Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Building heat loss'

Today many professional property holders use different types of software for monthly energy analyses. The data is however often limited to energy and water use, that is paid for by the property holder. In year 2001, financed by the Swedish Energy Agency, the first steps were taken to create a national web based data base, eNyckeln. A property holder may then enter consumption data together with about 50 other building specific parameters to this data base in order to enable benchmarking and energy performance evaluations. Due to EU-regulations and the increasing awareness of energy and environmental issues there is a large interest in evaluating the energy performance and also to identify effective energy retrofits. The used energy performance indicator is still only the annual energy use for heating per square meter of area to let, kWh/m²,year, despite the fact that monthly data often are available. The main problem with this indicator, which is the stipulated measure, is that it reflects a lot of user influence and that only a part of the total energy use is considered. The main focus of this thesis is to explore the possibilities, based on the national data base, to extract additional energy information about multi family buildings (MFB) using monthly data in combination with different assumed consumption pattern but also to identify potential for energy savings. For the latter a multivariate method was used to identify relations between the energy use and building specific parameters. The analysis gave clear indications that the available area, the area to let, is not appropriate for normalization purposes since the remaining heated area can be significant. Due to this fact, the analysis was mainly limited to qualitative conclusions. As measure of the buildings energy characteristic, the total heat loss coefficient, K_tot,(W/ºK) is determined and the robustness for the estimate of K_tot to different assumptions of user behaviour is investigated. The result shows that the value of K_tot is fairly insensitive to different indoor temperature, use of domestic hot water and household electricity. With the addition of m² it can of course be used for benchmarking. Using the mentioned measure of the buildings energy characteristic for validating the energy performance has a clear advantage compared to the traditional kWh/m², since the user behaviour is of minor importance. As a result of this an improved analysis of the energy performance will be obtained. A guarantee for new buildings energy performance based on this method is therefore a challenge for the building sector to develop.

In the year 2006, the energy performance directive 2002/91/EG was passed by the European Union, according to this directive the Swedish building code was supplemented by a key measure of energy use intensity (EUI). The implemented EUI equals some energy use within a building divided by its floor area and must be calculated in new housing estate and shown when renting or selling housing property. In order to improve the EUI, energy efficiency refurbishments could be implemented. Building energy simulation tools enables a virtual view a building model and can estimate the energy use before implementing any refurbishments. They are a powerful resource when determine the impact of the refurbishment measure. In order to obtain a correct model which corresponds to the actual energy use, some adjustments of the model are often needed. This process refers to as calibration. The used EUI has been criticized and thus, the first objective in this work was to suggest an alternative key measure of a buildings performance. The results showed that the currently used EUI is disfavoring some districts in Sweden. New housing estate in the far north must take more refined actions in order to fulfill the regulation demand, given that the users are behaving identical regardless where the house is located. Further, the suggested measure is less sensitive to the users’ behavior than the presently used EUI. It also has a significance meaning in building design as it relating the building shape and thermal properties and stating that extreme building shapes must undergo a stricter thermal construction rather than buildings that are more compact. Thus, the suggested key measure also creates a communication link between architects and the consultant constructors. The second objective of this thesis has been to investigate a concept of calibration using the data normally provided by energy bills, i.e. some monthly aggregated data. A case study serves to answer this objective, by using the building energy simulation tool IDA ICE 4.7 and a building located in Umeå, Sweden. The findings showed that the used calibration approach yielded a model considered as calibrated in eleven of twelve months. Furthermore, the method gives a closer agreement to the actual heat demand rather than using templates and standardized values. The major explanation of the deviation was influence of the users, but also that the case study building burden with large heat losses by domestic hot water circulation and thus, more buildings should be subjected to this calibration approach.

The point of this diploma thesis is heating design with use of heat pump (HP) for nursery building. The first part introduces problems of HP, familiarization with historical development, working principle, description of components, working cycles, partition of heat pumps due to the source of lowpotential heat and possibilities of working operations. In practical part then follows heat loss computation of own building, suitable heat pump choice, economic balance, investment recovery and evaluation of this solution.

The theme of this thesis is the reaction to fire performanceof wood and other building products, andparticularly thematerial fire properties time to ignition, rate of heat releaseand smoke production. These properties have been measured by asmall-scale fire test method, the Cone Calorimeter, andpresented for different types of building products.

