Academic literature on the topic 'Building Blocks (Mechanical Design)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Building Blocks (Mechanical Design)"
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Pal, Ujjwal, Ying-Chieh Liu, and Amaresh Chakrabarti. "Evaluating FuncSION: A software for automated synthesis of design solutions for stimulating ideation during mechanical conceptual design." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 28, no. 3 (July 22, 2014): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060414000183.
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AbstractThe goal of the work reported in this paper is to use automated, combinatorial synthesis to generate alternative solutions to be used as stimuli by designers for ideation. FuncSION, a computational synthesis tool that can automatically synthesize solution concepts for mechanical devices by combining building blocks from a library, is used for this purpose. The objectives of FuncSION are to help generate a variety of functional requirements for a given problem and a variety of concepts to fulfill these functions. A distinctive feature of FuncSION is its focus on automated generation of spatial configurations, an aspect rarely addressed by other computational synthesis programs. This paper provides an overview of FuncSION in terms of representation of design problems, representation of building blocks, and rules with which building blocks are combined to generate concepts at three levels of abstraction: topological, spatial, and physical. The paper then provides a detailed account of evaluating FuncSION for its effectiveness in providing stimuli for enhanced ideation.
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Rojas, T. C., J. M. de la Fuente, A. G. Barrientos, S. Penadés, L. Ponsonnet, and A. Fernández. "Gold Glyconanoparticles as Building Blocks for Nanomaterials Design." Advanced Materials 14, no. 8 (April 18, 2002): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(20020418)14:8<585::aid-adma585>3.0.co;2-w.
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Neuendorf, Talika A., Niclas Weigel, Michelle Vigogne, and Julian Thiele. "Additive Soft Matter Design by UV-Induced Polymer Hydrogel Inter-Crosslinking." Gels 8, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8020117.
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In recent years, stimuli-responsive hydrogels have gained tremendous interest in designing complex smart 4D materials for applications ranging from biomedicine to soft electronics that can change their properties on demand over time. However, at present, a hydrogel’s response is often induced by merely a single stimulus, restricting its broader applicability. The controlled hierarchical assembly of various hydrogel building blocks, each with a tailored set of mechanical and physicochemical properties as well as programmed stimulus response, may potentially enable the design and fabrication of multi-responsive polymer parts that process complex operations, like signal routing dependent on different stimuli. Since inter-connection stability of such building blocks directly accompanies the transmission of information across building blocks and is as important as the building property itself to create complex 4D materials, we provide a study on the utility of an inter-crosslinking mechanism based on UV-induced 2,3-dimethylmaleimide (DMMI) dimerization to inter-connect acrylamide-based and N-isopropylacrylamide-based millimeter-sized cubic building blocks, respectively. The resulting dual-crosslinked assemblies are freestanding and stable against contraction–expansion cycles in solution. In addition, the approach is also applicable for connecting microfluidically fabricated, micrometer-sized hydrogel spheres, with the resulting assemblies being processable and mechanical stable, likewise resisting contraction–expansion in different solvents, for instance.
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Ou, Feng-Ming, Hong-Sen Yan, and Ming-Feng Tang. "THE SYNTHESIS OF MECHANISM SYSTEMS USING A MECHANISM CONCEPT LIBRARY." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 34, no. 1 (March 2010): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2010-0010.
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This paper presents an approach for synthesizing all possible mechanism systems of kinematic building blocks in a mechanism concept library. The kinematic building blocks are defined as SISO primitive mechanisms, and their serial and/or parallel combinations are expressed as corresponding out-trees based on graph representation. By representing the constructive building blocks as labeled vertices and their possible combination relationships as directed edges, the synthesis approach is developed by adopting graph enumeration theorem. An illustrative example of four kinematic building blocks, including two crank-rocker linkages and two slider-crank mechanisms, is provided to validate the presented approach. The result shows that all feasible mechanism systems can be obtained effectively by following the synthesis method and which provides more alternatives in the library during design or re-design of mechanisms.
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Kim, Charles J., Sridhar Kota, and Yong-Mo Moon. "An Instant Center Approach Toward the Conceptual Design of Compliant Mechanisms." Journal of Mechanical Design 128, no. 3 (July 29, 2005): 542–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2181992.
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As with conventional mechanisms, the conceptual design of compliant mechanisms is a blend of art and science. It is generally performed using one of two methods: topology optimization or the pseudo-rigid-body model. In this paper, we present a new conceptual design methodology which utilizes a building block approach for compliant mechanisms performing displacement amplification/attenuation. This approach provides an interactive, intuitive, and systematic methodology for generating initial compliant mechanism designs. The instant center is used as a tool to construct the building blocks. The compliant four-bar building block and the compliant dyad building block are presented as base mechanisms for the conceptual design. It is found that it is always possible to obtain a solution for the geometric advantage problem with an appropriate combination of these building blocks. In a building block synthesis, a problem is first evaluated to determine if any known building blocks can satisfy the design specifications. If there are none, the problem is decomposed to a number of sub-problems which may be solved with the building blocks. In this paper, the problem is decomposed by selecting a point in the design space where the output of the first building block coincides with the second building block. Two quantities are presented as tools to aid in the determination of the mechanism's geometry – (i) an index relating the geometric advantage of individual building blocks to the target geometric advantage and (ii) the error in the geometric advantage predicted by instant centers compared to the calculated value from FEA. These quantities guide the user in the selection of the location of nodes of the mechanism. Determination of specific cross-sectional size is reserved for subsequent optimization. An example problem is provided to demonstrate the methodology's capacity to obtain good initial designs in a straightforward manner. A size and geometry optimization is performed to demonstrate the viability of the design.
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Binti Katman, Herda Yati, Wong Jee Khai, Omrane Benjeddou, and Nuha Mashaan. "Experimental Investigation of a New Design of Insulation Gypsum Plaster Blocks." Buildings 12, no. 9 (August 24, 2022): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091297.
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Green building materials are an alternative to ordinary materialsoffering multiple environmental benefits. This study consists of an experimental investigation of a new design of gypsum plaster blocks. First, a mix design of gypsum plaster and water mixture was prepared. The optimal mix composition was determined according to the mechanical and physical properties, such as the water absorption, the temperature of hydration, the density, and the compressive strength of different gypsum plaster and water mixtures made by varying the water dosage. The second part of this investigation aims to study a new design of green blocks prepared from the optimal water and gypsum plaster mixture. The new blocks are perforated to lighten them and to reduce their thermal conductivity in order to make them moreinsulate. Experimental tests were conducted on the block prototype, such as the measurement of dimensional tolerances, compressive strength, density, flatness, water absorption, residual moisture, surface hardness, and thermal conductivity. Experimental test results show that the new blocks have very low density, and their compressive strength is sufficient for wall construction. In addition, the manufacturing process of the new blocks is very easy and very fast. Finally, the obtained physical and mechanical properties of the new gypsum plaster blocks give it the opportunity to be used for interior walls for building constructions.
