Relevant bibliographies by topics / Building function

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Building function'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Building function"

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Chen, Xiao Long, Ning Zhang, and Ting Ting Yu. "The Low-Carbon Evaluation of Resident Buildings Based on the Value Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.456.

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Facing the increasingly serious energy and climate crisis, the concept of low-carbon indicates development direction for building conservation. However, building functions are easily neglected in the process of low carbon residential buildings construction. Therefore, based on the concept of value engineering, this paper presents a comprehensive evaluation method to evaluate carbon emissions of residential building. It highlights residential building functions as well. Function coefficient can be confirmed by establishing residential buildings function evaluation index system. Moreover,the unit carbon emission isadopted as cost coefficient. The low-carbon nature of residential building will be evaluated by the ratio of function coefficient and cost coefficient.The aim of this research is to advance the awareness of residential building carbon emissions, exploring the path of realizing maximum satisfaction of building functions with minimum carbon emissions, which can provide new ideas of residential building carbon emissions evaluation.
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Zhuo, Li, Qingli Shi, Chenyang Zhang, Qiuping Li, and Haiyan Tao. "Identifying Building Functions from the Spatiotemporal Population Density and the Interactions of People among Buildings." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 6 (May 29, 2019): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8060247.

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Buildings are fundamental components of cities. Understanding the function of buildings is therefore of great importance for urban development and management. Some studies have identified building functions using spatiotemporal data, which assumes that buildings with the same function have similar temporal activity patterns. However, these methods present difficulties in coping with the situation when buildings with the same function have heterogeneous activity patterns. To solve this problem, this research proposes a new method to identify building functions from the perspective of the spatial distribution and spatial interactions of human activities. First, taxi data were used to acquire the spatiotemporal interaction characteristics among buildings with different functions. Then, the spatiotemporal population density distribution was adopted to depict the building vitality. Finally, an iterative clustering method was introduced to identify the building functions. The proposed scheme was applied in the Haizhu district of Guangzhou and compared with the traditional method. The results prove that the spatial interaction characteristics are more helpful than the temporal variation characteristics and therefore can be used to improve the accuracy of building function identification. A higher accuracy for identifying building functions can be realized by combining the spatiotemporal interactions and building vitality characteristics. The overall accuracy reaches 0.8566, with a Kappa coefficient of 0.8174, which are both better than the results of using a single characteristic only.
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Neto, Fernando Fernandes. "Building Function Approximators on top of Haar Scattering Networks." International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing 8, no. 3 (June 2018): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmlc.2018.8.3.697.

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Fonte, C. C., M. Minghini, V. Antoniou, J. Patriarca, and L. See. "CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING FUNCTION USING AVAILABLE SOURCES OF VGI." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4 (September 19, 2018): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-209-2018.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This paper examines the feasibility of using data from OpenStreetMap (OSM), Facebook and Foursquare as a source of information on the function of buildings. Such information is rarely openly available and if available, would vary between cities by nomenclature, making comparisons between places difficult. Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) including data from social media represents new potential sources of building function data that have not yet been exploited for this purpose. Using a part of the city of Milan as the study area, building data from OSM and points of interest (POIs) from OSM, Facebook and Foursquare were extracted to derive the building function. This resulted in the classification of building function for more than 80<span class="thinspace"></span>% of the buildings and demonstrated that both Facebook and Foursquare can complement the building function derived from OSM, helping to fill in missing gaps. This preliminary study has demonstrated the potential of this approach for deriving building function information from open data in a simple way yet still requires independent validation with alternative sources as well as extension to other areas that have different amounts of OSM and social media coverage.</p>
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JOHNSON, P. FRASER, and MICHIEL R. LEENDERS. "BUILDING A CORPORATE SUPPLY FUNCTION." Journal of Supply Chain Management 44, no. 3 (July 2008): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-493x.2008.00065.x.

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Podzorov, Vitaly. "Building molecules for a function." Nature Materials 9, no. 8 (August 2010): 616–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2820.

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Generalov, Viktor P., Elena M. Generalova, Nadezhda A. Kalinkina, and Irina V. Zhdanova. "Typological diversity of tall buildings and complexes in relation to their functional structure." E3S Web of Conferences 33 (2018): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183301020.