Uncertainty analysis, included instrument and assumptionuncertainty, has been performed for the case that both O2 andCO2 are measured for calculation of the rate of heat release inthe Cone Calorimeter. The partial derivatives for theuncertainty analysis are given. The relative uncertainty forthe rate of heat release measurements in the Cone Calorimeteris between ±5% to ±10% for rate of heat releasevalues larger than about 50 kW/m2.

The time to ignition in the Cone Calorimeter is compatiblewith the time to ignition in the ISO Ignitability test, whichis the main test method for measuring time to ignition. Thetime to ignition is an increasing linear function of density.The rate of heat release in the Cone Calorimeter is dependentof material thickness and of use of retainer frame. Thematerial thickness gives the heat release curve duration andshape. Thin materials have short burning time and two maximumvalues. Thick materials have long burning time and when thematerial is thicker than about 35 mm no second maximum appears.When the retainer frame is used the actual exposed surface isreduced from 0.01 m2 to 0.0088 m2, the rate of heat release isreduced and the burning time is increased. A comparison ofresults with and without use of the retainer frame gives thenequal results when the exposed area is set to 0.0088 m2 in thecase of using the retainer frame.

The time to flashover in the full-scale room corner test waspredicted on the basis of Cone Calorimeter data at 50 kW/m2 bya power law of ignition time, the total heat release calculatedover 300 s after ignition and the density of the product. Therelation gives a simple relation to evaluate if a productreaches flashover in the room corner test.

The smoke production has also been measured in the ConeCalorimeter. The white light and the laser smoke measurementsystems have shown similar results. There is a correlationbetween Cone Calorimeter and room corner test smoke productionwhen the products are divided into groups: those that reachflashover in the room corner test in less than 10 min and thosethat have more than 10 min to flashover. Temperature profilesin wood have been measured in the Cone Calorimeter by a simpletechnique. The effect of fire protective gypsum plasterboardson the charring of wood frame members has been determined andcompared with fullscale furnace wall tests. The protectiveeffects of twenty different boards have been presented. ConeCalorimeter and furnace tests show similar charring of wooduntil the boards fall down in furnace tests. After that, thecharring of wood is higher in the furnace, because the wood isexposed directly to the fire.

Keywords:building products, charring of wood, ConeCalorimeter, fire retardant treated wood, fire tests,ignitability, mass loss, rate of heat release, reaction tofire, smoke production, wood products

This thesis deals with the heat loss and the heat loads simulation of A1 building in the area of The Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology and with the measures of the energy saving. The measures of the thermo-technical charakteristics for the winter and summer operations are provided on the base of the current state simulation. These measures include increasing of thermal resistence (of the building case), the radiation shielding, the sun blinds and the passive cooling by the night ventilation. All the simulation are performed in TRNSYS 16.1 software.

This thesis deals with the processing of an energy audit of the selected building for daily education. The target of this thesis is an evaluation of the current situation of the building, it means the evaluation of the thermal-technical qualities and energy consuption. For the initial state new measures will be suggested to reduce the energy consuption. One of the measures will be a proposal for an alternative way of supplying of the thermal energy, using the thermal pump. These suggested saving measures will be evaluated, including basic economic analysis.

The thesis focuses on energy savings of an apartment building. Firstly, the basic terms concerning apartment building and their costs are explained. Secondly, the thesis looks into energy efficiency of buildings, possibilities of energy savings and methods of economic evaluation of investments. The thesis sets the goal to evaluate current state of a selected apartment building from the perspective of energy efficiency and to propose possible energy saving measures. Lastly, the thesis aims to evaluate proposed measures from economic perspective and the perspective of energy efficiency.

The main goal of the submitted thesis is the design of central conditioning system used to ensure the required internal microclimate of office space and meeting rooms on the 2nd floor of office building, located in the city of Brno. The first part provides an overview of air conditioning systems and the appropriate central air conditioning system is selected. In the next part is designed the devices for air conditioning by building layout, properties of building structures, equipment and office space occupied. The work also submits drawing documentation, technical report and specification of materials used.