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Caponetto, Rosa, Massimo Cuomo, Maurizio Detommaso, Giada Giuffrida, Antonio Lo Presti, and Francesco Nocera. "Performance Assessment of Giant Reed-Based Building Components." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 2114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032114.
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The growing concern for the reduction of energy needs and the environmental impact of the building sector has placed emphasis on the possibilities offered by natural materials. The adoption of agricultural by-products seems to be promising and in line with the circular economy paradigm. Materials such as hemp and straw have been extensively adopted in contemporary construction, but nevertheless, the potential use of giant reed has not been sufficiently investigated despite being a common infesting plant abundantly available all over the planet. This work focuses on the performances assessment of lime/cement–reeds mixtures as base materials to design a new line of building components (bricks, blocks, panels and loose insulation) that can be used both in new bio-based construction and in existing buildings for energy-efficiency retrofit. The main materials used in the experimental campaign are giant reed by-products, lime, cement and local and recycled aggregates. The evaluation of the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of lime–reed and cement–reed composites are presented. The results of thermal conductivities (between 0.245 and 0.191 W/m K) and mechanical properties (compressive strengths between 0.848 and 1.509 MPa, and flexural strengths between 0.483 and 0.829 MPa) allow meeting the requirements for non-bearing and thermal building blocks. The outcomes show how blocks made with the abovementioned lime–reed mixture have good mechanical performance and thermo-physical behavior when compared to conventional building materials such as hollow clay or hemp blocks with the same thickness.
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Jin, Eunji, In Seong Lee, Dongwook Kim, Hosoowi Lee, Woo-Dong Jang, Myung Soo Lah, Seung Kyu Min, and Wonyoung Choe. "Metal-organic framework based on hinged cube tessellation as transformable mechanical metamaterial." Science Advances 5, no. 5 (May 2019): eaav4119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav4119.
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Mechanical metamaterials exhibit unusual properties, such as negative Poisson’s ratio, which are difficult to achieve in conventional materials. Rational design of mechanical metamaterials at the microscale is becoming popular partly because of the advance in three-dimensional printing technologies. However, incorporating movable building blocks inside solids, thereby enabling us to manipulate mechanical movement at the molecular scale, has been a difficult task. Here, we report a metal-organic framework, self-assembled from a porphyrin linker and a new type of Zn-based secondary building unit, serving as a joint in a hinged cube tessellation. Detailed structural analysis and theoretical calculation show that this material is a mechanical metamaterial exhibiting auxetic behavior. This work demonstrates that the topology of the framework and flexible hinges inside the structure are intimately related to the mechanical properties of the material, providing a guideline for the rational design of mechanically responsive metal-organic frameworks.
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Cestari, Sibele Piedade, Peter Martin, Paul Hanna, Mark Kearns, and Luis Claudio Mendes. "Rotational-Moulded Building Blocks for the Circular Economy." Materials Science Forum 1042 (August 10, 2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1042.17.
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Throughout the combination of unique approaches on innovative polymer composites and rotational moulding plastics processing technique, we developed a building block using a mix of recycled and virgin plastic. This block was a technical case study from a multidisciplinary approach - comprising materials science, polymers processing and design - to reinsert recycled plastics in the Circular Economy. The aim was to produce a three-dimensional interlockable block, combining unique design and unconventional materials to create an emblematic building element. We investigated the composition and availability of local plastic waste, as well as other waste-stream materials – concrete waste, red mud, hemp fibre, sugarcane bagasse. We prepared a range of composites and blends to test their prospective aspect and processability. To simulate the end-result of a rotationally-moulded part, we prepared samples of the blends in an oven. The thermal analysis showed that all materials were thermally stable at the processing temperature of the virgin polymer in rotomoulding, around 200 °C. There were an evident LLDPE continuous-phase and a recyclate dispersed-phase. We also explored the aesthetic effect of scattering particles of colour in the mixes. The impact test showed better results for the polyethylene-based recyclates if compared to polypropylene and poly (ethylene terephthalate) ones. We concluded that waste materials could be revalued into something practical and reproducible, produced by rotational moulding plastics processing. And we developed a viable and innovative potential product for the Circular Economy, requiring minimal fixing and no further external finishing.
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Ling, Bowen, and Ilenia Battiato. "Module-Fluidics: Building Blocks for Spatio-Temporal Microenvironment Control." Micromachines 13, no. 5 (May 14, 2022): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13050774.
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Generating the desired solute concentration signal in micro-environments is vital to many applications ranging from micromixing to analyzing cellular response to a dynamic microenvironment. We propose a new modular design to generate targeted temporally varying concentration signals in microfluidic systems while minimizing perturbations to the flow field. The modularized design, here referred to as module-fluidics, similar in principle to interlocking toy bricks, is constructed from a combination of two building blocks and allows one to achieve versatility and flexibility in dynamically controlling input concentration. The building blocks are an oscillator and an integrator, and their combination enables the creation of controlled and complex concentration signals, with different user-defined time-scales. We show two basic connection patterns, in-series and in-parallel, to test the generation, integration, sampling and superposition of temporally-varying signals. All such signals can be fully characterized by analytic functions, in analogy with electric circuits, and allow one to perform design and optimization before fabrication. Such modularization offers a versatile and promising platform that allows one to create highly customizable time-dependent concentration inputs which can be targeted to the specific application of interest.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Building Blocks (Mechanical Design)"
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Khor, Han Chuan. "Mechanical and structural properties of interlocking assemblies." University of Western Australia. School of Civil and Resource Engineering, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0026.
