Academic literature on the topic 'Building finishes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Building finishes"
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Adedeji, Y. M. D., and A. A. Taiwo. "Sustainable Building Finishes: Use of Renewable Standardized Wood-Based Material in Nigeria." Advanced Materials Research 587 (November 2012): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.587.134.
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This paper reports a research on sustainable building finishes in Nigeria. Because the building industry consumes a substantial percentage of the materials entering the global economy, and is responsible for the emission of almost half of the global greenhouse gases, it is important to consider the aspect of material efficiency as a component of achieving sustainability. This paper critically appraises this development as the use of the renewable wood-based materials has impacted remarkable success towards achieving sustainable building finishes in the country. It reports findings on the authors’ research through case studies, observations and structured questionnaire on the influence of use of renewable wood-based materials on the building industry in Nigeria. Findings of empirical survey conducted among professionals such like Architects, Engineers, Quantity Surveyors, Builders and Contractors practising in some selected cities in Nigeria on the use of the material were analysed along side with personal interviews of these professionals to obtain their views on the subject, revealing that the industrial production of standardised wood-based material to a finished stage makes building operation faster, reduces labour and wastages and enhances modular designs and construction thus aligning production with the current global trend. Timber material used for finishes was also observed to have good aesthetic value in building construction. The paper recommends that the material should be made available in the market in finished standard sizes for users to assemble on sites.
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Musa, Lazarus, Dangana Tizhe Halla, and Sawa Sarah. "Appreciation of Finish Specification in Room Space Condition Modification among Graduates of Architecture in Nigeria." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7, no. 10 (2022): 1884–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7332561.
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- Interior finishes are specified based on function of room space, to make rational specification, physical and special qualities of finishes must be known. The study is guided by the drive to find out how graduates of Architectural Technology and Architectural science, respond to characteristics of interior finishes that includes sheets, boards, panels and paints. Statements on physical properties of finishes enquired on temperature, acoustics, illumination and moisture/humidity, while wealth, aesthetics, mosquito, fire and algae/moulds were presented for special properties. These were administered to the graduates. The results show that between 62.4% and 81.7% agreed that finishes can modify the physical design factors stated, 18.3% to 30.6% responded in the negative. On the other hand, responses on special factors recorded 48.4% and 80.6% in the affirmative while between 19.4% and 51.6% gave negative responses. The scores in the results show that generally, the graduates seem to appreciate the physical than the special characteristics of finishes, in summary, the ideal scores would have been 100% positive for all statements, as the physical and special design factors mentioned in the questionnaire can all be modified, controlled or affected with the appropriate internal finish. Some of the positive responses are lower than expected, in the case of fire safety and control of mosquitoes which had the lowest scores for instance, show these attributes of finishes may not have been appreciated. Based on the findings and purpose of giving due attention to finish specification, as functional requirements of room spaces demand, it was recommended that more moves be made to link developments in the building industry, emerging building materials in the market with the curriculum of Architectural training, a case in point is to introduce methods of checklists as in the Construction Specification CSI (2016) Masterformat, or specification software such as the National building specification (NBS) in programs.
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Onuorah, Ikenna Michael, Agbonome P.C., and Bons N. Obiadi. "Classification of Igbo Traditional Building Finishes using Architectural Standard for Preservation of the Material Culture of a People." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, no. VI (2023): 590–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.7645.
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The Igbo people in Nigeria have a rich cultural heritage, including their unique building techniques and finishes. Traditional building finishes, such as mud plastering, natural dyeing, and intricate wood carvings, were once highly valued due to their availability, affordability, and cultural significance. However, with globalization and increased access to imported construction materials, there has been a shift away from traditional finishes towards imported alternatives. Imported building finishes such as ceramic tiles, synthetic paints, and industrial coatings have become popular due to their perceived durability, convenience, and association with affluence. However, the lack of formal recognition and support for Igbo traditional building practices has led to a loss of knowledge and skills among the younger generation of builders. This loss of cultural heritage has implications for the overall vitality and resilience of Igbo communities. This study identified and classified Igbo traditional building finishes using architectural standards to preserve the material culture of a people and to serve as an architectural repository.
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Dixit, Manish K., Shashank Singh, Sarel Lavy, Wei Yan, Fatemeh Pariafsai, and Mohammadreza Ostadalimakhmalbaf. "Floor finish selection in the design of healthcare facilities: a survey of facility managers." Facilities 37, no. 9/10 (2019): 571–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-04-2018-0047.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to create a knowledge base for decision-making in healthcare design by seeking, analyzing and discussing the preferences of facility managers of healthcare facilities regarding floor finishes and their selection criteria. The goal is to enable a simplified and holistic selection of floor finishes based on multiple criteria. The authors studied floor finish selection in three healthcare units: emergency, surgery and in-patient units. Design/methodology/approach The authors completed a literature review to identify types of floor finishes currently used in healthcare facilities and the criteria applied for their selection. Using the literature survey results, a questionnaire was designed and administered to healthcare facility managers. The descriptive statistical analysis and the Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests were used for reporting and analyzing the survey data. Findings The top five floor finishes used in the healthcare sector were identified as vinyl flooring, vinyl composite tile (VCT), rubber, linoleum and ceramic flooring. The top five selection criteria for floor finishes were durability, infection control, ease of maintenance, maintenance cost and user safety. The non-parametric test results show that the floor finish rankings and selection criteria were similar in the three healthcare units under study. Originality/value The most significant contribution of this research is to the design decision-making process of healthcare facilities. These results offer an understanding of what floor finishes are preferred by healthcare facility managers and why. This knowledge is crucial for designers and facility managers to make informed choices and floor finish manufacturers to keep their product line relevant to the industry.
