Relevant bibliographies by topics / Building in Wood

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Building in Wood'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Building in Wood"

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Susanto, Dalhar, and Widyarko Widyarko. "Sustainable Material : Used Wood As Building Material." INSIST 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/ins.v2i1.26.

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Abstract–Wood consumption as building material and component in Indonesia is still considerably high. This affects forest destruction, in a way that most of the wood production still roots from wood forests. Hence, the demand of these woods better be supplied from other source, one of them is through using used woods. Used wood utilization in building construction is an application of reuse and recycle strategy in sustainable material concept. Due to the assumption among the people that used woods have low performance its utilization is nowadays limited. This paper addresses the result of research and laboratory test on a range of used wood samples collected from Jakarta great area (Jabodetabek), consist of 5 technical parameters: water content, density, compressive strength, flexure strength, and tension strength. The research proves that based on certain parameters, used woods perfom technical capacity as good as – or even better than – newly produced woods.Keyword – sustainable, material, used wood
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Misztal, Barbara, and Anna Mielińska. "SELECTION CRITERIA OF THERMO-INSULATING MATERIALS TO INSULATE WOODEN BUILDING FACILITIES." Space&FORM 2020, no. 46 (June 24, 2021): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2021.46.b-05.

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The article presents the structure of wood as a fibrous composite made up of cells susceptible to moisture absorption. Attention was paid to the impact of insulation materials on the durability of wood. The flow of moisture in materials such as wood and glass wool representing a group of porous and non-absorbing materials is shown. Microscopic pictures of pine and oak wood, wood fibre mats and glass wool are shown. The full construction of fibers of glass wool and other e. g. mineral wool, makes them extremely non-beneficial for warming partitions in buildings involving wood. Materials with a stable heat conductivity in terms of natural humidity changes in construction works were recommended.
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Schuetze, Thorsten. "Wood Constructions for Sustainable Building Renovation." Advanced Materials Research 1150 (November 2018): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1150.67.

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This paper discusses the potentials of different wood constructions for the renovation and extension of existing buildings for sustainable urban renewal. The renovation and extension of existing buildings with wood constructions can contribute significantly to sustainable urban redevelopment. The renovation of building envelopes, such as façades and roofs, with highly insulated wooden components, can reduce the transmission heat losses and related heating energy demand of existing buildings significantly. The extension of existing buildings contributes to the redensification of urban areas and can create synergies with the improvement of existing buildings’ performances. The manifold advantages of specific wooden constructions can be related to different aspects, such as construction type and material properties, building execution, design, logistic and sustainability. The results of this research discuss the architectural design and planning relevant properties of specific timber construction types, such as wood frame, cross-laminated timber (CLT), massive timber, and hybrid timber-concrete, considering the properties of different soft (such as spruce) and hard (such as beech) construction timber species. Timber constructions are compared with conventional massive constructions out of concrete and steel. The results confirm the significant advantages of timber constructions regarding all aspects.
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Ni, Chun, Shiling Pei, John W. van de Lindt, Steven Kuan, and Marjan Popovski. "Nonlinear Time-History Analysis of a Six-Story Wood Platform Frame Buildings in Vancouver, British Columbia." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 2 (May 2012): 621–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000015.

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In 2009, the British Columbia Building Code was amended to increase the allowable height of wood-frame residential buildings to six stories from four stories. This paper presents the details of a numerical study undertaken to understand the seismic performance of six-story wood-frame buildings designed in accordance with the 2006 British Columbia Building Code. To investigate the seismic behavior, a four-story building was used to represent the benchmark seismic performance prior to the amendment. Two independent analyses using computer programs DRAIN-3DX and SAPWood were carried out on representative buildings located in the city of Vancouver, BC, using a suite of 20 earthquake records scaled to the design seismic hazard level for the site. The analyses showed that six-story wood-frame buildings had similar performance to four-story wood-frame buildings.
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Jaouaf, Salaheddine, Bourassia Bensaad, and Abdelhakim Dorbane. "Energy efficiency of a house in Mediterranean region: insulation and glazing impact." Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2024): 17038. http://dx.doi.org/10.18540/jcecvl10iss1pp17038.

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The insulation of a building's envelope is critical for reducing energy consumption, enhancing indoor thermal comfort, and achieving sustainable development goals. This theoretical work focused on the energy and thermal aspect of insulators and glazing to determine the optimal thermal insulation and the best glazing for the building envelope in the Mediterranean region where the province of Ain Temouchent, Algeria, was taken in this study. This study evaluated the effectiveness of insulation materials, which are expanded polystyrene, glass wool, rock wool, and wood fiber of varying thicknesses, and glazing in the Algerian market. The TRNSYS 17 software is used to simulate the building's behavior. The study finds that wood fiber insulation with a 9 cm thickness provides the best thermal performance, resulting in a 26% reduction in energy costs compared to 3cm of expanded polystyrene. Furthermore, upgrading from single to double glazing can reduce heating and cooling costs by 23% and 10%, respectively, demonstrating the importance of proper insulation and glazing in achieving energy efficiency, and enhancing indoor thermal comfort for occupants. In conclusion, this study provides valuable findings for designing energy-efficient buildings with optimal thermal insulation and glazing. Future research should explore broader factors affecting building performance, such as the long-term performance and durability of materials in varying climates and building designs, as well as the impact of occupancy and building orientation. Although the study acknowledges its limited examination of factors and options, it still provides valuable insights into building performance with insulation and glazing.
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Yeon, Jun Oh, and Kyoung Woo Kim. "Analysis of Absorption Coefficient for Eco-Friendly Acoustical Absorbers." Advanced Materials Research 831 (December 2013): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.831.58.