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A novel way to ensure stability of mortarless structures topological interlocking is examined. In this type of interlocking the overall shape and arrangement of the building blocks are chosen in such a way that the movement of each block is prevented by its neighbours. (The methodological roots of topological interlocking can be found in two ancient structures: the arch and the dry stone wall.) The topological interlocking proper is achieved by two types of blocks: simple convex forms such as the Platonic solids (tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron and icosahedron) that allow plate-like assemblies and specially engineered shapes of the block surfaces that also allow assembling corners. An important example of the latter so-called Osteomorphic block is the main object of this research with some insight being provided by numerical modelling of plates assembled from tetrahedra and cubes in the interlocking position. The main structural feature of the interlocking assemblies is the need of the peripheral constraint (for the Osteomorphic blocks this requirement can be relaxed to uni-directional constraint) to keep their integrity. We studied the least visible constraint structure internal pre-stressed cables which run through pre-fabricated holes in Osteomorphic blocks. It is shown that the pre-stressed steel cables can provide the necessary constraint force without creating appreciable residual stresses in the cables, however the points of connection of the cables are the weakest points and need special treatment. The main mechanical feature of the interlocking structures is the absence of block bonding. As a result, the blocks have a certain freedom of translational and rotational movement (within the kinematic constraints of the assembly) and their contacts have reduced shear stresses which hampers fracture propagation from one block to another. These features pre-determine the specific ways the interlocking assemblies behave under mechanical and dynamic impacts. These were studied in this project and the following results are reported. As the blocks in the interlocking structure are not connected, the main issue is the bearing capacity. The study of the least favourable, central point loading in the direction normal to the structure shows elevated large-scale fracture toughness (resistance to fracture propagation). However when the central force imposes considerable bending the generated tensile membrane stresses assist fracturing of the loaded block. Prevention of bending considerably enhances the strength therefore the most efficient application of the interlocking structures would be in protective coatings and covers. Furthermore, proper selection of the material properties and the interface friction can increase the system overall strength and bearing capacity. The results of the computer simulations suggest that both Youngs modulus and the friction coefficient are the key parameters whose increase improves the bearing capacity of topologically interlocking assemblies.
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Maldonado, Leslie Grace. "Building blocks for co-design of controllers and implementation platforms in embedded systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81609.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-95).
One of the biggest challenges in implementing feedback control applications on distributed embedded platforms is the realization of required control performance while utilizing minimal computational and communication resources. Determining such tradeoffs between control performance (e.g., stability, peak overshoot, etc.) and resource requirements is an active topic of research in the domain of cyber-physical systems (CPS). In this thesis, a setup is considered where multiple distributed controllers communicate using a hybrid (i.e., time- and event-triggered) communication protocol like FlexRay (which is commonly used in automotive architectures). Mapping all control messages to time-triggered slots results in deterministic timing and hence good control performance, but time-triggered slots are more expensive. The event-triggered slots, while being less expensive, result in variable message delays and hence poor control performance. In order to tradeoff between cost and control performance, a number of recent papers proposed a switching scheme where messages are switched between time- and event-triggered slots based on the state of the plant being controlled. However, all of these studies were based on a monotonic approximation of the system dynamics. This while simplifying the resource dimensioning problem (i.e., the minimum number of time-triggered slots required to realize a given control performance) leads to pessimistic results in terms of usage of time-triggered communication. In this thesis, it is shown that the usage of time-triggered communication (i.e., the requirement on the minimum number of time-triggered slots for a given control performance) is reduced when an accurate, non-monotonic behavior of the system dynamics is considered in the analysis. This technique is illustrated using a number examples and a real-life case study. While the focus is on communication resources in this thesis, these results are general enough to be applied to a wide range of problems from the CPS domain.
by Leslie Grace Maldonado.
S.M.
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Lemanski, Bethany I. "Designs for the manufacture of manipulable plastic DNA/RNA building blocks for learning life science." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84400.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 93).
The subject of this thesis is the design of custom injection-molded manipulable DNA building blocks for use in a hands-on life sciences educational kit. The new design of the DNA building blocks is meant to replace the existing building blocks, which are hand-constructed from 12 existing LEGO® blocks and glued together by volunteers. The goals of the new design are to reduce the part count, increase the ease of assembly and outsource it to the end-user, and reduce dependence on the availability of LEGO components without sacrificing function and while keeping mold and production costs low. The functional requirements for the building blocks were determined through detailed conversations with the designer of the existing LEGO DNA Learning Center Set and its supplementary curriculum materials. Simple mechanical models and 3D-printed prototypes were used in an iterative design process. The part count for each building block was reduced to 3, which require 6 unique molds. Several design options for each of the three subcomponents of the DNA building blocks are presented for further assessment of mold cost and manufacturability.
by Bethany I. Lemanski.
S.B.
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Jerjas, Allan. "Building Blocks of Responsive Web Design." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-142345.
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The recent increase of smart device usability has had a profound impact on information availability and distribution. The flexibility and enhanced hardware features of these devices has amplified their capabilities. The result of their progression has produced a wide adaptation rate and thus can be found in several areas, such as government, education and financial institutions. To satisfy users employing such devices, suitable elements and structures are utilized; this inspires developers to generate content tailored for such units. Nevertheless, the sheer amount of platform specific guidelines overwhelms developers aspiring to target multiple entities. The dissimilarities continue with the physical attributes, in which diverse sizes and shapes are the foremost contributing factors. With the establishment of new web standards, the technique of responsive web design has emerged to facilitate multi-platform development. Consisting of multiple components, the design principle aims to produce device-independent content, classifying common characteristics and neglecting device specific elements. The investigation of this work concerning the essential technical aspects has yielded three major traits of the technique. This, in conjunction with the constructed prototype and the analysis of a business platform employing the design, has established an adequate summary regarding the foundation of the design, and has come to prove itself as an outstanding candidate for cross-platform development.Den senaste tidens förbättringar av användarbarhet för smarta enheter har haft en djupgående inverkan på tillgänglighet till information och informationsspridning. Flexibiliteten och förbättrade hårdvarunära funktioner har utökat möjligheterna för dessa enheter. Utfallet av denna utveckling har utvidgat enheternas omfattning och därmed återfinns de i flera områden såsom hos myndigheter, utbildning och finansiella institutioner. För att tillfredsställa användarna som brukar enheterna appliceras lämpliga element och strukturer; detta inspirerar utvecklare att generera innehåll som är anpassat för sådana enheter. Dock överväldigar antalet plattformsspecifika riktlinjer utvecklare som strävar efter att framställa innehåll för flera enheter. Olikheterna fortsätter även med de fysiska attributen, där olika storlekar och former är de främsta skillnaderna. Med etableringen av nya webbstandarder, har tekniken följsam webbdesign kommit att underlätta utveckling för flera plattformar. Designen består av flera komponenter och syftar att producera enhetsoberoende innehåll, klassificering av gemensamma egenskaper och negligera enhetsspecifika element. Undersökningen av detta arbete kretsar kring de vitala tekniska aspekterna hos designen, där tre stora drag har identifierats. Detta, i kombination med den producerade prototypen och analys av en affärsplattform som utnyttjar designen, har en adekvat sammanfattning av designens utformning framställts. Designen har kommit att framstå som en utmärkt kandidat för plattformsoberoende utveckling.
