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1
Zakharchenko, Anastasia, and Oleksandr Stepanets. "Edge computing in Building automation system - pros and cons." Modeling, Control and Information Technologies, no. 3 (November 5, 2019): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31713/mcit.2019.31.
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This article examines the use of Building automation system to give comfortable conditions for users to provide improving energy efficiency. We found out the impact of the Internet of Things concept on BAS development, and how the use of modern wireless technologies, edge and cloud computing is determining the way of the following progress. Also, their advantages and disadvantages were considered. A separate section focuses on the state of BAS in Ukraine and the key factors that influence it
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Hu, Jun, and Huai Wen Hu. "The Key Technology Research of Building Automation System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 203 (October 2012): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.203.125.
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Contemporary building automation system (BAS) is realize automatization control and management system through to the modern advanced computer technology, communication technology and control technology, and other comprehensive utilization,which can realize the intelligent buildings all mechanical and electrical equipment and the energy equipment of the united network control connection, so as to achieve the whole building environment system of monitoring and management, to it’s best for people to create a comfortable safety, high efficiency and energy saving life environment. In this paper, there’s a deep discussions of the building automation system of composition, development and the present situation; and the key technology of the present situation and development prospects, and we set a plan based on the technology of building automation system LonWorks solutions, and expounds the concrete realization of key technologies of the system, based on the development of the host general much input/output intelligent node module.
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Ali, Qutaiba, Bashar Abdulazez, and Nassr Meacer. "Two Approaches for Implementing & Improving Building Automation System (BAS)." AL-Rafidain Journal of Computer Sciences and Mathematics 7, no. 3 (2010): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/csmj.2010.163919.
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AKHYAR, AKHYAR, and ZAINI ZAINI. "BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS) MENGGUNAKAN SMART METERING DAN KONEKSI INTERNET." JURNAL TEKNOIF 6, no. 2 (2018): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21063/jtif.2018.v6.2.55-63.
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NODA, Hajime. "Change in the Building Automation Systems." Journal of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 129, no. 6 (2009): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.129.369.
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Schraven, Markus Hans, Kai Droste, Carlo Guarnieri Calò Carducci, Dirk Müller, and Antonello Monti. "Open-Source Internet of Things Gateways for Building Automation Applications." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 11, no. 4 (2022): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan11040074.
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Due to its potential benefits in data transparency, maintenance, and optimization of operation, the Internet of Things (IoT) has recently emerged in the building automation system (BAS) domain. However, while various IoT devices have been developed, the integration into BAS remains a challenging task due to the variety of conventional interfaces used in existing BAS. From an objective point of view, integrating IoT connectivity on existing devices’ printed circuit boards (PCBs) would be the most efficient option in terms of cost and resources, but requires adaptation of product lines, and vendors would often couple this with their own services and without an option for customization. By contrast, the majority of research activities focus on developing alternative or additional measurement systems, rather than connecting with legacy system components. Furthermore, most research applications cover very simple and individual use-cases with a do-it-yourself character and limited applicability in industrial applications. In this study, we present a scalable, industrial-like embedded solution to connect to common interfaces in BAS applications and share all the hardware and software design as an open-source platform for public use, customization, and further enhancement. Moreover, a thorough measurement performance analysis was conducted, suggesting an acceptable trade-off among accuracy, flexibility, and costs, e.g., achieving a performance increase by over 75 and a cost reduction by roughly 34 compared to a previous design.
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Ramsauer, Daniel, Max Dorfmann, Hilda Tellioğlu, and Wolfgang Kastner. "Human Perception and Building Automation Systems." Energies 15, no. 5 (2022): 1745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051745.
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Building automation is concerned with closed- and open-loop control of building services such as heating, cooling, ventilation and air conditioning, lighting and shading. The ultimate goal is to reduce energy consumption while providing comfort for the occupants. However, ensuring human comfort is a complex affair. In case of dissatisfaction, users need to inform the building operators about apparently badly adjusted setpoints. Then, service units of the facility management have to manually analyze how to improve the situation. Due to the complex characteristics of human perception and derived feedback, this can become a troublesome and time-consuming task. This paper describes the main results of our investigations to improve occupant comfort in office buildings using environmental information monitored by a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and human perception collected from a feedback tool. A joint information base aligned with static data from building information modeling integrates the information gathered. Reasoning on these data sources allows adjustments of the Building Automation System (BAS) to automatically enhance the tenant’s comfort or suggest necessary adjustments for facility managers. Communication between the different system components is handled via Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT). A real-world field study shows the potential of the developed approach, proves its feasibility, and demonstrates the functionality of the feedback tool.
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Agung, Muhammad, Fikri Dwi Nugroho, Murie Dwiyaniti, and Anicetus Damar Aji. "Analisis Kinerja Heating Ventilating Air Conditioning-Building Automation System pada Laboratorium Listrik." ELECTRICES 3, no. 2 (2021): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32722/ees.v3i2.4106.
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BAS digunakan untuk mengoptimalkan pengendalian sistem dan kinerja dari peralatan sistem HVAC yang digunakan untuk pengkondisian udara pada suatu gedung. Dalam penelitian ini dibahas kinerja miniatur BAS untuk sistem HVAC khususnya sistem AHU pada laboratorium listrik yang menggunakan DDC sebagai controller serta HMI TPC-70. Kinerja sistem AHU diuji pada security system, mode manual, mode otomatis, mode gangguan, komunikasi Modbus ke BACnet dengan gateway, monitoring menggunakan trend, dan kinerja sensor dengan menggunakan BAS. Hasilnya, security system berhasil membatasi hak akses tiap user dan mengaktifkan auto log off setelah 10 menit. Pada mode manual, output digital berhasil dioperasikan melalui override switch dalam waktu 1 detik dengan status input yang ditampilkan pada HMI, analog motorized damper mengalami error posisi sebesar 1,57% dan akurasi posisi sebesar 98,43%, dan terjadi deviasi sebesar 0,29% pada output analog VSD fan AHU. Pada mode otomatis, sistem berhasil beroperasi dengan schedule sesuai sequence system pada pedoman ASHRAE Guideline 13-2015. Pada mode gangguan, gangguan berhasil dideteksi, menampilkan message alarm, dan mengaktifkan safety shutdown. Kemudian, komunikasi Modbus ke BACnet berhasil dilakukan pada sistem dan trend berhasil ditampilkan dan disimpan dalam format .XML serta kinerja sensor sesuai dengan datasheet sensor.