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The paper focuses on peculiarities of tall buildings and complexes, their typology and its formation in relation to their functional structure. The research is based on the analysis of tall buildings and complexes and identifies the following main functional elements of their formation: residential, administrative (office), hotel elements. The paper also considers the following services as «disseminated» in the space-planning structure: shops, medicine, entertainment, kids and sports facilities, etc., their location in the structure of the total bulk of the building and their impact on typological diversity. Research results include suggestions to add such concepts as «single-function tall buildings» and «mixed-use tall buildings and complexes» into the classification of tall buildings. In addition, if a single-function building or complex performs serving functions, it is proposed to add such concepts as «a residential tall building (complex) with provision of services», «an administrative (public) tall building (complex) with provision of services» into the classification of tall buildings. For mixed-use buildings and complexes the following terms are suggested: «a mixed-use tall building with provision of services», «a mixed-use tall complex with provision of services».
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Bogdanovic-Protic, Ivana, and Mihailo Mitkovic. "Town planning parameters in the function of building energy efficiency." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 13, no. 1 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1501001b.

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Energy efficient building is that consuming the least energy while providing comfort. The energy consumption of buildings, in general, as well as in Serbia, is among other things conditioned by the heating, cooling and lighting requirements with a goal of achieving of thermal and light comfort. Heating energy consumption is the result of heat loss and gain, and their values, in addition to other parameters, depend on town planning parameters. The paper focuses on the comparative analysis of impact of building different exposures to wind as well as on impact of the different prevailing orientations on energy efficiency of buildings.
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Sun, Bing. "The Analysis of Synchronous and Influencing Factors on Building Facade Opening and Architectural Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 1619–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.1619.

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A good building needs the perfect functions and construction techniques besides beautiful exterior view. The facade opening is the main means for building daylighting and ventilation. The quantity, size and configuration of facade openings can change the figure of buildings. Facade opening must be designed with architectural designing simultaneously. This way is beneficial for the unification of building function and aesthetics.
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Hanna Wijaya and St. Laksanto Utomo. "Converting Mall-Apartments and Hotels Into Covid-19 Emergency Hospitals." Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains 2, no. 8 (August 21, 2021): 1259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/jiss.v2i8.383.

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The outbreak of the COVID-19 disease, which afterwards became a pandemic, impacted the world. Because the rapid spread and ongoing research, WHO and the government had created regulations that are changing constantly. President Joko Widodo has recommended the unused buildings be used as emergency hospitals in order to accelerate the handling of the Covid-19 virus in Indonesia. Lippo Group's owner wants to assist the government by converting Plaza Mampang Mall into Siloam Hospital (a Covid-19 emergency hospital), which will be housed in the same building as the Nine Residence Apartments. As a result, the inhabitants of the unit protested to the role being transferred. The author focuses on the process of transferring functions from the building owner to the Nine Residence mall-apartment, which serves as a Covid-19 emergency hospital, as well as the building owner's obligation for the function transfer. For COVID-19, not only Nine Residence mall-apartment, but also some hotels served as emergency hospitals. This study employs normative juridical research, with the law approach and the case approach as approaches. Secondary data was used as a source of information, and the research material was obtained through a library study. The findings of this study show that the building owner's procedure of transferring function to the mall-apartment must meet administrative and technical requirements in accordance with the building's purpose. Nine Residence, but if the transfer of function results in losses, the building owner is responsible to the building inhabitants.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Building function"

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Morgan, Peter Howell. "Building use and social change in the inner city : a case study of Cardiff 1850-1950." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297338.

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Hoyle, Ben. "Building a mass function and testing gravity using galaxy clusters." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507158.

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Temelini, Mark A. "The function of Pompey's building complex in the Campus Martius." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6696.

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On September 29, 55 BC, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, master of Italy, and conqueror of Spain, Africa, and the East, celebrated the grand opening of his magnificent building complex in the Campus Martius. This extraordinary monument was an architectural achievement hitherto never attempted at Rome. The building complex was designed with Rome's first permanent stone theatre, a temple of Venus Victa quadriporticus, a curia, and housed numerous works of art. Pompey was a triumphant imperator, who used his manubiae to build a monumentum that would best represent his desire for supreme and everlasting glory, in an age of political turmoil, social upheaval, and religious strife. The attempt to discover what influenced Pompey to build such a structure and the purposes it served will show that the building complex functions as an architectural metaphor toward Pompey's quest for popularity at Rome.
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Szklarczuk, Brian. "Building from the bottom up, a conceptual framework to expand the function of nonprofits." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0026/MQ51806.pdf.