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Kim, Sihyun, Min Htet Myint, Youngsu Yu, Wonbok Lee, Tae Wan Kim, and Bonsang Koo. "Application of Parametric Modeling Techniques for Automated Detailing of Exterior Finishes in Architectural BIM Models: A South Korean Case Study." Buildings 14, no. 12 (2024): 4013. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14124013.
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The South Korean government has mandated the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) as the main medium for design deliverables in public projects. Such stipulations require detailed BIM models to be submitted in the detailed design phases, which places a burden especially on small- to medium-sized design firms. The requirement means that both the interior and exterior finishes of a building need to be explicitly modeled, which when performed manually is labor intensive and error prone. The goal of this study was to apply parametric modeling techniques to automatically model such details, focusing on the exterior finishes. Through interviews with design experts, four elements were selected: parapets, external wall finishes, downspouts, and inspection ladders. Parametric processes and rules for each finish were developed and subsequently programmed as add-ins in Autodesk Revit. Validation through case studies conducted using three different BIM models resulted in the average scores of 92.28% and 92.44% in terms of accuracy and efficiency, respectively. In particular, downspouts achieved a perfect accuracy score, while external wall finishes achieved a 94.42% reduction in modeling time. Modeling errors, which occurred due to inconsistencies in the test models, also demonstrate the need for specifying uniform modeling conventions of BIM model submissions in the detailed design phases.
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Thompson, Cheryl A. "Pharmacy Practice Model Initiative finishes consensus-building process." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 67, no. 24 (2010): 2078–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2146/news100081.
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Vilventhan, Aneetha, and Rajadurai R. "Implementation of Value Stream Mapping For Building Finishes." Journal of Real Estate, Construction & Management 33, no. 2 (2018): 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/2977657020180206.
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Serneels, Nick, Philippe Lemineur, and Marieke Jaenen. "PLASTIC FINISHES IN 1960s BELGIAN OFFICE BUILDINGS." Docomomo Journal, no. 66 (December 12, 2022): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/docomomo.66.04.
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This paper focusses on the presence of visible synthetic materials (plastics) and finishes from the 1960s in the interior of office buildings. Although the ongoing research on synthetic materials as art pieces is well developed, building components from the interior and exterior of Belgian patrimony have not yet been studied, and remain undervalued as integral components of heritage buildings. The research presented in this paper tackles this issue by examining two specialized Belgian journals, namely La Technique des Travaux and La Maison. A selection of case studies from these two journals was examined in-depth to assess general tendencies and obtain a thorough evaluation and validation of the visible plastic materials and finishes in the case studies: the floor, wall and ceiling finishes. The plastic elements of listed monuments have often been removed, and do not receive a similar level of protection to other materials. Plastic heritage is not valued and protected as a relevant part of recent historic architecture. This part of the built patrimony needs to be recognized with equal status and therefore conserved.
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Okazaki, Taichiro, Dimitrios G. Lignos, Mitsumasa Midorikawa, James M. Ricles, and Jay Love. "Damage to Steel Buildings Observed after the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 29, no. 1_suppl (2013): 219–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000124.
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A joint U.S.–Japan reconnaissance team examined the damage to steel building structures caused by the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake. In the city of Sendai, where the peak horizontal ground acceleration exceeded 1 g, the majority of steel buildings performed well. Buildings that used older cladding systems for external finish sustained damage to their claddings even if their structural performance was excellent. Damage to a few braced frames offer insight into the seismic design of bracing connections. In areas attacked by the violent tsunami, many steel buildings stood upright after the tsunami subsided, although these buildings lost much of their external and internal finishes along with their contents. These steel buildings did not provide safe shelter for tsunami evacuation when the building submerged under the tsunami wave. A number of buildings suffered foundation failure, which was likely caused by scouring or liquefaction or a combination of multiple effects.
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Martinez, Frank, Ana Alvarez, and Peter Kiliddjian. "H. George Fink Studio, Coral Gables, Florida." Journal of Traditional Building, Architecture and Urbanism, no. 3 (November 8, 2022): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51303/jtbau.vi3.587.
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This article discusses the challenges associated with the preservation and hurricane code compliance of a significant 1920s Mediterranean Revival building in South Florida: the H. George Fink Studio. It is seen as the first Mediterranean Revival building in Coral Gables, Florida. Though almost 100 years old, most of its significant original elements and finishes are intact, providing a special opportunity to preserve those elements and finishes. Martinez Alvarez Architecture and partners performed a thorough on-site assessment, documentation and study of contemporary buildings in order to arrive at a final strategy for preservation and adaptive reuse. The firm also prepared construction documents for permitting and provided construction administration services for the final project, all the while managing the project team of conservators, engineers, and craftspersons.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Building finishes"
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Chung, Chan-keung, and 鍾振強. "From fair-faced brickwork to painted surfaces: wall finishes in Hong Kong's ancestral halls, study hallsand residential building." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31476892.
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Chung, Chan-keung. "From fair-faced brickwork to painted surfaces wall finishes in Hong Kong's ancestral halls, study halls and residential building /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2003. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31476892.
