Dissertations / Theses: 'Building Automation System (BAS)'

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Lin, Frank Ching-Shou. "The integration between design and maintenance of office building automation : a decision support approach." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16058/1/Frank_Lin_Thesis.pdf.

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This research explores the barriers and limitations of the interaction between building development processes in an attempt of an integrated decision support approach to improve building design for effective maintenance in the field of office building automation. Extensive coverage of literature and practice in office building industry over the last two decades indicates a wide diffusion and application of the information and communication technologies (ICT). While this has resulted in the adoption of advanced system integration in buildings, system redundancy and excessive expenditures are causing a major impact on the overall efficiency and has burdened building owners and occupiers with escalating maintenance costs. This phenomenon stimulates and warrants the re-examination of integrated building development, not just on system integration but also on the interdisciplinary development process integration particularly linking design and maintenance. Studies in this field revealed existing problems such as the inherent professional fragmentation, lack of historical information and service data, the first cost mentality of owners and developers, difficulties in forecasting future conditions and changes early in the design stage. With extensive use of qualitative information, this situation presents a great potential for the development of a decision support system exploring the communication and integration of design and maintenance phases, which has been one of the primary objectives of this research. In addition to literature studies, a questionnaire survey and a case study to identify industry concerns, feasible solutions, and practical procedure oriented approaches through knowledge extractions were carried out. A set of guidelines, a checklist for its implementation and prototype system for computerized decision support to design and maintenance of building automation systems were also produced. These strategic approaches to balance design and maintenance will help facilitate appropriate decision making in the early design stage for sustainable maintenance of buildings.

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2

Lin, Frank Ching-Shou. "The integration between design and maintenance of office building automation : a decision support approach." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16058/.

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This research explores the barriers and limitations of the interaction between building development processes in an attempt of an integrated decision support approach to improve building design for effective maintenance in the field of office building automation. Extensive coverage of literature and practice in office building industry over the last two decades indicates a wide diffusion and application of the information and communication technologies (ICT). While this has resulted in the adoption of advanced system integration in buildings, system redundancy and excessive expenditures are causing a major impact on the overall efficiency and has burdened building owners and occupiers with escalating maintenance costs. This phenomenon stimulates and warrants the re-examination of integrated building development, not just on system integration but also on the interdisciplinary development process integration particularly linking design and maintenance. Studies in this field revealed existing problems such as the inherent professional fragmentation, lack of historical information and service data, the first cost mentality of owners and developers, difficulties in forecasting future conditions and changes early in the design stage. With extensive use of qualitative information, this situation presents a great potential for the development of a decision support system exploring the communication and integration of design and maintenance phases, which has been one of the primary objectives of this research. In addition to literature studies, a questionnaire survey and a case study to identify industry concerns, feasible solutions, and practical procedure oriented approaches through knowledge extractions were carried out. A set of guidelines, a checklist for its implementation and prototype system for computerized decision support to design and maintenance of building automation systems were also produced. These strategic approaches to balance design and maintenance will help facilitate appropriate decision making in the early design stage for sustainable maintenance of buildings.

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Larmérus, Alexander. "Styrning av värmesystem i kontorsbyggnader : Jämförelse mellan prognosstyrning, styrning som utnyttjar byggnadens värmetröghet, samt traditionell styrning." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-146975.

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En stor del av Sveriges energianvändning går till bostäder och lokaler. Ur en nationell synvinkel är energieffektiviseringar i befintliga byggnader därför en potentiellt viktig del för att kunna nå de satta klimatmålen till år 2020. I ett traditionellt styr- och reglersystem styrs framledningstemperaturen i ett vätskeburet värmesystem efter en kurva som beror på utomhustemperaturen. En del nya styr- och reglersystem tar även hänsyn till andra parametrar, såsom byggnaders värmetröghet och lokala väderprognoser. Ett exempel på ett sådant system är Ecopilot, utvecklat av Kabona. Nuvarande kunskap angående hur stor energibesparing som styr- och reglersystem med prognosstyrning och styrning som utnyttjar byggnadens värmetröghet ger upphov till består till största del av referensfall som jämför byggnaders energianvändning före och efter installationen. I detta examensarbete undersöktes hur energianvändning och inomhusklimat påverkades av prognosstyrning och styrning som utnyttjar byggnaders värmetröghet. Mätningar utfördes på två kontorsbyggnader vid namn Fräsaren 10 och Fräsaren 11. Båda byggnaderna är belägna i Sundbyberg och har Kabona Ecopilot installerat. Mätdata loggades genom redan utsatta givare och en enklare form av validering av dessa gjordes. I Fräsaren 10 och Fräsaren 11 jämfördes Ecopilot i normal drift med driftfallet då prognosstyrningsfunktionen stängdes av i Ecopilot. Även ett tredje driftfall undersöktes i Fräsaren 10. Under detta driftfall stängdes Ecopilot av och framledningstemperaturen styrdes med hjälp av reglerkurvor. I luftbehandlingsaggregaten sattes tilluftstemperaturens börvärde, till 19-20 °C. Varje driftfall hade en mätperiod på minst 14 dagar. Energisignaturer användes för att jämföra energianvändningen och en osäkerhetsanalys av de anpassade linjerna gjordes. En egen modell för att undersöka toppbelastningar i radiatorsystemet, VS1, i Fräsaren 10 togs fram. Även en modell för att undersöka hur temperaturen varierat inomhus mellan de olika mätperioderna togs fram. Energisignaturer för radiatorsystemen VS1 och VS2 i Fräsaren 10 visade på att likvärdiga energisignaturer kunde fås för samtliga av de undersökta driftfallen under det temperaturintervall som undersöktes. Energisignaturer för värmeanvändning i luftbehandlingsaggregatet, LB2601, visade på att en konstant tillufttemperatur på 19 °C som användes då Ecopilot var avstängd, kunde ge en högre värmeanvändning jämfört med fallen då Ecopilot var i normal drift och då Ecopilot hade sin prognosstyrning avstängd. Från jämförelse mellan fallen då Ecopilot var i normal drift och då Ecopilots prognosstyrning var avstängd kunde inga substantiella skillnader hittas mellan energisignaturerna. Det betyder dock inte att prognosstyrningen inte ger upphov till energibesparingar, utan att eventuella energibesparingarna var för små relativt mätningarnas osäkerhet vid en konfidensnivå på 65 % eller 95 %. Osäkerheten kan minskas om mätningar utförs över en längre tidsperiod än som var möjligt under detta examensarbete. Värmetoppbelastningar som undersöktes i radiatorsystemet i VS1 Fräsaren 10 visade inte på att några signifikanta skillnader mellan antalet uppmätta värmeeffekttoppar under de olika mätperioderna. Det förekom dock en viss indikation att det kan leda till fler värmeeffekttoppar om prognosstyrningen stängs av i Ecopilot. För att få ett mer tillförlitligt resultat behöver mätningar göras under en längre tidsperiod. Inomhustemperaturen undersöktes i Fräsaren 10 och Fräsaren 11. I Fräsaren 10 uppgick medeltemperatur till 21,5 °C för fallen då Ecopilot var i normal drift och då prognosstyrningen var avstängd. Då Ecopilot var avstängd var medeltemperaturen 22,1 °C. Under mätperioderna uppmättes en variation som understeg ± 1 °C från medelvärdet för respektive mätperiod. Baserat på resultaten presenterade i detta examensarbete antaganden angående hur stor besparing av värme som Ecopilot ger upphov till revideras. Att jämföra energianvändning före och efter installation av styrsystem såsom Ecopilot kan ge en dålig bild av hur stor del av energibesparingen som orsakats av Ecopilot, speciellt om reglerkurvorna i det gamla systemet var dåligt intrimmade.

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Makarechi, Shariar. "Automation Performance Index." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14063.

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Automation is intended to improve overall building performance. Building Automation Systems (BAS) are attractive and popular due to their promise of increased operational effectiveness. BAS can be optimized and a well-designed and well-implemented BAS is expected to increase a buildings overall appeal and value as a result of improvement to its performance. In order to improve the level of automation in buildings, a measurement tool in the form of a performance index is needed. The goal of this research is to quantify a buildings level of automation-performance. The specific objective is to develop an Automation Performance Index (API) model for evaluating the extent of a buildings automation-performance. A methodology is outlined with ten tasks to accomplish the goals of this research and a criterion for each task is described. An extensive literature research and expert survey are performed to identify the key parameters that influence the performance of BAS. Seminars related to the building automation and commissioning fields were also attended to obtain the views of practitioners, manufacturers experts, as well as scholars in the field of building automation and performance commissioning. A Delphi method of research approach is conducted through a series of interviews and surveys of industry and academia experts. The feedback from experts and the research from literature, industry and academic resources are combined, classified and categorized for identification of significant parameters around which Automation Performance Index (API) model can be defined.

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Nama, Sumanth. "Detecting attacks in building automation system." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1597784.

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Building Automation System (BAS) was proposed to have the automatic centralized control of various appliances in the building such as heating, ventilating, air conditioning and other systems. Providing high security for the network layer in BAS was the major concern in recent times of studies. Researchers have been proposing different authentication protocols to stop the intruders from attacking the network, of which Time Efficient Stream Loss Authentication (TESLA) was the most secured protocol. Apart from its low computational and communicational overhead, there are few possible ways from which an intruder can attack a BAS network. Hence, to overcome this drawback we used a proposed algorithm in this paper, which uses the concept of Zero ? Knowledge Protocol (ZKP) in addition to TESLA for security. This combination of ZKP with time synchronization provides high authentication of packets in the network, thus making the network more secure and reliable. To test the security of the algorithm, we implement different wireless sensor network attacks such as sinkhole attack, and gray hole attack. Our proposed security algorithm is implemented by various WSN?s. We use Network Simulator 2 for simulation of the proposed algorithm. During the simulation, we observe detection of malicious nodes (intruders), thus proving the security of the proposed algorithm that in turn secures BAS.

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Wadhwa, Preeti H. "Secure building automation system using Tesla protocol." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1601311.

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Wireless broadcast communication systems are continuously facing many threats in terms of various security attacks on the network. Broadcast communication has well known advantages in large scale networks such as building automation system, home automation and more. The need for verification and authentication in the broadcast communication had motivated us to develop a unique security algorithm for a robust authentication mechanism. This project proposes a unique methodology that combines the advantage of the gradient based routing and cryptography in a network. For implementation of the proposed algorithm, an example of building automation has been used. Principles of TESLA protocol were considered, and modified to craft a novel approach that provides a highly secure broadcast authentication mechanism in the building automation system. Implementation and results produced during the development phase of the project affirms the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

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Suwannarath, Songluk. "The TESLA-alpha broadcast authentication protocol for building automation system." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10111196.