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Poulin, Valérie. "Executive function assessment and intervention post-stroke: building and translating the evidence into practice." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123189.

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Deficits in executive functions (EF), such as planning, problem-solving and inhibition affect up to 75% of individuals with stroke and may compromise their ability to successfully return to community living and to work. Detection and effective treatment of these disorders is thus critical. Studies over the past decade have provided evidence of substantial gaps in our knowledge on how to effectively manage EF impairment post-stroke (Bayley et al., 2007; Canadian Stroke Network, 2008; Korner-Bitensky, Barrett-Bernstein, Bibas, & Poulin, 2011). To address these gaps there has been growing attention and research into the management of EF impairment post-stroke. The studies conducted as part of this thesis were designed to address some of these gaps specific to EF assessment and intervention research, and to promote increased use of evidence-based practices for the management of executive dysfunction post-stroke. The first manuscript provided a critical review of 17 performance-based EF tools that can be used across the continuum of stroke care to evaluate the daily consequences of executive dysfunction. The next step was to conduct a systematic review to identify and critically appraise the evidence for the use of specific EF interventions post-stroke. The systematic review of EF interventions described in the second manuscript identified different treatment approaches that were showing promise in helping persons with stroke to cope with EF deficits. The preliminary evidence on specific EF skill retraining suggested that structured, individualized and intense computerized EF training could improve targeted EF impairments (Stablum, Umilta, Mogentale, Carlan, & Guerrini, 2000; Westerberg et al., 2007). The evidence from studies on cognitive strategy training also supported the use of explicit strategies applied to ecologically relevant problems to improve some EF impairments (e.g., planning and problem-solving) and, possibly, real-world activities (Man, Soong, Tam, & Hui-Chan, 2006; Schweizer et al., 2008). However, further research was required to compare the impact of these different intervention approaches on a variety of outcomes. Accordingly, a pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted to determine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of two promising interventions, a strategy-training approach – the Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) approach which is based on the use of meta-cognitive problem-solving strategies to achieve self-selected functional goals – and a computer-based EF training program (see Manuscript 3). Our findings provide preliminary evidence supporting the feasibility and efficacy of using both CO-OP and Computerized EF training for select patients with executive dysfunction post-stroke. EF impairments and participation in everyday life were differentially impacted by the interventions.Finally, another important goal of my doctoral work was to enhance knowledge translation in the area of EF. As explained in the fourth manuscript, the thesis led to the creation of a series of web-based interactive learning modules on EF assessment and intervention, as well as user-friendly pocket cards designed to summarize EF rehabilitation best-practices for clinicians. These e-learning modules address the need to enhance expertise in the management of EF disorders post-stroke.
Les déficits des fonctions exécutives (FE) comme la planification, la résolution de problèmes et l'inhibition touchent jusqu'à 75% des personnes ayant subi un accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) et perturbent la réalisation des activités quotidiennes et rôles sociaux, pouvant ainsi compromettre le retour à domicile ou au travail. La détection et la prise en charge de ces déficits est donc primordiale. Plusieurs études réalisées au cours des dix dernières années ont toutefois indiqué des lacunes importantes dans les connaissances reliées à la prise en charge de la dysfonction exécutive post-AVC (Bayley et al., 2007; Canadian Stroke Network, 2008; Korner-Bitensky et al., 2011), ce qui a mené à des efforts accrus en recherche afin de combler les lacunes dans ce domaine. Les études menées dans le cadre de cette thèse visaient à contribuer aux connaissances sur l'évaluation et le traitement des personnes ayant des déficits des FE, ainsi qu'à promouvoir une utilisation accrue de pratiques fondées sur les données probantes dans la prise en charge de la dysfonction exécutive post-AVC.Le premier manuscrit présente une revue critique de 17 évaluations des FE basées sur la performance de tâches fonctionnelles qui peuvent être utilisées au cours du continuum de soins post-AVC afin d'évaluer les conséquences de la dysfonction exécutive dans le quotidien. L'étape suivante a consisté à réaliser une revue systématique afin d'identifier et d'apprécier le niveau d'évidences supportant l'utilisation d'interventions pour améliorer les FE après un AVC. La revue systématique décrite dans le deuxième manuscrit a permis d'identifier différentes approches de traitement prometteuses pour la prise en charge de la dysfonction exécutive post-AVC. Des évidences limitées mais encourageantes suggèrent que l'utilisation d'un entraînement intensif, structuré et individualisé des FE à l'ordinateur peut améliorer les FE ciblées (Stablum et al., 2000; Westerberg et al., 2007). D'autres approches basées sur des stratégies cognitives suggèrent que l'utilisation de stratégies explicites appliquées à des situations concrètes de la vie quotidienne peuvent améliorer certains déficits des FE (ex.: résolution de problèmes et planification) et, possiblement, la réalisation des activités quotidiennes (Man et al, 2006; Schweizer et al., 2008). Cependant, des recherches additionnelles demeuraient nécessaires afin de comparer l'impact respectif de ces approches d'intervention sur différentes mesures de résultats.Un essai clinique randomisé pilote a donc été réalisé afin de déterminer la faisabilité et l'efficacité préliminaire de deux interventions prometteuses, l'une reposant sur l'utilisation de stratégies cognitives – l'approche Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) dans laquelle la personne apprend à utiliser des stratégies de résolution de problèmes pour atteindre ses propres buts en termes d'activités fonctionnelles – et l'autre consistant en un programme d'entraînement des FE à l'ordinateur. Les résultats obtenus fournissent des évidences préliminaires appuyant la faisabilité et l'efficacité de chaque intervention auprès de certains groupes de patients ayant une atteinte des FE. Des améliorations spécifiques à chaque intervention ont été notées dans les déficits des FE ainsi que la participation dans les activités quotidiennes. Finalement, un autre objectif important était de favoriser le transfert des connaissances dans le domaine des FE. Tel qu'expliqué dans le quatrième manuscrit, mon travail de thèse a mené à la création d'une séries de modules d'apprentissage en ligne sur l'évaluation et le traitement des FE, ainsi que de cartes en format de poche résumant les meilleures pratiques cliniques auprès des personnes ayant une atteinte de FE post-AVC. Ces modules et outils d'apprentissage en ligne ont été créés en réponse au besoin d'accroître l'expertise des cliniciens dans la prise en charge de la dysfonction exécutive post-AVC.
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Hueschen, Christina Lynn. "Building the Mitotic Spindle| Spatial Regulation and Function of Force at Microtubule Minus-Ends." Thesis, University of California, San Francisco, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13423508.