The aim of the thesis is the proposal and the preparation of project documentation for the construction of passive residential building on a plot number 1691/96 cadastral area of Černovice in a Brno city. The residential building will be built in a sloping terrain. It is a five-storey residential building with one floor below ground. The house has 16 residential units and is designed for a maximum of 40 people. Two of the units are designed as a wheelchair accessible. The skeletal staircase of a building is located outside the main building. The residential units are connected by porch. The porch is built from a steel skeleton and is standing outside the main building. At the south side of building is free standing steel construction used as balcony for residential units. Perimeter wall is made of sand-lime blocks which are insulated by graphite expanded polystyrene. Perimeter wall of basement is made of permanent formwork filled with concrete. The wall is also insulated with extruded polystyrene. The ceilings are made of prestressed concrete panels Spiroll. The supporting roof structure is made of wood trusses. The roof is pitched and the roof deck is designed vegetational. The building is ventilated using forced air handling unit. Heating and hot water is provided sources: pellet boiler and photothermic panels. The apartment house is designed with regard to energy saving as passive. Emphasis is placed on a compact building envelope, simplicity of shape, air tightness, low heat loss and high solar gain arising due the building orientation to the cardinal directions.

This Diploma Thesis is focused on initial and operating costs. At first we calculated price for all building and for its other parts, which was calculated by program used for budgeting. After that we calculated partial costs which were done only for specific parts of the construction. These parts were changed and due to these changes we were finding out differences in heat losses and initial costs. Than for individual rooms we were defining heat losses. In this rooms, radiators were designed to cover its heat losses. By summarization of all heat gains we find out boiler´s power and this boiler was used in our building. After that we calculated initial costs for heating system includes radiators and boiler. In the end we compared both kinds of heating systems due to one year operating costs. Results were used for defining final heating system which is the most economic efficiential.

The master thesis is focused on rating of buildings with almost zero energy consumption. Theoretical part summarizes general requirements on buildings with almost zero energy consumption. It also discusses other categories of buildings on terms of energy demand and influences and factors affecting the energy performance of buildings. The calculating part comparing three different construction systems of designed family house by means of energy demand with energy assessment and energy performance certificate of buildings.

HETA utbildningar i Härnösand har ett ångkraftverk för undervisningssyfte som kyls ner med vatten från en underjordisk bassäng på cirka 329 m³. Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att undersöka hur bassängen med spillvärmen från kraftverket kan användas som ett säsongslager i kombination med en befintlig 7,8 kW värmepump för att värma upp maskinhallen i deras laboratoriebyggnad. Ett kalkylark skapades i Microsoft Excel för att kunna genomföra beräkningarna. Då mätdata saknades skapades ett simulerat scenario baserat på temperaturstatistik och körschema för kraftverket från år 2017. Transmissionsförluster beräknades för bassängen och maskinhallen. För bassängen användes mestadels observationsdata och kännedom hos personalen, medan maskinhallens isolering i huvudsak fick uppskattas efter byggår. Resultatet blev att värmepumpen med aktuellt körschema kunde täcka cirka 45 % av maskinhallens årliga uppvärmningsbehov. Av de 276 GJ som tillfördes genom kylning av ångkraftverket under ett år beräknades endast 2,7 % kunna utnyttjas till uppvärmning av maskinhallen, på grund av för lite isolering i bassängen. De största begränsningarna för högre täckning och större nyttjande av spillvärmen bedömdes vara placeringen i tid av kraftverkets körningar, och värmepumpens effekt. Om körningarna skulle förläggas i huvudsak till november–april och värmepumpen ersättas med en på 10 kW, skulle 74 % av värmebehovet kunna täckas och över 18 % av spillvärmen utnyttjas. Andra saker som förbättrad isolering i bassängen och större vattenvolym bedömdes också kunna förbättra bassängens kapacitet som energilager.
HETA Education in Härnösand has a steam power plant for educational purposes which is cooled with water from a 329 m³ underground basin. The purpose of this thesis has been to examine how the basin with the waste heat can be used as seasonal thermal energy storage with an existing 7.8 kW heat pump in order to heat the machine room of their lab building. A spreadsheet was created in Microsoft Excel in order to carry out the calculations. As no measurement data was available, a simulated scenario was created based on temperature statistics and the operating schedule for the power plant from the year 2017. Transmission losses were calculated for the basin and the machine room. For the basin, mostly observational data and knowledge among the staff were used, while the insulation for the machine room mainly had to be estimated based on the construction year. The result was that the heat pump, with the current operating schedule, could cover around 45% of the yearly heating demand of the machine room. Of the 276 GJ that were added through cooling of the power plant during a year, according to calculations, only 2,7% could be used for heating the machine hall, due to lacking insulation in the basin. The greatest limitations for achieving a higher heating coverage and a greater usage of the waste heat were assessed to be the placement in time of the power plant runs, and the effect of the heat pump. If the runs would be placed mainly in November–April, and the heat pump replaced with a 10 kW one, around 74% of the heating demand could be covered and 18 % of the waste heat used. Other things, such as increased insulation in the basin and larger water volume were also assessed to be able to increase the capacity of the basin as heat storage.