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Wireless sensor networks experience an increase of attacks in networks in term of security. However, broadcast communication is an essential algorithm that provides a great benefit for large scale communications, especially in Building Automation System (BAS). Embedding the security in this area becomes the top priority for every industry. TESLA protocol is an algorithm that verifies and authenticates senders and has low overhead and a robust authentication mechanism. The appeal of TESLA motivates us to apply this protocol into a hierarchical wireless network architecture for BAS that has a high flexibility for formation networks. To combine these two architectures we implement the knowledge of zero knowledge protocol and a session key cryptography into the formation phase, and modify packets that were used in this phase to make TESLA-alpha protocol compatible with BAS.

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Wang, Xiaolong. "A Secure Computing Platform for Building Automation Using Microkernel-based Operating Systems." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7589.

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Building Automation System (BAS) is a complex distributed control system that is widely deployed in commercial, residential, industrial buildings for monitoring and controlling mechanical/electrical equipment. Through increasing industrial and technological advances, the control components of BAS are becoming increasingly interconnected. Along with potential benefits, integration also introduces new attack vectors, which tremendous increases safety and security risks in the control system. Historically, BAS lacks security design and relies on physical isolation and "security through obscurity". These methods are unacceptable with the "smart building" technologies. The industry needs to reevaluate the safety and security of the current building automation system, and design a comprehensive solution to provide integrity, reliability, and confidentiality on both system and network levels. This dissertation focuses on the system level in the effort to provide a reliable computing foundation for the devices and controllers. Leveraged on the preferred security features such as, robust modular design, small privilege code, and formal verifiability of microkernel architecture, this work describes a security enhanced operating system with built-in mandatory access control and a proxy-based communication framework for building automation controllers. This solution ensures policy-enforced communication and isolation between critical applications and non-critical applications in a potentially hostile cyber environment.

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Dahlström, Lif Oscar. "Fastighetsautomation : En projektering." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-33999.

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Fastighetsautomation används för att automatisera processer i byggnader och kan avse automatisering av HVAC, belysning, säkerhetsfunktioner samt mycket mer. Det här arbetet avser en projektering av ett BAS för HVAC för cirkellokstallet i Sundsvall åt SKIFU. Projekteringen avser att ta reda på vad nuvarande system består av samt att jämföra två nya system som SKIFU valt, dessa är Schneider Electric och Regin. Metoden för att finna ut nuvarande system är att göra fältstudier på platsen samt att studera dokumentation tillhörande byggnaden. För att göra jämförelsen görs en litteraturstudie samt studie av tillverkarnas hemsidor. Det nuvarande systemet är ett Honeywell Excel 5000 och använder sig av LonTalk och BACnet för kommunikation. Systemet består av DHC, DUCar och flertalet aktorer och sensorer. De nya systemen Schneider Electric och Regin har olika kommunikationsstandarder, KNX respektive EXOline, BACnet, M-bus och Modbus. Schneider behöver inte använda DHC och DUC då alla enheter i KNX har mikrokontrollers och inte behövs styras centralt. Med KNX blir det stor flexibilitet då KNX har över 400 tillverkare av produkter som är KNX-certifierade. Regin med deras flera kommunikationsstandarder har även de stor flexibilitet men gateways kan behövas användas mellan kommunikationsstandarderna vilket kan leda till packet loss. Författaren av rapporten anser att Schneider Electric ska väljas på grunderna av att KNX används och att det i övriga fall inte skiljer sig åt mellan tillverkarna utan enheterna fungerar liknande men med olika standarder. Slutsatsen är att det BAS som är installerat är av Honeywell och om något system ska installeras så bör det vara KNX -baserat då gateways inte behövs och KNX är störst på den europeiska marknaden. Building automation is used to automate processes in buildings and can be used for HVAC, lightning, security and more. This work relates to a BAS for HVAC in a building owned by SKIFU. It also relates to find what the current system is and a do comparison between two systems chosen by SKIFU, Schneider Electric and Regin. The method to find out what the current system is, is to make field studies and examine the documentation connected to the building. To be able to do the comparison between Schneider Electric and Regin a study of literature and the manufacturer’s website is made. The existing system is a Honeywell Excel 5000 system and it uses LonTalk and BACnet as communication standards. The system has DHC, DUCs and numerus actuators and sensors. The new systems Schneider Electric and Regin have different communication standards, KNX for Schneider Electric and EXOline, BACnet, M-bus and Modbus for Regin. Schneider Electric does not need DHC and DUCs due to micro controllers is integrated in KNX units. With KNX the flexibility is high due to over 400 companies produce KNX certified units. Regin with their many standards in communication is also flexible but gateways may cause packet loss. The author of this work think that KNX is the system that should be chosen because of KNX as communication standard, and the communication is the main difference between the systems. The conclusion is that the system used at cikellokstallet is a Honeywell system and if SKIFU are going to change system a KXN based system should be used, based on KNX does not need any gateways and KNX is the most used standard on the market.

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Pan, Zhiwen, and Zhiwen Pan. "A Context Aware Anomaly Behavior Analysis Methodology for Building Automation Systems." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625624.

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Advances in mobile and pervasive computing, electronics technology, and the exponential growth in Internet of Things (IoT) applications and services has led to Building Automation System (BAS) that enhanced the buildings we live by delivering more energy-saving, intelligent, comfortable, and better utilization. Through the use of integrated protocols, a BAS can interconnects a wide range of building assets so that the control and management of asset operations and their services can be performed in one protocol. Moreover, through the use of distributed computing and IP based communication, a BAS can implement remote monitor and control in adaptive and real-time manner. However, the use of IoT and distributed computing techniques in BAS are leading to challenges to secure and protect information and services due to the significant increase in the attack surface and the inherent vulnerabilities of BAS integrated protocols. Since there is no intrusion detection and prevention available for BAS network, proposing a reliable security mechanism which can monitor the behavior of BAS assets becomes a major design issue. Anomaly Based Intrusion Detection is a security mechanism that uses baseline model to describe the normal behaviors of a system, so that malicious behaviors occurred in a system can be detected by comparing the observed behavior to the baseline model. With its ability of detecting novel and new attacks, Anomaly based Behavior Analysis (ABA) has been actively pursued by researchers for designing Intrusion Detection Systems. Since the information acquired from a BAS system can be from a variety of sources (e.g. sensors, network protocols, temporal and spatial information), the traditional ABA methodology which merely focuses on analyzing the behavior of communication protocols will not be effective in protecting BAS networks. In this dissertation we aim at developing a general methodology named Context Aware Anomaly based Behavior Analysis (CAABA) which combines Context Awareness technique with Anomaly based Behavior Analysis in order to detect any type of anomaly behaviors occurred in Building Automation Systems. Context Awareness is a technique which is widely used in pervasive computing and it aims at gathering information about a system's environment so it can accurately characterize the current operational context of the BAS network and its services. The CAABA methodology can be used to protect a variety of BAS networks in a sustainable and reliable way. To handle the heterogeneous BAS information, we developed a novel Context Aware Data Structure to represent the information acquired from the sensors and resources during execution of the BAS system which can explicitly describe the system's behavior. By performing Anomaly based Behavior Analysis over the set of context arrays using either data mining algorithm or statistical functions, the BAS baseline models are generated. To validate our methodology, we have applied it to two different building application scenarios: a smart building system which is usually implemented in industrial and commercial office buildings and a smart home system which is implemented in residential buildings, where we have achieved good detection results with low detection errors.

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Xiong, Yunjie. "A BIM-based Interoperability Platform in Support of Building Operation and Energy Management." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/97364.

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Building energy efficiency is progressively becoming a crucial topic in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) sector. Energy management tools have been developed to promise appropriate energy savings. Building energy simulation (BES) is a tool mainly used to analyze and compare the energy consumption of various design/operation scenarios, while building automation systems (BAS) works as another energy management tool to monitor, measure and collect operational data, all in an effort to optimize energy consumption. By integrating the energy simulated data and actual operational data, the accuracy of a building energy model can be increased while the calibrated energy model can be applied as a benchmark for guiding the operational strategies. This research predicted that building information modeling (BIM) would link BES and BAS by acting as a visual model and a database throughout the lifecycle of a building. The intent of the research was to use BIM to document energy-related information and to allow its exchange between BES and BAS. Thus, the energy-related data exchange process would be simplified, and the productive efficiency of facility management processes would increase. A systematic literature review has been conducted in investigating the most popular used data formats and data exchange methods for the integration of BIM/BES and BAS, the results showed the industry foundation classes (IFC) was the most common choice for BIM tools mainly and database is a key solution for managing huge actual operational datasets, which was a reference for the next step in research. Then a BIM-based framework was proposed to supporting the data exchange process among BIM/BES/BAS. 4 modules including BIM Module, Operational Data Module, Energy Simulation Module and Analysis and Visualization Module with an interface were designed in the framework to document energy-related information and to allow its exchange between BES and BAS. A prototype of the framework was developed as a platform and a case study of an entire office suite was conducted using the platform to validate this framework. The results showed that the proposed framework enables automated or semi-automated multiple-model development and data analytics processes. In addition, the research explored how BIM can enhance the application of energy modeling during building operation processes as a means to improve overall energy performance and facility management productivity. Doctor of Philosophy Building energy efficiency is progressively becoming a crucial topic in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) sector, promising appropriate energy savings can be achieved over the life cycle of buildings through proper design, construction, and operation. Energy management tools have been developed towards this end. Building energy simulation (BES) is a tool mainly used to analyze and compare the energy consumption of various design/operation scenarios. These instances include the selection of both new and retrofit designs and for building codes, building commissioning, and real-time optimal control, among others. The main challenge surrounding BES is the discrepancy between quantitative results and actual performance data. Building automation systems (BAS), or a part of BAS which is often referred to as building energy management systems (BEMS), works as another energy management tool to monitor, measure and collect operational data, all in an effort to optimize energy consumption. The key disadvantage to the more general tool of BAS in energy management is that the data sets collected by BAS are typically too large to be analyzed effectively. One potential solution to the lack of effective energy management analysis may lie in the integration of BES and BAS. Actual operational data can be compared with simulation results in assessing the accuracy of an energy model while the energy model can be applied as a benchmark for evaluating the actual energy consumption and optimizing control strategies. The presented research predicted that building information modeling (BIM) would link BES and BAS by acting as a visual model and a database throughout the lifecycle of a building. The intent of the research was to use BIM to document energy-related information and to allow its exchange between BES and BAS. Thus, the energy-related data exchange process would be simplified, and the productive efficiency of facility management processes would increase. More specifically, this research posits the framework of integrating BIM, BES, and BAS to produce a seamless and real-time energy-related information exchange system. The proposed framework enables automated or semi-automated multiple-model development and data analytics processes. In addition, the research explored how BIM can enhance the application of energy modeling during building operation processes as a means to improve overall energy performance and facility management productivity.

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Simmonds, Daphne Marie. "Information Technology & Sustainability: An Empirical Study of the Value of the Building Automation System." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5774.