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Warner, Kelly. "Building Blocks Retreat Center." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1.
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In a perfect world, teamwork just exists. People function harmoniously with each other & their environment. Although we do not live in a perfect world, people and environments can always change and adapt to better their relationships. The Pumphouse was abandoned 41 years after the project was completed because it no longer met the needs and performed the functions that it needed to perform. It no longer serves the same purpose that it once did. And while acknowledging its past, it must also address its new functions and become a piece of beautiful, usable architecture once more. This space will encourage visitors to break down the established barriers from their home or workplace environments and experience true, lasting teamwork. Through chance encounters, shared spaces, and large group gathering areas, guests are encouraged to interact with each other in more than the expected ways. In breaking down barriers and formal establishments, guests embark upon a beautiful process intended to change the way they interact with each other. This process of discovery-symbolized by the elements within this space- encourages the visitors to grow, discover and become enchanted- and not disappointed- by what they find.
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Buttler, David John. "Building blocks for composable web services." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04082004-180046/unrestricted/buttler%5Fdavid%5F200312%5Fphd.pdf.
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Levin, Brock. "Design, synthesis, and structure of versatile supramolecular building blocks /." Search for this dissertation online, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.
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Hwang, Seok-Ho. "Design and Construction of Nanoarchitectures Using Smart Building Blocks." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1145885525.
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NAPOLITANO, Carmela. "DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL SCAFFOLDS AND BUILDING BLOCKS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2388697.
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Medicinal chemistry focuses on the aspect related to the structural design, synthesis and identification of therapeutically interesting compounds, i.e. pharmaceuticals, as well as the molecular reasons of their mechanism of action, including the understanding of the factors involved in the structure-activity relationships,
absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicity.
A number of studies have appeared in the recent literature on the identification of molecular frameworks, which correspond to the minimum structural subunit, in
several drugs or lead-compounds, able of providing ligand points for more than one type of bioreceptor. Since Evans first introduced the concept of “privileged structure”, privileged-based drug discovery has emerged as a fruitful approach in medicinal chemistry. Privileged scaffolds increase hit rates for biological targets of
interest, leading to the discovery of other biologically active targets and generating leads with enhanced drug-like properties. Consequently, medicinal chemists value
privileged structures as core scaffolds for viable starting points in exploration design and synthesis.
Despite the identification of numerous recurring molecular frameworks in bioactive molecules, there is a restricted availability of privileged structures. Toward this
concern, a subject of great fascination and importance, dealing with the need to identify novel chemotypes, have been addressed the studies conducted during this
PhD thesis. Research into drug-like and lead-like concepts has explored a range of ideas looking at structural characteristics and physicochemical properties. The
selected structures might represent potential replacements of frequently occurring structural motifs. The development of efficient methodologies for the synthesis of
the identified compounds has provided the suitable tools to open up an investigation about the behaviour of such a kind of molecules towards biological systems.
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Andersson, Niklas. "Design of Integrated Building Blocks for the Digital/Analog Interface." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Elektroniksystem, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-112215.
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The integrated circuit has, since it was invented in the late 1950's, undergone a tremendous development and is today found in virtually all electric equipment. The small feature size and low production cost have made it possible to implement electronics in everyday objects ranging from computers and mobile phones to smart prize tags. Integrated circuits are typically used for data communication, signal processing and data storage. Data is usually stored in digital format but signal processing can be performed both in the digital and in the analog domain. For best performance, the right partition of signal processing between the analog and digital domain must be used. This is made possible by data converters converting data between the domains. A device converting an analog signal into a digital representation is called an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and a device converting digital data into an analog representation is called a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). In this work we present research results on these data converters and the results are compiled in three different categories. The first contribution is an error correction technique for DACs called dynamic element matching, the second contribution is a power efficient time-to-digital converter architecture and the third is a design methodology for frequency synthesis using digital oscillators. The accuracy of a data converter, i.e., how accurate data is converted, is often limited by manufacturing errors. One type of error is the so-called matching error and in this work we investigate an error correction technique for DACs called dynamic element matching (DEM). If distortion is limiting the performance of a DAC, the DEM technique increases the accuracy of the DAC by transforming the matching error from being signal dependent, which results in distortion, to become signal independent noise. This noise can then be spectrally shaped or filtered out and hereby increasing the overall resolution of the system. The DEM technique is investigated theoretically and the theory is supported by measurement results from an implemented 14-bit DAC using DEM. From the investigation it is concluded that DEM increases the performance of the DAC when matching errors are dominating but has less effect at conversion speeds when dynamic errors dominate. The next contribution is a new time-to-digital converter (TDC) architecture. A TDC is effectively an ADC converting a time difference into a digital representation. The proposed architecture allows for smaller and more power efficient data conversion than previously reported and the implemented TDC prototype is smaller and more power efficient as compared to previously published TDCs in the same performance segment. The third contribution is a design methodology for frequency synthesis using digital oscillators. Digital oscillators generate a sinusoidal output using recursive algorithms. We show that the performance of digital oscillators, in terms of amplitude and frequency stability, to a large extent depends on the start conditions of the oscillators. Further we show that by selecting the proper start condition an oscillator can be forced to repeat the same output sequence over and over again, hence we have a locked oscillator. If the oscillator is locked there is no drift in amplitude or frequency which are common problems for recursive oscillators not using this approach. To find the optimal start conditions a search algorithm has been developed which has been thoroughly tested in simulations. The digital oscillator output is used for test signal generation for a DAC or used to generate tones with high spectral purity using DACs.Den integrerade kretsen har sedan den uppfanns i slutet av 1950-talet genomgått en enorm utveckling och återfinns idag i princip i all elektronisk utrustning. Den lilla storleken och den låga produktionskostnaden har gjort det möjligt att integrera elektronik i vardagsföremål som datorer och mobiltelefoner och enklare system som till exempel smarta etiketter. Typiska användningsområden för integrerade kretsar är datakommunikation, signalbehandling och datalagring. Data lagras vanligtvis i digitalt format men signalbehandling kan utföras i både den digitala och i den analoga domänen. För att nå bästa prestanda i en krets måste signalbehandlingen delas upp optimalt mellan den digitala