résultats d’une campagne expérimentale à échelle réelle réalisée dans un bâtiment d’habitation de type R+3. La seconde partie du manuscrit, plus académique, consiste à étudier les écoulements de fumée dans un bâtiment. Dans un premier temps, deux phénomènes sont étudiés : le phénomène de remplissage d’un local par des fumées d’incendie, et le phénomène de remplissage / vidange simultanés d’un local ventilé naturellement. Des modèles à zones permettant de décrire ces phénomènes sont présentés. Deux campagnes expérimentales ont été menées à échelle réduite sur des maquettes thermiques de locaux, afin d’étudier les deux phénomènes et d’évaluer et améliorer les modèles à zones. De plus, des simulations numériques complémentaires avec le code à champs FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) sont réalisées pour étendre le domaine d’étude du phénomène de remplissage. Enfin, des améliorations du modèle à zones sont proposées. Après l’étude des phénomènes liés aux écoulements de fumée dans un local unique, les écoulements de fumées dans une configuration multi-compartiments, constituée de deux locaux reliés par une cage d’escalier, sont étudiés expérimentalement à l’échelle du laboratoire<br>This work is devoted to the evaluation and improvement of zone models, used in fire safety engineering to simulate the smoke propagation in a building in a fire situation. It aims at improving the understanding of the smoke flow in a building. The PhD work is divided into two parts. The first part is essentially devoted to a bibliographical survey and an evaluation of the ability of a zone code CFAST, widely used in fire safety engineering, to simulate smoke flows in a building. Numerical results with CFAST are compared with the data of a real-scale experimental campaign carried out on a three-storey residential building. The second part, more academic, consists of studying the smoke flows in a building. Two phenomena are first studied, namely the smoke filling of a room, and the simultaneous filling and emptying of a naturally ventilated room. Zone models describing these phenomena are presented. Two experimental campaigns are conducted on reduced scale room models, in order to study the two phenomena and to evaluate and improve the zone models. Furthermore, numerical simulations with the CFD code FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) are performed to extend the study field of the smoke filling. Finally, improvements to the zone model are proposed. After studying the phenomena related to smoke flows in a single room, the smoke flows in a multi-compartment configuration, consisting of two rooms connected by a stairwell, are experimentally studied at the laboratory scale

Ce travail de thèse est consacré à l’évaluation et l’amélioration des modèles à zones, utilisés dans l’ingénierie de la sécurité incendie pour simuler la propagation des fumées dans un bâtiment en situation d’incendie. Il a pour ambition d’améliorer la compréhension des écoulements des fumées dans un bâtiment. Le mémoire de thèse est divisé en deux parties. La première est essentiellement consacrée à l’état de l’art et à une évaluation de la capacité du code CFAST, code à zones largement utilisé dans l’ingénierie de la sécurité incendie, à simuler les écoulements de fumées dans un bâtiment. Le code à zones CFAST est confronté aux résultats d’une campagne expérimentale à échelle réelle réalisée dans un bâtiment d’habitation de type R+3. La seconde partie du manuscrit, plus académique, consiste à étudier les écoulements de fumée dans un bâtiment. Dans un premier temps, deux phénomènes sont étudiés : le phénomène de remplissage d’un local par des fumées d’incendie, et le phénomène de remplissage / vidange simultanés d’un local ventilé naturellement. Des modèles à zones permettant de décrire ces phénomènes sont présentés. Deux campagnes expérimentales ont été menées à échelle réduite sur des maquettes thermiques de locaux, afin d’étudier les deux phénomènes et d’évaluer et améliorer les modèles à zones. De plus, des simulations numériques complémentaires avec le code à champs FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) sont réalisées pour étendre le domaine d’étude du phénomène de remplissage. Enfin, des améliorations du modèle à zones sont proposées. Après l’étude des phénomènes liés aux écoulements de fumée dans un local unique, les écoulements de fumées dans une configuration multi-compartiments, constituée de deux locaux reliés par une cage d’escalier, sont étudiés expérimentalement à l’échelle du laboratoire<br>This work is devoted to the evaluation and improvement of zone models, used in fire safety engineering to simulate the smoke propagation in a building in a fire situation. It aims at improving the understanding of the smoke flow in a building. The PhD work is divided into two parts. The first part is essentially devoted to a bibliographical survey and an evaluation of the ability of a zone code CFAST, widely used in fire safety engineering, to simulate smoke flows in a building. Numerical results with CFAST are compared with the data of a real-scale experimental campaign carried out on a three-storey residential building. The second part, more academic, consists of studying the smoke flows in a building. Two phenomena are first studied, namely the smoke filling of a room, and the simultaneous filling and emptying of a naturally ventilated room. Zone models describing these phenomena are presented. Two experimental campaigns are conducted on reduced scale room models, in order to study the two phenomena and to evaluate and improve the zone models. Furthermore, numerical simulations with the CFD code FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) are performed to extend the study field of the smoke filling. Finally, improvements to the zone model are proposed. After studying the phenomena related to smoke flows in a single room, the smoke flows in a multi-compartment configuration, consisting of two rooms connected by a stairwell, are experimentally studied at the laboratory scale