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This study examines the environmental and economic effects of green information technology (IT). Green IT describes two sets of IT innovations: one set includes innovations that are implemented to reduce the environmental impact of IT services in organizations; and the other IT to reduce the environmental impact of other organizational processes. The two sets respond to the call for more environmentally friendly or “greener” organizational processes. I developed and tested a preliminary model. The model applied the resource based view (RBV) of the firm (Wernerfelt 1984) the stakeholder theory (Freeman 1984) and included four constructs: (1) BAS implementation; environmental value conceived in a novel way as the conservation of electric energy in buildings; economic value -- from energy cost savings; and BAS complements. These four constructs formed three propositions: (1) BAS implementation is positively associated with environmental value; (2) environmental value is positively associated with economic value; and BAS complements moderate the relationship BAS implementation and environmental value. The model was used to guide the investigation of three research questions: 1. What are the environmental and economic values of green IT? 2. How do green IT create the above values? 3. Are other dimensions of value created? If so, what are they? The focal IT investigated was the building automation system – a system designed to conserve electric energy and decrease operational costs. The unit of analysis of the study was the facilities management team – the implementers of the system. I collected data on a sample of six diverse cases of BAS implementations. The cases were diverse in terms of the BAS types, the building purposes, the building locations and the building occupancy and management. Two types of BAS were involved in the study, each with a different level of artificial intelligence: the more intelligent BAS self-reconfigured when changes in setpoints, for example, were necessary; the less intelligent BAS must be reconfigured by an engineer in similar circumstances. There was also diversity in terms of the buildings in which the systems were implemented and the occupancy and management of the buildings. The buildings include: the corporate headquarters of a global telecommunications firm; university classrooms; a residence hall in a university; and three multi-tenanted office complexes. The building occupancy and management differ in that some buildings are owner-occupied and are managed in-house, while the others are leased and their management outsourced. Data collection involved recorded semi-structured interviews of three sets of users in the organizations: building engineers; chief engineers; and property/facilities managers. The interviews were prearranged and were conducted onsite using an interview protocol. Each interview lasted approximately one hour and was conducted in one session. The data were transcribed and analyzed in Nvivo 10. The findings showed support for the presence of the four constructs within the preliminary model as well as for the three propositions in the preliminary model. The data also revealed contextual details of the BAS implementation and BAS complements constructs. There were also new dimensions value including: unanticipated types of economic value (including savings from reduced labor demand; social value (comfort and safety for building occupants); and strategic value (knowledge used to position the organizations for greater efficiency and effectiveness). Overall, the value outcomes of the implementations can be summarized as short term social, environmental and economic value as well as strategic value – consistent with the concept of sustainable value defined by Hart et al. (1995). Also, consistent with Zuboff’s (1985) description of the duality of intelligent IT systems -- the ability to informate and automate, the BAS implementation construct was found to include two distinct sources of value: equipment automation; and equipment information. The unanticipated value dimensions and types, as well as the sources of value were used to refine the research model. The study therefore a preliminary theoretical model – the resource based view of the sustainable organization (RBV-SO) -- as well as contextual implementation details that can be used to guide future investigations of the value created by intelligent green IT systems such as the BAS, as well as measurement items that can be used to inform quantitative studies of these systems. The study also adds to the practical body of knowledge concerning green IT implementations in general and implementations of the BAS in particular, concerning: details of the information value – for example, for measuring the environmental impact of the system and for substantiating claims in the application for green funds available to organizations; and details of some key complementary resources that enhance value creation within the context. Two major limitations of this study are: (1) a single coder was used in the analysis process and therefore no inter-coder reliability was established for the results; and (2) user perceptions rather than actual quantities were used to validate the findings. Some future research prospects include: use of these findings to conduct a quantitative study of an intelligent system extended with, for example, investigation of the impact of external forces such as government regulations, environmental issue salience, and market forces on the value created by green IT (such as the BAS); and investigation of the impact over time of the development of the strategic capabilities enabled by the BAS on creation of value.

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Simmonds, Daphne Marie. "Information Technology and Sustainability| An Empirical Study of the Value of the Building Automation System." Thesis, University of South Florida, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3722168.

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This study examines the environmental and economic effects of green information technology (IT). Green IT describes two sets of IT innovations: one set includes innovations that are implemented to reduce the environmental impact of IT services in organizations; and the other IT to reduce the environmental impact of other organizational processes. The two sets respond to the call for more environmentally friendly or “greener” organizational processes. I developed and tested a preliminary model. The model applied the resource based view (RBV) of the firm (Wernerfelt 1984) the stakeholder theory (Freeman 1984) and included four constructs: (1) BAS implementation; environmental value conceived in a novel way as the conservation of electric energy in buildings; economic value -- from energy cost savings; and BAS complements. These four constructs formed three propositions: (1) BAS implementation is positively associated with environmental value; (2) environmental value is positively associated with economic value; and BAS complements moderate the relationship BAS implementation and environmental value. The model was used to guide the investigation of three research questions: 1. What are the environmental and economic values of green IT? 2. How do green IT create the above values? 3. Are other dimensions of value created? If so, what are they? The focal IT investigated was the building automation system – a system designed to conserve electric energy and decrease operational costs. The unit of analysis of the study was the facilities management team – the implementers of the system. I collected data on a sample of six diverse cases of BAS implementations. The cases were diverse in terms of the BAS types, the building purposes, the building locations and the building occupancy and management. Two types of BAS were involved in the study, each with a different level of artificial intelligence: the more intelligent BAS self-reconfigured when changes in setpoints, for example, were necessary; the less intelligent BAS must be reconfigured by an engineer in similar circumstances. There was also diversity in terms of the buildings in which the systems were implemented and the occupancy and management of the buildings. The buildings include: the corporate headquarters of a global telecommunications firm; university classrooms; a residence hall in a university; and three multi-tenanted office complexes. The building occupancy and management differ in that some buildings are owner-occupied and are managed in-house, while the others are leased and their management outsourced. Data collection involved recorded semi-structured interviews of three sets of users in the organizations: building engineers; chief engineers; and property/facilities managers. The interviews were prearranged and were conducted onsite using an interview protocol. Each interview lasted approximately one hour and was conducted in one session. The data were transcribed and analyzed in Nvivo 10. The findings showed support for the presence of the four constructs within the preliminary model as well as for the three propositions in the preliminary model. The data also revealed contextual details of the BAS implementation and BAS complements constructs. There were also new dimensions value including: unanticipated types of economic value (including savings from reduced labor demand; social value (comfort and safety for building occupants); and strategic value (knowledge used to position the organizations for greater efficiency and effectiveness). Overall, the value outcomes of the implementations can be summarized as short term social, environmental and economic value as well as strategic value – consistent with the concept of sustainable value defined by Hart et al. (1995). Also, consistent with Zuboff’s (1985) description of the duality of intelligent IT systems -- the ability to informate and automate, the BAS implementation construct was found to include two distinct sources of value: equipment automation; and equipment information. The unanticipated value dimensions and types, as well as the sources of value were used to refine the research model. The study therefore a preliminary theoretical model – the resource based view of the sustainable organization (RBV-SO) -- as well as contextual implementation details that can be used to guide future investigations of the value created by intelligent green IT systems such as the BAS, as well as measurement items that can be used to inform quantitative studies of these systems. The study also adds to the practical body of knowledge concerning green IT implementations in general and implementations of the BAS in particular, concerning: details of the information value – for example, for measuring the environmental impact of the system and for substantiating claims in the application for green funds available to organizations; and details of some key complementary resources that enhance value creation within the context. Two major limitations of this study are: (1) a single coder was used in the analysis process and therefore no inter-coder reliability was established for the results; and (2) user perceptions rather than actual quantities were used to validate the findings. Some future research prospects include: use of these findings to conduct a quantitative study of an intelligent system extended with, for example, investigation of the impact of external forces such as government regulations, environmental issue salience, and market forces on the value created by green IT (such as the BAS); and investigation of the impact over time of the development of the strategic capabilities enabled by the BAS on creation of value.

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Jan, Jonathan. "Collecting Data for Building Automation Analytics : A case study for collecting operational data with minimal human intervention." Thesis, KTH, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-233319.

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Approximately 40% of the total energy consumption within the EU is due to buildings, and similar numbers can be found in the US. If the principal inefficiencies in buildings were easily identifiable, then a facility manager could focus their resources to make the buildings more efficient, which would lead to both cost savings for the facility owners and decrease the building’s ecological footprint. In building automation systems today, data is already being collected every second, but due to the lack of standardization for describing this data, having access to data is not the same as being able to make use of it. The existing heterogeneity makes it very costly to gather data from multiple buildings, thus making it difficult to understand the big picture. Facility managers cannot fix what they cannot see; thus it is important to facilitate the visualization of the data collected from all of the different building automation systems. This potentially offers great benefits with regards to both sustainability and economy. In this thesis, the author’s goal is to propose a sustainable, cost and time effective data integration strategy for real estate owners who wish to gain greater insight into their buildings’ efficiency. The study begins with a literature study to find previous and on-going attempts to solve this problem. Some initiatives for standardization of semantic models were found. Two of these models, Brick and Haystack, were chosen. One building automation system (BAS) was tested in a pilot case study, to test the appropriateness of a solution. The key results from this thesis project show that data from building automation systems, can be integrated into an analysis platform, and an extract, transform, and load (ETL) process for this is presented. How time efficiently data can be tagged and transformed into a common format is very dependent upon the current control system’s data storage format and whether information about its structure is adequate. It is also noted that there is no guarantee that facility managers have access to the control system’s database or information about how that is structured, in such cases other techniques can be used such as BACnet/IP, or Open Platform Communications (OPC) Unified Architecture. Ungefär 40 % av den totala energikonsumtionen i E.U. och U.S.A. förbrukas av fastigheter. Om de delar av fastigheten som är ineffektiva enkelt kunde identifieras, skulle det underlätta fastighetsförvaltarnas arbete i att göra byggnader mer energisnåla. Detta har i sin tur potential att minska kostnader och byggnaders ekologiska fotavtryck. I dagens fastighetsautomationssystem samlas data in varje sekund, men på grund av att det saknas ett standardiserat sätt att beskriva den på, är det skillnad på att ha tillgång till data och att faktiskt kunna använda sig av den. Heterogeniteten gör att det blir både kostsamt och tidskrävande för fastighetsförvaltare att samla in data från sina fastigheter. Fastighetsförvaltare kan inte åtgärda något det inte kan se. Därför är det viktigt att underlätta möjligheten för visualisering av data från olika typer av fastighetsautomationssystem. Att lyckas med detta har potential att ge positiva effekter både när det gäller hållbarhet och ekonomi. I den här uppsatsen är författarens mål att komma fram till en hållbar, kostnads- och tidseffektiv integrationsstrategi för fastighetsförvaltare som vill få bättre insikter hur effektiv deras byggnad faktiskt är. Forskningsarbetet inleds med en litteraturstudie för att finna tidigare och pågående försök att lösa detta problem. Några initiativ för standardisering av semantiska modeller för att beskriva data inom fastighetsautomation hittades. Två av dessa, Brick och Project Haystack, valdes ut. En byggnad, och ett fastighetsautomationssystem testades i en pilotstudie. Resultaten från studien pekar på att data från fastighetautomationssystem kan integreras med en analysplattform, och en så kallad ETL-process, efter de engelska orden: extract, transform, load; presenteras för att uppnå det målet. Hur tidseffektivt data kan taggas och transformeras beror på det nuvarande kontrollsystemets datalagringsformat och om information om dess struktur är adekvat. Det noteras att det inte finns någon garanti till att få åtkomst till kontrollsystemets databas, eller information om dess struktur, därför presenteras även alternativa tekniker, däribland BACnet/IP och Open Platform Communications (OPC) Unified Architecture.