och analoga domänen Denna uppdelning möjliggörs med hjälp av dataomvandlare som översätter data mellan de två domänerna. En krets som omvandlar en analog signal till en digital motsvarighet kallas för en analogtill-digital-omvandlare och en krets som ovandlar digitalt data till en analog signal kallas för en digital-till-analog-omvandlare. Denna doktorsavhandling innehåller resultat från forskning gjord på dessa dataomvandlare och resultaten är sammanfattade i tre huvudkategorier. Det första bidraget är en felkorrigeringsmetod för digitaltill-analog-omvandlare, det andra bidraget är en kretsarkitektur för en energieffektiv tid-till-digital-omvandlare och det tredje bidraget är en konstruktionsmetodik för frekvenssyntes med hjälp av digitala svängningskretsar. Noggrannheten hos en dataomvandlare, med andra ord hur noggrannt dataomvandlaren kan omvandla data mellan de två domänerna, begränsas ofta av de fel som uppstår vid tillverkningen av den integrerade kretsen. En typ av fel som uppstår är att dataomvandlarens jämförelsenivåer inte blir lika stora. I frekvensdomänen kommer denna typ av fel resultera i icke önskade harmoniska frekvenser (distorsion) som begränsar dataomvandlarens noggrannhet. Om distorsion, som uppkommer då ett fel beror på dataomvandlarens insignal, begränsar dataomvandlarens prestanda kan den föreslagna felkorrigeringsmetoden omvandla distortionen till brus genom att göra felet oberoende av insignalen. Det resulterande bruset kan sedan formas spektralt eller filteras bort och därmed öka systemets totala prestanda. Den föreslagna korrigeringsmetiden har undersökts teoretiskt och denna teori har sedan verifierats med mätresultat från en kretsimplementation av en 14-bitars digital-till-analog-omvandlare som använder den föreslagna felkorrigeringsmetoden. Mätresultaten visar att metod en höjer prestandan hos dataomvandlaren för låga insignalfrekvenser då det är felen i jämförelsenivåerna som begränsar prestandan. Vid högre insignalfrekvenser är metoden mindre effektiv då andra dynamiska felkällor hos dataomvandlaren istället begränsar noggranheten. Nästa bidrag är en kretsarkitektur till en tid-till-digital-omvandlare. En tid-tilldigital-omvandlare är en särskild sorts analog-till-digital-omvandlare som omvandlar tidsskillanden mellan två signaler till en digital representation. Mätresultat från en kretsprototyp visar att den föreslagna kretsarkitekturen är både mindre och mer energieffektiv än tidigare publicerade kretslösningar. Det tredje bidraget är en konstruktionsmetodik för frekvenssyntes med hjälp av digitala svängningskretsar (oscillatorer). De digitala oscillatorerna genererar en sinusformad utsignal med hjälp av rekursiva algoritmer. Vi visar att prestandan hos digitala oscillatorer, mätt i termer av amplitud- och frekvensstabilitet, till stor utsträckning beror av starttillstånden hos oscillatorerna. Vi visar också att en del starttillstånd tvingar en oscillator att upprepa samma utsignalssekvens om och om igen, vi har då fått vad vi kallar en låst oscillator. Om oscillatorn har låst finns det inte längre någon drift i amplitud eller frekvens vilka är vanliga problem för rekursiva oscillatorer som inte använder denna metod. För att hitta de op timala startvillkoren för oscillatorerna har en sökalgoritm utvecklats. Denna algoritm har testats noggrannt i datorsimuleringar. En digital oscillator är lämplig att användas för testsignalgenerering för digital-tillanalog-omvandlare där kraven på amplitud- och frekvensstabila testsignaler är höga.
Books on the topic "Building Blocks (Mechanical Design)"
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Engelstein, Geoffrey, and Isaac Shalev. Building Blocks of Tabletop Game Design. Boca Raton, FL : Taylor & Francis, 2019.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429430701.
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Voevodin, Anastasia. Design of functional materials from molecular building blocks. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2019.
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Tor, Yitzhak, and Marcus Wilhelmsson. Fluorescent analogues of biomolecular building blocks: Design and applications. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2016.
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Programs, University of the State of New York Division of Occupational Education. Technology education.: Grades 9-12 systems block course. Albany, NY: University of the State of New York, State Education Dept., Division of Occupational Programs, 1987.
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University of the State of New York. Division of Occupational Education Programs. Technology education.: Grades 9-12, foundation block course. Albany, NY: University of the State of New York, State Education Dept., Division of Occupational Programs, 1986.
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Miles, Earl. Drupal's building blocks: Quickly building websites with cck, views, and panels. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley, 2011.
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Lynette, Miles, ed. Drupal's building blocks: Quickly building websites with CCK, Views and Panels. [United States]: Addison-Wesley Professional, 2009.
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Integrated M/E Design: Building Systems Engineering. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997.
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Integrated M/E design: Building systems engineering. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Building Blocks (Mechanical Design)"
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Middleton, James A. "The Ten Building Blocks of Experimental Design." In Experimental Statistics and Data Analysis for Mechanical and Aerospace Engineers, 143–62. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003094227-6.
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Goldberg, David E. "Building Blocks." In The Design of Innovation, 59–69. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3643-4_5.
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Rincón-Mora, Gabriel Alfonso. "Building Blocks." In Switched Inductor Power IC Design, 431–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95899-2_8.
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Mazumder, Pinaki, and Idongesit E. Ebong. "Combinational Building Blocks." In Lectures on Digital Design Principles, 155–89. New York: River Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003425762-8.
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Cahill, Bear. "SwiftUI Building Blocks." In UI Design for iOS App Development, 27–48. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6449-2_3.
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Sagar, Gaurav, and Vitalii Syrovatskyi. "System Design: Architecting Robust, Scalable, and Modular Applications." In Technical Building Blocks, 105–68. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-8658-6_3.
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Duran, Paul A. "Basic Building Blocks." In A Practical Guide to Analog Behavioral Modeling for IC System Design, 59–83. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8630-6_4.
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Duran, Paul A. "More Building Blocks." In A Practical Guide to Analog Behavioral Modeling for IC System Design, 85–136. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8630-6_5.
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Weiss, Marco. "Building Blocks of Organizational Design." In Efficient Organizational Design, 72–163. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230287952_3.
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Goldberg, David E. "Making Time for Building Blocks." In The Design of Innovation, 125–49. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3643-4_9.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Building Blocks (Mechanical Design)"
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Hussein, Mahmoud I., Massimo Ruzzene, Michael J. Leamy, Jason J. Durrie, and Bruce L. Davis. "NEMS Components Design Using Intentionally Defected Dispersive Building Blocks." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68246.
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We propose a hierarchical approach for the design of NEMS components with favorable dynamical characteristics. The approach consists of two steps: (i) design of several defect-engineered crystalline materials through intentional introduction of uniformly distributed defects, and in doing so altering precisely the frequency band structure of these materials, and (ii) allocation of patches of these designed materials to various regions in the component. Through this multiscale dispersive design approach, NEMS components can be designed to act as filters forbidding the transmission of vibrations at certain frequencies or waveguides confining the flow of energy to predetermined paths. Case studies are presented for 1D and 2D nanostructures.