This research examines the practice, buildings and projects of Building Design Group Architects (BDG), a collaborative of architects and students in Durban during the period 1968-1977. It traces the careers of its principal members, firstly as students at the University of Natal, and later in private practice through the formation and practice of BDG. BDG operated at the fringes of conventional practice. Through a diminished office hierarchy, a team culture was established whereby the endeavors of all personnel were to the common purpose of furthering the architectural objectives of the practice. Responsibilities were shared by qualified architects and students alike. BDG were young and uninhibited by the dogmas of the established profession, architectural compromise being supplanted by investigation and experimentation. The practice operated in a studio atmosphere where a heightened expectation was imposed on each project design and individual concerned. The resulting product of the practice was a vibrant oeuvre of work, predominantly residential; the designs asked questions of the conventions of building form, spatial relationships, technology and building economics. The answers to these questions manifested in an architecture resonating with regional identity. The study identifies the early careers of many important architects who were associated with BDG, and who would contribute to the development of contemporary South African architecture. Paul Mikula, Bryan Lee, John Edgar, Brian Kearney as founding members of BDG would shape the direction of the practice and beyond. They were joined at various stages and durations by Kevin MacGarry, Colin Savage, Tony Wilson, Peter Wilkinson, Bruce Stafford, Luis Ferreira da Silva and Jo Noero, all of whom would later start their own independent practices. However, what emerges from the study is the pivotal role of Paul Mikula in the account of BDG. It was his vigor, vision, passion and talent for design that ignited the practice and drew the attention of the local architectural fraternity. The influence of his work and personality was felt by all those around him; he has significantly marked the architectural landscape of the region, and this study promotes the recognition of Paul Mikula as a significant South African architect.<br>Thesis (M.Arch.)-University of Natal, 2003.

With its destabilizing shifts away from mercantilism toward liberal economics, early nineteenth-century Britain generated an increasingly powerful class of technocrats, including architects and builders, in design and construction. This burgeoning professional group involved in architecture, planning, and building directed processes, products, and technologies of construction toward maintaining societal order. In doing so, they cemented their social hierarchical status. Following abolition of the slave trade in 1807 and emancipation from 1833-1838, architects and builders had to adapt their techniques of communication and labor management, and adjust their building practices to material and technological innovations. In contrast to heroic narratives of industrial progress and optimism that conventionally dominated histories of modern architecture, figures of apprehension, anxiety, and anticipation more appropriately encapsulate the consequential events of this period. Through empirical analyses of small-scale techniques of drawing and building, this dissertation renders the general transition from rigid, mercantilist arrangements aligned with economies of enslavement toward ideologies of free trade, increasingly widespread wage labor regimes, and liberalism more broadly, into legible, tangible forms. Using as heuristics architectural technologies for preempting, mitigating, and suppressing fires—planning, constructional assemblies, mechanisms, materials, regulations, financing, and legislation—I demonstrate that preventing undesirable occurrences governed a heterogeneous array of activities. These ranged from English architects' professionalization initiatives, to plans for evacuating people from and extinguishing fires in theaters, to labor management in West Indian military outposts, to fire insurance offices that spread their risk profiles by indemnifying Caribbean sugar plantations beginning in the late eighteenth century. Thus capital and uncertainty went hand in hand as elements in conveying wealth, as architects and others involved in building at once made risk both fungible and material.