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Shi, Zhong Jin, Bing Xu, and Bao Guo Zheng. "Frequency Control of the Building Automation System in Rail Transit Stations Based on Multi-Objective Optimal Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 1569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.1569.
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The Building automation system (BAS) in rail transit stations with frequency optimization of unit control system is an important part for the equipment operation; it is essentially a distributed multi agent system (MAS). Based on the analysis of building automation system operation mode and the multi-objective optimal control theory, the control parameter set of frequency conversion unit is installed. After rolling optimization, the optimal solutions parameter set is got. Eventually the purpose that multiple unit run as the way of energy saving is achieved.
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Baniyounes, Ali M., Yazeed Yasin Ghadi, and Ayman Abu Baker. "Institutional smart buildings energy audit." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 2 (2019): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i2.pp783-788.
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<span>Smart buildings and Fuzzy based control systems used in Buildings Management System (BMS), Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) and Building Automation Systems (BAS) are a point of interests among researcher and stake holders of buildings’ developing sector due to its ability to save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore this paper will review, investigates define and evaluates the use of fuzzy logic controllers in smart buildings under subtropical Australia’s subtropical regions. In addition the paper also will define the latest development, design and proposed controlling strategies used in institutional buildings. Furthermore this paper will highlight and discuss the conceptual basis of these technologies including Fuzzy, Neural and Hybrid add-on technologies, its capabilities and its limitation.</span>
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Putra, Eko Kurniawanto, and Zaini Zaini. "ANALISIS KINERJA PROTOKOL ZIGBEE DENGAN TOPOLOGI STAR PADA BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)." JURNAL TEKNOIF 5, no. 2 (2017): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21063/jtif.2017.v5.2.36-41.
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Feng Shu, Malka. N. Halgamuge, and Wei Chen. "Building Automation Systems Using Wireless Sensor Networks: Radio Characteristics and Energy Efficient Communication Protocols." Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, no. 01 (January 1, 2009): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.56748/ejse.11101.
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Building automation systems (BAS) are typically used to monitor and control heating, ventila-tion, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, manage building facilities (e.g., lighting, safety, and security), and automate meter reading. In recent years, the technology of wireless sensor network (WSN) has been at-tracting extensive research and development efforts to replace the traditional wired solutions for BAS. Key challenges of integrating WSN to a BAS include characterizing the radio features of BAS environments, and fulfilling the requirements of the extremely low energy consumption. In this survey paper, we first describe the radio characteristics of indoor environments, and then introduce the important medium access control (MAC) protocols developed for WSN which can be potentially used in BAS systems.
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Gokceli, Selahattin, Nikolay Zhmurov, Gunes Karabulut Kurt, and Berna Ors. "IoT in Action: Design and Implementation of a Building Evacuation Service." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8595404.
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With the development of sensor technologies, various application areas have emerged. The usage of these technologies and exploitation of recent improvements have clear benefits on building applications. Such use-cases can improve smart functions of buildings and can increase the end-user comfort. As a similar notion, building automation systems (BAS) are smart systems that target to provide automated management of various control services and to improve resource usage efficiency. However, buildings generally contain hardware and control services from a diverse set of characteristics. The automated and central management of such functions can be challenging. In order to overcome such issues, an Emergency Evacuation Service is proposed for BAS, where requirements of such central management model are analyzed and model content and subservice definitions are prepared. A crucial scenario, which could be a necessity for future BAS, is defined and an approach for evacuation of people in the buildings at emergency situations is proposed. For real-life scenarios, the Evacuation Service is implemented by using a low-cost design, which is appropriate for Internet of Things (IoT) based BAS applications. As demonstrated, the proposed service model can provide effective performance in real-life deployments.
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Vieira, Renato, Paulo Carreira, Pedro Domingues, and Antonio Aguiar Costa. "Supporting building automation systems in BIM/IFC: reviewing the existing information gap." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 27, no. 6 (2020): 1357–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-07-2018-0294.
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PurposeDespite the continuous development of Building Information Modeling (BIM) standards, not all of its dimensions are supported to the same extent. This is the case of Building Automation Systems (BAS) in which the features that are limited mostly to physical setup of devices are supported. These are largely insufficient to support modeling automation scenarios. The purpose of this article is to clarify the gap in the state of the art and define the need for further developments.Design/methodology/approachThis article explores the existing gap in the literature and discusses the hypothesis of extending BIM to a wider support of BA concepts. Based on an assessment of scientific and technical literature, this study elicits the information requirements of BA and performs a gap analysis with current BIM standards, such as Industry Foundation Classes (IFC).FindingsOur findings lead us to conclude that there is a lack of completeness regarding features from BAS automation and management levels. Furthermore, it is shown that IFC is the most adequate data model to cover BAS without losing its purpose, but there is still a considerable work that needs to be addressed in future research.Originality/valueBIM standards such as IFC position themselves as natural candidates for modeling and exchanging information regarding BA. However, the extent to which BIM supports automation features has never been rigorously analyzed. This article explores the existing gap in the literature and discusses the hypothesis of extending BIM to a wider support of BA concepts. Based on an assessment of scientific and technical literature, this study elicits the information requirements of BA and performs a gap analysis with current BIM standards such as IFC.
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Mady, Alie El-Din, Gregory Provan, Conor Ryan, and Kenneth Brown. "Stochastic Model Predictive Controller for the Integration of Building Use and Temperature Regulation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 25, no. 1 (2011): 1371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v25i1.7802.
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The aim of a modern Building Automation System (BAS) is to enhance interactive control strategies for energy efficiency and user comfort. In this context, we develop a novel control algorithm that uses a stochastic building occupancy model to improve mean energy efficiency while minimizing expected discomfort. We compare by simulation our Stochastic Model Predictive Control (SMPC) strategy to the standard heating control method to empirically demonstrate a 4.3% reduction in energy use and 38.3% reduction in expected discomfort.
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Li, Jia Zhi, Jia Wang, Zhi Tan, and Lei Zhang. "The Structure and Reliability Analysis of Metro Building Automatic System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 2589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.2589.
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This paper analyzes the structure of Building Automatic System and introduces software and hardware configuration and network configuration of the system. Then the authors list two kinds of reliability analysis methods and describe their features. Based on the characteristics and the control level of station BAS, finally, we achieve reliability analysis, which has scientificity, rationality and practicability, and can be helpful for guiding the maintenance, design, and further perfect of BAS system.