Thesis deals with the possibility of reducing the energy costs of a typical family house located in Brno. In the first part is a detailed calculation of heat loss of the building, considering heat gain and subsequent quantification of costs for heating, hot water and total annual costs. In other sections provide specific calculation of the economics for the partial implementations of planned procedures leading to a reduction in heating costs (replacing windows, doors, facades and floor ceiling). A calculation for changing the heating method and compared to the existing boiler. A possible reduction in the energy required when using energy from the Sun. In the penultimate section briefly review the options for what you get a subsidy from the grant program "New Green Savings Programme" and reduce the initial investment. Finally the comprehensive proposals of different options exchanges boiler insulation, replacing windows and doors, and the subsequent evaluation of the best solution when investing 350 000 CZK.

The subject of this thesis is to simulate the energy balance of the two new buildings, classic brick buildings and light wood construction. On the basis of these simulations are compared effects of various parameters of insulation including panels for building openings on heat loss, energy efficiency cooling and solar gains. Energy simulations were performed with TRNSYS 16_1.

The subject of this diploma thesis is to design space heating system for building with five floors, where the first above ground floor is used as commercial space. Designed building have one underground floor and four above ground floors. Diploma thesis is designed as project of Building Service, specifically that of Heating. This diploma thesis contains calculations of the design heat load, design of radiators and others heating surfaces, hydraulic balancing, generation of domestic hot water, design of heat source, calculations of safety devices and pumps design. Part of this diploma thesis is also conceptual design of regulation.

Master´s thesis deals with an assessment of investment return in saving precurations. The issue is used on an ordinary detached family house. The assessment is done in more variants to reach an objective comparison of the most advantageous investments. In the first part there is a comprehensive theory explaining the connections of the procedures and the algorithms of the calculations. The second part is calculation, especially from the thermal engineering, energy rating of buildings and the economic return on investment. The third part is an evaluation which, on the basis of the experiences and the results from the thesis, offers a proces show to think in case of intended reconstruction and how to evaluate the efficiency of the investments in the saving precurations.

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 27).
Infrared image analysis was conducted to determine the most common sources of heat loss during the winter in residential buildings. 135 houses in the greater Boston and Cambridge area were photographed, stitched, and tallied to characterize nine major causes of heat loss: window frames, window surfaces, window cracks, basements, door cracks, corners, chimneys, roof ridges, and soffits. The nine causes of heat loss were mapped to the three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. It was found that heat losses through window surfaces, window cracks, chimneys, and soffits dominated as common sources of energy leakage, each represented in more than 70% of the houses analyzed. Opportunities for future work include more thorough examination of losses through ducts and walls, as well as developing methods for improvements.
by Emily Chen Shao.
S.B.

The master’s thesis deals with energy assessment of buildings according to a current valid legislature. In the first part the energy assessments problems are solved. The next part solves the energy concept of the educational building, Pavilion P4, AdMaS centre of Faculty of Civil Engineering of BUT, in the form of project documentation. In the part of thesis there is a simulation characterizing dynamic behavior of building. The thesis point is the evaluation of energy balance and a draft of measures leading to the power consumption decrease.

The subject of my master´s thesis is analysis of the operating costs in households in various energy categories of houses. The theoretical part is focused on passive homes issue where I explained principles and differences of standard constructions. The practical part is based on a concrete example of the differences and the structure of costs. The aim is to confirm or refute the hypothesis, which say that higher investment costs for the construction of low energy buildings could reduce costs and family budgets in the future. They also lead to higher liquidity.

