Dissertations / Theses: 'Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV)'

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Tominaga, Miwa. "Opportunities for thin film photovoltaics in Building Integrated photovoltaics (BIPV)with a focus on Australia." Thesis, Tominaga, Miwa (2009) Opportunities for thin film photovoltaics in Building Integrated photovoltaics (BIPV)with a focus on Australia. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2009. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/2081/.

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Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) products can not only generate electricity but also provide structural stability, thermal insulation, shading, natural lighting, protection from water and other elements. Thin film photovoltaic cells are favoured over crystalline cells in BIPV applications, due to their physical flexibility, wide ranging options for installation, comparably low cost and aesthetics. Of the total worldwide PV market, thin film technologies contribute only about 10%. However, this is set to change. Third generation thin film PV has the advantages of their flexible substrate and the ability to perform in dim or variable lighting. Their low temperature roll-to-roll manufacturing methods make them economical for large surface areas such as BIPV roofing and facades. First and second generation PV have proven themselves in BIPV installations in products such as tiles, laminates, slates and glazing. Much excitement surrounds Canberra based thin film solar cell company Dyesol and their partnership with strip steel sheeting manufacturers Corus. Together they plan to provide the world with a possible 35GW of BIPV generated energy per annum. There is great potential for BIPV in Australia, with the average Australian residential household being able to generate almost three times their average daily energy use. The $/m2 costs for BIPV products in Australia are fast approaching cost competitiveness with conventional building materials. Some types of thin film PV have already broken through the $1/W manufacturing cost barrier and are speeding towards grid parity with conventional fossil fuel generated electricity. However, there are still many barriers to increasing the use of BIPV which must also be addressed. Government support is critical for BIPV to achieve the potential that it can and to create a level playing field against Australia's well established coal and fossil fuel industries. Some of the measures that the Australian government could introduce in support of BIPV are: • One Australia-wide gross feed-in tariff with extra incentives for BIPV generated electricity, paying 5times the standard rate for electricity. This would also remove the administrative burden on state and territory governments, each with different schemes. • Mandate for all new buildings to be zero emissions by 2016. • Encourage the use of on-site renewables. • Fund large-scale public projects to showcase the BIPV technology. • Support and coordinate with independent regulators so the approval process for the importation of BIPV products is transparent and straight forward. • Provide educational programs that train architects and builders to design BIPV installations. • Fund R&D into thin-film PV technologies and their commercialisation in BIPV applications. • Support cooperation between BIPV manufacturers and others in the value chain. • Support the PV manufacturing industry to attract new facilities to Australia. This provides more green jobs, a highly skilled workforce and supports the PV industry for future generations.

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Lam, King-hang. "Techniques for dynamic modelling of BIPV in supporting system design and BEMS." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B39558460.

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Baig, Hasan. "Enhancing performance of building integrated concentrating photovoltaic systems." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17301.