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Ågren, David. "Improving system integration by standardizing and automating the Modbus protocol." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Digitala tjänster och system, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-79529.

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Communicating devices are on the rise. Fueled by the introduction of Internet-of-Thing (IoT) and Industry 4.0, more and more devices are capable of information sharing. There is a long history of communicating devices in industrial and building management contexts that previously relied on fieldbuses. One of these legacy fieldbuses is the Modbus protocol, originating in serial communication and now adapted for use with Ethernet. It has significant adoption in the fields of industrial automation systems (IAS) and building management systems (BMS) but carries many limitations. Industrial systems often have a long lifespan and fundamental changes are not introduced quickly. This leads to a need for legacy communication protocols to be able to function alongside the new paradigms for the foreseeable future. In order to facilitate this phase, an attempt to improve system integration in the Modbus context is performed in this thesis. By utilizing standardization and automation principles, additional functionality and definitions are proposed to the Modbus protocol to help improve system integration. By using interviews with system integrators and document reviews of available Modbus description documents three iterative development processes are performed to answer the research questions. A proposed data model is presented, allowing for a standardized way to represent the contents of a Modbus register. Its attributes are clearly defined with descriptions and constraints. A new function code specification (0x47) is defined and presented in the same form as other function codes are described in the current Modbus specification. It allows for Modbus descriptors to be retrieved directly from the slave device. As a proof-of-concept the function code is developed in an existing Modbus implementation (Modbus4J). A client application is created to allow for fully functional demonstrations for a broader audience. The resulting communication is captured in Wireshark and presented as proof-of-concept.

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Xu, Weili. "An Energy and Cost Performance Optimization Platform for Commercial Building System Design." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2017. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/956.

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Energy and cost performance optimization for commercial building system design is growing in popularity, but it is often criticized for its time consuming process. Moreover, the current process lacks integration, which not only affects time performance, but also investors’ confidence in the predicted performance of the generated design. Such barriers keep building owners and design teams from embracing life cycle cost consideration. This thesis proposes a computationally efficient design optimization platform to improve the time performance and to streamline the workflow in an integrated multi-objective building system design optimization process. First, building system cost estimation is typically completed through a building information model based quantity take-off process, which does not provide sufficient design decision support features in the design process. To remedy this issue, an automatic cost estimation framework that integrates EnergyPlus with an external database to perform building systems’ capital and operation costs is proposed. Optimization, typically used for building system design selection, requires a large amount of computational time. The optimization process evaluates building envelope, electrical and HVAC systems in an integrated system not only to explore the cost-saving potential from a single high performance system, but also the interrelated effects among different systems. An innovative optimization strategy that integrates machine learning techniques with a conventional evolutionary algorithm is proposed. This strategy can reduce run time and improve the quality of the solutions. Lastly, developing baseline energy models typically takes days or weeks depending on the scale of the design. An automated system for generating baseline energy model according to ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1 performance rating method is thus proposed to provide a quick appraisal of optimal designs in comparison with the baseline energy requirements. The main contribution of this thesis is the development of a new design optimization platform to expedite the conventional decision making process. The platform integrates three systems: (1) cost estimation, (2) optimization and (3) benchmark comparison for minimizing the first cost and energy operation costs. This allows designers to confidently select an optimal design with high performance building systems by making a comparison with the minimum energy baseline set by standards in the building industry. Two commercial buildings are selected as case studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of this platform. One building is the Center for Sustainable Landscapes in Pittsburgh, PA. This case study is used as a new construction project. With 54 million possible design solutions, the platform is able to identify optimal designs in four hours. Some of the design solutions not only save the operation costs by up to 23% compared to the ASHRAE baseline design, but also reduce the capital cost ranging from 5% to 23%. Also, compared with the ASHRAE baseline design, one design solution demonstrates that the high investment of a product, building integrative photovoltaic (BiPV) system, can be justified through the integrative design optimization approach by the lower operation costs (20%) as well as the lower capital cost (12%). The second building is the One Montgomery Plaza, a large office building in Norristown, PA. This case study focuses on using the platform for a retrofit project. The calibrated energy model requires one hour to complete the simulation. There are 4000 possible design solutions proposed and the platform is able to find the optimal design solution in around 50 hours. Similarly, the results indicate that up to 25% capital cost can be saved with $1.7 million less operation costs in 25 years, compare to the ASHRAE baseline design.

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McCabe, Michael Charles. "An Empirical Investigation of Information Systems Success in Terms of Net Benefits: A Study on the Success of Implementing a Building Automation System." NSUWorks, 2010. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/238.

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When measuring Information Systems (IS) success, it is important to know the type of IS being measured, the systems objectives, and the unit of analysis. As organizations invest in technology to help achieve strategic goals, they need to be able to measure IS success. Measuring the effectiveness of IS from an organizational perspective is the effect it has on achieving organizational goals. The effectiveness of information systems is a measure of net benefits. This empirical study investigated IS success in terms of the DeLone and McLean IS success model variable, net benefits. In order to measure IS success, the context of the investigation and the unit of analysis are as important as what is being measured. This investigation, in the context of a building automation system (BAS), evaluated the net benefits success measurement with the organization as the unit of analysis. Two hypothesis testing studies were conducted. The first study was a predictive investigation, which researched the relationship among the independent variables, kilowatt hours, kilowatt demand, and the dependent variable, the cost of energy. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to understand to what extent the independent variables could predict the dependent variable. The second study was a correlational investigation. This study was conducted to ascertain whether a building automation system affects the cost of energy. A Point Biserial Correlation Coefficient test was conducted to understand the relationship between the cost of energy and stores with a building automation system and those without. A t-test was conducted to understand the level of significance. The results of the analysis showed that the relationship between the cost of energy and a BAS is statistically significant and that the variables kilowatt hours and kilowatt demand are statistically significant as predictors of the cost of energy.

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Herrlin, Emma. "Alternativa reglermetoder för en energieffektiv byggnad." Thesis, KTH, Data- och elektroteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-214833.

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Ungefär 60 % av den totala energianvändningen för uppvärmning (inklusive varmvatten) i Sverige går åt till att värma upp flerbostäder och lokaler, vilket ger en indikation på att det finns potential att minska energianvändningen ytterligare genom att hitta alternativa metoder för styr- och reglering av befintliga värmesystem. En viktig faktor oberoende av vilken metod som används är att veta byggnadens dynamiska egenskaper. Det finns en rad olika metoder på marknaden för att kunna minska energianvändningen och en del av dem är välbeprövande medan andra fortfarande är på forskningsnivå. Den beprövade metoden är prognosstyrning vilket också utvärderades vidare i examensarbetet genom en studie av tidigare utförda arbeten inom området. En gemensam och viktig faktor för att kunna spara energi för uppvärmning i byggnader är att veta byggnadens tidskonstant, även kallad värmetröghet. För att påvisa dess betydelse utfördes simuleringar i ett program som heter TEKNOsim som är utvecklat av Chalmers tekniska högskola. Resultatet från simuleringarna som utfördes för 6 olika scenarier visade att den stora faktorn som påverkade byggnaden var internvärmen från belysning, apparater och personer. En yttre påverkande faktor som också hade betydelse var solavskärmning för fönsterna vilket gav en jämnare rumstemperatur. Då simuleringarna anpassades till två olika driftfall för ventilationssystemet till ”kontorstid” och ”utanför kontorstid” höll sig rumstemperaturen inom ramen för högsta och lägsta temperatur under tiden då kontoret var bemannat. En annan metod som användes var en litteraturstudie för arbeten inom området prognosstyrning. För de arbeten som valdes ut undersöktes två olika leverantörer som är marknadsledande i Sverige, eGain och Kabona. I snitt visade resultaten en besparing på 10–15% för uppvärmningskostnaderna men den individuella spridningen för eGains prognosstyrning var stor. Vissa fastigheter hade ingen besparing alls medan andra hade en besparing på 26%. Den stora spridningen berodde antagligen på att det nya systemet endast varit igång i 6 månader då studiens utfördes, vilket är för kort tid för att få några tillförlitliga resultat. För Kabonas tjänst Ecopilot var resultaten mer jämna.

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Пелипенко, Ю. М., Сергій Вікторович Соколов, Сергей Викторович Соколов та Serhii Viktorovych Sokolov. "Автоматична система керування "розумним" будинком". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/65674.

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Системи автоматизації і керування будівлями займають важливе місце в забезпечені взаємозв’язку між всією системою будівлі та всім інженерним обладнанням. Тому «розумний будинок» дозволяє автоматизувати багато щоденних завдання, пов’язані з освітленням, кліматом і іншими життєво важливими побутовими системами.

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Neminář, Štěpán. "Návrh řešení pro řízení technologií stávajících budov." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401541.

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This master´s thesis is dealing with designing wireless management system for existing buildings. In the first part there is description of topologies a communication protocols used for wireless automation. Further there are characterized some devices for lighting, heating, ventilation and cooling regulation. These are used for a model network of a building management, where is system OpenHAB also presented. In the next chapter is aprissed specific edifice and its typical operation where is also designed basic and extended solution for it. This part continues with computation of energy consumption in TRNSYS software, that are used to calculate economic return for both variants.

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Stenström, Johanna, and Sandra Hagman. "Robotic Process Automation (RPA) i bygglovsprocessen: En studie om effektivisering och dess påverkan på arbetstillfällen." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-54049.