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Ors, Kerime. "An Investigation On Compatibility Properties Of Exterior Finish Coats For Insulated Walls In Terms Of Water Vapour Pemeability And Modulus Ofelasticity." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607741/index.pdf.
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The compatibility properties of some contemporary finish coats together with their complementary layers used in insulated exterior walls were examined in terms of water vapour permeability and modulus of elasticity.
Basic physical and mechanical properties of some synthetic-, cement- and polymer-based external finish coats were analyzed in laboratory. Some additional samples, complementing the wall section, were also examined for their water vapour permeability.
Results showed that the finish coats were high vapour permeable although they had high resistance to water vapour permeation, which was achieved by their application in thin layers. Cement-based undercoats were found to be medium permeable. The application of primer and/or paint was found to decrease the permeability of finish coats in different ranges. Thermal insulation layer was found to interrupt water vapour flow considerably. Among polystyrene- and mineral-wool-based thermal insulation boards, rockwool was recommended as the insulation layer due to its medium vapour permeability. In conclusion, walls insulated externally with rockwool boards and plastered with polymer-based finish coat, FC8ACB or synthetic-based finish coat FC3SB were found to be the most proper combination in terms of breathing and thermal resistance capabilities. All finish coats seemed to have sufficient strength and except the synthetic-based finish coat, FC2SB, they seemed to be compatible with each other and with the masonry in terms of their Emod values. Further studies were recommended on some other compatibility properties of finishing systems, such as thermal and moisture dilatation properties, and on the relation between the resistance to water vapour permeation and water permeability.
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Zmyslo, Ronald J. "A study on the effects of sidewall insulation on the performance of exterior paint finishes on frame, wood-clad historic houses." 2012. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1698827.
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Presently, there exists a large number of historic houses that have had their walls
insulated with loose-fill cellulose and can now be studied 10, 20 or 30 years after they
were insulated. The wood siding of these houses can be evaluated for types of paint
failure and compared to comparable historic houses that have not had their sidewalls
insulated. A methodology for defining common paint failure types, their presence and
possibly their severity was designed. A methodology for the selecting of historic houses with both insulated and uninsulated walls was also designed. A visual documentation process was carried out, results compiled and analyzed in order to determine if a difference could be observed between the types of paint failures on the insulated versus the uninsulated historic houses.
In addition this study looked at the most common sources for moisture intrusion into a
wall cavity, how this moisture moves, and how little the role of vapor diffusion plays in the wetting of the wall cavity.<br>Moisture and paint failure -- Understanding moisture movement in buildings -- How frame walls get wet -- How insulation might affect how frame walls get wet and how they dry -- Strategies for controlling moisture -- Other causes of exterior paint failure unrelated to moisture within the wall -- Field work -- Types of paint failure -- Case study houses -- Summary and conclusion.<br>Department of Architecture
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Li, Taso-Hen, and 李兆亨. "A study on the Fire Safety of Interior Finishes: Residential Buildings in Kaohsiung City taken as Examples." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64124891996921121088.
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"Graduation is Not the Finish Line: Building Professional Teacher Identity in Preservice Teachers." Doctoral diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.53498.
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abstract: Teacher candidates completing their senior year student teaching practicum as part of the Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College at Arizona State University are expected to graduate as professional, high-quality teachers who are classroom-ready and dedicated to the profession. One lacking component of the program is the opportunity for teacher candidates to have personalized learning experiences that develop professional teacher identity in addition to the development of enhanced teaching skills. To address this, an intervention of an Action Research Project (ARP) was added to the final semester of the student teaching practicum. The goal of the project was to increase professional teacher identity, which would lead to increased teaching practices and a more favorable outlook on real-world problem solving in teaching elementary students.
This mixed methods action research study included data collection methods to measure how integrating action research into a cohort-based student teaching experience improved teacher candidates’ teaching practices, how it affected their professional teacher identity and how they perceived the project contributed to the formation of their professional teacher identity. Frameworks that guided the study included principles from the Theory of Self-Organized Learning and Social Identity Theory.
The participants of the study were seven teacher candidates completing their student teaching experience in an Arizona school district. Data gathered included teacher evaluation scores, results from a “Teacher Candidate Experience Questionnaire,” narratives collected from Teacher Learning Conversations and written responses on a Final Reflection.
Results suggested that teacher candidates’ teaching scores either slightly improved or stayed the same following the intervention. Professional teacher identity increased through the integration of the project, while student identity decreased. Through narratives collected from the participants, observations of other teachers and classrooms emerged as the most impactful component of the intervention. Participants perceived that observations contributed to their growth as teachers by providing exposure to more diverse situations, prompting them to feel engaged and inspired, encouraging high expectations and fostering ways for them to make personal connections. Observing in other classrooms did not always provide the examples and structures the participants had hoped for, yet this disappointment also added value to their growth as teachers.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Doctoral Dissertation Educational Administration and Supervision 2019
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Chang, Hsiang-shou, and 張祥壽. "A Study of Fire Protection Safety and Examination Operations of Building Interior Finish Works." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82361277120406915945.
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碩士<br>中原大學<br>室內設計學系<br>87<br>Safety of fire protection and examination operations are very much related topics. Both of them involve public safety and application legalization. Safety of fire protection is especially a professional technique and is difficult to be comprehended by common interior finish subcontractors. Currently, even the technicians completing training programs and/or certified professional technicians have difficulty in carrying out fire protection safety and examination operations.