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Buildings both commercial and residential are the largest consumers of electricity. Integrating Photovoltaic technology in building architecture or Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) provides an effective means for meeting this huge energy demands and provides an energy hub at the place of its immediate requirement. However, this technology is challenged with problems like low efficiency and high cost. An effective way of improving the solar cell efficiency and reducing the cost of photovoltaic systems is either by reducing solar cell manufacturing cost or illuminating the solar cells with a higher light intensity than is naturally available by the use of optical concentrators which is also known as Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) technology. Integrating this technology in the architecture is referred as Building integrated Concentrating Photovoltaics (BICPV). This thesis presents a detailed performance analysis of different designs used as BICPV systems and proposes further advancements necessary for improving the system design and minimizing losses. The systems under study include a Dielectric Asymmetric Compound Parabolic Concentrator (DiACPC) designed for 2.8×, a three-dimensional Cross compound parabolic concentrator (3DCCPC) designed for 3.6× and a Square Elliptical Hyperbolic (SEH) concentrator designed for 6×. A detailed analysis procedure is presented showcasing the optical, electrical, thermal and overall analysis of these systems. A particular issue for CPV technology is the non-uniformity of the incident flux which tends to cause hot spots, current mismatch and reduce the overall efficiency of the system. Emphasis is placed on modelling the effects of non-uniformity while evaluating the performance of these systems. The optical analysis of the concentrators is carried out using ray tracing and finite element methods are employed to determine electrical and thermal performance of the system. Based on the optical analysis, the outgoing flux from the concentrators is predicted for different incident angles for each of the concentrators. A finite element model for the solar cell was developed to evaluate its electrical performance using the outputs obtained from the optical analysis. The model can also be applied for the optimization of the front grid pattern of Si Solar cells. The model is further coupled within the thermal analysis of the system, where the temperature of the solar cell is predicted under operating conditions and used to evaluate the overall performance under steady state conditions. During the analysis of the DiACPC it was found that the maximum cell temperature reached was 349.5 K under an incident solar radiation of 1000 W/m2. Results from the study carried on the 3DCCPC showed that a maximum cell temperature of 332 K is reached under normal incidence, this tends to bring down the overall power production by 14.6%. In the case of the SEH based system a maximum temperature of 319 K was observed on the solar cell surface under normal incidence. An average drop of 11.7% was found making the effective power ratio of the system 3.4. The non-uniformity introduced due to the concentrator profile causes hotspots in the BICPV system. The non-uniformity was found to reduce the efficiency of the solar cell in the range of 0.5-1 % in all the three studies. The overall performance can be improved by addressing losses occurring within different components of the system. It was found that optical losses occurred at the interface region formed due to the encapsulant spillage along the edges of the concentrator. Using a reflective film along the edge of the concentrating element was found to improve the optical efficiency of the system. Case studies highlighting the improvement are presented. A reflective film was attached along the interface region of the concentrator and the encapsulant. In the case of a DiACPC, an increase of 6% could be seen in the overall power production. Similar case study was performed for a 3DCCPC and a maximum of 6.7% was seen in the power output. To further improve the system performance a new design incorporating conjugate reflective-refractive device was evaluated. The device benefits from high optical efficiency due to the reflection and greater acceptance angle due to refraction. Finally, recommendations are made for development of a new generation of designs to be used in BiCPV applications. Efforts are made towards improving the overall performance and reducing the non-uniformity of the concentrated illumination.

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Kondratenko, Irena. "Urban retrofit building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) in Scotland : with particular reference to double skin facades." Thesis, Glasgow School of Art, 2003. http://radar.gsa.ac.uk/4065/.

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Lam, King-hang, and 林勁恆. "Techniques for dynamic modelling of BIPV in supporting system design and BEMS." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39558460.

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Gazis, Evangelos. "Development and diffusion of building-integrated photovoltaics : analysing innovation dynamics in multi-sectoral technologies." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15742.

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The ongoing transformation of the energy system along a more sustainable trajectory requires advancements in a range of technological fields, as well as active involvement of different societal groups. Integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems in the built environment in particular is expected to play a crucial long-term role in the deployment of renewable energy technologies in urban areas, demanding the successful cooperation of planners, architects, engineers, scientists and users. The realisation of that technological change will require innovation at both an individual (within firms and organisations) and a collective (sector) level, giving rise to systemic approaches for its characterisation and analysis of its drivers. This study investigates the processes that either accelerate or hinder the development and diffusion of Building-Integrated PV (BIPV) applications into the market. Affected by developments in both the renewable energy and construction industries, the BIPV innovation system is a multi-sectoral case that has been explored only partially up to now. Acknowledging the fact that drivers of innovation span the globalised BIPV supply chain, this research adopts both an international and a national spatial perspective focusing on the UK. The analysis is based on a novel analytical framework which was developed in order to capture innovation dynamics at different levels, including technological advancements within firms, competition and synergy with other emerging and established innovation systems and pressures from the wider socio-economic configuration. This hybrid functional framework was conceived by combining elements from three academic strands: Technological Innovation Systems, the Multi-Level Perspective and Business Studies. The empirical research is based on various methods, including desktop research, semi-structured interviews and in-depth firm-level case studies. A thorough market assessment provides the techno-economic background for the research. The hybrid framework is used as a guide throughout the empirical investigation and is also implemented in the analytical part of the study to organise and interpret the findings, in order to assess the overall functionality of the innovation system. The analysis has underlined a range of processes that affect the development and diffusion of BIPV applications including inherent technological characteristics, societal factors and wider transitions within the energy and construction sectors. Future approaches for the assessment and governance of BIPV innovation will need to address its hybrid character and disruptiveness with regards to incumbent configurations, in order to appreciate its significance over the short and long term. Methodological and conceptual findings show that the combination of insights from different analytical perspectives offers a broader understanding of the processes affecting innovation dynamics in emerging technologies. Different approaches can be used in tandem to overcome methodological weaknesses, provide different analytical perspectives and assess the performance of complex innovation systems, which may span multiple countries and sectors. By better reflecting complexities, tensions and synergies, the framework developed here offers a promising way forward for the analysis of emerging sustainable technologies.