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Each time a cell divides, the microtubule cytoskeleton self-organizes into the metaphase spindle: an ellipsoidal steady-state structure that holds its stereotyped shape despite microtubule turnover and internal stresses. This ellipsoidal architecture, in which microtubule minus-ends are focused into two poles, is essential to the spindle’s function of accurately segregating chromosomes. In this work, I ask how the spindle forms and holds its steady-state shape. I report that the molecular motor dynein and the microtubule binding-protein NuMA are essential for mammalian spindles to reach and hold a steady-state geometry. In their absence, the kinesin-5 Eg5 powers a turbulent microtubule network that can drive flow of cytoplasmic organelles and whole-cell movement. Dynein and NuMA were previously known to be essential for spindle pole formation, but we did not know their contribution to shape stabilization at the whole-spindle scale—nor did we know how and where they pull on microtubules to build poles. Using quantitative live imaging and laser ablation, I show that dynein pulls specifically on microtubule minus-ends, rapidly transporting them towards poles. Dynein localization to microtubule minus- ends depends on NuMA, which recruits the dynein adaptor dynactin to minus-ends. Contrary to previous models, NuMA localization to minus-ends is independent of dynein and involves a C-terminal region outside its canonical microtubule-binding domain. Thus, NuMA serves as a mitosis-specific minus-end cargo adaptor, targeting dynein activity to minus-ends to cluster spindle microtubules into poles. This microtubule end-clustering compacts the spindle microtubule network to a defined geometry and suppresses network turbulence, maintaining a steady-state spindle shape over long timescales.