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Zhou, Ningning, Alice Agogino, and Kristofer S. J. Pister. "Automated Design Synthesis for Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)." In ASME 2002 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2002/dac-34065.
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This paper proposes a general architecture for using evolutionary algorithms to achieve MEMS design synthesis. Functional MEMS devices are designed by combining parameterized basic MEMS building blocks together using Multi-objective Genetic Algorithms (MOGAs) to produce a pareto optimal set of feasible designs. The iterative design synthesis loop is implemented by combining MOGAs with the SUGAR MEMS simulation tool. Given a high-level description of the device’s desired behavior, both the topology and sizing are generated. The topology or physical configuration includes the number and types of basic building blocks and their connectivity. The sizing of the designs entails assigning numerical values to parameterized building blocks. A sample from the pareto optimal set of designs is presented for a meandering resonator example, along with convergence plots.
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Krishnan, Girish, Charles Kim, and Sridhar Kota. "A Lumped-Model Based Building-Block Concatenation for a Conceptual Compliant Mechanism Synthesis." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49982.
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Present building-block synthesis techniques for compliant mechanisms [4–7] account for the kinematic behavior of the mechanism alone, leaving the stiffness, manufacturability and mechanical efficiency to be determined by the shape-size optimization process. In this effort, we aim to generate practical and feasible conceptual designs by designing for kinematics and stiffness simultaneously. To enable this, we use a lumped spring-lever model, which intuitively characterizes the stiffness and the kinematics of a deformable-complaint building block with distinct input and output points. This model aids in the understanding of how the stiffness and the kinematics of building blocks combine when concatenated to form a mechanism. We use this understanding to synthesize compliant mechanisms by combining building blocks of known motion characteristics. A simple compliant-dyad building block is characterized for its lumped values of stiffness and kinematics. The concatenation of these dyad-building blocks is solved in detail, and guidelines for conceptual synthesis are proposed. Two practical examples are solved; a motion amplifier for a piezo-stack and a compliant energy storage mechanism for a staple-gun. The conceptual designs obtained from this approach are very close to the kinematic and the stiffness requirements of the application, thus minimizing the role of shape and size optimization to achieve the problem specification. The model, when extended to higher dimensions may be used to solve for precision positioning and other applications.
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Fasanella, Kenneth, Tae Jin Kim, David T. Neilson, and Eugen Schenfeld. "Modular Opto-Mechanical Design of Free-Space Optical Interconnect System for Massively Parallel Processing." In Optics in Computing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oc.1997.otua.3.
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Free-space optical interconnections can provide parallel access for many communication patterns with a large bandwidth[1, 2]. The challenge in the realization of such systems relies in finding good solution for the alignment and packaging of the electro-optical components. We present a new modular building block that will address these challenges in a free-space optical network for massively parallel processing (MPP). Our component and system ideas offer a simple method to fabricate and build the optical network assuring reliable and convenient alignment and packaging. We use micro-lens arrays which are pre-aligned and packaged as modular building blocks to relay optical beams from one module to the next. We can apply our modular building block ideas to our previous system of a 64-channel free-space optical interconnection[1] and its wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) extensions[3] to realize a more reliable and easier to build system. In the current network architecture, as well as in the previous ones, we use a nonblocking and reconfigurable interconnection cached network (ICN)[4].
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Trease, Brian P., Kerr-Jia Lu, and Sridhar Kota. "Biomimetic Compliant System for Smart Actuator-Driven Aquatic Propulsion: Preliminary Results." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41446.
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Biomimetic design takes principles from nature to employ in engineering problems. Such designs are hoped to be quiet, efficient, robust, and versatile, having taken advantage of optimization via natural selection. However, the emulation of specific biological devices poses a great challenge because of complicated, arbitrary, and over-redundant designs. Compliant mechanisms are of immediate appeal in addressing the problem of complex, biomimetic deformation because of their inherent flexibility and distributed compliance. The goal of this research is to develop a biologically-inspired hydrofoil for aquatic propulsion, by assembling planar compliant mechanism building blocks to generate complex 3-D deformations. The building block is a rib structure generated from topology optimization. An ADAMS model is then created to quickly visualize motion and estimate system characteristics. System refinement is achieved through further size and shape optimization of individual ribs. Testing of a single-rib and dual-actuator system is currently in progress. The preliminary results have demonstrated the potential of this combined approach to quickly identify and evaluate new applications that may result from building blocks.
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Patiballa, Sree Kalyan, and Girish Krishnan. "A Sequential Two-Step Design Framework for Deformable Mechanical Metamaterials." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24270.
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Abstract Deformable metamaterials are materials that are made up of several repeating elastic building blocks whose geometries can be tailored to obtain a specified global shape change or stiffness behavior. They are deemed useful in soft robotics, shape morphing mechanisms, stretchable electronics, wearable devices, and devices that adapt according to their environment. This paper presents a two-step sequential design framework for the synthesis of deformable mechanical metamaterials where (a) topology optimization is used to map global deformation requirement to local elasticity matrix, followed by (b) a selection of building block microstructure geometry from a database and refining it to match the elasticity requirement. The first step is accomplished through a unique parameterization scheme that enables the classification of the planar orthotropic elasticity matrix into four distinct classes. The second step uses a kinetostatic framework known as load flow visualization to populate candidate microstructure geometries within these four classes. Finally, the framework is validated for the design of a cantilever beam with a specified lateral stiffness requirement and the design of planar sheets that exhibit sinusoidal deformation patterns.
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Tai, K. K., Yuyi Lin, and L. X. Wang. "Knowledge-Based Mechanical Spring Design System." In ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium collocated with the ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1995-0813.
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Abstract Expert systems are best known for qualitative or heuristic reasoning capability. However, the design of high performance and critical mechanical components, such as automotive valve springs, requires that precise and quantitative issues be resolved. This paper discusses the extended use of an expert system shell for mechanical spring design automation. An expert system shell is utilized as a user friendly front end and a binding agent among system components. Building blocks of the complete system include a product information data base which is provided by commercial manufacturers, a dynamic modeling and simulation module which includes typical-applications models, an optimization module which uses simulated annealing algorithms, and a design specification generation module which produces production drawings and a design report. The basic methodology discussed in this paper can be applied to the design automation of other mechanical components.