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Syfte: Den rådande digitaliseringen av samhällsbyggandet leder till möjlighet att automatisera och effektivisera processer inom samhällsbyggandet. Att automatisera delar av bygglovsprocessen med hjälp av Robotic Process Automation (RPA) är möjligt. En sådan implementering skulle kunna leda till effektivare processer, men kanske även andra effekter, negativa som positiva. Några av Sveriges kommuner har redan implementerat RPA i bygglovsprocessen och andra står i begrepp att göra det inom kort. Därför är det av hög relevans att utreda hur mycket RPA kan effektivisera bygglovsprocessen samt undersöka hur automatisering påverkar arbetet för personal på bygglovsenheter. Syftet med denna studie är, därför, att undersöka i vilken utsträckning bygglovsprocessen kan effektiviseras med hjälp av RPA. Vidare önskar studien utreda hur en sådan implementering kan påverka arbetsuppgifter och arbetstillfällen för bygglovshandläggare och administratörer på bygglovsenheter i Sverige. Metod: Denna studie utförs som en survey. För att uppnå studiens syfte och mål har två olika datainsamlingstekniker valts, där primärdata insamlas genom intervjuer och sekundärdata via en dokumentstudie. Studien är således i huvudsak av kvalitativ karaktär, men kompletteras med kvantitativ empiri för att kunna styrka slutsatser. Resultat: I rapporten framkommer det att bygglovsprocessen effektiviseras med hjälp av RPA. Genom att automatisera moment i processen, beräknas 141,5 timmar/månad sparas in på tidigare manuellt utförda arbeten. Tiden som sparas in läggs istället på uppgifter som anses relevanta och mer kunskapskrävande. Detta i sin tur leder till en förändring av arbetsuppgifter för de anställda på bygglovsenheten och lyfts som en positiv aspekt. Vidare visar studien att bygglovshandläggares arbetstillfällen inte har påverkats på grund av RPA samt ger inga anvisningar på att deras arbeten i framtiden kommer hotas. De som påverkas mest av implementeringen är administratörer, då det främst är administrativa uppgifter som kan ersättas av RPA. Studien ger en viss indikation på att administrativa tjänster och behovet av administratörer på bygglovsenheter kan komma att minska, som en följd av automatisering. Konsekvenser: Genom att implementera RPA i bygglovsprocessen uppnås inte bara en effektivisering av processen. Andra fördelar som nöjdare medarbetare och högre kvalitét på besluten är också effekter av automatisering. Nöjdare medarbetare kan, i förlängningen, leda till färre antal uppsägningar och följaktligen en förhöjd kompetensnivå på bygglovsenheten. Högre kvalitét på beslut leder till ett ökat förtroende för bygglovsenheter i Sverige. Vidare kan även RPA bidra till en mer enhetlig bygglovsprocess kommuner emellan, då uppsatta funktioner och regler, samt information kan delges mellan kommunerna. Begränsningar: Då studien utförts som ett examensarbete har begräsningar funnits i form av antal ord som studien får omfatta. Utöver det har studien undersökt tre av Sveriges kommuner som arbetat med RPA i minst ett år. Om fler kommuner undersökts, skulle studiens validitet kunnat öka. Purpose: The current digitalization of community building leads to the opportunity to automate and streamline processes in community building. Automating parts of the building permit process using Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is possible. Such implementation could lead to more efficient processes, but perhaps also other effects, negative and positive. Some of Sweden's municipalities have already implemented RPA in the building permit process and others are about to do so shortly. Therefore, it is of high relevance to investigate how much RPA can make the building permit process more efficient and investigate how automation affects the amount of work for employees at building permit units. The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which the building permit process can be streamlined with the help of RPA. Furthermore, the study wishes to investigate how such an implementation can affect the tasks and jobs of caseworkers and administrators at building permit units in Sweden. Method: This study is carried out as a survey. In order to achieve the purpose and objectives of the study, two different data collection techniques have been selected, where primary data is collected through interviews and secondary data via a document study. The study is thus mainly of a qualitative nature but is supplemented with quantitative empirical evidence in order to substantiate conclusions. Findings: The report shows that the building permit process is made more efficient with the help of RPA. By automating steps in the process, it is estimated that 141.5 hours/month is saved on previously manually performed work. The time saved is instead mainly spent on tasks that are considered relevant and more knowledge-intensive. This in turn leads to a change in tasks for the employees at the building permit unit, and is highlighted as a positive aspect. Furthermore, the study shows that jobs of building permit caseworkers have not been affected due to RPA and does not provide any indications that their work will be threatened in the future. Those most affected by the implementation are administrators, as it is mainly administrative tasks that can be replaced by RPA. The study provides some indication that administrative services and the need for administrators in building permit units may decrease, as a result of automation. Implications: By implementing RPA in the building permit process, not only is the process streamlined. Other benefits such as more satisfied employees and higher quality of decisions are also effects of automation. Satisfied employees can lead to fewer redundancies and consequently an increased level of competence at the building permit unit in the long run. Higher quality of decisions leads to increased trust in building permit units in Sweden. Furthermore, RPA can also contribute to a more unitary building permit process between municipalities, as established functions and rules, as well as information can be shared between the municipalities. Limitations: Since the study was carried out as a bachelor thesis, there were restrictions of the number of words that the study may include. In addition, the study examined three of Sweden's municipalities that worked with RPA for at least one year. If more municipalities were examined, the validity of the study could increase.

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Ebadat, Afrooz. "Experiment Design for Closed-loop System Identification with Applications in Model Predictive Control and Occupancy Estimation." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Reglerteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209021.

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The objective of this thesis is to develop algorithms for application-oriented input design. This procedure takes the model application into account when designing experiments for system identification. This thesis is divided into two parts. The first part considers the theory of application-oriented input design, with special attention to Model Predictive Control (MPC). We start by studying how to find a convex approximation of the set of models that result in acceptable control performance using analytical methods when controllers with no closed-form control law, for e.g., MPC are employed. The application-oriented input design is formulated in time domain to enable handling of signals constraints. The framework is extended to closed-loop systems where two cases are considered i.e., when the plant is controlled by a general but known controller and for the case of MPC. To this end, an external stationary signal is designed via graph theory. Different sources of uncertainty in application-oriented input design are investigated and a robust application-oriented input design framework is proposed. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the problem of estimating the number of occupants based on the information available to HVAC systems in buildings. The occupancy estimation is first formulated as a two-tier problem. In the first tier, the room dynamic is identified using temporary measurements of occupancy. In the second tier, the identified model is employed to formulate the problem as a fused-lasso problem. The proposed method is further developed to be used as a multi-room estimator using a physics-based model. However, since it is not always possible to collect measurements of occupancy, we proceed by proposing a blind identification algorithm which estimates the room dynamic and occupancy, simultaneously. Finally, the application-oriented input design framework is employed to collect data that is informative enough for occupancy estimation purposes. QC 20170620

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Troják, Pavel. "Přístupové a zabezpečovací systémy v automatizaci budov." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228599.

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This thesis deals with automation of buildings, provides the possibility of automation in today's intelligent buildings. The issue of building automation for security and access systems is solved in details. This thesis contains the basic rules of the systems and procedure in the implementation of access and security systems. The target of this thesis is the proposal of the access and security system for buildings. Part of the thesis is also creating a model, on which will be presented the access and security system. This model will be used by the company ELMONT GROUP as a basis for dealing with contracts.

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Laseter, Joel Tyler III. "Holistic Performance Evaluation of the Built Environment: The Olin Building Past, Present & Future." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1544173911724874.

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Podolský, Ondřej. "Sběr MaR dat." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-316397.

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The semester thesis outlines the idea of the concept of intelligent building and related technologies. The first section describes the devices used in the field of intelligent installations in particular selected communication protocols and bus. In the next section there are some examples of systems from different manufacturer and the most detailed herein descripted system is Honeywell’s system built on NiagaraAX Framework because the practical part of the work is implemented using this system. The last part describes creation process of data visualization and storage obtained from intelligent building of Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication.

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Dostál, Jiří. "Systém pro zpracování dat z regulátoru HAWK firmy Honeywell." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-316271.

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This thesis deals with developing program components for collection of semantically labeled data from Honeywell's Hawk controller. The basic principles and capabilities of development using Niagara Framework, on which Hawk is based, are explained. Lastly, the specific components and external database application is described.

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Lindberg, Joakim, and Adam Viebke. "Systemsvagheter och systemstyrkor för användandet och utvecklandet av fastighetsautomation : En explorativ intervjustudie av teknologiska innovationssystem inom byggindustrin." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-64301.

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Buildings today represent a large part of societies energy consumption. The increasing environmental awareness has sparked an interest in lowering building energy consumption and building automation systems has been recognized as an effective way of contributing to a more sustainable society. The purpose of this report is to identify the blocking and driving forces between actors in the construction industry when implementing and developing building automation systems. By understanding the blocking and driving forces of a technology in a system, an understanding can be developed of how the industry should act to increase the usage and development of certain technology. Building automation systems can be said to be a systemic innovation, that is, an innovation that affects more than one actor. As there is more than one actor affected by the innovation, systemic innovations are characterized by the complexity when enforcing it. A tool for understanding problems that different actors’ face is the technological innovation framework. This framework has laid the foundation for the analysis of the system strengths and system weaknesses when implementing and developing building automation. In addition, a literature study on technological innovation systems and systemic innovation has been conducted. By examining and evaluating collected data from 19 expert interviews based on the following seven functions presented in the technological innovation framework, five system weaknesses and four system strengths have been identified. The five system weaknesses are (1). The construction industry´s structure and working methods, (2). Lack of industrial cooperation, (3). The conservative attitude in the construction industry, (4). Limited access and development of human capital, and (5) Weak market incentives. Based on these system weaknesses, a discussion was conducted regarding the importance of coordination between the construction industry’s actors and its different disciplines. With the understanding of the four system strengths, (1). Established marked and proven technology, (2). Strong digitalization trends and positive knowledge development, (3). Increased environmental awareness and, (4). Strong urbanization trends, creates an understanding of what factors that drives the systems forward. Byggnader representerar idag en stor del av den totala energiförbrukningen i samhället. I takt med en ökad miljömedvetenhet har intresset för att sänka byggnaders energiförbrukning blivit en allt viktigare fråga och fastighetsautomation har uppmärksammats som ett effektivt sätt för att bidra till ett mer hållbart samhälle. Syfte med denna rapport är att identifiera de systemsvagheter och systemstyrkor som finns mellan aktörerna i byggindustrin vid implementering och utveckling av fastighetsautomation. Genom att förstå systemsvagheterna och systemstyrkorna för en teknologi i ett system kan förståelse skapas för hur en industri skall agera för att kunna öka användandet och utvecklingen av en viss teknik. Fastighetsautomation kan sägas vara en systemisk innovation, det vill säga en innovation som påverkar fler än en part. I och med att flera aktörer påverkas av innovationen kännetecknas systemiska innovationer av dess komplexitet att genomföra. Ett verktyg för att förstå de bakomliggande utmaningarna för ett system är det teknologiska innovationsramverket. Ramverket har legat till grund för analysen kring systemstyrkor och systemsvagheter inom området för fastighetsautomation. Till detta har även en litteraturstudie genomförts kring teknologiska innovationssystem samt systemisk innovation. Genom att ha undersökt insamlade data från 19 expertintervjuer baserade på de sju funktionerna som presenterats i det teknologiska innovationsramverket, har fem systemsvagheter och fyra systemstyrkor kunnat identifieras. De fem systemsvagheterna är (B1). Byggindustrins uppbyggnad och arbetssätt, (B2). Bristande industriell samverkan, (B3). Byggindustrins konservativa attityd, (B4). Begränsad tillgång och utveckling av humankapital, och (B5) Svaga marknadsincitament. Baserat på systemsvagheterna förs en diskussion kring vikten av samordning mellan byggindustrins aktörer och discipliner. Med förståelsen för de fyra systemstyrkorna, (D1). Etablerad marknad och beprövad teknik, (D2). Stark digitaliseringstrend och positiv kunskaps tillförsel, (D3). Ökad miljömedvetenhet och (D4). Stark urbaniseringstrend, skapas en förståelse för faktorer som gynnar byggindustrins arbete med fastighetsautomation.