To understand the situation, one may find that the main problem is no regulation for interior finish in the past. Therefore, the Government announced Regulation of Building Interior Finish Management to formally manage the interior finish. Unfortunately, there is only a single rule in the regulation and it is widely applied. It covers the area of material management and overall fire protection safety system such as the alteration of building division. Also, there are too many diversified opinions due to the implementation cooperation in a review process. The single rule is not suitable in solving all kinds of current problems. It happens because few researches concentrate the study of fireproof safety in interior finish design, and the related regulation and material inspection are attached to Architects and become impractical. Actually, interior design is essential in environment development and it has great influence in popular living quality and public safety.
It becomes very crucial in raising the quality of interior design personnel, improving training process, widely publicizing related regulation and government''s management system. This research investigates the problems induced in fire protection techniques and examination operations since the regulation of building interior finish was carried out. Proper examination operations include qualification review of technicians, legalization of space application, and complete concern of material management.
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Huamg, Hui-Tsu, and 黃惠資. "Application of Exterior Insulation Finish System to the Renovation for External Wall in Residential Building." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25ev2d.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>建築系<br>99<br>The refurbishment industry of exterior walls is quickly rising in the market, due to the importance of urban landscape has been concerned in Taiwan. The traditional renovation method of exterior walls has brought amount of dust, noise, and vibration, and is inflexible to the renewed changes in the future. The weather is general hot in Taiwan which has resulted the problem of western exposure and solar radiation in buildings. And the exterior walls of buildings are general with low insulation which has resulted the interior high temperature. The demand for air-conditioning has been increased which is against the idea of environmental protection and sustainability.
For the above reasons, this thesis intends to research Exterior Insulation Finish System (WDVS Warmedamm-Verbundsysteme) from Germany and analyze its characters. The advantages of EIFS include: 1.insulation, 2.various construction, 3.easy repairing, 4.flexible size, and 5. sustainability. And then collect the domestic building envelope systems which are related to EIFS. By analyzing the difference between domestic systems and EIFS, find out the problems and difficulties need to be solved which EIFS apply to local exterior walls in buildings. And then, according to 8 items: 1.building condition, 2.construction technique, 3.climate and position, 4.local custom, 5.aesthetic standard, 6.environmental impact, 7.regulation, and 8.the idea of green building, estimate whether EIFS is adaptable to local exterior walls.
According to the results of analysis and estimation, localize EIFS to be suitable for domestic buildings by improve the system constitution, construction method, and adaptation for regulation. And then, with the constraint on local environment and industries, construct a localized EIFS for exterior wall. It include: 1.the catalogue of local materials, 2.three local constitution types and 3. local construction method.
Finally, select one apartment residence to simulate the renovation process. Select appropriate materials and constitution types from localized EIFS to design its exterior wall and verify the feasibility of localized EIFS. Set up three scenarios of renovation, and compare localized EIFS with the traditional renovation. The result is that, in three renovation processes, the life cycle construction costs, construction waste, carbon dioxide emission, and reusing costs of localized EIFS are superior to the traditional renovation. But the construction duration of localized EIFS is longer than the traditional renovation. And estimate that the exterior walls using localized EIFS can decrease 20% electric consumption of air-conditioning in every year than the traditional renovation.
Localized EIFS has been constructed by a method of reducing environmental impact, and improved the insulation of exterior walls efficiently to decrease the electric consumption of air-conditioning. In addition to the low construction cost, the recyclable materials are superior to the traditional renovation. Therefore, localized EIFS is worth promoting.
Books on the topic "Building finishes"
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Levy, Sidney M. Construction building envelope and interior finishes databook. McGraw Hill, 2001.
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Levy, Sidney M. Construction building envelope and interior finishes databook. McGraw Hill, 2001.
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Forsyth, Michael, and Lisa White, eds. Interior Finishes & Fittings for Historic Building Conservation. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444344837.
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Bliss, Steven. Best practices guide to residential construction: Materials, finishes, and details. Wiley, 2006.
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Stookey, Scott. Flammable finishes: Application guide. 2nd ed. International Code Council, 2010.
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Hall, William R. Contract interior finishes: A handbook of materials, products, and applications. Whitney Library of Design, 1993.
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Pan, Yanping. Zhuang shi gong cheng chuang wu zhi liang tong bing shou ce. Zhongguo jian zhu gong ye chu ban she, 1998.
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Council, International Code. 2003 IBC fire risks of interior finishes: Based on the 2003 international building code® (IBC®) AND 2003 international fire code® (IFC®). International Code Council, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Building finishes"
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Seeley, Ivor H., and Roger Winfield. "Internal Finishes." In Building Quantities Explained. Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14653-6_9.
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Glover, Peter. "Finishes and Surfaces." In Building Surveys, 9th ed. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003307112-8.
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Miles, Derek, and Paul Syagga. "10. Building finishes." In Building Maintenance. Practical Action Publishing, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780441771.010.
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Son, Lee How, and George C. S. Yuen. "Finishes and Decorations." In Building Maintenance Technology. Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23150-8_13.
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Holmes, Stafford, and Michael Wingate. "External renders and thrown finishes." In Building with Lime. Practical Action Publishing, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780441047.007.
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Forsyth, Michael. "Conservation of the Historic Interior." In Interior Finishes & Fittings for Historic Building Conservation. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444344837.ch1.