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Primarily used for domestic buildings as a sound absorber are glass wool, rock wool, etc. These absorbers as well as waste absorber created by recycling wastes, PP+PET fiber absorber made from polypropylene and polyester, wood wool board bonded with finely sliced roots of trees and foamed aluminum absorber are recyclable eco-friendly absorbers that are constantly being developed. In this study, we compared the sound absorption performance of currently used absorbers and eco-friendly building absorbers. As a result, the NRC (Noise Reduction Coefficient) was found to be 0.85 for glass wool, 0.95 for rock wool, and 0.70 for polyester, 0.65 for waste absorber, 0.75 for PET+ PP fiber absorber, 0.40 for wood wool board, and 0.75 for foamed aluminum absorber. Based on the results of these absorption coefficients, we expect the usability of the absorbers continues to increase as future eco-friendly building absorbers.
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Rilatupa, J. "Prospects of sustainable wood building architecture." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 878, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/878/1/012017.

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Abstract The responsibility of an architect as a subject or actor in realizing a work; must consider the conditions and situations of the physical and social environment, taking into account aspects in saving, maintaining and using resources efficiently. To realize the building design requires the selection of material resources that are environmentally responsible, because this will give identity to the architectural work. The role of architects in building architecture is always influenced by the surrounding environment in its era. The history of the wooden building architecture development is inseparable from its surrounding environment condition. Reduced natural resources such as sand, gravel and materials for making cement or iron sand and mining prohibitions that damage the environment will encourage the use of wood as a sustainable material. At first the history of the wooden buildings existence only depends on aspects of a building function alone. Now with technological development innovation, the sustainability of wooden building architecture has three elements, namely: function, strength and aesthetics. In the modern definition, architecture must include functional, aesthetic, and psychological considerations. Meanwhile, the development of various innovative products, for example engineered wood is an effort so that the life span of wood-based products will be utilized longer.
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Knowles, Chris, Christine Theodoropoulos, Corey Griffin, and Jennifer Allen. "Oregon design professionals views on structural building products in green buildings: implications for wood." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 2 (February 2011): 390–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-209.

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Buildings have been shown to have impacts on the environment. Consequently, green building rating systems have become a tool to help reduce these impacts. The objectives of this study were to identify gaps in information and access to green building materials as viewed by Oregon design professionals. The scope was limited to the major structural materials: concrete, steel, and wood. This article focuses on the results unique to wood products. Information was collected through group interviews. Each group was composed of professionals representing different aspects of material selection and construction of different scales. The results showed that structural material selection is driven by building code, cost, and building performance requirements. The environmental performance of the material was not considered. However, once the material was selected, designers tried to maximize environmental performance. The results showed that green building rating systems do not influence structural material selection, and interviewees noted that there is room for improvement in this area. Respondents had a positive view of wood and a strong desire to use more wood, particularly Forest Stewardship Council certified wood. Wood was viewed as the most sustainable structural material available. However, there were some concerns about wood products, with formaldehyde emissions being the most significant.
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Krause, Karina, and Annette Hafner. "Resource Efficiency in the Construction Sector: Material Intensities of Residential Buildings—A German Case Study." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 11, 2022): 5825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165825.

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This article describes an approach for comparing material intensity values for residential buildings with different construction types. Based on the working drawings of the different construction types (wood and mineral), material intensities are calculated at the building level. Material intensities describe the materials used in a building in mass (tonnes (t)) in relation to the square meters (m2) of gross floor area (GFA) or the cubic meters (m3) of gross volume (GV). The method for determining material intensities at the building level is demonstrated. The results show that material intensities range from 0.61 t/m2 GFA to 1.95 t/m2 GFA for single-family residential buildings and from 1.36 t/m2 GFA to 1.54 t/m2 GFA for multi-storey residential buildings. The average material intensity for mineral buildings is twice as high as that for wood buildings, which means that there is a beneficial resource efficiency in building with wood instead of mineral materials. Therefore, benchmarks for a resource efficient building can be conducted based on these values. These values demonstrate a possibility to influence resource efficiency in buildings.
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Tarakanova, V. A., D. P. Kasymov, O. V. Galtseva, and N. V. Chicherina. "Experimental characterization of firebrand ignition of some wood building materials." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Physics" Series 100, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2020ph4/14-21.

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Paper presents investigation on behaviour of wood construction material samples (plywood, oriented strand board, chipboard) in laboratory conditions as a result of a heat flux effect from naturally occurring flaming and glowing firebrands. The data of comparing ignition delay time of pine wood and wood-based construction materials (plywood, oriented strand board, chipboard) depending on the size and quantity of firebrands, initial temperature of samples, as well as the presence of air flow in firebrands falling zone is obtained. Ignition probability and conditions of wood construction materials as a result of the thermal effect of flaming and glowing pine firebrands are also studied. The obtained data allowed one to judge that according to chosen experimental parameters, the ignition time decreased with increasing air flow, as well as with an increase in the size and number of particles. It was experimentally confirmed that particle size plays a significant role in igniting of building structure. If the characteristic particle size is less than a certain characteristic value, which can be defined as the ratio of its volume to the surface area in contact with wood, then ignition mode with an abrupt maximum of temperature near phase boundary is not appear.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Building in Wood"

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Aigbomian, Eboziegbe Patrick. "Development of wood-crete building material." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13445.