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Welderufael, Zenawi Teklay. "J-coupling predictor function building and large-scale NMR simulations of proteins and nucleic acids." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/409733/.

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This thesis discusses large scale quantum mechanical NMR simulations and fitting works, and deals with biomolecular spin systems. Chapter one introduces the theoretical background that underpins the simulation work. It describes spin and it properties, the interactions of spin with the magnetic field, the environment and it self and the Hamiltonians that describe those interactions. It also covers the Bloch equations that is normally used to predict the longitudinal and transverse relaxations. It further briefly describes the common relaxation mechanisms that are available for a spin system. It also included NMR experiments that are often used in the study of protein and nucleic acid systems. Chapter 2 summarizes the building of J-coupling predictor function. It provides the detail on how the estimator function was built. The function is required for NMR simulations and incorporates the functionality of J-coupling estimation, which provides J-coupling values for proteins and nucleic acids. After building the estimator function NOESY spectra simulation of ubiquitin and RNA stem loops spin systems was performed. Chapter 3 then discusses our simulation method, treating the system quantum mechanically along with an advanced and detailed description of NOE using Redfield relaxation theory. Chapter 4 reports on large–scale simulations and fitting of an exchanging 1H-15N HSQC spectra of calmodulin (PDB: 1CLL) upon stepwise addition of a ligand, that was analysed using a iii formalism that operates in the direct product of spin state space and chemical state space. It also presents the least squares technique for the fitting procedure and the Nelder-Mead simplex minimization technique used in the process. The chapter also highlights the data collated from the fitting work. Finally, chapter 5 concludes the thesis with the simulation of NOESY stem loops RNA spin system and fitting with respect to correlation time and frequency offset. It also explains how we fitted the data from theory to those from the experiment and why the diagonal peaks were eliminated from the fitting.
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Hillert, Freja. "What Changes with Features in Rooms?" Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-146293.

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In this project the aim was to see if there was a way to approach features and qualities which seemed detached of the function, in order to let such features and qualities be used in a variety of programs and functions in design. I wanted to see if this might be possible to achieve and in that case how this would affect the design. I tried to fulfill the intention of the project by making an attempt to lower the influence of the program on the design. In the project the rooms of the design were shown in different states, how the rooms changed and how they were altered when programs were applied to them. I also tried to reflect on how that affected the suggested features and qualities that were assumed to be outside the function. The project was not made for a specific site but Stockholm has been the place that the project was intended to relate to.
Intentionen med det här projektet var att försöka hitta ett sätt att relatera till egenskaper och kvalitéer vilka tycktes vara fristående från funktionen, som gjorde att sådana egenskaper och kvalitéer kunde användas för olika program och funktioner i design. Jag ville försöka se om det fanns ett sätt att göra detta och i så fall hur det skulle påverka designen. Jag försökte uppnå intentionen av projektet genom att minska programmets inflytande på de rum som ritades i projektet. I projektet visas de olika rummen från projektet i olika stadier samt hur rummen förändrades och anpassades till programmen som applicerades i dem. Jag försökte också reflektera över hur de förändringar som gjordes påverkade det som antogs vara egenskaper och kvalitéer utanför funktionen. Projektets design och rum planerades inte för en specifik plats men jag har försökt att relatera projektet till Stockholm som stad.
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Parkinson, James William. "Buildings and Hecke Algebras." University of Sydney. Mathematics and Statistics, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/642.

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We establish a strong connection between buildings and Hecke algebras through the study of two algebras of averaging operators on buildings. To each locally finite regular building we associate a natural algebra B of chamber set averaging operators, and when the building is affine we also define an algebra A of vertex set averaging operators. In the affine case, it is shown how the building gives rise to a combinatorial and geometric description of the Macdonald spherical functions, and of the centers of affine Hecke algebras. The algebra homomorphisms from A into the complex numbers are studied, and some associated spherical harmonic analysis is conducted. This generalises known results concerning spherical functions on groups of p-adic type. As an application of this spherical harmonic analysis we prove a local limit theorem for radial random walks on affine buildings.
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Mattsson, Hans-Åke. "Funktionsentreprenad Brounderhåll : en pilotstudie i Uppsala län." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Civil and Architectural Engineering, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3953.