The goal of the thesis is firstly to get all the information about the initial state of solved block of flats, which is located on the street Merhautova 76/954 in Brno – Černá pole, in terms of constructions, energy consumption and initial state of heating system. In the second part of the thesis, where are discussed the possibilities of reduction of energy consumption, variant drafts of reduction of energy consumption and their financial costs and the choice of optimal variant. Third part deals with assement of solved block of flats in terms of sustainable built environment by using tool to rate buildings in terms of sustainable built environment - SBToolCZ, evaluation of possibility to use renewables. In the end are written summaries and recommendations.

The influence of the thermal insulation of a family house in the village of Újezd u Rosic and the expenses related with the operation of this property. Brief characteristics of the task and its challenges: The task will be to work on a proposal to insulate the chosen property. Based on this proposal, then evaluate the difference in cost for the operation of the property before and after insulation. The work will also evaluate the economic return on the investments made.

Els sistemes integrats Fotovoltaics (FV) de doble pell, són components de l'edifici que combinen les funcions d'envolvent, amb les d'il·luminació natural, generació d'electricitat i generació d'energia tèrmica. La modelització dels processos de transferència d'energia d'aquests components, especialment en situacions de convecció natural, planteja una alta complexitat i és un dels inconvenients principals per a una disseminació massiva d'aquesta tecnologia. En les últimes dècades s'han dut a terme diferents intents per a superar aquest inconvenient i s'han desenvolupat diferents models de simulació. No obstant això, molt pocs estudis s'han enfrontat a una anàlisi detallat del rang de validesa d'aquestes correlacions i models i tampoc de les limitacions inherents en la seva definició. El segon inconvenient per a una àmplia propagació d'aquests components FV complexos, està relacionat amb la dificultat per a dur a terme campanyes experimentals de mesura del seu comportament energètic en condicions reals. A més dels mencionats inconvenients, s'hi afegeix una gran manca de coneixement per a la cal·libració dels models de simulació de components FV ventilats. Aquesta tesi doctoral aborda aquests inconvenients i introdueix una metodologia general per a la caracterització energètica i la validació experimental dels components FV ventilats. Aquesta investigació també contribueix a augmentar el coneixement sobre mètodes per a integrar el desenvolupament de models de simulació dinàmica, amb enfocaments innovadors per a la seva cal·libració.
Los sistemas integrados Fotovoltaicos (FV) de doble piel, son components del edificio que combinan las funciones de envolvente, con las de illuminación natural, generación eléctrica y generación de energía térmica. La modelización de los procesos de transferència de energía de estos components, especialmente en situaciones de convección natural, plantea una alta complejidad y es uno de los inconvenientes principales para una diseminación masiva de esta tecnología. En las últimas décadas, se han llevado a cabo diferentes intentos para a superar este inconveniente y se han desarrollado diferentes modelos de simulación para evaluar la eficiéncia energética global de estos sistemas. Sin embargo, muy pocos estudios se han enfrentado al análisis detallado del rango de validez de estas correlaciones y modelos y tampoco de las limitaciones inherentes en su definición. El segundo inconvenient para una amplia propagación de estos components FV complejos, está relacionado con la dificultad para llevar a cabo campañas experimentales de medida de su comportamento energético en condiciones reales. Además de estos inconvenientes, se constata una carencia significativa de conocimiento sobre métodos para la calibración de los modelos de simulación de componentes FV ventilados . Esta tesis doctoral aborda todos estos inconvenientes mencionados anteriormente e introduce una metodología general para la caracterización energética y la validación experimental de los componentes FV ventilados. Esta investigación también contribuye a aumentar el conocimiento sobre métodos para integrar el desarrollo de modelos de simulación dinámica, con estrategias innovadoras para su calibración.
Double skin semi transparent components with Photovoltaic integrated systems are building components which combine functions of the building envelope with natural lighting, electricity and thermal energy generation. The energy transfer modeling of these components, especially under free convection situations, raises a high complexity and is the first main drawback for a massive dissemination of this technology. Many attempts to fill this gap have been undertaken and some dynamic simulation models of these components have been obtained in the last decades. However, very few studies have faced a detailed analysis of the valid range of these mathematical expressions and simulation models and of the restrictions entailed. The second drawback for a wide spread of these complex PV components is related to the difficulty in setting up monitoring and experimental campaigns to measure their real energy performance with sufficient accuracy and precision. Besides these drawbacks, there is also a lack of knowledge on methods for calibrating building energy simulation models in general, and specifically in the calibration of dynamic models of ventilated PV components. This PhD thesis addresses these existing drawbacks and introduces an overall methodology for the energy characterization and experimental validation of ventilated PV components. This research also contributes in increasing the knowledge on methods for coupling the mathematical development of dynamic simulation models with innovative approaches for its calibration with experimental measures.