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Main concerns in the building industry includes the development of alternative building materials that reduces the amount of energy spent during manufacturing process and easier to work with. Wood-crete is a composite material developed in this study, made up of wood waste (sawdust), paper, tradical lime and water. Wood-crete is developed to provide an alternative material in construction solving problems associated with the delivery of low-cost housing across all income earners, reducing the amount of energy spent during manufacturing process of construction materials and the ease with which these construction materials are developed and solve issues related to waste management. This thesis presents the processing technologies, factors which affect the performance and properties of wood-crete. Wood-crete properties were found to be closely related to the composition of the constituent elements though compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were low when compared to other building materials like concrete and steel. In a bid to improve the strength of the developed wood-crete, the properties were investigated based on the modification of sawdust by hot water boiling and alkaline treatments which help to modify cellulose fibre surface to reduce the hydrophilic nature of sawdust thereby improving the sawdust-matrix bonding. It was found that the surface modification, processing of cellulosic fibril and the extraction of lignin and hemi-cellulosic compounds with alkali had an effect on the compressive strength of wood-crete, with treating sawdust with 4% NaOH at 140mins of boiling time achieving the highest compressive strength and boiling sawdust from 100mins to 140mins had a gradual increase in compressive strength but reduced at higher boiling time. Furthermore, treating sawdust with NaOH more than 4% weakened the individual wood particles thus leading to poor strength of wood-crete. Additionally, the properties of wood-crete were investigated based on the type of wood sawdust – hardwood (beech and oak) and softwood (pine and cedar). Apart from individual wood density having a significant effect on the density of wood-crete, other factors such as lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose contents including fibre length of individual wood species affect the strength properties of wood-crete. The compressive strength of wood-crete was closely related to the wood species, with highest compressive strength of 3.93MPa recorded for hardwood wood-crete compared to 1.37MPa and 0.26MPa of wood-crete from softwood and mixed wood respectively. Results from thermal conductivity tests on wood-crete also show that wood-crete blocks can be produced with good insulating properties for building construction. Addition of different types of paper fibres to reduce the density of wood-crete and improve the insulating properties of composite developed also had a dominant influence on both strength and thermal conductivity, reflecting its effect on the structure of composite and contribution of self strength of paper fibres. The addition of various percentages of waste paper (de-fibred) had a significant influence on the thermal conductivity of wood-crete with 75% addition of waste paper achieving a thermal conductivity value of 0.046W/mK performed with the TCi thermal conductivity analyser. Thermal conductivity results for wood-crete made from hardwood and softwood sawdust was closely related to the chemical composition of various wood species, with softwood wood-crete having about 20% lower thermal conductivity compared to hardwood wood-crete. The developed wood-crete was able to withstand impact load and considered, like hempcrete, most suitable for wall panelling or other non- and semi-structural applications with good thermal insulating properties. Findings of this study provides an alternative new material for the construction industry and an important background for achieving better strength of wood-crete, choosing what type of sawdust to be used for development of wood-crete and for directing a better use of this potential material with very small embodied energy and carbon negative.
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Feagles, Cuyler. "Integral articulation of wood building systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66346.

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Becker, Andrea. "Wood frame building response to rapid onset flooding." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2429.

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Floods are considered to be among of the deadliest, costliest and most common natural disasters. Rapid onset, catastrophic floods inundate the shore quickly and manifest as deep water with high velocities. The deep water and high velocities caused by these floods inflict great pressures and forces on the built and natural environments and pose a threat to human safety. Recent disasters such as Hurricane Katrina in the Southern United States and the Sumatra tsunami in the Indian Ocean have revealed that communities at risk require improved preparations for these types of dangerous events. Current building codes, design practices and disaster planning methods account for potential earthquake and wind loads on simple wood frame buildings typical of North American residential construction, however, flood impacts have not been considered in the same level of depth. The objectives of this research are to develop a theoretical model that describes flood impacts on wood frame residential buildings and relates building response to physical flood properties such as depth and velocity. This thesis provides a brief synopsis of previous approaches used to describe building response to flooding. An overview of the major loads caused by rapid onset flooding, along with a description of the structural system utilized in wood design to resist these forces is provided. The failure mechanisms considered and the model logic are described and applied to assess the response of a typical Canadian wood frame home to flood conditions that might be experienced in a rapid onset flood event like a tsunami. Building response results are discussed along with recommendations for future analysis and applications.
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Adhikary, Kamal Babu. "Development of Wood Flour-Recycled Polymer Composite Panels As Building Materials." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemical and Process Engineering, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1795.