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Ferraresi, Carlo, Walter Franco, and Giuseppe Quaglia. "Concept and Design of Float-Ram: A New Human Powered Press for Compressed Earth Blocks." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70384.
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Compressed earth blocks constructions are appropriate for the improvement of the housing conditions in poor contexts, in particular in developing countries. The blocks are produced using manually operated presses, preferably bidirectional. The bidirectional human powered presses currently available are mechanically complex, difficult to use and very expensive. In order to overcome these issues, the paper presents the concept and the design of a new bidirectional human powered press for compressed earth blocks, called Float-Ram. The press is characterized by: the adoption of a floating mold, which provides a bi-directional pressing action in simple way; an optimized kinematic structure, based on a cam-roller follower transmission system; a general mechanical simplicity, since the node of all kinematic pairs is constituted by a single shaft. The Float-Ram, tested on the laboratory and on the field, can be considered as an important media for the diffusion of high-quality raw earth building in developing countries.
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Reich, Yoram, Elad Hahn, and Michael Slavutin. "On Offer Shai’s Contribution to Mechanical Engineering and Design." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-67549.
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This paper presents the contribution of Offer Shai to mechanical engineering and design. Over a period of three decades Shai has created an impressive research program that is founded on solid mathematical grounds — combinatorial representations of systems. On this foundation he made contributions that ranged from inventing new concepts in mechanics (e.g., face force), new ways to characterize systems (e.g., singularity positions), new ways to create building blocks to model discrete systems (e.g., Assur graphs and their synthesis), and new methods in design (e.g., infused design). This paper summarizes some of these contributions in an attempt to describe the breadth and depth and attract researchers to continue develop his ideas.
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Ahn, Sung-Hoon, Shad Roundy, Paul K. Wright, and Shuh-Yuan Liou. "“Design Consultant”: A Network-Based Concurrent Design Environment." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0716.
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Abstract In today’s globally distributed business environment, resolution of the communication problems between team members is a critical issue. A project named the Design Consultant has been launched to improve inter/intra-departmental communications. Leveraging available Internet technology, the Design Consultant enables designers to share design information with other team members including colleague designers, CAE analysts, manufacturing engineers, and marketing engineers. The network accessible DFX modules assist designers to simulate manufacturability and to estimate cost and time for fabrication resulting in faster product development. Building blocks of the Design Consultant were established based on a 3-tier client/server architecture, and feasibility tests were successful. As part of the feasibility tests, the Design Consultant for Part Reuse and the Design Consultant for Rubber Molding were implemented to prove the concept of the network-based Concurrent Engineering.
Reports on the topic "Building Blocks (Mechanical Design)"
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Smalley, A. J., and P. J. Pantermuehl. TR-97-2 Foundation Guidelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011730.
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These guidelines provide guidance to engineers responsible for installing or repamng the foundations of reciprocating compressors. If followed, the guidance should help assure an installation with a long life of trouble-free service. They address, in particular, mechanical integrity of the compressor/foundation installation, with emphasis on design of mounts, anchor bolts, and foundation block to carry the required dynamic loads. They defer to existing texts on vibration engineering for foundation blocks on their soil.
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Liu, Cheng-Hsin, Ha L. Nguyen, and Omar M. Yaghi. Reticular Chemistry and Harvesting Water from Desert Air. AsiaChem Magazine, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51167/acm00007.
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Although chemists, in general, are concerned with the art and science of constructing molecules and understanding their behavior, for a long time the idea that such molecules can be linked together by strong bonds to make infinite, extended structures were fraught with failure. The notion of using molecular building blocks to make such structures invariably led to chaotic, ill-defined materials and therefore not only defying the chemists’ need to exert their will on the design of matter but also preventing them from deciphering the atomic arrangement of such products. The field remained undeveloped for most of the twentieth century, and it was taken as an article of faith that linking molecules by strong bonds to make extended structures is a “waste of time” because “it doesn’t work.”
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Roye, Thorsten. Unsettled Technology Areas in Deterministic Assembly Approaches for Industry 4.0. SAE International, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021018.
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Increased production rates and cost reduction are affecting manufacturing in all sectors of the mobility industry. One enabling methodology that could achieve these goals in the burgeoning “Industry 4.0” environment is the deterministic assembly (DA) approach. The DA approach is defined as an optimized assembly process; it always forms the same final structure and has a strong link to design-for-assembly and design-for-automation methodologies. It also looks at the whole supply chain, enabling drastic savings at the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) level by reducing recurring costs and lead time. Within Industry 4.0, DA will be required mainly for the aerospace and the space industry, but serves as an interesting approach for other industries assembling large and/or complex components. In its entirety, the DA approach connects an entire supply chain—from part manufacturing at an elementary level to an OEM’s final assembly line level. Addressing the whole process of aircraft design and manufacturing is necessary to develop further collaboration models between OEMs and the supply chain, including addressing the most pressing technology challenges. Since all parts aggregate at the OEM level, the OEM—as an integrator of all these single parts—needs special end-to-end methodologies to drastically decrease cost and lead time. This holistic approach can be considered in part design as well (in the design-for-automation and design-for-assembly philosophy). This allows for quicker assembly at the OEM level, such as “part-to-part” or “hole-to-hole” approaches, versus traditional, classical assembly methods like manual measurement or measurement-assisted assembly. In addition, it can increase flexibility regarding rate changes in production (such as those due to pandemic- or climate-related environmental challenges). The standardization and harmonization of these areas would help all industries and designers to have a deterministic approach with an end-to-end concept. Simulations can easily compare possible production and assembly steps with different impacts on local and global tolerances. Global measurement feedback needs high-accuracy turnkey solutions, which are very costly and inflexible. The goal of standardization would be to use Industry 4.0 feedback and features, as well as to define several building blocks of the DA approach as a one-way assembly (also known as one-up assembly, or “OUA”), false one-way assembly, “Jig-as-Master,” etc., up to the hole-to-hole assembly approach. The evolution of these assembly principles and the link to simulation approaches are undefined and unsolved domains; they are discussed in this report. They must be discussed in greater depth with aims of (first) clarifying the scope of the industry-wide alignment needs and (second) prioritizing the issues requiring standardization. NOTE: SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.
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Ramos, Nuno M. M., Joana Maia, Rita Carvalho Veloso, Andrea Resende Souza, Catarina Dias, and João Ventura. Envelope systems with high solar reflectance by the inclusion of nanoparticles – an overview of the EnReflect Project. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541621982.