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Plönnigs, Jörn. "Control Network Performance Engineering." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1189518885137-19770.

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Beim Entwurf großer Netzwerke der Automation ermöglichen Methoden der Leistungsbewertung den Test und die Dimensionierung eines Netzwerkes bereits vor der Inbetriebnahme und erlauben damit einen effizienten, qualitätsorientierten Entwurf. Es ist jedoch sehr wissensintensiv und aufwendig, entsprechende Analyse- oder Simulations-Modelle aufzustellen und die Ergebnisse auszuwerten, weshalb die Methoden in der Praxis der Automation selten verwendet werden. Viel vertrauter sind dem Entwerfer hingegen die speziellen Software-Tools, mit denen in der Automation Netzwerke entworfen werden. Auf Basis der Datenbanken dieser Tools werden in dieser Arbeit verschieden Verfahren zur automatischen Systemmodellierung, Verkehrsmodellierung, Leistungsbewertung und Fehlerdiagnose zu einem Control Network Performance Engineering kombiniert, welches die Qualitätsbewertung und -beratung nahtlos und ohne Mehraufwand in den Netzwerkentwurf integriert. (Die Dissertation wurde veröffentlicht im Jörg Vogt Verlag, Voglerstr. 20, 01277 Dresden, Internet: http://www.vogtverlag.de/, email: info@vogtverlag.de, ISBN 978-3-938860-10-6) During the design of large automation networks, performance analysis methods can be used for testing and dimensioning the network before implementation and are essential for an efficient and reliable design process. However, setting up the necessary analytical or simulative models is time-consuming, requires in-depth knowledge, and is therefore often not applicable in practice. The network designers are much more used to the design tools used to develop automation networks. Based on these tools' databases various methods for automated system and traffic modeling, performance analysis and diagnoses are combined in the control network performance engineering that seamlessly integrates quality analysis and consulting into network design without requiring additional effort. (This manuscript is also available - in the form of a book - from Jörg Vogt Verlag, Voglerstr. 20, 01277 Dresden, Germany world-wide web address: http://www.vogtverlag.de/, electronic-mail address: info@vogtverlag.de, ISBN 978-3-938860-10-6 )

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Bodell, Erik, and Simon Åhlander. "Energianalys av byggnad med installerat ångsystem för matlagningsprocesser : Kan ånga vara mer effektivt än el för matlagning?" Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-24232.

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Det finns ett stort behov av att minska energianvändningen i världen. Igenom att minska energibehovet så minskar den negativa miljöpåverkan. I en ständigt växande värld där det byggs i allt snabbare takt så ökar också energibehovet. Igenom att effektivisera befintliga byggnader kan energibehovet stagnera eller till och med minska trots utbyggnaden. Igenom att energieffektivisera så kan mer av den energi som används nyttjas istället för att den ska stå för onödiga förluster. Fortifikationsverket har en restaurangbyggnad de anser använder för mycket energi. Denna byggnad innehåller en restaurang som använder ett ångsystem för matproduktion, vilket gör byggnadens energisystem unikt. För att kunna minska byggnadens energianvändning kartläggs och analyseras den i denna rapport. Denna fallstudie genomförs med en litteraturstudie för att utveckla kunskaperna inom området. Sedan utförs mätningar i byggnaden som därefter analyseras och presenteras så att eventuella avvikelser och brister påpekas. Under arbetets gång upptäcktes att en säkring var felinstallerad för mätningen av elanvändningen till en av ångpannorna. Igenom att ha åtgärdat detta för att kunna fakturera rätt så spar Fortifikationsverket nästan 170 000 kr per år som den ångpannan går. Utöver detta så analyserades ångsystemet och uppskattningar gjordes för att kunna svara på om ånga är effektivare än el för matlagning. Det visar sig att ångsystemet kan vara effektivt om stor mängd mat tillagas. Med hänsyn till nätter, helger och de dagar då mindre mat tillagas så är el-utrustning effektivare eftersom att det helt stängs av när det inte används. Till skillnad från ångsystemet som måste täcka upp för förlusterna för att behålla temperatur och tryck, även när systemet inte används. Igenom att byta ut ångsystemet till motsvarande utrustning som drivs av el skulle det gå att spara 205 MWh/år, enligt uppskattningar. Ångsystemet står för 35% av byggnadens totala elanvändning och är den största posten för energianvändningen och är därför den del som fokuserats mest på. Utöver ångsystemet så analyserades övrig energianvändning för att kunna ge förslag på besparingar. Många av förslagen är grundade på vissa uppskattningar och antaganden vilket måste beaktas. Några konkreta exempel på besparingar som kan göras är att sänka inomhustemperaturen för att spara 50 MWh/år, installera tilläggsfönster för att spara upp till 140 MWh/år, installera effektivare kylaggregat – 200 MWh/år, installera bättre styrning till ventilationen – 110 MWh/år, installera bättre styrning till belysning – 40 MWh/år. There is a great need to reduce energy use in the world. By reducing energy demand, this reduces the negative environmental impact. In a constantly growing world, where it is built at an ever faster pace, the energy demand also increases. By increasing energy efficiency inexisting buildings, energy requirements may stagnate or even decrease despite expansion. By increasing energy efficiency, more of the energy demand can be used instead of standing for energy losses. Fortifikationsverket has a building they believe use too much energy. This building contains a restaurant that uses a steam system to heat its food, which makes the building's energy system unique. In order to reduce the energy consumption of the building, an energy audit is completed and analyzed in this report. This case study is conducted with a literature study to develop the knowledge in the field. Then measurements in the building are performed which are subsequently analyzed and presented to indicate any deviations and deficiencies. During the work it was discovered that a fuse was incorrectly installed to measure the electricity consumption of one of the boilers. By correcting this in order to be able to bill correctly, Fortifikationsverket saves almost 170,000 SEK per year as the boiler goes. In addition to this, the steam system was analyzed and estimates were made to respond if steam is more effective than electricity for cooking. It turns out that the steam system can be effective if a large amount of food is cooked. Considering nights, weekends and days when less food is cooked, electrical equipment is more effective because it completely turns off when not in use. Unlike the steam system that has to cover the energy losses to keep temperature and pressure, even when the system is not in use. By replacing the steam system with equivalent electrical equipment, it couldsave 205 MWh/year, according to estimates.The steam system accounts for 35% of the building's total electricity demandand is the largest item for energy use and is therefore the most focused area. In addition to the steam system, other energy usage was analyzed to provide energy savings. Many of the proposals are based on certain estimates and assumptions which must be considered. Some examples of savings that can be made is lowering the indoor temperature to save 50 MWh/year, install additional windows to save up to 140 MWh/year, install more efficient cooling units -200 MWh/year, install better ventilation control systems-50 MWh/year, install better controls for indoor lighting -40 MWh/year.

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Kohler, Manon. "Assessement of the building energy requirements : added value of the use of the urban climate modeling." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAH004/document.

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Les bâtiments représentent 40 pourcents de la consommation finale d'énergie. Ils sont ainsi le fer de lance des politiques de réduction des dépenses énergétiques. Récemment, des systèmes de modèles climatiques qui incluent un modèle atmosphérique régional et des paramétrisations urbaines sophistiquées ont été développés. Ils considèrent la complexité de l’îlot de chaleur urbain et ses interactions avec les besoins énergétiques des bâtiments. Dans quelle mesure ces systèmes constituent-ils des outils d’aide à la décision pour les autorités locales ? Cette étude menée sur le territoire de l'Eurodistrict (Strasbourg - Kehl) en 2010, puis en 2030, à l’aide du système de modèles de climat WRF/ARW-BEP+BEM a démontré que si le système de modèles estimait de manière fiable les besoins en chauffage des bâtiments, ces derniers étaient davantage sensibles aux caractéristiques intrinsèques des bâtiments qu'aux formes urbaines et à l'îlot de chaleur urbain induit par ces formes Buildings represent 40 percent of the end-use energy. Thus, they constitute a key point of the energy saving policies. Recently, climate modeling systems that include a mesoscale atmospheric model, sophisticated urban parameterizations have been developed to account for the complexity of the urban climate and its interactions with the building energy loads. This study aims to assess the capability of such climate modeling systems to provide climate and energy guidelines to urban planners. For this, we used the research collaborative WRF/ARW-BEP+BEM climate modeling system and performed sensitivity tests considering the territory of the Eurodistrict in 2010, and then in 2030. The results reveal that the climate modeling system achieves estimating the building energy needs over the study area, but also indicate that the building energy needs are more sensitive to the building intrinsic properties and occupant behavior than to the urban forms and their induced urban heat island

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Björk, Carl Johan. "PID tuning with Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) : A framework for a step response based tuning algorithm." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-33903.

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The building automation industry lacks an affordable, simple, solution for autonomous PID controller tuning when overhead variables fluctuate. In this project, requested by Jitea AB, a solution was developed, utilising step response process modelling, numerical integration of first order differential equations, and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). The solution was applied to two control schemes; simulated outlet flow from a virtual water tank, and the physical air pressure in the ventilation system of a preschool in Sweden. An open-loop step response provided the transfer function in each case, which, after some manipulation, could be employed to predict the performance of any given set of PID parameters, based on a weighted cost function. This prediction model was used in ACO to find optimal settings. The program was constructed in both Structured Control Language and Structured Text and documented in an approachable way. The results showed that the program was, in both cases, able to eliminate overshoot and retain the settling time (with a slightly raised rise time) achieved with settings tuned per the current methods of Jitea AB. Noise and oscillations present in the physical system did not appear to have any major negative influence on the tuning process. The program performed above Jitea AB’s expectation, and will be tested in more scenarios, as it showed promise. Autonomous implementation could be of societal benefit through increased efficiency and sustainability in a range of processes. In future studies, focus should be on improving the prediction model, and further optimising the ACO variables. Byggnadsautomationsbranschen saknar en kostnadseffektiv lösning för att autonomt trimma in PID-regulatorer när överordnade variabler fluktuerar. I detta (av Jitea AB beställda) arbete, utvecklades en lösning baserad på stegsvarsmodellering, numerisk integration av första gradens ordinära differentialekvationer och myrkolonisoptimering (ACO). Lösningen applicerades i två regleringsfall; en simulerad utloppsventil från en virtuell vattentank, och det fysiska lufttrycket i ventilationssystemet på en förskola i Sverige. Ett stegsvar med öppen slinga gav en överföringsfunktion i respektive fall, som efter viss manipulering kunde nyttjas för att förutspå prestandan för en uppsättning PID-parametrar baserat på en samlad, viktad kostnadsfunktion. Predikteringsmodellen implementerades i ACO för att finna optimala parametrar. Programmet konstruerades i Structured Control Language och Structured Text, och dokumenterades på ett pedagogiskt sätt. Resultaten visade att programmet (i båda fallen) klarade att eliminera översläng med bibehållen stabiliseringstid (och något förskjuten stigningstid) jämfört med Jitea AB:s existerande trimningsmetod. Signalbrus och oscillationer i det fysiska systemet verkade inte ha någon avsevärd negativ inverkan på trimningsprocessen. Programmet presterade över Jitea AB:s förväntan, och kommer (med tanke på de lovande resultaten) fortsatt att testas i fler scenarion. Implementation av en autonom version skulle kunna innebära flera samhälleliga förmåner i form av ökad verkningsgrad och hållbarhet i en rad processer. I framtida studier bör fokus läggas på att ytterligare förbättra prediktionsmodellen, samt att vidare utforska de optimala myrkolonisvariablerna.