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Before 1992 the Swedish Road Administration (SRA) carried out all bridge maintenance and minor repair for all bridges in Sweden by themselves. The bridge maintenance crew in a county consisted typically of 3-6 workers and a bridge-engineer.

SRA and some contractors suggest that it could be a good idea for SRA to procure bridge maintenance in one or two counties for a long-time, e. g., seven to ten years. The bridge maintenance crew could be a model for this.

The aim of the research project is to present an updated model for procurement of bridge maintenance based on functional requirements. The base for this updated model will be the findings and conclusions that could be drawn from a real project – a case study. The research project shall continuously follow-up the performed maintenance and document how the contractor is planning and performing the work. The research will specially focus on measurable verifying methods for the performed maintenance. The results from the research project will be evaluated and compared with standard maintenance methods and the results will hopefully be used to update current regulations. The hope is also that the contractor will develop new and effective maintenance methods with the larger freedom a functional contract enables. At the end the final goal is to reduce the cost for the society for bridge maintenance in the future.

The basic idea behind performance contract is that the client makes measurable functional demands with regard to the finished product, instead of presenting technical solutions. As an example the client could demand a certain friction and smoothness for the road surface. These functional demands should be formulated so that they have a direct relevance for the safety and flow of traffic.

It is important that these functional requirements are divided into a target level and an absolutely lowest possible level (acute level). A contractor should maintain the target level both as an average functional level during the contract period and when the contract is completed. For the acute level there should be stipulated a maximum allowable time before corrective action needs to be taken.

The methods that have been used in the research project are interviews, meetings, literature studies, reports, follow-up, statistics, participating in seminars, the authors own inspections, annual reports and so on.

Since the author didn’t find anything published about bridge management on performance contract, to the author’s best knowledge, the literature studies have been concentrated on nearby topics, e. g., highways on performance contract and bridge maintenance in general et cetera.

The research project has so far consisted mostly of a pilot study. From the beginning the idea behind the project was:

• To procure bridge maintenance for the small and mid-sized bridges,

• in one or two counties,

• for a longer time, e. g., seven to ten years.

• The value of a maintenance contract could be in the range of about 100 MSEK for the whole time.

Since this is the first project of its kind in Sweden the owner (SRA) did not dare to let this pilot project be too voluminous. What will be tested and followed by this research project is to use contracting for maintenance based on functional requirements for all 400 bridges in Uppsala County in Sweden and for a period of three years and with an option for three more years. Uppsala County is situated some 20 km to 200 km north of Stockholm.

To summarise the actual contract:

• A contractor should perform bridge maintenance for all 400 bridges in Uppsala County.

• The contract was three years (1 Sept. 2004 – 31 Aug. 2007) with an option for three more years (1 Sept. 2007 – 31 Aug. 2010).

• The bridges were deemed to be in satisfactory condition if the contractor verified that they met the functional requirements in SRA’s regulations once a year.

• Repair of 25 bridges during the contract’s first three years.

• If the option for three more years will be used, then there will be some additional bridge repairs.

• The contractor was expected to contribute in the research project.

There were six contractors that requested the tender documents, but only three of them submitted an offer to SRA, see table below.

Contractor Submitted offer

Vägverket Produktion 20 387 943 SEK

DAB-Domiflex AB 23 728 040 SEK

NCC Construction 28 620 000 SEK (Advance 2 000 000 SEK)

All of the three contractors deemed to have met the standards of a contractor set by SRA. Vägverket Produktion (VP) was the lowest bidder and therefore it was contracted by SRA for this project.

Interviews were carried out with all six contractors that had requested tender documents. All of them thought that a multiyear bridge maintenance contract was an interesting idea. Large companies tend to want large contracts and small companies tend to settle for smaller contracts. All of the contractors thought that it was easy to calculate the 25 bridge repairs compared to bridge maintenance on functional demands.

According to the contract VP should repair 25 bridges during a three year period. VP divided these repairs in three equal parts: nine bridges 2005, eight bridges 2006 and eight bridges 2007.