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High reflectance materials constitute an attractive idea to reduce cooling loads, which is crucial for attaining the Nearly Zero Energy Buildings goal, also presenting the benefit of broadening the range of colours applicable in building facades. The EnReflect project intended to re-design envelope systems by increasing their solar reflectance through nanotechnology. The main idea was to produce novel nanomaterial-based coatings with high near-infrared (NIR) reflectance by tuning their optical properties and testing their compatibility with typical insulation technologies such as ETICS. As such, this project focused on the synthesis of nanoparticles with improved NIR reflectance, the evaluation of the hygrothermal-mechanical behaviour of thermal insulation systems with the application of the improved coating solutions, the characterization of the more relevant material properties and the durability assessment. One of the main achievements was the development of a facile synthesis of a nanocomposite with improved performance in the NIR region that allowed the reflectance improvement of a dark-finishing coating. Also, the incorporation of such nanoparticles had a positive effect on keeping their optical properties after accelerated ageing cycles. The development of numerical simulations allowed the estimation of the maximum surface temperature in Mediterranean climates under different optical parameters. The study of the hygrothermal behaviour of thermal enhanced façades led to the development of a new durability assessment methodology which contributed to closing a standardization gap.
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McEntee, Alice, Sonia Hines, Joshua Trigg, Kate Fairweather, Ashleigh Guillaumier, Jane Fischer, Billie Bonevski, James A. Smith, Carlene Wilson, and Jacqueline Bowden. Tobacco cessation in CALD communities. The Sax Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/sneg4189.
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Background Australia is a multi-cultural society with increasing rates of people from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. On average, CALD groups have higher rates of tobacco use, lower participation in cancer screening programs, and poorer health outcomes than the general Australian population. Lower cancer screening and smoking cessation rates are due to differing cultural norms, health-related attitudes, and beliefs, and language barriers. Interventions can help address these potential barriers and increase tobacco cessation and cancer screening rates among CALD groups. Cancer Council NSW (CCNSW) aims to reduce the impact of cancer and improve cancer outcomes for priority populations including CALD communities. In line with this objective, CCNSW commissioned this rapid review of interventions implemented in Australia and comparable countries. Review questions This review aimed to address the following specific questions: Question 1 (Q1): What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Question 2 (Q2): What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? This review focused on Chinese-, Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking people as they are the largest CALD groups in Australia and have high rates of tobacco use and poor screening adherence in NSW. Summary of methods An extensive search of peer-reviewed and grey literature published between January 2013-March 2022 identified 19 eligible studies for inclusion in the Q1 review and 49 studies for the Q2 review. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Levels of Evidence and Joanna Briggs Institute’s (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools were used to assess the robustness and quality of the included studies, respectively. Key findings Findings are reported by components of an intervention overall and for each CALD group. By understanding the effectiveness of individual components, results will demonstrate key building blocks of an effective intervention. Question 1: What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Thirteen of the 19 studies were Level IV (L4) evidence, four were Level III (L3), one was Level II (L2), none were L1 (highest level of evidence) and one study’s evidence level was unable to be determined. The quality of included studies varied. Fifteen tobacco cessation intervention components were included, with most interventions involving at least three components (range 2-6). Written information (14 studies), and education sessions (10 studies) were the most common components included in an intervention. Eight of the 15 intervention components explored had promising evidence for use with Chinese-speaking participants (written information, education sessions, visual information, counselling, involving a family member or friend, nicotine replacement therapy, branded merchandise, and mobile messaging). Another two components (media campaign and telephone follow-up) had evidence aggregated across CALD groups (i.e., results for Chinese-speaking participants were combined with other CALD group(s)). No intervention component was deemed of sufficient evidence for use with Vietnamese-speaking participants and four intervention components had aggregated evidence (written information, education sessions, counselling, nicotine replacement therapy). Counselling was the only intervention component to have promising evidence for use with Arabic-speaking participants and one had mixed evidence (written information). Question 2: What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? Two of the 49 studies were Level I (L1) evidence, 13 L2, seven L3, 25 L4 and two studies’ level of evidence was unable to be determined. Eighteen intervention components were assessed with most interventions involving 3-4 components (range 1-6). Education sessions (32 studies), written information (23 studies) and patient navigation (10 studies) were the most common components. Seven of the 18 cancer screening intervention components had promising evidence to support their use with Vietnamese-speaking participants (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, counselling, and peer experience). The component, opportunity to be screened (e.g. mailed or handed a bowel screening test), had aggregated evidence regarding its use with Vietnamese-speaking participants. Seven intervention components (education session, written information, visual information, peer/community health worker, opportunity to be screened, counselling, and branded merchandise) also had promising evidence to support their use with Chinese-speaking participants whilst two components had mixed (patient navigation) or aggregated (media campaign) evidence. One intervention component for use with Arabic-speaking participants had promising evidence to support its use (opportunity to be screened) and eight intervention components had mixed or aggregated support (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, peer experience, media campaign, and anatomical models). Gaps in the evidence There were four noteworthy gaps in the evidence: 1. No systematic review was captured for Q1, and only two studies were randomised controlled trials. Much of the evidence is therefore based on lower level study designs, with risk of bias. 2. Many studies provided inadequate detail regarding their intervention design which impacts both the quality appraisal and how mixed finding results can be interpreted. 3. Several intervention components were found to have supportive evidence available only at the aggregate level. Further research is warranted to determine the interventions effectiveness with the individual CALD participant group only. 4. The evidence regarding the effectiveness of certain intervention components were either unknown (no studies) or insufficient (only one study) across CALD groups. This was the predominately the case for Arabic-speaking participants for both Q1 and Q2, and for Vietnamese-speaking participants for Q1. Further research is therefore warranted. Applicability Most of the intervention components included in this review are applicable for use in the Australian context, and NSW specifically. However, intervention components assessed as having insufficient, mixed, or no evidence require further research. Cancer screening and tobacco cessation interventions targeting Chinese-speaking participants were more common and therefore showed more evidence of effectiveness for the intervention components explored. There was support for cancer screening intervention components targeting Vietnamese-speaking participants but not for tobacco cessation interventions. There were few interventions implemented for Arabic-speaking participants that addressed tobacco cessation and screening adherence. Much of the evidence for Vietnamese and Arabic-speaking participants was further limited by studies co-recruiting multiple CALD groups and reporting aggregate results. Conclusion There is sound evidence for use of a range of intervention components to address tobacco cessation and cancer screening adherence among Chinese-speaking populations, and cancer screening adherence among Vietnamese-speaking populations. Evidence is lacking regarding the effectiveness of tobacco cessation interventions with Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking participants, and cancer screening interventions for Arabic-speaking participants. More research is required to determine whether components considered effective for use in one CALD group are applicable to other CALD populations.