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Saadon, Syamimi. "Modeling and simulation of a ventilated building integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) envelope." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0049.

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La demande d'énergie consommée par les habitants a connu une croissance significative au cours des 30 dernières années. Par conséquent, des actions sont menées en vue de développement des énergies renouvelables et en particulier de l'énergie solaire. De nombreuses solutions technologiques ont ensuite été proposées, telles que les capteurs solaires PV/T dont l'objectif est d'améliorer la performance des panneaux PV en récupérant l’énergie thermique qu’ils dissipent à l’aide d’un fluide caloporteur. Les recherches en vue de l'amélioration des productivités thermiques et électriques de ces composants ont conduit à l'intégration progressive à l’enveloppe des bâtiments afin d'améliorer leur surface de captation d’énergie solaire. Face à la problématique énergétique, les solutions envisagées dans le domaine du bâtiment s’orientent sur un mix énergétique favorisant la production locale ainsi que l’autoconsommation. Concernant l’électricité, les systèmes photovoltaïques intégrés au bâtiment (BIPV) représentent l’une des rares technologies capables de produire de l’électricité localement et sans émettre de gaz à effet de serre. Cependant, le niveau de température auquel fonctionnent ces composants et en particulier les composants cristallins, influence sensiblement leur efficacité ainsi que leur durée de vie. Ceci est donc d’autant plus vrai en configuration d’intégration. Ces deux constats mettent en lumière l’importance du refroidissement passif par convection naturelle de ces modules. Ce travail porte sur la simulation numérique d'une façade PV partiellement transparente et ventilée, conçu pour le rafraichissement en été (par convection naturelle) et pour la récupération de chaleur en hiver (par ventilation mécanique). Pour les deux configurations, l'air dans la cavité est chauffé par la transmission du rayonnement solaire à travers des surfaces vitrées, et par les échanges convectif et radiatif. Le système est simulé à l'aide d'un modèle multi-physique réduit adapté à une grande échelle dans des conditions réelles d'exploitation et développé pour l'environnement logiciel TRNSYS. La validation du modèle est ensuite présentée en utilisant des données expérimentales du projet RESSOURCES (ANR-PREBAT 2007). Cette étape a conduit, dans le troisième chapitre du calcul des besoins de chauffage et de refroidissement d'un bâtiment et l'évaluation de l'impact des variations climatiques sur les performances du système. Les résultats ont permis enfin d'effectuer une analyse énergétique et exergo-économique
The demand of energy consumed by human kind has been growing significantly over the past 30 years. Therefore, various actions are taken for the development of renewable energy and in particular solar energy. Many technological solutions have then been proposed, such as solar PV/T collectors whose objective is to improve the PV panels performance by recovering the heat lost with a heat removal fluid. The research for the improvement of the thermal and electrical productivities of these components has led to the gradual integration of the solar components into building in order to improve their absorbing area. Among technologies capable to produce electricity locally without con-tributing to greenhouse gas (GHG) releases is building integrated PV systems (BIPV). However, when exposed to intense solar radiation, the temperature of PV modules increases significantly, leading to a reduction in efficiency so that only about 14% of the incident radiation is converted into electrical energy. The high temperature also decreases the life of the modules, thereby making passive cooling of the PV components through natural convection a desirable and cost-effective means of overcoming both difficulties. A numerical model of heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of natural convection of air is therefore undertaken so as to provide reliable information for the design of BIPV. A simplified numerical model is used to model the PVT collector so as to gain an understanding of the complex processes involved in cooling of integrated photovoltaic arrays in double-skin building surfaces. This work addresses the numerical simulation of a semi-transparent, ventilated PV façade designed for cooling in summer (by natural convection) and for heat recovery in winter (by mechanical ventilation). For both configurations, air in the cavity between the two building skins (photovoltaic façade and the primary building wall) is heated by transmission through transparent glazed sections, and by convective and radiative exchange. The system is simulated with the aid of a reduced-order multi-physics model adapted to a full scale arrangement operating under real conditions and developed for the TRNSYS software environment. Validation of the model and the subsequent simulation of a building-coupled system are then presented, which were undertaken using experimental data from the RESSOURCES project (ANR-PREBAT 2007). This step led, in the third chapter to the calculation of the heating and cooling needs of a simulated building and the investigation of impact of climatic variations on the system performance. The results have permitted finally to perform the exergy and exergoeconomic analysis