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Hellman, Mikael. "Optimering av fotonbombardemang inom PAR-området för ökad fotosyntes." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-42527.

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Fotosyntes är central för vår överlevnad. I denna studie har en artificel ljuskälla reglerats för att optimera fotonintensiteten då intensiteten från solen varit för låg. Fokus är lagt på PAR-vågbandet vilket är de våglängder som anses ha störst inverkan på fotosyntes. En kalibrerad sensor användes för att ge pålitliga mätvärden av fotonintensiteten. En billig sensor konstruerades för mätning av densamma och även manuell mätning med lux-meter där värdena konverterades till fotonintensitet. För att studera hur tillväxten påverkas av fotonintensiteten har en testgrupp och en kontrollgrupp med morötter används. Morötterna placerades i ett växthus under liknande förutsättningar med avseende på till exempel näring och värme. Testgruppen fick tillgång till artificellt ljus då intensiteten från solen var för låg under dagstid. Kontrollgruppen fick endast tillgång till solljus. Tillväxten för testgruppen blev större än för kontrollgruppen. För vidare forskning skulle en steglös reglering av fotonbombardemanget kunna optimera processen. Denna förbättring innebär ekonomisk besparing i form av högre biologisk tillväxt vid lägre energiförbrukning. Slutsatsen av denna studie är att optimering av fotonbombardemang kan medföra ekonomisk besparing och även minskad negativ miljöpåverkan på grund av lägre energiförbrukning. Photosynthesis is central to our survival. In this study, an artificial light source has been regulated to optimize the photon intensity when the intensity from the sun has been too low. The focus is on the PAR waveband, which are the wavelengths that are considered to have the greatest impact on photosynthesis. A calibrated sensor was used to provide reliable measurements of the photon intensity. An inexpensive sensor was designed for measuring the same and also manual measurement with lux-meter where the values were converted to photon intensity. To study how growth is affected by photon intensity, a test group and a control group with carrots were used. The carrots were placed in a greenhouse under similar conditions with regard to, for example, nutrition and heat. The test group gained access to artificial light when the intensity from the sun was too low during the day. The control group only had access to sunlight. The growth for the test group was greater than for the control group. For further research, a stepless regulation of photon bombardment could optimize the process. This improvement means economic saving in the form of higher biological growth at lower energy consumption. The conclusion of this study is that optimization of photon bombardment can lead to economic saving and also reduced negative environmental impact due to lower energy consumption.

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Zhou, Jin-Wang, and 周金旺. "An Ontology-based Context-Aware Building Automation System." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9hsc2p.

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碩士 國立臺北科技大學 電腦與通訊研究所 102 Modern building automation system could provide situated service. According to the different context, the system could provide appropriate service to the user, the so called a context-aware system. As the technology of wireless sensor network becomes more mature, this provides features of low cost, high scalability, and energy efficiency. A context-aware system can achieve fine control through densely deployed sensor nodes. This paper proposed an ontology-based context-aware system architecture and implemented a context-aware building automation system which includes sensory data fusion, ontology context model and context inference. Context model is a basis to establish context-aware system, including the relationship between context data, the presents of context data and its applications. The ontology language can be used to describe the relation between vocabularies. It could present the property of entity and relation with others. Using ontology language to establish context model not only simulates the physical concepts of various context data in context model, but also verifies the feasibility and completeness of context-aware systems. This paper used Protege platform to establish ontology context model. Occupancy data is the most important context data in a context-aware system. The proposed multimodal sensor fusion algorithm with low complexity was compared with the dynamic Bayesian network-based multisensor data fusion algorithm. The experimental results showed that the proposed multimodal sensor fusion algorithm and the dynamic Bayesian network-based multisensor data fusion accuracy are 96.96% and 96.67%, respectively. Also, it is shown that the proposed architecture could be applied efficiently in context-aware building automation system and other context-aware systems.

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Wong, Joseph. "Automatic Planning and Optimisation of In-building CDMA Systems." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/434.

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The placement of base stations is an important issue in planning wireless systems because it has a significant influence on overall system performance. In order to achieve good performance in an interference limited CDMA system, a large number of variables must be considered simultaneously during the planning stage. A traditional manual planning approach that involves an iterative application of analysis may not produce satisfactory results since it can only consider a small number of variables simultaneously. This thesis proposes the use of automatic optimisation that allows more variables to be considered and more solutions to be examined within the same time period. This thesis aims to produce a unique framework for creating an automatic optimisation tool for solving the CDMA base station placement problem. This framework contains a number of mathematical models that describe various deployment scenarios and a number of customised optimisation algorithms that solve these models. Although the work presented in this thesis does not result in a complete design tool, the findings are expected to provide a solid foundation for the development of such a tool. During the course of study, a number of issues associated with the proposed planning approach have been discussed and some future research directions have been identified. The results from the example problems have shown that automatic optimisation has the potential to reduce the planning time significantly, assess system performance accurately and utilise limited resources efficiently. These benefits certainly confirm the need for such a tool and reinforce the importance of the work documented in this thesis. Industrial Research Limited and Telecom NZ Limited

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Ferreira, João Miguel Soares. "Development of a centralized building management system." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/31332.

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A building management system has user confort and comodity, as well as reduction of energy consumption, as its main goals. To accomplish this, it is necessary to integrate sensors and actuators as to control and retrieve information about the physical processes of a building. These processes include control over illumination and temperature of a room, and even access control. The information, after processed, allows a more intelligent and efficient way of controlling electronic and mechanical systems of a building, such as HVAC and illumination, while also trying to reduce energy expenditure. The emergence of IoT allowed to increment the number of low level devices on these systems, thanks to their cost reduction, increased performance and improved connectivity. To better make use of the new paradigm, it is required a modern system with multi-protocol capabilities, as well as tools for data processing and presentation. Therefore, the most relevant industrial and building automation technologies were studied, as to define a modern, IoT compatible, architecture and choose its constituting software platforms. InfluxDB, EdgeX Foundry and Node-Red were the selected technologies for the database, gateway and dashboard, respectively, as they closely align with the requirements set. This way, a demonstrator was developed in order to assess a systems’s operation, using these technologies, as well as to evaluate EdgeX’s performance for jitter and latency. From the obtained results, it was verified that, although versatile and complete, this platform underperforms for real-time applications and high reading rate workloads. Um Sistema de Gestão Centralizado tem por objetivo aumentar a comodidade e conforto dos utilizadores de um edifício, ao mesmo tempo que tenta reduzir os consumos energéticos do mesmo. Para isso, torna-se necessário integrar sensores e atuadores para controlar e recolher informação acerca dos processos físicos existentes. Nestes processos estão incluídos a iluminação e temperatura de, por exemplo, uma sala, ou até controlo de acesso. Esta informação, após processamento, permite, de uma maneira mais inteligente e eficiente, controlar os sistemas eletrónicos e mecânicos de um edifício, tais como os sistemas de AVAC ou iluminação, tentando, simultaneamente, diminuir gastos energéticos. O aparecimento do IoT, tornou possível o aumento do número de dispositivos de baixo nível nestes sistemas, graças à redução de custo e aumento de performance e conectividade que estes têm sofrido. Para melhor usufruir deste paradigma, é necessário um sistema moderno, com capacidade de conexão multi-protocolo e ferramentas para processamento e apresentação de informação. Neste sentido, fez-se um estudo das tecnologias mais relevantes da área da automação industrial e de edifícios, de modo a definir uma arquitetura moderna compatível com IoT e a escolher as plataformas de software que a constituem. InfluxDB, EdgeX Foundry e Node-Red foram as tecnologias escolhidas para a base de dados, gateway e dashboard, respetivamente, por serem as que mais se aproximaram dos requisitos definidos. Assim, foi desenvolvido um demonstrador que permitiu verificar o funcionamento de um sistema com a utilização destas tecnologias, assim como avaliar a performance da plataforma EdgeX em termos de jitter e latência. Verificou-se a partir dos resultados obtidos, que embora versátil e completa, esta plataforma ficou aquém do que se pretendia, tanto para aplicações real-time, como para as que necessitem de uma taxa de leitura de sensores elevada. Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicações

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LI, KUANG-JUNG, and 黎光榮. "Drafting Automation System for Precast Building Design Using 3D Parametric Modeling Technique." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44681467311520106191.

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碩士 國立臺灣大學 土木工程學研究所 92 The purpose of this research is using 3D parametric technique to develop a drafting automation system for precast building design. For the architecture and construction industries, using computer-aided design (CAD) software as an aiding tool to its drafting tasks is very common, however, drafting operates mainly in 2D. Not only it takes a long working time, but is also hard for operators to detect human errors. Using the 3D parametric drafting can reduce the design conflicts through simulations and prevent conflicting problems during construction. Meanwhile, the 3D modeling resolves data scattering problem, thus saves the time on repeated design modifications. The drafting data generating from the 3D model are in consistency and the occurrence of errors is diminished. This research uses IDEF0 methodology to reengineer the design processes in the precasting construction and establishes the modules that enable the parametric drafting automation system for precasting structures. In addition, several functional modules are also created for the key steps in the current work preoces. The automatic processing not only improves the efficiency of drafting, reduces human errors and lowers the cost on making-up the errors, but also achieves the goal of data integration using database.

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Wei, Yang-Ting, and 魏仰廷. "Short Term Load Forecasting Using Machine Learning Algorithms for Building Automation System." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fj9b92.