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Kim, Yunho, Yunha Park, Hyuncheol Seo, and Jungha Hwang. "Load Prediction Algorithm Applied with Indoor Environment Sensing in University Buildings." Energies 16, no. 2 (2023): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020999.
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Recently, building automation system (BAS) and building energy management system (BEMS) technologies have been applied to efficiently reduce the energy consumption of buildings. In addition, studies on utilizing large quantities of building data have been actively conducted using artificial intelligence and machine learning. However, the high cost and installation difficulties limit the use of measuring devices to sense the indoor environment of all buildings. Therefore, this study developed a comprehensive indoor environment sensor module with relatively inexpensive sensors to measure the indoor environment of a university building. In addition, an algorithm for predicting the load in real time through machine learning based on indoor environment measurement is proposed. When the reliability of the algorithm for predicting the number of occupants and load according to the indoor CO2 concentration was quantitatively assessed, the mean squared error (MSE), root mean square deviation (RMSD), and mean absolute error (MAE) were calculated to be 23.1, 4.8, and 2.5, respectively, indicating the high accuracy of the algorithm. Since the sensor used in this study is economical and can be easily applied to existing buildings, it is expected to be favorable for the dissemination of load prediction technology.
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Sutabri, Tata, Purnomo Purnomo, and Yohanes Bowo Widodo. "Implementasi BAS (Building Automatic System) Menggunakan Replikasi Prototype Control Lighting Dengan Mikrokontroller Arduino." Jurnal Teknologi Informatika dan Komputer 7, no. 1 (2021): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37012/jtik.v7i1.501.
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Efisiensi, efektifitas, penghematan energi listrik telah menjadi topik penelitian yang menarik banyak peneliti sekarang ini. Model teknologi telah banyak yang diusulkan untuk meningkatkan efektifitas dan hemat energi listrik bagi Perusahaan. Salah satu contohnya adalah model BAS (building automatic system) mengunakan perangkat Arduino. Pada penelitian ini, implementasi system BAS menggunakan replikasi prototype control lighting dengan Mikrokontroller Arduino. Penelitian dilakukan pada PT. Betawi Jaya Mandiri. Sistem BAS yang diusulkan dikendalikan secara terpusat oleh sebuah komputer. Komputer dapat mengontrol hidup atau matinya lampu dengan menggunakan Ardiuno Client. Komputer juga dapat mengetahui arus listrik yang terpakai mengunakan arduino server. Kelebihan alat ini dapat mengontrol semua lampu atau beban lain dalam gedung bertingkat dari satu tempat yaitu server berupa local host. Penerapan sistem BAS pada PT. Betawi Jaya mandiri menjadikan operasional pemantauan gedung sangat efektif. Dengan sistem BAS ini jam operasional bisa diatur dengan mudah dengan kontrol dari laptop melalui tombol on/off. Seluruh lampu di setiap lantai bisa dipantau dengan baik.
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Giraldo-Soto, Catalina, Aitor Erkoreka, Laurent Mora, Irati Uriarte, and Luis Del Portillo. "Monitoring System Analysis for Evaluating a Building’s Envelope Energy Performance through Estimation of Its Heat Loss Coefficient." Sensors 18, no. 7 (2018): 2360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18072360.
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The present article investigates the question of building energy monitoring systems used for data collection to estimate the Heat Loss Coefficient (HLC) with existing methods, in order to determine the Thermal Envelope Performance (TEP) of a building. The data requirements of HLC estimation methods are related to commonly used methods for fault detection, calibration, and supervision of energy monitoring systems in buildings. Based on an extended review of experimental tests to estimate the HLC undertaken since 1978, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the Monitoring and Controlling System (MCS) specifications have been carried out. The results show that no Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) methods have been implemented in the reviewed literature. Furthermore, it was not possible to identify a trend of technology type used in sensors, hardware, software, and communication protocols, because a high percentage of the reviewed experimental tests do not specify the model, technical characteristics, or selection criteria of the implemented MCSs. Although most actual Building Automation Systems (BAS) may measure the required parameters, further research is still needed to ensure that these data are accurate enough to rigorously apply HLC estimation methods.
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Santos, Athila, Na Liu, and Muhyiddine Jradi. "AUSTRET: An Automated Step Response Testing Tool for Building Automation and Control Systems." Energies 14, no. 13 (2021): 3972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133972.
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Building energy consumption is still one of the main contributions to global carbon emissions. With the overall digitalization in the building sector, building automation and control systems (BACS) are to play a more important and key role in improving the building sector performance. A well-designed BACS at the building design phase with a high level of control functionalities is not a guarantee for efficient building operation and successful control and management strategies in the operational phase. Thus, a systematic automated initial and retro-commissioning process is key to test the performance of the automation system and the response of the integrated HVAC systems. This is an arduous and time-consuming task susceptible to human errors. As an alternative, the current study proposes a methodological framework to automate step response testing of BACS and to optimize the different steps of this process in a cost-effective way. In addition to newly built buildings, the framework can be applied in existing or retrofitted medium to large-sized buildings that have a building management system capable of receiving actuator commands and responsible to provide updates of several state variables. Based on the proposed framework, a first-of-its kind tool “AUSTRET” for building automated step response testing of BACS is designed and developed. The tool provides the necessary input configuring parameters, building system selection, and output results for each performed test. The framework aims to act upon ventilation, room heating and cooling, and water heating and cooling modules in a building. The implementation and demonstration of the AUSTRET in a medium-sized building case study for two different building systems are presented and evaluated: (1) Ventilation/fan, (2) Room heating. The results show the different dynamic responses on these two systems and how misleading input parameter configuration can invalidate step response tests. The preliminary results highlight the capability of using AUSTRET as a key component in both building initial and retro-commissioning applications.
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Ng, K. C., T. Y. Bong, and H. T. Chua. "Performance Evaluation of Centrifugal Chillers in an Air-Conditioning Plant with The Building Automation System (BAS)." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 208, no. 4 (1994): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1994_208_045_02.
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A thermodynamic model with a novel method of describing the performances of centrifugal chillers for air-conditioning is presented. It is based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics which captures the overall entropy change due to non-isentropic compression and expansion of the thermodynamic cycle. The model gives the fundamental relation between the coefficient of performance (COP) and the cooling rates (Qe) for (a) the modulating and (b) the throttling actions of the inlet guide-vanes of the compressor. The usefulness and the accuracy of the model are demonstrated here by analysing the in situ performance of two commercial, installed centrifugal chillers of an air-conditioning plant as well as comparing the available performance data of another chiller in the literature.