The functional requirements for the bridges should be verified once a year according to the contract. Both representatives for SRA and VP carried out bridge inspections during the first year and it was noted that the representatives had a different view on some of the discovered defects on the bridges. The representatives had a different view mainly on the bridges’ structural members’ slope and embankment end, edge beam and surfacing. It is important to specify how to measure and interpret the results from inspections regarding defects in functional requirements. Defects in functional requirements should be divided into acute defects and non-acute defects. Acute defects needs to be more precisely defined but could be surfacing against bridge, settling in slope and embankment end and flushing.

These defects should be rectified as soon as possible. Non-acute defects could be rectified when there is enough work for the contractor to carry out but not later then October 31st every year. The research project will continue to follow-up and evaluate the first three years of the pilot study.

The research project will also follow-up and evaluate if the option for extending the contract three more years will be used. According to the contract, if the option will be used, there need to be a meeting between the client and the contractor not later than 31 Aug. 2006 and a settlement need to be reached not later than 30 Sep. 2006.

It is of interest to study the possibility to use, in future tender documents, the indicator Lack of Capital Value and/or the average permissible level of defects in functional requirements for the bridge stock. Further research should also be focused on how defects on different members of the bridge evolve and the cost associated to rectify them. It is of interest to know how many defects that are evolved during a normal year for the 400 bridges in the study. If one knew the number of defects one can estimate the costs to rectify these. The estimated cost can then be included as information for the potential contractor in future tender documents.

So far SRA’s representatives are satisfied with the project and with the good relationship that evolved between SRA and the contractor. SRA is also satisfied with the increased focus on the bridge functional requirements.

If this project will continue to show good results then SRA will consider procure bridge maintenance on similar contracts for more counties.

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Books on the topic "Building function"

1

Nancy, Sulla, ed. Building Executive Function. New York: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315208497.

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Davis, G., ed. Building Performance: Function, Preservation, and Rehabilitation. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp901-eb.

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Walker, B. H. Resilience practice: Building capacity to absorb disturbance and maintain function. Washington, D.C: Island Press, 2012.

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Making software measurement work: Building an effective measurement program. Boston: QED Pub. Group, 1993.

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Weiner, Andrew. P.A.T., the first 50 years: Building the human resource management function. [Toronto]: Personnel Association of Toronto, 1986.

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Sinnett, William M. Building an agile finance function: Alternative approaches to sourcing financial operations. Florham Park, N.J: Financial Executives Research Foundation, 2007.

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Idaho. Office of Performance Evaluations. A review of the public works contractor licensing function in Idaho. Boise, Idaho (P.O. Box 83720, Boise 83720-0055): Office of Performance Evaluations, Idaho State Legislature, 2001.

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Drake, Leigh. Economics of scale and scope in UK building societies: An application of the translog multiproduct cost function. Loughborough: Loughborough University of Technology, Department of Economics, 1992.

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Børve, Anne Brit. Hus og husgrupper i klimautsatte, kalde strøk: Utforming og virkemåte = The design and function of single buildings and building clusters in harsh, cold climates. Oslo: Arkitekthøgskolen i Oslo, 1988.

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Behne, Adolf. The modern functional building. Santa Monica, CA: Getty Research Institute for the History of Art and the Humanities, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Building function"

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Nancy, Sulla. "Introduction." In Building Executive Function, xii—xiii. New York: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315208497-1.

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Nancy, Sulla. "Not a Course, But a Culture." In Building Executive Function, 157–63. New York: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315208497-10.

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Nancy, Sulla. "Continuing the Conversation." In Building Executive Function, 165. New York: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315208497-11.

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Nancy, Sulla. "The Power, Promise, and Pitfalls of Executive Function." In Building Executive Function, 1–16. New York: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315208497-2.

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Nancy, Sulla. "Attaining Conscious Control (#EF_ConsciousControl)." In Building Executive Function, 17–30. New York: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315208497-3.

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Nancy, Sulla. "Moving from Compliance to Engagement (#EF_Engagement)." In Building Executive Function, 31–61. New York: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315208497-4.

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Nancy, Sulla. "Mastering the Art of Collaboration (#EF_Collaboration)." In Building Executive Function, 62. New York: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315208497-5.

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Nancy, Sulla. "Embracing Empowerment (#EF_Empowerment)." In Building Executive Function, 87–110. New York: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315208497-6.