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碩士 國立臺灣大學 土木工程學研究所 105 According to UNEP, the energy consumption and greenhouse gas discharged by buildings are responsible for about 40% of the global energy used. Thus, the energy efficiency is an important mean of reducing greenhouse gas emission. Among the improving methods, we put our attentions on energy efficiency to cut energy waste, especially on electricity consumption. In the past decades, the rate of buildings with Building Automation System (BAS) is increasing. BAS integrates electrical consumption, temperature, humidity and so on, which depends on the building. With various kinds of record, BAS allows data mining techniques to support decision making. The first part of our research developed an approach of feature extraction and a prediction structure which will be utilized in energy forecasting. To begin with, we analyzed user behavior by data visualization. Next, we selected the appropriate sensors to obtain training data through observing the results on the last step and literature reviews. At the last, we apply support vector regression (SVR) and weighted linear regression to train a regression model. In the second part of this study, we presented some deep learning structures to forecast electricity consumption. In the last part of our research, we combined some ways to select proper sensors. In addition, we made multiple steps to train a better model. To solve difficult problems such as that features are hard to describe, we integrated Deep Learning in this chapter. To sum up, we build a flexible and accuracy architecture which different BAS data and field can be applied in. In additional, we also provide a clear method and process as an example, so that people can select the appropriate forecasting architecture based on the characteristics of their data.

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Huang, Kuan-Han, and 黃冠翰. "Building mobile application service system for enterprise:An example of automation system control in LED field." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23048672268509320286.

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碩士 國立高雄第一科技大學 資訊管理研究所 101 Today, enterprises seek optimal production efficiency to maintain the competitiveness in highly competitive markets. Thus, enterprises transfer the production process from semi-automation to full-automation in recent years. The production automation not only prevents from abnormal operations but also collects equipment-operating data for analysis. Engineers usually need to solve the failure and alarm problems arisen by the automation systems or equipments. This research proposes a mobile service to aids the engineers for solving the equipment problems quickly and effectively. Engineers receive the alert message and handle diagnosis actions through the mobile devices. In the proposed MEIS architecture, we use the web service and application agent with MSMQ. This study implements and evaluates the proposed innovative MEIS architecture in an LED company.

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Pereira, Joana Páris Alves Monteiro. "Gamification in building automation - the Human in the loop in a Cyber-Physical System." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/83514.

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Nowadays, the number of intelligent environments has been increasing, as have their energy needs. It has become quite common to find buildings with interconnected components and automated systems implemented in order to create an environment with perfect conditions, maximizing the comfort of its users and minimizing energy consumption. However, not all infrastructures are prepared to accommodate such systems, which sometimes leads to the need for human intervention. Unfortunately, due to their lack of interest in achieving the system’s goals, the level of reliability of the individuals can be low, which can cause system malfunctions. Nonetheless, there are many examples of systems where human engagement could be improved with gaming techniques. This type of techniques, known as gamification, turn common tasks into engaging activities. Even though we have found a variety of gamified systems examples, we did not find studies that implemented a building automated systems, with a human-in-the-loop, in a retrofitting environment. Therefore, we created our study to assess if gamified Office Automation Systems can be used to encourage interaction with the system and to improve users’ habits. The final product was LabRats, a gamified system adapted to our environment and tested to determine if gamification techniques can be used to encourage and strengthen the connection to the system, and also to motivate its users to adopt energy saving routines. With the implementation of LabRats, we can observe that there was an increase in participation, that led not only to a reduction in energy consumption but also to a change in the habits of the occupants.

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Simão, Pedro Alexandre Afonso. "IoT Platforms for Building Automation with Energy Efficiency and Comfort Concerns." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/30062.

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It is increasingly common to work and live in buildings controlled by some system, the so-called Building Automation Systems, where to keep the levels of comfort and reduce energy consumption are very important requirements. These systems control from heating, ventilation, air conditioning, to lights intensity, with the goal of reducing energy costs and make the building occupants satisfied. However, these systems are usually proprietary and have high costs associated, due to the required equipment to deal with all the devices and the distinct communications. Therefore, our goal is to reduce reduce these costs, which is quite difficult due to the vast devices heterogeneity. In this dissertation, we implement a Building Automation System taking advantage of existing Internet of Things (IoT) solutions. Thus, this thesis explores how IoT solutions can fit adequately into the scenario of building automation. To validate our technological choices and evaluate the adequacy of the chosen middleware, we made use of an existing case study of a room with multiple components and an aquarium as a subsystem. We have compared different IoT approaches and their impact on the energy consumption and occupants comfort. The results obtained helped us to realise that in fact there are several aspects that can be enhanced in order to reduce energy consumption and maintain occupants’ comfort. An initial investment in the implementation of these systems may involve different types of equipment and development effort to achieve the desired solution. However in long term, it is worth the effort and initial investment on these systems since they can actually reduce the energy consumption and guarantee good conditions for the room occupants.

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Grosskurth, Alan. "Purely top-down software rebuilding." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2673.

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Software rebuilding is the process of deriving a deployable software system from its primitive source objects. A build tool helps maintain consistency between the derived objects and source objects by ensuring that all necessary build steps are re-executed in the correct order after a set of changes is made to the source objects. It is imperative that derived objects accurately represent the source objects from which they were supposedly constructed; otherwise, subsequent testing and quality assurance is invalidated. This thesis aims to advance the state-of-the-art in tool support for automated software rebuilding. It surveys the body of background work, lays out a set of design considerations for build tools, and examines areas where current tools are limited. It examines the properties of a next-generation tool concept, redo, conceived by D. J. Bernstein; redo is novel because it employs a purely top-down approach to software rebuilding that promises to be simpler, more flexible, and more reliable than current approaches. The details of a redo prototype written by the author of this thesis are explained including the central algorithms and data structures. Lastly, the redo prototype is evaluated on some sample software systems with respect to migration effort between build tools as well as size, complexity, and performances aspects of the resulting build systems.

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Horta, João Carlos da Silva Ribeiro. "Projeto de instalações elétricas: Comparação entre a solução convencional e uma solução baseada no sistema KNX." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/40563.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra Numa realidade onde encontramos o mundo em constante mudança, onde os fatores de agravamento ambientais são cada vez maiores, mas a tecnologia também cresce a um ritmo vertiginoso, faz sentido debruçarmo-nos e possuir um olhar crítico sobre o tema da utilização da energia e da eficiência energética. Mais concretamente na vertente da utilização de energia em edifícios e sua gestão, existem diversos meios, tecnologias e sistemas de domótica, que permitem automatizar e tornar os edifícios, ditos inteligentes. É necessário então, saber mais sobre este assunto, visto que estes meios podem ser proveitosos a nível económico mas tambem a nível ambiental. O sistema escolhido foi o KNX e esta dissertação tem como objetivo o seu estudo, a sua aplicação na instalação e respetiva análise de custo-benefício. Quanto ao edifico escolhido, optou-se por um prédio usado para a prática de advocacia, situado em Lisboa. A comparação entre o sistema convencional existente, e o sistema KNX a implementar e as respetivas vantagens ou desvantagens, proporciona relevantes conclusões, que podem ser determinantes, para tomadas de decisão nesta área. In a reality where we find the world in constant change, where environmental aggravating factors are increasing, but also where the technology is growing at a staggering rate, it makes sense to analyse and have a critical look at the issue of energy use and energy efficiency. To be more specific for purposes of energy use in buildings and its management, there is a variety of means, technologies and home automation systems, which allow you to automate and make buildings, said intelligent. It is then necessary to know more about this, as these means can be useful economically but also in environmental terms. The system chosen was the KNX and this dissertation aims its study, involving the installation and respective cost-benefit analysis. As for the choice of the building, it was chosen a building used for the practice of law located in Lisbon. The comparison between the existing conventional system and the KNX system to implement and the respective advantages or disadvantages, provides relevant conclusions, which can be crucial for decision-making in this area.

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Fischer, Michael. "A Distributed Intelligent Lighting Solution and the Design and Implementation of a Sensor Middleware System." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/6094.

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This thesis addresses a multi-phase research and development project that spanned nearly four years, targeted at providing an ultra high-efficiency, user-friendly, and economic intelligent lighting solution for commercial facility applications, initially targeting underground parking specifically. The system would leverage the strengths of four key technologies: high brightness white Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), wireless sensor and actuator networks, single board computers, and cloud computing. An introduction to these technologies and an overview of how they were combined to build an intelligent lighting solution is given, followed by an in-depth description of the design and implementation of one of the main subsystems – the Sensor Middleware System – residing on a single board computer. Newly-available LED luminaires (a.k.a. light fixtures) bring the combination of high efficiency, reliability, illumination quality, and long-lifetime to the lighting market. Emerging low-power – and recently low-cost – 802.15.4 wireless networks offer high controllability and responsiveness to deployed luminaires and sensors. The cost- associativity, low maintenance, and easy build-up of Internet Data Center “cloud” computing resources make data collection and remote management infrastructure for Building Automation Systems accessible to even small companies. Additionally, these resources can be much more appropriately sized and allocated, which reduces energy use. These technologies are combined to form an Intelligent Lighting System (ILS). Fitting well within the Internet of Things paradigm, this highly distributed messaging-based “system of systems” was designed to be reliable through loose coupling – spanning multiple network layers and messaging protocols. Its goal was to deliver significant energy savings over incumbent technologies, configurable and responsive lighting service behaviour, and improved experience for users within the facility (pedestrians and drivers) and those interacting with its web-based tools (building managers and ILS administrators). The ILS was partitioned into three main subsystems as follows. The installed Wireless Field Network (WFN) of luminaires and sensors provided coordinated scheduled and real-time output level adjustment (i.e. dimming), with the help of motion sensor triggers. The Monitoring and Configuration System (MCS) in the cloud provided remote data collection and a web-based monitoring and configuration Graphical User Interface application. Network hardware and Message-Oriented Middleware (MOM) were responsible for tying these subsystems together. The MOM layer that provided the message brokering, translating, envelope wrapping, and guaranteed delivery services between the WFN and MCS, as well as field supervisory and quality-of-service functions for the WFN, was called the Sensor Middleware System (SMS). It was hosted on a single board computer located at the facility. Graduate

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(5930906), Jacob J. Torres. "The Biowall Field Test Analysis and Optimization." Thesis, 2019.

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<div> A residential botanical air filtration system (Biowall) to investigate the potential for using phytoremediation to remove contaminants from indoor air was developed. A full scale and functioning prototype was installed in a residence located in West Lafayette, Indiana. The prototype was integrated into the central Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system of the home. This research evaluated the Biowall operation to further its potential as an energy efficient and sustainable residential air filtration system. The main research effort began after the Biowall was installed in the residence. A field evaluation, which involved a series of measurements and data analysis, was conducted to identify treatments to improve Biowall performance. The study was conducted for approximately one year (Spring 2017-Spring 2018). Based on the initial data set, prioritization of systems in need of improvement was identified and changes were imposed. Following a post-treatment testing period, a comparison between the initial and final performances was completed with conclusions based on this comparison. The engineering and analysis reported in this document focus on the air flow path through the Biowall, plant growth, and the irrigation system. The conclusions provide an extensive evaluation of the design, operation, and function of the Biowall subsystems under review. </div>

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Building Automation System (BAS)'

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