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Wood plastic composites (WPCs) were made using matrices of recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) and polypropylene (rPP) with sawdust (Pinus radiata) as filler. Corresponding WPCs were also made using virgin plastics (HDPE and PP) for comparison with the recycled plastic based composites. WPCs were made through melt compounding and hot-press moulding with varying formulations based on the plastic type (HDPE and PP), plastic form (recycled and virgin), wood flour content and addition of coupling agent. The dimensional stability and mechanical properties of WPCs were investigated. Durability performances of these WPCs were studied separately, by exposing to accelerated freeze-thaw (FT) cycles and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The property degradation and colour changes of the weathered composites were also examined. Dimensional stability and flexural properties of WPCs were further investigated by incorporation of nanoclays in the composite formulation. To understand the changes in WPCs stability and durability performance, microstructure and thermal properties of the composites were examined. Two mathematical models were developed in this work, one model to simulate the moisture movement through the composites in long-term water immersion and the other model to predict the temperature profile in the composites during hot-press moulding. Both rHDPE and rPP matrix based composites exhibited excellent dimensional stability and mechanical properties, which were comparable to those made from virgin plastics. Incorporation of maleated polypropylene (MAPP) coupling agent in composite formulation improved the stability and the mechanical properties. The incorporation of 3 wt. % MAPP coupling agent to WPCs showed an increase in tensile strength by 60% and 35 %, respectively, for the rHDPE based and rPP based composites with 50 wt. % wood flour. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the fractured surfaces of WPCs confirmed that the MAPP coupling improved the interfacial bonding between the plastic and the wood filler for both series of composites. Long-term water immersion tests showed that the water transport mechanism within the WPCs follows the kinetics of Fickian diffusion. Dimensional stability and flexural properties of the WPC were degraded after 12 accelerated FT cycles as well as 2000 h of UV weathering for both recycled and virgin HDPE and PP based composites. However, the MAPP coupled composites had improved stability and flexural property degradation. The surface of the weathered composites experienced a colour change, which increased with the exposure time. The MAPP coupled composites exhibited less colour change as compared to non-coupled composites. Regarding the effect of the plastic type, the PP based composites experienced higher colour change than those based on HDPE. With weathering exposure, flexural strength and stiffness of the WPCs were decreased, but elongation at break was increased regardless of plastic type and wood flour content. MAPP coupled rPP and rHDPE based UV weathered WPCs lowered the degradation of stiffness by 50% and 75%, respectively compared to non-coupled WPCs. SEM images of the fractured surfaces of FT and UV weathered WPCs confirmed a decrease in the interfacial bonding between the wood flour and matrix. Thermal properties of weathered composites changed with weathering, but the extent of the changes depended on WPCs formulation and matrix type. From the experimental studies on nanoclay-filled rHDPE composites, it is found that stability, flexural properties of WPCs could be improved with an appropriate combination of coupling agent, and nanoclay contents processed by melt blending. Incorporation of 1-5 wt. % nanoclay in the maleated polyethylene (MAPE) coupled wood plastic composite improved the dimensional stability and flexural properties. The thermal properties changed with the addition of nanoclay and MAPE in WPCs. In this work, a hot press-moulding model was proposed based on the one-dimensional transient heat conduction to predict the temperature profile of the WPCs during hot pressing cycle. The results from this work clearly show that rHDPE and rPP can be successfully used to produce stable and strong WPCs, which properties and performances are similar to or comparable to composites made of wood and virgin plastics. Therefore, WPCs based on recycled PP and HDPE matrix could have potential to use as construction materials.
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Hyde, Trevor James. "The orthogonal cutting of wood from fast-grown sitka spruce." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298401.

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Tsantaridis, Lazaros. "Reaction to fire performance of wood and other building products." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Civil and Architectural Engineering, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3479.

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The theme of this thesis is the reaction to fire performanceof wood and other building products, andparticularly thematerial fire properties time to ignition, rate of heat releaseand smoke production. These properties have been measured by asmall-scale fire test method, the Cone Calorimeter, andpresented for different types of building products.

Uncertainty analysis, included instrument and assumptionuncertainty, has been performed for the case that both O2 andCO2 are measured for calculation of the rate of heat release inthe Cone Calorimeter. The partial derivatives for theuncertainty analysis are given. The relative uncertainty forthe rate of heat release measurements in the Cone Calorimeteris between ±5% to ±10% for rate of heat releasevalues larger than about 50 kW/m2.

The time to ignition in the Cone Calorimeter is compatiblewith the time to ignition in the ISO Ignitability test, whichis the main test method for measuring time to ignition. Thetime to ignition is an increasing linear function of density.The rate of heat release in the Cone Calorimeter is dependentof material thickness and of use of retainer frame. Thematerial thickness gives the heat release curve duration andshape. Thin materials have short burning time and two maximumvalues. Thick materials have long burning time and when thematerial is thicker than about 35 mm no second maximum appears.When the retainer frame is used the actual exposed surface isreduced from 0.01 m2 to 0.0088 m2, the rate of heat release isreduced and the burning time is increased. A comparison ofresults with and without use of the retainer frame gives thenequal results when the exposed area is set to 0.0088 m2 in thecase of using the retainer frame.

The time to flashover in the full-scale room corner test waspredicted on the basis of Cone Calorimeter data at 50 kW/m2 bya power law of ignition time, the total heat release calculatedover 300 s after ignition and the density of the product. Therelation gives a simple relation to evaluate if a productreaches flashover in the room corner test.

The smoke production has also been measured in the ConeCalorimeter. The white light and the laser smoke measurementsystems have shown similar results. There is a correlationbetween Cone Calorimeter and room corner test smoke productionwhen the products are divided into groups: those that reachflashover in the room corner test in less than 10 min and thosethat have more than 10 min to flashover. Temperature profilesin wood have been measured in the Cone Calorimeter by a simpletechnique. The effect of fire protective gypsum plasterboardson the charring of wood frame members has been determined andcompared with fullscale furnace wall tests. The protectiveeffects of twenty different boards have been presented. ConeCalorimeter and furnace tests show similar charring of wooduntil the boards fall down in furnace tests. After that, thecharring of wood is higher in the furnace, because the wood isexposed directly to the fire.

Keywords:building products, charring of wood, ConeCalorimeter, fire retardant treated wood, fire tests,ignitability, mass loss, rate of heat release, reaction tofire, smoke production, wood products

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Holmström, Sofia. "Furniture landscape : Building community through the natural process of wood." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Arkitekthögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-148394.

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Rancourt, Derek Gerard. "Structural Behavior of Wood I-Joist/OSB Roof Panel Assemblies." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2010. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/RancourtDG2010.pdf.

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Zhuo, Xiaoying, and Xiaoying Zhuo. "Integration of Traditional Chinese Building Concepts with Contemporary Ecological Design Considerations: A Case for High-rise Wood Buildings." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622897.