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White, Lisa. "Ceramic and glass." In Interior Finishes & Fittings for Historic Building Conservation. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444344837.ch10.
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White, Lisa. "The Impact of Historic Lighting." In Interior Finishes & Fittings for Historic Building Conservation. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444344837.ch11.
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Baty, Patrick. "Paint Colour and Paintwork." In Interior Finishes & Fittings for Historic Building Conservation. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444344837.ch12.
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Finlay, James. "Recreating Historic Schemes of Interior Decoration." In Interior Finishes & Fittings for Historic Building Conservation. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444344837.ch13.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Building finishes"
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Greigger, Paul P. "Repainting Monumental Buildings." In Paint and Coatings Expo (PACE) 2006. SSPC, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2006-00030.
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Abstract Metal curtain wall and extrusions in prominent office buildings may need to be repainted either because the original factory applied finishes have dulled or because the owner wants to give the building a fresh look. Many monumental buildings are constructed with factory painted aluminum or steel cladding (curtain wall) and window extrusions. These buildings need to be repainted with field applied coatings that match the appearance and durability of the factory finishes. This paper will discuss the details of painting the exterior of tall buildings. Surface preparation, primers and available topcoats are discussed. Application challenges and case histories are presented.
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Jancy, Howard. "Coloring Stains for Concrete." In Paint and Coatings Expo (PACE) 2009. SSPC, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2009-00021.
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Abstract Concrete is an inherently attractive building material. It expresses the natural appeal of stone by its mass and permanence. With the addition of natural looking color variations, concrete as stone, is even more realistic. Concrete stains are an excellent choice for producing colors often found in earth and rock. When combined with simple and creative application techniques, stains allow for truly unique concrete installations, which complement a variety of hardscape and flooring designs. Stains are also quite useful for finishes that are more contemporary. Concrete floors, countertops, and walls are possible and very much in demand. Stains enable the innovative use of concrete for both interior and exterior construction. This paper will discuss product selection, surface preparation, application techniques, and maintenance, when applying stains to concrete.
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Williams, John C. "Selection and Specifications for Architectural and Industrial Maintenance Coatings for Commercial Architecture." In SSPC 2013 Greencoat. SSPC, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2013-00074.
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Abstract Selection of coating systems for commercial projects may appear to be a simple task, but, to ensure a successful project the Architect or the Engineer needs to perform a thorough and appropriate evaluation of the project to match the right coating systems with the required substrates and environments. Commercial architecture defines more than just simple office buildings; it may include highly complex transportation centers, convention centers, state-of-the-art office structures, sports facilities, and educational facilities at all levels. Each of these building types, while commercial in function, border on high-end industrial facilities because of the variety of spaces and environments that may be encountered. These building types often require a broad menu of coating systems to provide corrosion resistance and aesthetics. Architecturally exposed structural steel, often used as an accent element, requires a coating system with a high degree of corrosion resistance while providing an aesthetic finished surface; the laboratory in the chemical company’s headquarters requires a chemical resistant coating on the floors and walls; the structural steel supporting the canopy over the train yard requires a cleanable and chemical resistant industrial maintenance coating. This paper will address the challenges - successes and failures - of various systems that have been incorporated into several specific facilities and focus on recommendations for true success.
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Reinstadtler, Steven. "Case History: Decorative Yet Functional Floor Coating at the Energy Innovation Center." In SSPC 2016 Greencoat. SSPC, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2016-00060.
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Abstract The Energy Innovation Center’s approximately 80-year-old concrete floor had significant divots and was badly spalled and cracked. The concrete floor, often referred to as “The Racetrack” due to its oval shape, serves as the main hallway to a newly renovated technology hub and needed significant structural and aesthetic work. The re-finished floor had to offer durable functionality as well as blend into the neo-industrial look of the re-tasked building. This paper will cover the building’s history; the key challenges of repairing an aged concrete floor; surface preparation and cementitious overlay requirements prior to the installation of a high-performance floor coating; the science behind contemporary waterborne polyurethane coatings used in the flooring market. Readers will also gain an understanding of the application techniques, challenges and final results of a waterborne polyurethane coating used in a large-scale commercial application.
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Trimber, Kenneth A., Kevin J. Brown, and Kevin D. Knight. "Coating Problems Faced by Commercial Building Owners." In SSPC 2011. SSPC, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2011-00074.
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Big box stores typically consist of a steel framework of structural columns and roof joists overlaid with roof decking. Walls are usually Single Wythe concrete masonry units (CMU), tilt up concrete panels, or colored block and brick. The CMU often consists of one or more block types - smooth face, split face, or scored block, all of which are painted. Smooth tilt up panels are painted or sealed, and colored block and brick are sealed. The walls may also be covered with an Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS) or stucco, both of which are painted.
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Dempster, Bill. "Pre-Manufactured Architectural Fire Protection." In Paint and Coatings Expo (PACE) 2010. SSPC, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2010-00012.
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Abstract A recent technology has been introduced where improved mechanical durability and aesthetically pleasing finish is achieved using pre-manufactured intumescent fire protection. This paper will detail how the pre-manufactured intumescent technology will provide an attractive alternative to spray application to achieve up to 2 hour rating with simple installation techniques that result in ultra smooth, no orange peel finish. This alternative process can be used on new construction, maintenance and building retrofits with little disruption on the job site.
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Simkins, David. "Air Balancing Is More than a Building Science." In SSPC 2014 Greencoat. SSPC, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2014-00054.