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Shi, Zhong Jin, Bing Xu, Bao Guo Zheng, and Xue Han Zhu. "The Energy-Saving Control of Combined Multi-Unit for Building Automatic System in the Subway." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 3597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.3597.
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Multi-unit operation in building automatic system (BAS) is an important part for the equipment operation; it is essentially a distributed multi agent system (MAS). In this paper, Petri net is adopted to establish the control model about the equipment operation in BAS, know the operating characteristics and start-stop conditions of energy consumption equipment in the rail which are in under different circumstances. Based on the analysis of BAS and the theory of distributed intelligent systems, according to the actual environment and energy requirements, the start-stop arrays are selected dynamically as the basis for the units operating, and ultimately achieve energy-saving operation of multi-unit control purposes.
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Huang, Qian, Kane Rodriguez, Nicholas Whetstone, and Steven Habel. "Rapid Internet of Things (IoT) prototype for accurate people counting towards energy efficient buildings." Journal of Information Technology in Construction 24 (February 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36680/j.itcon.2019.001.
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According to the U.S. Department of Energy, a significant portion of energy used in buildings is wasted. If the occupancy quantity in a pre-determined thermal zone is aware, a building automation system (BAS) is able to intelligently adjust the building operation to provide “just-enough” heating, cooling, and ventilation capacities to building users. Therefore, an occupancy counting device that can be widely deployed at low prices with low failure rate, small form-factor, good usability, and conserved user privacy is highly desirable. Existing occupancy detection or recognition sensors (e.g., passive infrared, camera, acoustic, RFID, CO2) cannot meet all these above system requirements. In this work, we present an IoT (Internet of Things) prototype that collects room occupancy information to assist in the operation of energy-efficient buildings. The proposed IoT prototype consists of Lattice iCE40-HX1K stick FPGA boards and Raspberry Pi modules. Two pairs of our prototypes are installed at a door frame. When a person walks through this door frame, blocking of active infrared streams between both pairs of IoT prototypes is detected. The direction of human movement is obtained through comparing occurrence time instances of two obstructive events. Thus, the change in occupancy quantity of a thermal zone is calculated and updated. Besides, an open-source application user interface is developed to allow anonymous users or building automation systems to easily acquire room occupancy information. We carry out a three-month random test of human entry and exit of a thermal zone, and find that the occupancy counting accuracy is 97%. The proposed design is completely made of off-the-shelf electronic components and the estimated cost is less than $160. To investigate the impact on building energy savings, we conduct a building energy simulation using EnergyPlus and find the payback period is approximately 4 months. In summary, the proposed design is miniature, non-intrusive, ease of use, low failure rate, and cost-effective for smart buildings.
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Bouabdallaoui, Yassine, Zoubeir Lafhaj, Pascal Yim, Laure Ducoulombier, and Belkacem Bennadji. "Predictive Maintenance in Building Facilities: A Machine Learning-Based Approach." Sensors 21, no. 4 (2021): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041044.
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The operation and maintenance of buildings has seen several advances in recent years. Multiple information and communication technology (ICT) solutions have been introduced to better manage building maintenance. However, maintenance practices in buildings remain less efficient and lead to significant energy waste. In this paper, a predictive maintenance framework based on machine learning techniques is proposed. This framework aims to provide guidelines to implement predictive maintenance for building installations. The framework is organised into five steps: data collection, data processing, model development, fault notification and model improvement. A sport facility was selected as a case study in this work to demonstrate the framework. Data were collected from different heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) installations using Internet of Things (IoT) devices and a building automation system (BAS). Then, a deep learning model was used to predict failures. The case study showed the potential of this framework to predict failures. However, multiple obstacles and barriers were observed related to data availability and feedback collection. The overall results of this paper can help to provide guidelines for scientists and practitioners to implement predictive maintenance approaches in buildings.
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Felius, Laurina C., Mohamed Hamdy, Fredrik Dessen, and Bozena Dorota Hrynyszyn. "Upgrading the Smartness of Retrofitting Packages towards Energy-Efficient Residential Buildings in Cold Climate Countries: Two Case Studies." Buildings 10, no. 11 (2020): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10110200.
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Improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings by implementing building automation control strategies (BACS) besides building envelope and energy system retrofitting has been recommended by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) 2018. This paper investigated this recommendation by conducting a simulation-based optimization to explore cost-effective retrofitting combinations of building envelope, energy systems and BACS measures in-line with automation standard EN 15232. Two cases (i.e., a typical single-family house and apartment block) were modeled and simulated using IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA-ICE). The built-in optimization tool, GenOpt, was used to minimize energy consumption as the single objective function. The associated difference in life cycle cost, compared to the reference design, was calculated for each optimization iteration. Thermal comfort of the optimized solutions was assessed to verify the thermal comfort acceptability. Installing an air source heat pump had a greater energy-saving potential than reducing heat losses through the building envelope. Implementing BACS achieved cost-effective energy savings up to 24%. Energy savings up to 57% were estimated when BACS was combined with the other retrofitting measures. Particularly for compact buildings, where the potential of reducing heat losses through the envelope is limited, the impact of BACS increased. BACS also improved the thermal comfort.
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Kaminska, Aniela, and Andrzej Ożadowicz. "Lighting Control Including Daylight and Energy Efficiency Improvements Analysis." Energies 11, no. 8 (2018): 2166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082166.
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Energy used for lighting is one of the major components of total energy consumption in buildings. Nowadays, buildings have a great potential to reduce their energy consumption, but to achieve this purpose additional efforts are indispensable. In this study, the need for energy savings evaluation before the implementation of lighting control algorithms for a specified building is highlighted. Therefore, experimental tests have been carried out in a university building with laboratories and other rooms, equipped with KNX building automation system. A dimmable control strategy has been investigated, dependent on daylight illuminance. Moreover, a relationship between external and internal daylight illuminance levels has been evaluated as well. Based on the experimental results, the authors proposed a method for the rough estimation of electrical energy savings. Since, according to the EN 15232 standard, Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS) play an important role in buildings’ energy efficiency improvements, the BACS efficiency factors from this standard have been used to verify the experimental results presented in the paper. The potential to reduce energy consumption from lighting in non-residential buildings by 28% for offices and 24% for educational buildings has been confirmed, but its dependence on specific building parameters has been discussed as well.