碩士<br>中國科技大學<br>室內設計系<br>103<br>Research of Building Interior Fire Safety Design Principles of Architectures Using Residences as Examples ABSTRACT Due to Taiwan’s economic growth and urban development boom, fire disasters occur in many public places from time to time, causing serious casualties and property losses. The architecture’s public safety and its improper fittings, decorations, and use of materials are often the main cause of the disaster. Therefore, in 1991, the Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior held a national architectural management meeting and passed a resolution to include interior design into the management. Starting in 1995, the government successively amended and added various statues, such as “Fire Services Act” and “Building Technical Regulations,” and “Condominium Administration Act Building Administration Division” was newly promulgated on June 28th, 1995, and “Indoor Decoration of Architecture Management Regulations” was newly promulgated on May 29th, 1996. However, up until now, Indoor Decoration of Architecture Management Regulations has been promulgated for implementation for 19 years, is it because the related design and construction personnel and practitioners of indoor decoration still because of not implementing the norms and regulations or not understanding the technicality and specifications, the occurrences of significant damage from fire disasters are still caused? In the past, the focus of promoting indoor fire disaster of architectures is on teaching people how to prevent fire disasters and how to rescue themselves, evacuate and escape when a fire disaster occurs. If we return to the design stage and pay attention to the architecture itself, interior design, human and environmental factors at all stages that may cause fire disasters at the beginning of the design, and consider including fire safety design at the residential architecture indoor design stage, such as design and consider the isolation methods, not only will this prevent the occurrence of fire disasters, it can also reduce the spreading of fire, and, in turn, achieving the reduction of harm caused by fire disasters. Therefore, this research collected and organized the related indicators of fire safety design principles, techniques, and practical implementations, and summed up with 5 major principles, namely isolation, delay, escape, evacuation, and self-rescue, 9 techniques, and 33 actions. And according to the statues and norms of Taiwan, the fire safety design principles and techniques are established, so that there are things for the interior designer and the reviewers of the work to follow. Keywords: Fire Safety, Evacuate and Escape, Fire Disaster Damage, Residence

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>土木工程學系碩博士班<br>95<br>The calamity of the building is divided into five categories mainly: Earthquake, fire, floods, disaster caused by a windstorm and war calamity. Among these five categories, the earthquake and the fire relatively often take place in our surrounding and bring the greatest harm. Nevertheless, the collapse of buildings caused by the fire is not much, but the hazards are huge. Whether the building will collapse when is exposed to the fire can be judged by the time domain and the temperature domain. Hence, the purpose of this research is to get the temperature of the fire room by using the fire model. CFAST is a two-zone fire model, and is developed by National Institute of Standards and Technology. Using CFAST, this research discusses those equations of calculating the temperature provided by “The fire performance validation technical reference of architecture, 2005”. This research discusses the effect of 3 parameters: the fire intensity coefficient, burning control factor, and the size of area, on the temperature of the room. This research assumes that the places that the fire occurs in are offices.

On May 13, 2008, the Faculty of Architecture Building, or ‘Bouwkunde’, at the Delft University of Technology, Netherlands suffered a fire that resulted in the collapse of the northwest wing of the 13 story building. No one was injured but the building was a complete loss. Collapse of concrete buildings in fire is rare; this report aims to provide a preliminary evaluation of the structure and point to key areas that may be of interest to future analyses and investigations. To this end, a large database of information was collected, including original and renovation construction documents, original structural calculations, and over 3000 photographs of the structure during and after the fire. This data has been organized and reviewed to provide a clearer understanding of the building and fire. Preliminary models of the fire are developed and applied to selected structural elements in the FOA to the temperature distributions within the members. Also provided is an overview of available methods for calculating the ultimate strength of reinforced concrete members at elevated temperatures and a computer application, UT Fire: Reinforced Concrete Analysis, which can be used to estimate member capacities through a given fire event, based on their internal temperature distributions.<br>text