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Since the World War II era, desiccant dehumidification technology has been utilized to protect technical equipment and ocean going cargo from the negative effects of corrosion. In fact, the use of desiccant dehumidifiers has been the backbone of the structural remediation industry in the wake of devastating hurricanes and floods for nearly half a century. In the early 80s, this technology was introduced to the coatings industry as a method to help control flash rusting, enabling the applicator to provide a superior finish even in the harshest environments. This new process provided a solution to most owners and contractors for the most complex of challenges -- controlling Mother Nature. Over the last 30 years, this age old technology has transformed itself into a sophisticated and mainstream method that is utilized in many of the liquid storage tank applications completed today. The technology has gone well beyond just desiccant dehumidification. Today the “climate control” label has been attached to the overall program incorporating such things as dehumidification, cooling, heating as well as general ventilation to meet the many requirements of the most rigorous specifications.
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Collins, Tony, Adam Well, and Thomas Williams. "Flow Forming as a Manufacturing Technique for Building Critical Pressure Housings: Considerations and Case Study." In CORROSION 2020. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-14856.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Flow forming is a cold-work process that reduces the wall thickness of a tubular by forming it over a mandrel. This enables efficient production of tubulars and can be used to increase the strength of the material via cold working. Though the flow forming process is straightforward, the alloy chemistry, microstructural cleanliness, cold reduction, residual stress orientation, and stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of the finished tubulars must be considered. Also, flow formers have reported issues related to the formation of defects at cold work levels well below the alloy’s ductility limits. Re-melted austenitic stainless steels, developed for use as drill collars, can alleviate problems caused by the higher inclusion content in air-melted grades and enable higher reduction ratios. These alloys are typically strengthened via a warm-work forging process that can put alloys at risk of forming chromium-rich precipitates at grain boundaries that reduce the material’s pitting resistance. Strengthening by flow forming solution-annealed-and-quenched material avoids this issue. However, residual stress orientation in the cold worked tubing must also be considered. A case study is presented in which flow formed pressure housings made from a re-melted drill collar alloy cracked unexpectedly during field service. Residual stress measurements were made to confirm that the root cause of the cracks was stress corrosion cracking promoted by a tensile residual stress at the surface contacted by chloride-rich drilling fluids. Results from ASTM E827 testing were compared with C-ring and strip cutting methods to confirm the presence of tensile residual stress and demonstrate the usefulness of the simple residual stress orientation tests for screening flow-formed tubing.
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Daigo, Yuzo, Katsuo Sugahara, and Kosuke Kuwabara. "Sensitivity of Localized Corrosion of Additively Manufactured Alloy N06210 in Green Death Solution." In CORROSION 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2019-13249.
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Abstract Additively manufactured (AM) Nickel, Titanium and Cobalt base alloys have been intensively developed for turbine, sour gas and medical applications. It was previously reported that the low porosity product of AM N06210 fabricated by selective laser melting showed corrosion rates in several acidic solutions similar to the ones of corresponding wrought N06210 alloys. And the corrosion rates of high porosity AM products of N06210 became higher. The present paper reports on dependency of pitting and crevice corrosion sensitivity of AM N06210 in green death solution on porosity, surface finish and AM building direction. The paper discusses the mechanisms of several features observed in both tests.
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Angelini, Lorella. "Extending the Function of Concrete as a Cladding Material." In SSPC 2007. SSPC, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2007-00002.
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Abstract “Tilt-up” is a state-of-the-art building system in which steel reinforced concrete panels are cast on site and tilted up into their final position. The tilt-up panels are load bearing and also function as cladding elements. With the exceptions of integrally colored concrete, tilt-up concrete panels can look bare and unattractive if a finish is not applied. It is also well known that concrete is not a “perfect” material as it shows porosity and micro-cracks which can lead to deterioration over time. High-build coatings are an ideal solution for tilt-up concrete panels because they can provide decoration, coming in a variety of colors and textures, as well as offer the necessary protection from deterioration induced by the environment.
Reports on the topic "Building finishes"
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Snijder, Mieke, and Marina Apgar, J. How Does Participatory Action Research Generate Innovation? Findings from a Rapid Realist Review. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.009.
Full textAbstract:
This Emerging Evidence Report shares evidence of how, for whom, and under what circumstances, Participatory Action Research (PAR) leads to innovative actions. A rapid realist review was undertaken to develop programme theories that explain how PAR generates innovation. The methodology included peer-reviewed and grey literature and moments of engagement with programme staff, such that their input supported the development and refinement of three resulting initial programme theories (IPTs) that we present in this report. Across all three IPTs, safe relational space, group facilitation, and the abilities of facilitators, are essential context and intervention components through which PAR can generate innovation. Implications from the three IPTs for evaluation design of the CLARISSA programme are identified and discussed. The report finishes with opportunities for the CLARISSA programme to start building an evidence base of how PAR works as an intervention modality, such as evidencing group-level conscientisation, the influence of intersecting inequalities, and influence of diverse perspectives coming together in a PAR process.
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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program: Dry Specimens (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/vsjs5869.