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Zehir, Mustafa Alparslan, Kadir Baris Ortac, Hakan Gul, et al. "Development and Field Demonstration of a Gamified Residential Demand Management Platform Compatible with Smart Meters and Building Automation Systems." Energies 12, no. 5 (2019): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050913.
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Demand management is becoming an indispensable part of grid operation with its potential to aid supply/demand balancing, reduce peaks, mitigate congestions and improve voltage profiles in the grid. Effective deployments require a huge number of reliable participators who are aware of the flexibilities of their devices and who continuously seek to achieve savings and earnings. In such applications, smart meters can ease consumption behavior visibility, while building automation systems can enable the remote and automated control of flexible loads. Moreover, gamification techniques can be used to motivate and direct customers, evaluate their performance, and improve their awareness and knowledge in the long term. This study focuses on the design and field demonstration of a flexible device-oriented, smart meter and building automation system (BAS) compatible with a gamified load management (LM) platform for residential customers. The system is designed, based on exploratory surveys and systematic gamification approaches, to motivate the customers to reduce their peak period consumption and overall energy consumption through competing or collaborating with others, and improving upon their past performance. This paper presents the design, development and implementation stages, together with the result analysis of an eight month field demonstration in four houses with different user types in Istanbul, Turkey.
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Grandgenett, Neal, Pam Perry, Thomas Pensabene, et al. "Building Automation and the Contextualization of Information Technology: The Journey of a Midwestern Community College in the U.S." Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, no. 2 (2018): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i2.2959.
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The buildings in which people work, live, and spend their leisure time are increasingly embedded with sophisticated information technology (IT). This article describes the approach of Metropolitan Community College (MCC) in Omaha, Nebraska of the United States to provide an occupational context to some of their IT coursework by organizing IT instruction around the context of building automation systems (BAS). This contextualization allows IT students not only to study IT as a standalone discipline but also to study its integrated use within a specific occupational context. The article also describes MCC’s focused curriculum design efforts funded by the National Science Foundation’s Advanced Technological Education program. These efforts toward BAS-contextualization of the IT curriculum have become a catalyst for systematic contextualization of IT instruction at MCC and support the institution’s broader efforts to become a national model in IT instruction and interdisciplinary engagement within the United States. The research-based approach, activities, and outcomes of this project are all described here, as well as the lessons learned by one community college seeking to make their IT program increasingly relevant to their students and the IT workforce of today.
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Bezyan, Behrad, and Radu Zmeureanu. "Detection and Diagnosis of Dependent Faults That Trigger False Symptoms of Heating and Mechanical Ventilation Systems Using Combined Machine Learning and Rule-Based Techniques." Energies 15, no. 5 (2022): 1691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051691.
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Detection and diagnosis of the malfunction of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems result in more energy efficient systems with a higher level of indoor comfort. The information from the system combined with the artificial intelligence methods contributes to powerful fault detection and diagnosis. The paper presents a novel method for the detection and diagnosis of multiple dependent faults in an air handling unit (AHU) of HVAC system of an institutional building during heating season. The proposed method guided the search for faults, by using the information and operation flow between sensors. Support vector regression (SVR) models, developed from building automation system (BAS) trend data, predicted air temperature of two target sensors, under normal operation conditions without known problems. The fault symptom was detected when the residual of measured and predicted values exceeded the threshold. The recurrent neural network (RNN) models predicted the normal operation values of regressor sensors, which were compared with measurements, as the first step for the identification of fault symptoms. Rule-based models were used for fault diagnosis of sensors or equipment. Results from a case study of an existing building showed the quality of proposed method for the detection and diagnosis of the multiple dependent faults.
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Fang, Tingchen, Yiming Zhao, Jian Gong, Feiliang Wang, and Jian Yang. "Investigation on Maintenance Technology of Large-Scale Public Venues Based on BIM Technology." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (2021): 7937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147937.
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Recently, the digital operation and maintenance of large-scale public venues have received increasing attention. The traditional building automation system (BAS), which can only provide information in a non-visualized way, is incapable of meeting the complex requirements of modern operation and maintenance. Therefore, a 3D-based building information modeling (BIM) technology is needed to improve operation and maintenance efficiency. In the paper, a BAS-to-BIM combined strategy is introduced, and the BIM-based maintenance object framework for large-scale public venues is re-built. The conversion method and lightweight method for the BIM maintenance model are introduced and a new type of public protocol, which can be used to attain a unified protocol layer that serves the BIM model, is proposed. In addition, this article presents the application of technologies, such as virtual/mixed reality, to improve the convenience of operation and maintenance. Finally, a practical project of a snow-sports stadium is given as an example to elaborate on the benefit of the proposed method. It indicates that the functions, for example, information integration, visualization, and positioning, introduced by BIM technology can effectively improve the quality and efficiency of project operation and maintenance.
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Talib, Rand, and Nabil Nassif. "“Demand Control” an Innovative Way of Reducing the HVAC System’s Energy Consumption." Buildings 11, no. 10 (2021): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11100488.
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According to EIA, the Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HAVC) systems account for about 25% of the U.S.’s total commercial building’s energy use. Therefore, advanced modeling and optimization methods of the system components and operation offer great ways to reduce energy consumption in all types of buildings and mainly commercial buildings. This research introduced an innovative integrated two-level optimization technique for the HVAC system to reduce the total energy consumption while improving the indoor thermal comfort level. The process uses actual system performance data collected for the building automation systems (BAS) to create accurate component modeling and optimization process as the first level of optimization (MLO). Artificial neural networks were chosen to be the tool used to serve the process of modeling. The second optimization level utilizes the whole system-level optimization technique (SLO) using a genetic algorithm (G.A.). The proposed two-levels optimization technique will optimize the system setpoints, the supply air temperature, duct static pressure, minimum zone air flowrates, and minimum outdoor air ventilation rate. The proposed technique has contributed to the field of modeling and optimization of HVAC systems through several new contributions. (1) Implementing the demand control methodology with the optimization process to modify the electricity consumption power profile when the demand signal is received. (2) Implement the occupancy schedule inputs into the optimization process to adjust the ventilation airflow rates accordingly. (3) Implement the real-time zone occupancy sensor readings and adjust the zone’s ventilation flowrates and minimum flowrates. (4) Lastly, implementing the method of zone minimum air flowrates setpoint rests to reduce reheat requirements. The proposed optimization process was tested and validated, resulting in savings in the total energy consumed by the chilled water VAV system by 13.4%, 22.4 %, followed by 31% for July, February, and October, respectively.