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Nancy, Sulla. "Developing Efficacy (#EF_Efficacy)." In Building Executive Function, 111–30. New York: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315208497-7.

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Nancy, Sulla. "Demonstrating Leadership (#EF_Leadership)." In Building Executive Function, 131–42. New York: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315208497-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Building function"

1

Yao, Shengsheng, Mingwei Xu, Qi Li, Jiahao Cao, and Qiyang Song. "cSFC: Building Credible Service Function Chain on the Cloud." In GLOBECOM 2019 - 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/globecom38437.2019.9013473.

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Kilbas, Igor, and Rustam Paringer. "Gradient as a Foundation for Building a Loss Function." In 2020 International Conference on Information Technology and Nanotechnology (ITNT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itnt49337.2020.9253199.

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Philippov, Ilya. "Building Heuristic Scheduler for One-Machine Network Function Scaling." In 2018 Engineering and Telecommunication (EnT-MIPT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ent-mipt.2018.00017.

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TaheriMonfared, Aryan, and Chunming Rong. "Flexible building blocks for software defined network function virtualization." In 2014 10th International Conference on Heterogeneous Networking for Quality, Reliability, Security and Robustness (QShine). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/qshine.2014.6928657.

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Yuan, Jing. "The Function of Physical Education for Building Social Values." In 2016 International Conference on Education, Management Science and Economics. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemse-16.2016.64.

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Huff, Alexandre, Giovanni Venancio, Vinicius Fulber Garcia, and Elias P. Duarte. "Building Multi-domain Service Function Chains Based on Multiple NFV Orchestrators." In 2020 IEEE Conference on Network Function Virtualization and Software Defined Networks (NFV-SDN). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nfv-sdn50289.2020.9289849.

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Car-Pusić, D., and M. Mladen. "Early Stage Construction Cost Prediction in Function of Project Sustainability." In XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. CIMNE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/dbmc.2020.048.

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Lee, M. Y., J. Yang, Y. Moon, M. Suda, and T. Honma. "302. Determination of Bile Acids in Rat Plasma as a Marker of Liver Function." In AIHce 1997 - Taking Responsibility...Building Tomorrow's Profession Papers. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2765438.

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Taraszkiewicz, Antoni. "RESIDENTIAL FUNCTION IN MULTI-CRITERIA MULTIFUNCTIONAL BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN PROCESS." In 5th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018/5.3/s21.064.

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Barsic, David, Craig Carmen, Carlos Renjifo, Kevin Norman, and G. Peacock. "Building Efficient Radial Basis Function Kernel Classifiers using Iterative Methods." In 2006 16th IEEE Signal Processing Society Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlsp.2006.275512.

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Reports on the topic "Building function"

1

Lund, D. P., and 309 Building Working Group. 309 Building deactivation function analysis report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/447988.

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Lund, D. P., and 308 Building Working Group. 308 Building deactivation function analysis report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/450042.

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Kockler, James S. The Newest Air Force Core Function: Building Partnerships. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1018746.

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Grabarz, Theodore L. Operationalizing Capacity Building in Theater Security Cooperation Plans - A New Operational Function: Capacity Building-Lost in Translation? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada597932.

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Kurul, Esra, and Maurizio Sibilla. Rethinking Buildings. Should buildings simply be enclosures that house different functions? Emerald, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.1114894.1.

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Carlson, Joe A., Dick Furnstahl, Mihai Horoi, Rusty Lust, Witek Nazaewicc, Esmond Ng, Ian Thompson, and James Vary. Building a Universal Nuclear Energy Density Functional. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1163477.

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Bertulani, Carlos A. Building a Universal Nuclear Energy Density Functional. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1155011.

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Nazarewicz, Witold. Building a universal nuclear energy density functional (UNEDF). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1116134.

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Joe Carlson, Dick Furnstahl, Mihai Horoi, Rusty Lusk, Witek Nazarewicz, Esmond Ng, Ian Thompson, and James Vary. Building A Universal Nuclear Energy Density Functional (UNEDF). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1060545.

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KLEM, M. J. Spent Nuclear Fuel Project Canister Storage Building Functions and Requirements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/805645.

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