Full textAbstract:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measures and documents seismic performance of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Three primary tasks support the earthquake loss-modeling effort. They are: (1) the development of ground motions and loading protocols that accurately represent the diversity of seismic hazard in California; (2) the execution of a suite of quasi-static cyclic experiments to measure and document the performance of cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies to develop and populate loss models; and (3) nonlinear response history analysis on cripple wall-supported buildings and their components. This report is a product of Working Group 4: Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls. This present report focuses on non-stucco or “dry” exterior finishes. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present report involves two of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at University of California San Diego (UC San Diego). Details representative of era-specific construction–specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction–are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish style, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses all eight specimens in the second phase of testing and three of the six specimens in the fourth phase of testing. Although conducted in different testing phases, their results are combined here to co-locate observations regarding the behavior of all dry finished specimens. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load onto eleven cripple walls. Each specimen was 12 ft in length and 2-ft or 6-ft in height. All specimens in this report were constructed with the same boundary conditions on the top, bottom, and corners of the walls. Parameters addressed in this report include: dry exterior finish type (shiplap horizontal lumber siding, shiplap horizontal lumber siding over diagonal lumber sheathing, and T1-11 wood structural panels), cripple wall height, vertical load, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol (including instrumentation), and measured as well as physical observations are summarized. Results from these experiments are intended to support advancement of numerical modeling tools, which ultimately will inform seismic loss models capable of quantifying the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100 Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.
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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program: Wet Specimens II (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/ldbn4070.
Full textAbstract:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4 (WG4): Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls. This report focuses stucco or “wet” exterior finishes. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present study involves two of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at the University of California San Diego (UC San Diego). Details representative of era-specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction, are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish style, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses the third phase of testing, which consisted of eight specimens, as well as half of the fourth phase of testing, which consisted of six specimens where three will be discussed. Although conducted in different phases, their results are combined here to co-locate observations regarding the behavior of the second phase the wet (stucco) finished specimens. The results of first phase of wet specimen tests were presented in Schiller et al. [2020(a)]. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load onto ten cripple walls of 12 ft long and 2 or 6 ft high. One cripple wall was tested with a monotonic loading protocol. All specimens in this report were constructed with the same boundary conditions on the top and corners of the walls as well as being tested with the same vertical load. Parameters addressed in this report include: wet exterior finishes (stucco over framing, stucco over horizontal lumber sheathing, and stucco over diagonal lumber sheathing), cripple wall height, loading protocol, anchorage condition, boundary condition at the bottom of the walls, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol, including instrumentation; and measured as well as physical observations are summarized in this report. Companion reports present phases of the tests considering, amongst other variables, impacts of various boundary conditions, stucco (wet) and non-stucco (dry) finishes, vertical load, cripple wall height, and anchorage condition. Results from these experiments are intended to support advancement of numerical modeling tools, which ultimately will inform seismic loss models capable of quantifying the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100,Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.
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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component - Test Program: Comparisons (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/lohh5109.
Full textAbstract:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4 (WG4): Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofit and existing cripple walls. Amongst the body of reports from WG4, in the present report, a suite of four small cripple wall test phases, in total 28 specimens, are cross compared with varied exterior finishes, namely stucco (wet) and non-stucco (dry) exterior finishes. Details representative of era specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction are of predominant focus in the present effort. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load onto cripple walls of 12 ft in length and 2 ft or 6 ft in height. All specimens in this report were constructed with the same boundary conditions and tested with the same vertical load. Parameters addressed in this report include: wet exterior finishes (stucco over framing, stucco over horizontal lumber sheathing, and stucco over diagonal lumber sheathing); and dry exterior finishes (horizontal siding, horizontal siding over diagonal sheathing, and T1-11 wood structural panels) with attention towards cripple wall height and the retrofit condition. The present report provides only a brief overview of the test program and setup; whereas a series of three prior reports present results of test groupings nominally by exterior finish type (wet versus dry). As such, herein the focus is to cross compare key measurements and observations of the in-plane seismic behavior of all 28 specimens.
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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program: Wet Specimens I (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/dqhf2112.
Full textAbstract:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4: Testing and focuses on the first phase of an experimental investigation to study the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls with sill anchorage. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present study involves the first of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at the UC San Diego. Details representative of era-specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction, are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish materials, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses the first phase of testing, which consisted of six specimens. Phase 1 including quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load testing of six 12-ft-long, 2-ft high cripple walls. All specimens in this phase were finished on their exterior with stucco over horizontal sheathing (referred to as a “wet” finish), a finish noted to be common of dwellings built in California before 1945. Parameters addressed in this first phase include: boundary conditions on the top, bottom, and corners of the walls, attachment of the sill to the foundation, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol, instrumentation; and measured as well as physical observations are summarized in this report. In addition, this report discusses the rationale and scope of subsequent small-component test phases. Companion reports present these test phases considering, amongst other variables, the impacts of dry finishes and cripple wall height (Phases 2–4). Results from these experiments are intended to provide an experimental basis to support numerical modeling used to develop loss models, which are intended to quantify the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100, Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.
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Gouveia, Elvis, Fernando Diaz, Sadi Datsch, and William D'Andrea Fonseca. HBK 2255 with Building Acoustics Partner. Sociedade Brasileira de Acústica, 2024. https://doi.org/10.55753/aev.v39e56.282.