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Ożadowicz, Andrzej. "A Hybrid Approach in Design of Building Energy Management System with Smart Readiness Indicator and Building as a Service Concept." Energies 15, no. 4 (2022): 1432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041432.
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Improving energy efficiency and increasing the level of intelligence are two main factors determining the current development trends for new and modernized buildings. They are especially important in the perspective of development of prosumer installations and local microgrids. A key tool to achieve these goals is a well-designed and implemented Building Automation and Control System (BACS). This paper presents a new hybrid approach to the design and technical organization of BACS based on the provisions of the EN 15232 standard and the guidelines of the Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI) defined in the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2018 (EPBD 2018). The main assumptions of this hybrid approach along with examples of functional BACS designs for small prosumer installations organized according to them are provided. Potential impact on building energy performance is discussed as well. Finally, a SWOT analysis of the possibility of merging the EN 15232 standard guidelines and the SRI assessment methodology to develop uniform technical guidelines for the BACS functions design and evaluation of their impact on the buildings’ energy efficiency are discussed.
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Nassif, Nabil, Mostafa Tahmasebi, Iffat Ridwana, and Pejman Ebrahimi. "New Optimal Supply Air Temperature and Minimum Zone Air Flow Resetting Strategies for VAV Systems." Buildings 12, no. 3 (2022): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030348.
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Buildings account for a large portion of the total energy use in the US; therefore, improving the operation of typical variable-air-volume (VAV) systems in buildings can provide a tremendous economic opportunity. ASHRAE Guideline 36 recommends a resetting strategy for supply air temperature (SAT) for VAV systems based on outside air temperature. However, this strategy may not produce optimal performance, particularly when simultaneous cooling and heating occurs in zones. In addition, there is no strategy recommended in the Guideline to reset the zone minimum airflow set point in a single-duct VAV terminal unit with reheat, although this setpoint has a great impact on zone reheat requirements and ventilation efficiency. Thus, this paper introduces new strategies to reset both the SAT and zone minimum airflow rate set points to improve the efficiency of typical VAV systems. The strategies were tested under various conditions through experiments performed in fully instrumented VAV systems located in the HVAC lab at the University of Cincinnati. The experiments were conducted on a chilled-water VAV system that serves three controlled zones with hot-water reheat VAV boxes controlled by a typical commercial BACnet web-based building automation system BAS. The simulation studies were performed using the building energy simulation software EnergyPlus to evaluate the strategies at a larger scale in various locations. The simulation results show that the proposed resetting strategies can provide fan energy savings between 1.6% and 5.7% and heating load savings between 7.7% to 33.7%, depending on the location. The laboratory testing shows that the proposed strategies can provide stable control performance in actual systems as well as achieving the anticipated reheat and fan energy savings. The result offers significant improvements that can be implemented in the Guideline for single-duct VAV system operation and control.
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Dou, Hongwen, and Radu Zmeureanu. "Detection and Diagnosis of Multiple-Dependent Faults (MDFDD) of Water-Cooled Centrifugal Chillers Using Grey-Box Model-Based Method." Energies 16, no. 1 (2022): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010210.
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This paper presents the development and use of benchmarking grey-box models for the detection and diagnosis of multiple-dependent faults (MDFDD) of a water-cooled centrifugal chiller. Models are developed using data recorded by a Building Automation System (BAS) from a central cooling plant of an institutional building. The forward residual-based fault detection model identifies a fault symptom, when the difference between the measured value of target variable and benchmarking value exceeds the corresponding threshold. For the fault diagnosis, most publications start from a known single fault and establish the impact on following variables in the system. This paper presents a rule-based backward approach. The proposed method identifies if (i) the fault symptom is correct (i.e., a variable has abnormal values), or (ii) the fault symptom is incorrect (i.e., the symptom of target variable is caused by impacts generated by other faulty variables due to the dependency between variables), or (iii) both target and regressor variables are abnormal. For testing the proposed MDFDD model, some artificial faults are inserted into the measurement data file, and results are discussed about the method potential for the application.
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Pedersen, Jeanette Maria, Farah Jebaei, and Muhyiddine Jradi. "Assessment of Building Automation and Control Systems in Danish Healthcare Facilities in the COVID-19 Era." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (2022): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010427.
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A well-designed and properly operated building automation and control system (BACS) is key to attaining energy-efficient operation and optimal indoor conditions. In this study, three healthcare facilities of a different type, age, and use are considered as case studies to investigate the functionalities of BACS in providing optimal air quality and thermal comfort. IBACSA, the first-of-its-kind instrument for BACS assessment and smartness evaluation, is used to evaluate the current systems and their control functionalities. The BACS assessment is reported and analyzed. Then, three packages of improvements were implemented in the three cases, focusing on (1) technical systems enhancement, (2) indoor air quality and comfort, and (3) energy efficiency. It was found that the ventilation system domain is the best performer in the three considered cases with an overall score of 52%, 89% and 91% in Case A, B, and C, respectively. On the other hand, domestic hot water domain scores are relatively low, indicating that this is an area where Danish healthcare facilities need to provide more concentration on. A key finding indicated by the assessment performed is that the three buildings score relatively very low when it comes to the impact criteria of energy flexibility and storage.
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Bao, Haifeng, Weining Fang, Beiyuan Guo, and Peng Wang. "Supervisors’ Visual Attention Allocation Modeling Using Hybrid Entropy." Entropy 21, no. 4 (2019): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21040393.
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With the improvement in automation technology, humans have now become supervisors of the complicated control systems that monitor the informative human–machine interface. Analyzing the visual attention allocation behaviors of supervisors is essential for the design and evaluation of the interface. Supervisors tend to pay attention to visual sections with information with more fuzziness, which makes themselves have a higher mental entropy. Supervisors tend to focus on the important information in the interface. In this paper, the fuzziness tendency is described by the probability of correct evaluation of the visual sections using hybrid entropy. The importance tendency is defined by the proposed value priority function. The function is based on the definition of the amount of information using the membership degrees of the importance. By combining these two cognitive tendencies, the informative top-down visual attention allocation mechanism was revealed, and the supervisors’ visual attention allocation model was built. The Building Automatic System (BAS) was used to monitor the environmental equipment in a subway, which is a typical informative human–machine interface. An experiment using the BAS simulator was conducted to verify the model. The results showed that the supervisor’s attention behavior was in good agreement with the proposed model. The effectiveness and comparison with the current models were also discussed. The proposed attention allocation model is effective and reasonable, which is promising for use in behavior analysis, cognitive optimization, and industrial design.