This thesis is developed as a proposal for heating for a primary school and kindergarten in the region of Brno-countryside. For the insulated building, a combination of heating and air-conditioning is proposed. The concept is designed so that the air-conditioning preheats the exterior air and the heating system warms the incoming air to a comfortable temperature. For the required thermal performance, sources of heat (for gas and pellets) and a layout solution for the boiler room is designed. Drainage of combustion products is proposed for both solutions. The project solution is per the extent of the construction permit. The theoretical part is linked with the practical part through the condensation boilers, their function and division, and drainage of combustion products. The experiment for the given topic was conducted on the drainage of combustion products. The pressure loss of the reverse knob was determined in relation to the flow rate of air in the condensation boilers as this loss is essential in assessing the drainage of combustion products.

L’objectif général de ce projet est de progresser dans la fiabilité et l’optimisation des systèmes de surveillance et de contrôle pour l’estimation et le découplage des HLC, afin de pouvoir définir un Kit de Surveillance énergétique minimum pour les bâtiments résidentiels ou tertiaires. Ces kits de suivi doivent être aussi discrets que possible et doivent permettre de suivre de manière fiable un minimum de données qui, associées à une analyse correcte, doivent permettre de caractériser le comportement réel de l’enveloppe du bâtiment.Après la présentation des méthodes existantes pour l’estimation et le découplage des HLC en service, l’analyse de l’état de l’art sur l’utilisation des systèmes de surveillance et de contrôle pour la caractérisation énergétique de l’enveloppe du bâtiment en service, est effectuée. Grâce à cette analyse sur les Systèmes de Surveillance et de Contrôle, il a été constaté que dans la littérature existante, l’incertitude générale de la température intérieure et extérieure (lorsqu’elle est présentée) est toujours considérée comme la précision du fabricant. Utiliser uniquement cette précision comme incertitude globale pour ces deux mesures importantes pourrait conduire à une forte sous‑estimation de leur incertitude réelle et cette sous‑estimation se propagerait dans la valeur estimée des HLC.Afin d’analyser en profondeur cette question, qui pourrait générer de sérieux problèmes de fiabilité́ des valeurs HLC, un système de surveillance tridimensionnelle a été conçu et mis en place dans les bureaux d’un bâtiment tertiaire. Afin d’analyser l’incertitude globale de la mesure de la température de l’air intérieur, quatre zones thermiques du bâtiment ont été surveillées avec une approche tridimensionnelle. Pour analyser l’incertitude générale de la mesure de la température de l’air extérieur, une approche similaire a été appliquée autour de l’enveloppe du bâtiment.Les résultats de cette analyse ont permis d’identifier le meilleur emplacement des capteurs de température intérieure et extérieure dans le bâtiment surveillé. De même, les écarts entre la valeur de la précision du capteur donnée par le fabricant et la valeur expérimentale de la précision de la chaîne de mesure ont été analysés. La principale contribution de cette thèse se trouve dans cette analyse où une méthodologie a été développée pour quantifier l’incertitude globale de mesure des variables intensives dans les bâtiments en service, comme la température de l’air intérieur et la température de l’air extérieur. Cette méthodologie permet non seulement d’obtenir la valeur globale de l’incertitude des mesures (appelée Incertitude de Mesure), qui contient toutes les sources d’incertitude, mais permet également de découpler cette incertitude dans l’incertitude associée aux erreurs aléatoires et aux erreurs systématiques. Ce découplage sépare la valeur de la variance associée à l’incertitude globale (Incertitude de Mesure) en la somme de deux variances, l’une associée aux erreurs systématiques (nommée Incertitude de Mesure Capteur dans cette étude) et l’autre associée aux erreurs aléatoires (nommée Incertitude de Mesure Spatiale).D’autre part, sur la base de l’analyse de la méthode de Co‑heating et de la méthode des Moyennes pour estimer le HLC, un Système de Surveillance et de Contrôle extrêmement détaillé a été conçu et mis en œuvre dans un immeuble résidentiel. L’objectif de ce système est de pouvoir analyser quel est l’ensemble minimum de capteurs nécessaires pour estimer et découpler les valeurs HLC d’un bâtiment en service avec une fiabilité́ suffisante