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The ecological design considerations are focusing on the built environment and the living process of the building. It considering the environment impact in designing building, and integrating ecological responsive design methods. While the traditional Chinese building shared the same design philosophy. Our ancestors are really concerning the connection between their living space with the broader environment, not only in the time they occupying the building, but also when they construct and demolish it. They use the word "harmony" to describe this relationship with the environment, and consider it as the high-quality pursuit of life. Wooden building has been a major building type in China for thousands of years, however, over 40 thousand traditional Chinese building has been demolished in the past 30 years, most of them are wooden buildings. Since the steel, concrete and other emerging materials has become the major materials for the modern building, wooden building seems to step down from the stage of history. Not until in recent years, wooden building come into people’s view again, it’s increasingly appeared in all over the world and take part in a major role in mordent architecture. Since the wood is a sustainable and renewable building material, and a good carbon sink, it is more environmental friendly than steel, concrete or some other building materials. The wooden building has a great potential to discover its ecological benefits and as a carrier of traditional Chinese culture. In seeking the development of wood as a building material, and the future of sustainable buildings, I integrate the theory with practice that human population is growing rapidly, the high-rise wooden building might be a best solution for this quest. I expect to explore the application of wood in high rise building’s envelope and structure, integrate the wood with other material to expand its performance, emotionally and reality connect the traditional Chinese culture and people’s memory of the land to the present day.
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Van, Casteren Adam. "The mechanical behaviour of wood in relation to orangutan locomotion and nest building." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-mechanical-behaviour-of-wood-in-relation-to-orangutan-locomotion-and-nest-building(f42aa1a5-3902-4912-8610-024db5967cb5).html.

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Orangutans are the only great ape to live an almost completely arboreal lifestyle, spending the majority of their time in the canopy of the tropical forest. The orangutans’ large size and habitual arboreal lifestyle means they are uniquely constrained by the mechanical properties of their canopy habitat. It is therefore necessary to have knowledge of the mechanics of trees and the wood material of which they are made in order to gain a greater understanding of orangutan ecology. This thesis begins with an investigation into the bending failure of three temperate tree species. Observations and electron microscopy of the fractures of hand bent branches were coupled with mechanical tests of the branch structures and the wood material. It was shown that the fracture mechanisms observed were related to the anatomy and consequent mechanical properties of the wood material. Light woods buckled due to their low transverse compressive strength, whilst denser woods tend to break in greenstick fracture, in which the fracture is diverted longitudinally at the midline, due to the low tangential tensile strength of the wood material. Three neotropical tree species were investigated in the same way and it was shown that all species tested failed in greenstick fracture with the modes of failure explained, at least in part by the differences in their wood anatomy and mechanical properties. These results were used to inform an investigation of orangutan nest architecture. The compliance of the nest structures was measured and the morphology, mechanical properties and modes of fracture of the nest elements were recorded. It was shown that nests were slightly more compliant where the orangutans’ weight was situated. Orangutans built the structural part of the nest by selecting, half breaking and weaving together thicker more rigid branches. However, the nest lining was generally made from completely detached narrower and less rigid branches. This suggests orangutans have a degree of technical knowledge, selecting the correct material for a certain construction role. In order to achieve a greater understanding of the mechanically complex canopy substrate that the orangutan inhabits, a study in to the mechanics of the canopy substrate was performed. Direct measurements of compliance and frequency of oscillation were taken from a range of tropical branches used by orangutans. It was shown that compliance increases dramatically towards the tip of branch and that branch diameter is the most effective branch morphological trait for predicting compliance levels. This study allowed a greater understanding of how these properties may affect orangutan ecology. To address whether conditions are present for energy storage and return during bouts of orangutan bipedalism, measurements of compliance and branch oscillation times were used in conjunction with analysis of video footage of orangutans. It was found that long step times of orangutans fall between the minimum and optimum step times for energy return, calculated from mechanical properties of bipedal supports. These results were supported by videos demonstrating in-phase branch movement and step kinematics. These results suggest that local diameter is the single most useful trait to predict the strength and rigidity of tropical branches, and their compliance and oscillatory frequency. This suggests that this is the cue used by the apes, and helps validate the assumptions made by previous researchers investigating arboreal primate locomotion. They also suggest that the conditions do exist in the natural environment that may facilitate energy storage and return on compliant branches during bipedal locomotion.
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Books on the topic "Building in Wood"

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Gutdeutsch, Götz. Building in wood: Construction and details. Basel: Birkhäuser, 1997.

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Scott, Hoke, and International Code Council, eds. The framing of wood stud walls. [Birmingham, Ala]: International Code Council, 2003.

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Mark, Graham. Thai wood. Bangkok: Finance One Public Co., 1996.

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Wallace, Holly. Wood. North Mankato, Minn: Smart Apple Media, 2008.

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Anderson, L. O. Wood-frame house construction. Carlsbad, CA: Craftsman Book Co., 1998.

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American Society of Civil Engineers. Task Committee on Classic Wood Structures., ed. Classic wood structures. New York, N.Y: The Society, 1989.

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F, Faherty Keith, and Williamson Thomas G, eds. Wood engineering and construction handbook. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.

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Newman, Morton. Structural details for wood construction. Edited by Newman Morton. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.

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Kristensen, Tor. Bygningselementer av massivtre =: Prefab units of solid wood. Oslo: Norsk Treteknisk Institutt, 1999.

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Zwerger, Klaus. Wood and wood joints: Building traditions of Europe and Japan. Basel: Birkhauser, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Building in Wood"

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Hart, Eric. "Wood." In Prop Building for Beginners, 185–86. New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429350825-26.

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Moro, José Luis. "Wood." In Building-Construction Design - From Principle to Detail, 397–419. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61742-7_15.

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Mitchell, Charles F., and George A. Mitchell. "Wood Roofs." In Building Construction and Drawing 1906, 245–66. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003261476-8.

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England, Paul, and Boris Iskra. "Australian Building Code Change - Eight-Storey Timber Buildings." In Wood & Fire Safety, 219–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41235-7_33.