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Kamaruddin, Saadi Bin Ahmad, Nor Azura Md Ghani, Hazrita Ab Rahim, and Ismail Musirin. "Killer Whale – Backpropagation (KW-BP) Algorithm for Accuracy Improvement of Neural Network Forecasting Models on Energy-Efficient Data." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 8, no. 3 (2019): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v8.i3.pp270-277.
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<p>Green technology building is not newly introduced to the world nor Malaysia, but it is rarely practiced globally and now it has promoted noteworthy due to destructions caused by human hands towards the nature. Now people started to realize that the world is polluted by many hazardous substances. Therefore, Help University came up with the effort of preserving the nature through a new Green Technology campus, which has been fully operated since year 2017. In this research, neural network forecasting models on energy-efficient data of Help University, Subang 2 green technology campus at Subang Bistari, Selangor has been done with respect to value-for-money(VFM) attribute. Previously there were no similar research done on energy-efficient data of Help University, Subang 2 campus. The significant factors with respect to energy or electricity saved(MW/hr) in the year 2017 variable were studied as recorded by Building Automation and Control System(BAS) of Help University Subang 2 campus. Using multiple linear regression (stepwise method), the significant predictor towards energy saved(MW/hr) was Building Energy Index(BEI)(kWh/m2/year) based p-value&lt;α=0.05. A mathematical model was developed. Moreover, the proposed neural network forecasting model using Killer Whale - Backpropagation Algorithm(KWBP) were found to better than existing conventional techniques to forecast BEI data. This research is expected to specifically assist maintenance department of Help University, Subang 2 campus towards load forecasting for power saving planning in years to come.</p>
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Hoyo-Montaño, José, Guillermo Valencia-Palomo, Rafael Galaz-Bustamante, Abel García-Barrientos, and Daniel Espejel-Blanco. "Environmental Impacts of Energy Saving Actions in an Academic Building." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (2019): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11040989.
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Global warming and climate change effects have been of such impact that several countries around the world are enforcing public policies to mitigate them. Mexico has shown a strong commitment to the environment and rational use of energy, as signed on the General Law for Climate Change (GLCC) and stating, in its second article, the goal of a 30% reduction of greenhouse gases by 2020. To add to this goal, the Hermosillo Institute of Technology is implementing a pilot energy saving program that mixes retrofitting of academic buildings and the implementation of automatic controls for lighting and heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC). The retrofitting is performed by replacing fluorescent T8 tubes with high efficiency LED T8 tubes in a new arrangement. To increase the energy saving obtained by the retrofitting, a building automation and control system (BACS) has been developed and installed. The BACS is implemented using two different networks, the first one communicates a central control unit with the building control node using a private Ethernet network. Inside the building, the control actions are transmitted using a ZigBee network. The energy savings have been estimated as 4864 kWh/year, representing a 36.42% saving, the environmental and health effects are calculated using emission parameters of the nearest power plant to our site, and the procedure presented in Harvard’s Six Cities Study by Dockery. Results show a total CO2eq equivalent to 0.000409% of the national goal. The economic impacts of the carbon social cost and health benefits are $745.26 USD/year and $4017.71 USD/year while the direct billing savings are $3700.56 USD/year, and these results are based on only one building of the campus.
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Alimohammadi, Hossein, Kristina Vassiljeva, Eduard Petlenkov, et al. "Gray Box Time Variant Clogging behaviour and Pressure Drop Prediction of the Air Filter in the HVAC System." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 10002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124610002.
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Identification and prediction of clogging behavior in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filters is crucial to avoid issues such as system overheating, energy waste, lower indoor air quality, etc. Researchers are focusing more on the particle loading characteristics of a filter medium in a laboratory environment under steady-state conditions, fixed particle concentrations, area of porosity, dust feed and volumetric flow rate. However, recent research still shows uncertainties in modeling as well as the implementation problems of constructing the HVAC laboratory test bench and equipment. In addition, subjects such as non-uniform particle deposition depreciation of the condition and various type of mechanical filters such as fibrous, fabric, granular, and membrane filter or electrostatic filters which typically used in HVAC systems perform under some assumptions and still need more research. The studies become even more difficult acquiring a large number of time-varying and noisy signals. Another approach among studies is data-driven knowing that Building Automation System (BAS) is not equipped with appropriate sensor measuring the clogging, it is needed to drive the clogging mathematical model from the pressure drop signal. This paper bridges the gap between particle-size study and black box modeling of HVAC filter which has not received much attention from authors. The proposed method assumes that the pressure drop is the result of two time-varying functions; f(t), which represents the dynamics of clogging and, g(t), which refers to dynamics of remained terms. The exponential and polynomial of second order functions are proposed to express the clogging behavior. The software package based on Particle Swarm Optimization Artificial Bee Colony (PSOABC) algorithm, is developed and implemented to estimate the coefficients of the clogging functions based on smallest RMSE, high coefficient of correlation and acceptable tracking. Five Air Handling Unit (AHUs) are selected for practical verification of the model and the results show that the applied method can successfully predict clogging and pressure drop behaviour of HVAC filters.
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Zhan, Jian, Xin Janet Ge, Shoudong Huang, Liang Zhao, Johnny Kwok Wai Wong, and Sean XiangJian He. "Improvement of the inspection-repair process with building information modelling and image classification." Facilities 37, no. 7/8 (2019): 395–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-01-2018-0005.