The general objective of this doctoral thesis project is to advance in the reliability and optimisation of Monitoring and Control Systems for HLC estimation and decoupling, in order to be able to define a minimum energy Monitoring Kit for residential or tertiary buildings in the future. These monitoring kits should be as unobtrusive as possible and should allow the minimum amount of data to be reliably monitored which, together with a correct analysis, should allow the real behaviour of the building envelope to be characterised.Thus after presenting the existing in-use HLC estimation and decoupling methods, the analysis of the State of the Art on monitoring and control systems for in-use building envelope energy characterisation is performed. Thanks to this review on monitoring and control systems analysis, it has been found that the overall uncertainty of indoor and outdoor temperature (when presented) is always considered to be the manufacturer’s accuracy in the existing literature. Using only the manufacturer accuracy as the overall uncertainty for these two important measurements required for the in-use HLC estimation, might lead to strongly underestimating their real uncertainty and this underestimation would be propagated to the estimated HLC values. To deeply analyse this topic, which could generate serious reliability issues for the estimated HLC values, a three dimensional monitoring system has been designed and deployed in an office building. To analyse the overall uncertainty of the indoor air temperature measurement, four thermal zones within the office building have been monitored with a three dimensional approach. To analyse the overall uncertainty of the outdoor air temperature measurement, a three dimensional monitoring approach has also been implemented around the building envelope.Furthermore, the results of this analysis have allowed the identification of the best location for the indoor and outdoor temperature sensors on the monitored building. Besides, the quantification of the discrepancies between the value of the sensor accuracy given by the manufacturer and the experimental value of the sensor accuracy plus the monitoring and control system has also been analysed. Here, the main contribution of this thesis can be found: the methodology developed to allow the quantification of the overall uncertainty of intensive variable measurements such as indoor air temperature and outdoor air temperature on in-use buildings. This methodology not only allows us to obtain the overall value of these measurements’ uncertainty containing all sources of uncertainty (called Measurement Uncertainty), but also allows us to decouple the Measurement Uncertainty into the uncertainty associated to the random and systematic errors. This decoupling separates the value of the variance associated with the overall uncertainty into the sum of two variances, one variance associated with the uncertainty related to the systematic errors (called in the study, Sensor Measurement Uncertainty) and another associated with the uncertainty related to the random errors (called in the study, Measurement’s Spatial Uncertainty).On the other hand, from the analysis of the Co-heating and Average method to estimate the HLC, an extremely detailed monitoring system has been designed and implemented in a residential building. The aim of this extremely detailed monitoring system is to be able to analyse what the minimum required set of sensors to estimate and decouple the in-use HLC values with a sufficient reliability. The selected sensors have the greatest possible accuracy that could be found for building sector applications. A detailed economic analysis is also included for this extremely detailed monitoring

The thesis aims to propose a system for heating and hot water for a family house, according to drawings supplied by the building architect. At the request of the investor as the primary object will be considered a variant of underfloor heating. For comparing the heat loss, economic and possibly to State subsidies system selected will be processed by an alternative option to the ventilation air heating. Underfloor heating and hot air are among the low-temperature heating system, which can use low temperature heat sources, such as heat pumps. This assumption corresponds to investor requests, the source of heat in a family house with a heat pump and gas boiler. For hot water will be used as an alternative to a fireplace in the living room. To use the results of the thesis is to calculate the heat loss and heat, according to current standards include design and hot-water heating system including hot-drawing documentation. Finally, the economic evaluation of different alternatives in terms of investment and operating costs.