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Morgado, Luis, João Gomes Ferreira, and Manuel Correia Guedes. "Wood Building in Portugal." In Innovative Renewable Energy, 145–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71700-1_6.

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Moro, José Luis. "Wood Products." In Building-Construction Design - From Principle to Detail, 591–633. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61742-7_21.

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Brunone, Federica, Marco Cucuzza, Marco Imperadori, and Andrea Vanossi. "Existing Building Transformation: Current Drivers, Issues, and Possibilities." In Wood Additive Technologies, 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78136-1_1.

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Štefko, Jozef, and Anton Osvald. "Wood—A Combustible Building Material." In Model Fire in a Two-Storey Timber Building, 7–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82205-7_2.

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Gilbert, Allan S. "Wood as a Building Material." In Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology, 1–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44600-0_263-1.

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Brunone, Federica, Marco Cucuzza, Marco Imperadori, and Andrea Vanossi. "An Innovative Method for the Management of the Building Process." In Wood Additive Technologies, 35–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78136-1_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Building in Wood"

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Aguiar, Amanda Lorena Dantas, Carolina Goulart Bezerra, Lucas Rosse Caldas, Anna S. Bernstad, and Romildo Dias Toledo Filho. "Environmental Performance of Wood Bioconcretes with Different Wood Shavings Treatments." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.69.

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The wood bio-concrete (WBC) production is a solution for the advancement of sustainable construction, since it has the potential to recycle waste in the form of shavings generated in wood processing and stock CO2, contributing for climate change reduction. However, the chemical incompatibility between plant biomass and cementitious matrix leads to the need for previous treatment of wood shavings to application in bio-concretes. In the present study, one heat treatment and two alkaline treatments with immersion in Ca (OH)2 solution were evaluated using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The environmental modeling was performed by SimaPro, using the Ecoinvent database, and primary data collected in the laboratory. The potential environmental impacts were related to the compressive strength of produced WBC (in MPa) as an ecoefficiency indicator. Considering the functional unit of mechanical performance, the alkaline treatment with two immersions was the one that generated less environmental impacts.
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"Wood – A Sustainable Building Material?" In 6th Annual International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering (ACE 2018). Global Science and Technology Forum, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2301-394x_ace18.43.

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Shuvalova, E. A., K. K. Nuriddinov, and S. S. Hovakimyan. "Waste wood-based building materials." In SCIENCE OF RUSSIA: TARGETS AND GOALS. LJournal, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sr-10-06-2019-25.

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Derome, Dominique, Chi Zhang, Mingyang Chen, and Jan Carmeliet. "Understanding swelling of wood through multiscale modeling." In 7th International Building Physics Conference. Syracuse, New York: International Association of Building Physics (IABP), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14305/ibpc.2018.be-9.06.

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Chirkov, I., Ekaterina Kantieva, and Larisa Ponomarenko. "OVERVIEW OF GLUED WOOD BUILDING MATERIALS." In Modern machines, equipment and IT solutions for industrial complex: theory and practice. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mmeitsic2021_379-385.

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Currently, environmental friendliness is one of the main requirements for products of any kind all over the world. The use of wood as a building material fully meets this requirement. Every year the share of wooden housing construction increases, and not only in the segment of low-rise, but also multi-storey wooden houses and structures. When working with a tree, it is necessary to take into account its features and disadvantages. When the humidity changes, the wood changes its size, is affected by fungi and insects, and has a high fire hazard class. In order to improve the performance properties of wood, its modification is widely used, through the use of various processing methods: drying, heat treatment, impregnation with various compositions, gluing. Recently, a large number of innovative construction materials based on wood bonding have appeared on the market: LVL-beams, CLT-panels, glued beams, wooden I-beams. The use of these materials from glued wood in construction allows the use of renewable, eco-friendly raw materials. And despite the higher cost of these materials compared to traditional building materials, they are competitive in their properties: light weight, less load on the foundation, are not subject to corrosion, are easily installed even in areas with difficult engineering and geological conditions, when exposed to fire, they retain their structural strength longer, are easily transported and disposed of.
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Maaroufi, Maroua, Kamilia Abahri, Alexandra Bourdot, and Chady El Hachem. "3D Modelling of Hydric Transfers in Spruce Wood with Consideration of Sorption Hysteresis." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.743.

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Buildings are responsible for a large portion of the total energy consumption, and have a heavy environmental impact. Wood is one of the most used bio-based building materials, as it helps reducing the environmental footprint of the construction sector. Spruce wood is widely available in France and therefore massively used in buildings. It has interesting thermal and acoustic insulation performances and a good hydric regulation property. Spruce wood microstructure is highly heterogeneous and multiphasic, which makes it harder to apprehend. On the other hand, sorption hysteresis phenomenon is responsible for the moisture accumulation in porous building materials. It is often neglected in hygrothermal transfers modelling, which leads to incorrect water content values. The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of the sorption hysteresis phenomenon on the hydric transfers of spruce wood. The heterogeneity of the microstructure is also considered through 3D tomographic reconstructions included in the modelling.
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Espíndola, Luciana da Rosa, Gustavo Rodolfo Perius, Cecília Torres Rego, and Luísa Diniz Silva de Aguiar. "Constructive measures to preserve wood in Brazilian building construction." In ENSUS2023 - XI Encontro de Sustentabilidade em Projeto. Grupo de Pesquisa Virtuhab/UFSC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29183/2596-237x.ensus2023.v11.n2.p46-56.