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Purpose Automated technologies have been applied to facility management (FM) practices to address labour demands of, and time consumed by, inputting and processing manual data. Less attention has been focussed on automation of visual information, such as images, when improving timely maintenance decisions. This study aims to develop image classification algorithms to improve information flow in the inspection-repair process through building information modelling (BIM). Design/methodology/approach To improve and automate the inspection-repair process, image classification algorithms were used to connect images with a corresponding image database in a BIM knowledge repository. Quick response (QR) code decoding and Bag of Words were chosen to classify images in the system. Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) were developed to facilitate activity collaboration and communication. A pilot case study in an inspection-repair process was applied to demonstrate the applications of this system. Findings The system developed in this study associates the inspection-repair process with a digital three-dimensional (3D) model, GUIs, a BIM knowledge repository and image classification algorithms. By implementing the proposed application in a case study, the authors found that improvement of the inspection-repair process and automated image classification with a BIM knowledge repository (such as the one developed in this study) can enhance FM practices by increasing productivity and reducing time and costs associated with ecision-making. Originality/value This study introduces an innovative approach that applies image classification and leverages a BIM knowledge repository to enhance the inspection-repair process in FM practice. The system designed provides automated image-classifying data from a smart phone, eliminates time required to input image data manually and improves communication and collaboration between FM personnel for maintenance in the decision-making process.
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Yahiaoui, Azzedine. "Distributed dynamic simulations of networked control and building performance applications." SIMULATION 94, no. 2 (2017): 145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549717711269.
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The use of computer-based automation and control systems for smart sustainable buildings, often so-called Automated Buildings (ABs), has become an effective way to automatically control, optimize, and supervise a wide range of building performance applications over a network while achieving the minimum energy consumption possible, and in doing so generally refers to Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS) architecture. Instead of costly and time-consuming experiments, this paper focuses on using distributed dynamic simulations to analyze the real-time performance of network-based building control systems in ABs and improve the functions of the BACS technology. The paper also presents the development and design of a distributed dynamic simulation environment with the capability of representing the BACS architecture in simulation by run-time coupling two or more different software tools over a network. The application and capability of this new dynamic simulation environment are demonstrated by an experimental design in this paper.
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Grunt, Maciej, Andrzej Błażejewski, Sebastian Pecolt, and Tomasz Królikowski. "BelBuk System—Smart Logistics for Sustainable City Development in Terms of the Deficit of a Chemical Fertilizers." Energies 15, no. 13 (2022): 4591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134591.
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Purpose: This paper presents an aspect of asset tracking and storage conditions. This paper aims to fill the gap in the development of Industry 4.0 in terms of fully digital asset tracking to be implemented by medium and large-size manufacturing and logistics facilities. The article presents an innovative technology for the remote monitoring of chemical raw materials, including fertilizers, during their storage and transport from the place of manufacture to the local distributor or recipient. Methods: The method assumes the monitoring and identification of special transport bags, so-called “big-bags,” through embedded RFID tags or LEB labels and monitoring the key parameters of their content, i.e., temperature, humidity, insolation, and pressure, using a measuring micro-station that is placed in the transported raw material. Results: The automation of inference based on the collected information about the phenomenon in question (the distribution of parameters: pressure, temperature, and humidity), and expert knowledge, allows the creation of an advisory system prototype indicating how to manage the measuring devices. Conclusions: No similar solution in the field of monitoring environmental parameters has been implemented in the Polish market. The developed system enables the monitoring of 10,000 pieces of big bags in at least 30 locations simultaneously.
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Santos, Athila, Na Liu, and Muhyiddine Jradi. "Design, Development and Implementation of a Novel Parallel Automated Step Response Testing Tool for Building Automation Systems." Buildings 12, no. 9 (2022): 1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091479.
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The digital transformation has paved the path for new services and efficient management across the value chain of the whole energy sector. For applications behind the meter, buildings stand out as a major contributor to energy consumption and corresponding emissions. Therefore, Building Automation Control Systems (BACS) have been proposed in order to mitigate building performance issues. Finding optimal and automated methods to handle different control points of BACS is very important. In the initial design and commissioning phases, HVAC systems need to be tested exhaustively to guarantee proper function and expected operation compliance. However, the availability of automated step response test tools applied in the building sector is still scarce, forcing engineers around the globe to manually test different scenarios over the same buildings multiple times. This is a tedious and error-prone approach that lacks precision and good resource allocation. Therefore, we propose AUSTRET: a parallel automated multiple processing software for step response testing in buildings. The tool aims to automate the laborious step response tests of BACS cost-effectively. The input parameters can be provided for several control zones and on different control systems. The multi-processing capability allows the step response execution to run in parallel saving time and resources from the operators. The implementation of AUSTRET is first tested in a living lab environment in a university office building and then demonstrated on full-scale in a commercial building setting. The results show how the parallel processing capability of AUSTRET enhances the productivity and efficiency of step response tests in a building and how the different configuration parameters can affect the overall performance of the tests. The preliminary results indicate how automated tools, such as AUSTRET, can improve the automation and effectiveness of step response tests in the design phase or during retro-commissioning building processes.
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Chasta, Rohit, Rajesh Singh, Anita Gehlot, Raj Gaurav Mishra, and Sushabhan Choudhury. "A Smart Building Automation System." International Journal of Smart Home 10, no. 8 (2016): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsh.2016.10.8.10.
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Chasta, Rohit, Rajesh Singh, Anita Gehlot, Raj Gaurav Mishra, and Sushabhan Choudhury. "A Smart Building Automation System." International Journal of Smart Home 10, no. 9 (2016): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsh.2016.10.9.20.
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Zong, De Xin, and Zhao Xia Wang. "Application of Building Automation System in Building Energy Efficiency." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.357.
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Building automation is the inevitable product of information age and the modern society, and it is the perfect combination of modern high-tech and building. Making the equipments in the building running automatically in optimal state, building automation system can reduce energy consumption maximally while providing a comfortable environment conditions. This paper makes an energy saving analysis of each important component of building automation system, and establishes a typical office building model, simulating how building automatic system can influence building energy efficiency in four level cases. It hopes to provide some reference for the application of building automation system in building energy efficiency.
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Jiang, Ziyan, Jianjun Xia, and Yi Jiang. "An information sharing building automation system." Intelligent Buildings International 1, no. 3 (2009): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/inbi.2009.0002.
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Siu Raymond, S., Mueller Robert, and F. Racke Thomas. "Building automation system having expansion modules." Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems 10, no. 1 (1997): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0951-5240(97)88077-9.
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Jiang, Ziyan, and Yunchuang Dai. "A decentralized, flat-structured building automation system." Energy Procedia 122 (September 2017): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.285.
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Denkowski, Marcin, Krzysztof Dmitruk, and Lukasz Sadkowski. "Building Automation Control System driven by Gestures." IFAC-PapersOnLine 48, no. 4 (2015): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.07.041.
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