Full textAbstract:
The day-to-day acoustic performance measurements according to the standard ABNT NBR 15575:2021 require light and robust equipment with integrated solutions that facilitate service and reduce the possibility of errors. Considering such needs, HBK has developed a product line focused on the daily life of construction sites. The HBK 2255 sound level meter, integrated into the Building Acoustics Partner, assists decision-making during measurement with predefined steps for measuring and real-time data visualization. The HBK 2255 can be controlled remotely via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, eliminating the need for cables. Using the HBK 2755 amplifier, the entire measurement can be controlled remotely via the App. Data from field measurements can be transferred to the office via cloud storage. Together with the Building Acoustics Partner, it enables quick reporting, accelerating work and increasing productivity from start to finish.
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Gaul, Stephen B., Isabel T. Harris, and D. L. Hank Harris. Molecular Characterization of Multidrug Resistant Salmonella Isolates From a Single Finisher Building for Determination of Horizontal Transmission of Resistance Genes. Iowa State University, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1094.
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Anderton, Gary, Ernest Berney, John Newman, Travis Mann, Chad Gartrell, and Daniel Miller. Joint Rapid Airfield Construction (JRAC) Program 2004 Demonstration Project--Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40139.
Full textAbstract:
This report describes the demonstration of technologies and procedures developed during April 2002 and May 2004 under the Joint Rapid Airfield Construction (JRAC) Program. The demonstration took place at Sicily Landing Zone (LZ) at Fort Bragg, NC, in July of 2004. The objective of the exercise was to demonstrate the procedures and technologies developed under the JRAC Program by rapidly building two parking aprons capable of supporting C-130 transport aircraft taxiing and parking operations. The exercise was conducted under continuous 24-hr operations to simulate a real-world rapid construction environment. Apron 1 (north apron) was constructed using two technologies, one-half being ACE™ Matting and the other half being a cement-polymer stabilized soil surface. Apron 2 (south apron) was constructed solely of a fiber-cement-stabilized soil system. Both aprons were treated with a polymer emulsion surface application to form a sealed surface against abrasion and water infiltration. The entire construction of both aprons required 76 hr, with Apron 1 finished in 48 hr. The construction of Apron 1 was validated by operation of a C-130 aircraft approximately 31 hr after completion with success and high praises from the aircraft flight crew on the stability and surface of the apron, as well as its dust-abating characteristics.
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Stickney, Christy. Many Paths to a Home: Emerging Business Models for Latin America and the Caribbean's Base of the Pyramid. Inter-American Development Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006231.
Full textAbstract:
The lack of adequate housing is a problem throughout Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Almost 40 percent of families in the region live in a house beyond repair, have no title, or lack water, sewerage, electricity, adequate building materials, or space. It is estimated that by 2015, that number will increase by 10 percent. Only an investment of at least $310 billion will close the region's current housing gap, that is 7.8 percent of LAC's GDP. The demand for improved housing among the base of the pyramid (BOP) has been consistently strong and represents a relatively steady proportion of the overall income of this segment of the population. Yet the supply of innovative and tailored solutions continues to be limited. This report presents and analyzes promising business models that are enabling companies and other organizations to provide services and products to the BOP and in doing so help address the region's pressing housing deficit. The business models show that BOP families have both the willingness and the economic capacity to make a down payment and pay monthly installments for a finished housing solution. They also demonstrate that BOP families can afford to take out a loan for home construction or improvements if financial products are designed to take into account their particular circumstances, which include labor informality or low formal wages, lack of appropriate collateral, and a volatile wage-earning scheme. Most importantly, these models expose the vast opportunities for the private sector to enter and serve the BOP market. Demand at the BOP is latent and growing, and business models with the potential to serve this market segment are in need of adequate financing. This shows that the market opportunity is there for developers, suppliers of construction materials, financial institutions, and impact investors.
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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Comparison of the Response of Small- and Large-Component Cripple Wall Specimens Tested under Simulated Seismic Loading (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/iyca1674.
Full textAbstract:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4: Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls. Two testing programs were conducted; the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) focused on large-component tests; and the University of California San Diego (UC San Diego) focused on small-component tests. The primary objectives of the tests were to develop descriptions of the load-deflection behavior of components and connections for use by Working Group 5 in developing numerical models and collect descriptions of damage at varying levels of drift for use by Working Group 6 in developing fragility functions. This report considers two large-component cripple wall tests performed at UC Berkeley and several small-component tests performed at UC San Diego that resembled the testing details of the large-component tests. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load on cripple wall assemblies. The details of the tests are representative of era-specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1945 construction. All cripple walls tested were 2 ft high and finished with stucco over horizontal lumber sheathing. Specimens were tested in both the retrofitted and unretrofitted condition. The large-component tests were constructed as three-dimensional components (with a 20-ft 4-ft floor plan) and included the cripple wall and a single-story superstructure above. The small-component tests were constructed as 12-ft-long two-dimensional components and included only the cripple wall. The pairing of small- and large-component tests was considered to make a direct comparison to determine the following: (1) how closely small-component specimen response could emulate the response of the large-component specimens; and (2) what boundary conditions in the small-component specimens led to the best match the response of the large-component specimens. The answers to these questions are intended to help identify best practices for the future design of cripple walls in residential housing, with particular interest in: (1) supporting the realistic design of small-component specimens that may capture the response large-component specimen response; and (2) to qualitatively determine where the small-component tests fall in the range of lower- to upper-bound estimation of strength and deformation capacity for the purposes of numerical modelling. Through these comparisons, the experiments will ultimately advance numerical modeling tools, which will in turn help generate seismic loss models capable of quantifying the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings. To this end, details of the test specimens, measured as well as physical observations, and comparisons between the two test programs are summarized in this report.