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Although wood has advantages for technological and sustainable buildings, there is still much fear about this material because many people question its durability. This is not a recent discussion. But it is necessary to increase the dissemination of this theme to understand and respond to popular needs regarding wood in Brazilian construction. This research aimed to investigate and point out preventive measures to preserve wood in building construction. Initially, a bibliographic survey was carried out on wood’s needs and behaviors according to its biological characteristics. Positive and negative construction practices that affect the durability and performance of wood were investigated on designers and builders’ recommendations. And, finally, digital materials were developed about wood’ specificities and tips for wood in construction, using graphic illustration software. With these results, this research intends to contribute to demystify and propagate the adequate use of wood in Brazilian construction.
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Bikoko, Theodore Gautier, Jean Claude Tchamba, Valentine Yato Katte, and Divine Kum Deh. "Effects of 0-30% Wood Ashes as a Substitute of Cement on the Strength of Concretes." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.51.

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To fight against the high cost and the increasing scarcity of cement and at the same time to reduce the CO2 greenhouse gases emission associated with the production of Portland cement, two types of wood ashes as a substitute of cement in the production of concretes were investigated. In this paper, we substituted cement by two types of species of wood ashes namely, avocado and eucalyptus ashes following the proportions ranging from 0% to 30 % on one hand, and on the other hand, we added these two types of species of wood ashes namely, avocado and eucalyptus ashes following the proportions ranging from 0% to 10 % by weight of cement in the concrete samples. After 7, 14 and 28 days of curing, compressive strength tests were conducted on these concrete samples. The findings revealed that using wood ashes as additives/admixtures or as a substitute of cement in the production/manufacturing of concrete decreased the compressive strength of concrete. Hence, it can be said that wood ash has a negative influence on the strength of concrete. At three percent (3%) and ten percent (10%) of addition, the wood ash from eucalyptus specie offers better resistance compared to the wood ash from avocado specie, whereas at five percent (5%) of addition, the wood ash from avocado specie offers better resistance compared to the wood ash from eucalyptus specie. At thirty percent (30%) of substitution, the wood ash from eucalyptus specie offers better resistance compared to the wood ash from avocado specie. The compressive strengths increase with the increase of curing age.
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Bergsagel, Dan, and Timothy D. Lynch. "Harvesting New York City - Old-Growth Urban Forestry." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0831.

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<p>New York is known as a metropolis of skyscrapers; however less than 1.5% of the 1 million buildings in the city stand over seven stories tall. Over 95% are thought to be of wood-frame or masonry and wood construction.</p><p>Most of this building stock was constructed using wood sourced from old-growth forests across the eastern seaboard. The city now sits on a stockpile of wood which germinated before New Amsterdam became New York, and which was felled while signatories of the Declaration of Independence were still President; this is structurally valuable hard, dense and high strength-to-weight ratio wood. As our buildings degrade and require renovation or replacement the city must ensure that this resource is not wasted, for environmental and economic reasons.</p><p>The total number of buildings is large, but because of the rapid and repetitive way that NYC was constructed the variation in building type and structural element sizes across the building population is small. Cross referencing NYC department databases using geographic information systems allowed the Department of Buildings to produce an estimate of the number of buildings in the city of each type. Assessment of historic pattern books, prescriptive regulations, and inspection of existing buildings allows generic estimates of wood dimension and quantity per building type. Combined, this data allows the estimation of the annual rate of release of wood from demolition in NYC - a predicted supply available for future use. A review of existing practices in wood salvage, processing and reuse is then assessed in context, outlining proposals for future local policy and research work.</p>
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Avellan, Kari Christer, Erika Belopotocanova, and Mojtaba Ghobakhlou. "Massive wood elements and modular housing technology as innovative building concept of sustainable urban planning." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.1085.

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<p>A growing need for better performing materials and developing sustainable building solutions with less environmental impact has become indispensable. Renewable resources such as wood provide a natural way to design and build innovative structural systems. The industrialized processes and cutting-edge concepts make wooden buildings a highly competitive and sustainable alternative. Using massive wood elements and housing modules constructed of engineered wood products such as CLT and LVL is an example of building innovation. With today's climate challenges and ongoing sustainability demands it is important to make urban planning and policy development as environmentally friendly as possible. Using wood as construction material is an environmentally conscious choice leading to a solution meeting the needs of population growth and urbanization.</p>
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Reports on the topic "Building in Wood"

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Falk, Robert H., and G. Bradley Guy. Directory of wood-framed building deconstruction and reused wood building materials companies, 2004. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-150.

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Roy, Camille, Dominique Derome, and Caroline Frenette. Modelling hygrothermal performance of wood assemblies exposed to fungi growth. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541621854.

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This research project aims to document the spread of the biodegradation in wood frame buildings and, more specifically, to investigate the aggravating impact of the presence of the rotting fungus Serpula lacrymans in wood-based materials on the hygrothermal performance of wood-framed wall and floor assemblies. The proposed methodology is to calibrate a hygrothermal model of wood contaminated by varying stages of S. lacrymans. The S. lacrymans has a particular ability compared to other fungi in that it can move its water source to seek nutrients. Hyphen cords have been seen on brick and concrete elements, as a bypass mean to reach wood. Thus, this fungus is modelled with two means: modified hygrothermal properties and addition of parallel paths for moisture transfer in the assemblies. To develop these, characterizing healthy and contaminated wood is necessary to be used as input in the models. The simulations are performed for residential building envelope assemblies under current and future climatic conditions.
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Ritter, Michael A., Kenneth Skog, and Richard Bergman. Science supporting the economic and environmental benefits of using wood and wood products in green building construction. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-206.

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Tomberlin, Gregg. Wood Pellet-Fired Biomass Boiler Project at the Ketchikan Federal Building. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1171779.

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Smith, Adam D. Fort Leonard Wood - Building 2101: Interior Character-Defining Features, Inventory and Assessment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada601349.

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Salonvaara, Mikael, Emishaw Iffa, Andre Desjarlais, and Jerald Atchley. Impact of Mass Wood Walls on Building Energy Use, Peak Demand, and Thermal Comfort. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1883909.

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Welch, David, and Gregory Deierlein. Technical Background Report for Structural Analysis and Performance Assessment (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/yyqh3072.

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This report outlines the development of earthquake damage functions and comparative loss metrics for single-family wood-frame buildings with and without seismic retrofit of vulnerable cripple wall and stem wall conditions. The underlying goal of the study is to quantify the benefits of the seismic retrofit in terms of reduced earthquake damage and repair or reconstruction costs. The earthquake damage and economic losses are evaluated based on the FEMA P-58 methodology, which incorporates detailed building information and analyses to characterize the seismic hazard, structural response, earthquake damage, and repair/reconstruction costs. The analyses are informed by and include information from other working groups of the Project to: (1) summarize past research on performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identify construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterize earthquake hazard and ground motions in California; (4) conduct laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies and sill anchorages; and (5) validate the component loss models with data from insurance claims adjustors. Damage functions are developed for a set of wood-frame building variants that are distinguished by the number of stories (one- versus two-story), era (age) of construction, interior wall and ceiling materials, exterior cladding material, and height of the cripple walls. The variant houses are evaluated using seismic hazard information and ground motions for several California locations, which were chosen to represent the range seismicity conditions and retrofit design classifications outlined in the FEMA P-1100 guidelines for seismic retrofit. The resulting loss models for the Index Building variants are expressed in terms of three outputs: Mean Loss Curves (damage functions), relating expected loss (repair cost) to ground-motion shaking intensity, Expected Annual Loss, describing the expected (mean) loss at a specific building location due to the risk of earthquake damage, calculated on an annualized basis, and Expected RC250 Loss, which is the cost of repairing damage due to earthquake ground shaking with a return period of 250 years (20% chance of exceedance in 50 years). The loss curves demonstrate the effect of seismic retrofit by comparing losses in the existing (unretrofitted) and retrofitted condition across a range of seismic intensities. The general findings and observations demonstrate: (1) cripple walls in houses with exterior wood siding are more vulnerable than ones with stucco siding to collapse and damage; (2) older pre-1945 houses with plaster on wood lath interior walls are more susceptible to damage and losses than more recent houses with gypsum wallboard interiors; (3) two-story houses are more vulnerable than one-story houses; (4) taller (e.g., 6-ft-tall) cripple walls are generally less vulnerable to damage and collapse than shorter (e.g., 2-ft-tall) cripple walls; (5) houses with deficient stem wall connections are generally observed to be less vulnerable to earthquake damage than equivalent unretrofitted cripple walls with the same superstructure; and (6) the overall risk of losses and the benefits of cripple wall retrofit are larger for sites with higher seismicity. As summarized in the report, seismic retrofit of unbraced cripple walls can significantly reduce the risk of earthquake damage and repair costs, with reductions in Expected RC250 Loss risk of up to 50% of the house replacement value for an older house with wood-frame siding at locations of high seismicity. In addition to the reduction in repair cost risk, the seismic retrofit has an important additional benefit to reduce the risk of major damage that can displace residents from their house for many months.
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Brozovsky, Johannes, Odne Oksavik, and Petra Rüther. Temperature measurements in the air gap of highly insulated wood-frame walls in a Zero Emission Building. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541595903_2.

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Especially for wooden wall constructions, ventilated rain-screen walls have been used for many decades to prohibit moisture-induced damage. The air gap behind the façade cladding provides drainage, enhances ventilation, and thus facilitates drying of wetted façade components. The conditions in the air gap behind different cladding materials, however, are still an object of research. In the presented study, the interim findings after more than two years of ongoing measurements in the air gap behind different cladding materials of a zero-emission office building in the high-latitude city of Trondheim, Norway are presented. The results provide valuable insight into the temperature conditions in the air gap of ventilated claddings in order to determine the in-use conditions of building materials and develop improved testing schemes. The results indicate that the air and surface temperature in the air cavity of the walls is strongly influenced by the solar radiation incidence on the facades. Both the highest and lowest values were observed on the roof with 81 °C and -21.9 °C, respectively, at the back side of the building integrated photovoltaic modules, resulting in a total temperature range of almost 103 °C.
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Brozovsky, Johannes, Odne Oksavik, and Petra Rüther. Temperature measurements in the air gap of highly insulated wood-frame walls in a Zero Emission Building. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541595903.

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Especially for wooden wall constructions, ventilated rain-screen walls have been used for many decades to prohibit moisture-induced damage. The air gap behind the façade cladding provides drainage, enhances ventilation, and thus facilitates drying of wetted façade components. The conditions in the air gap behind different cladding materials, however, are still an object of research. In the presented study, the interim findings after more than two years of ongoing measurements in the air gap behind different cladding materials of a zero-emission office building in the high-latitude city of Trondheim, Norway are presented. The results provide valuable insight into the temperature conditions in the air gap of ventilated claddings in order to determine the in-use conditions of building materials and develop improved testing schemes. The results indicate that the air and surface temperature in the air cavity of the walls is strongly influenced by the solar radiation incidence on the facades. Both the highest and lowest values were observed on the roof with 81 °C and -21.9 °C, respectively, at the back side of the building integrated photovoltaic modules, resulting in a total temperature range of almost 103 °C.
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Grexa, Ondrej, Mark A. Dietenberger, and Robert H. White. Reaction-to-Fire of Wood Products and Other Building Materials: Part 1, Room/Corner Test Performance. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-rp-663.

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