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Horn, Sebastian. "Bauwerkintegrierte Photovoltaik (BIPV)." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-229719.

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Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Leistungsfähigkeit von PV-Modulen in verschiedenen Fassadensystemen und beschreibt die Entwicklung eines Fassadenpaneels für Pfosten-Riegel-Fassaden, bei welchem die Modultemperatur durch die Integration von Phasenwechselmaterialien (PCM) reguliert wird, um einen höheren Wirkungsgrad zu erzielen.

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Misara, Siwanand [Verfasser]. "Thermal Impacts on Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) (Electrical, Thermal and Mechanical Characteristics) / Siwanand Misara." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1073852482/34.

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Quintana, Samer. "Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) modelling for a demo site in Ludvika based on building information modelling (BIM) platform." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-29078.

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This thesis aims to design and simulate a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system for three demo buildings in Ludvika, Sweden, which is part of the Energy- Matching’s project under the European H2020 research scheme. A literature review was firstly conducted in the area of energy scenarios, engineering tools, methodologies and the workflows in design and building energy modelling. Then, this thesis developed the three-dimensional (3D) building models of the demo site, based on the Revit – a building information modelling (BIM) tool. Next, the PVSITES tool was considered as the main approach to simulate and optimize the BIPV system. Results on the energy output of the dedicated BIPV system, as well as financial costs, were finally obtained. It was found that the optimal location for the BIPV system was on the three buildings south and east faced roofs, with a total area of approximately 800 meters squared (m2) and a yearly irradiance potential between 1020 kilowatts hours per meter squared (kWh/m2) and 925 kWh/m2 respectively. The simulation showed that this BIPV system of 615 m2 with a power of 36 kilowatts-peak (kWp) could yield a maximum of 29,000 kilowatts hours per year (kWh), a 5% of the total yearly energy demand of the building and over the summer, this percentage increases considerably. With the estimated standards costs, the BIPV system have a 12 years payback period and 61% investment ratio over a 20 years period, concluding that a BIPV system on the Ludvika demo building is a feasible project, in terms of energy potential and as well as economically. This thesis also concludes that performing the BIPV simulation on the BIM platform is both reliable and flexible, and also has the potential to be reused, refined and scaled up.

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Sanvicente, Estibaliz. "Experimental investigation of thermal and fluid dynamical behavior of flows in open-ended channels : Application to Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BiPV) Systems." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00961231.

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Among technologies capable to produce electricity locally without contributing to GHG releases, building integrated PV systems (BIPV) could be major contributor. However, when exposed to intense solar radiation, the temperature of PV modules increase significantly, leading to a reduction in efficiency so that only about 14% of the incident radiation is converted into electrical energy. The high temperature also decrease the life of the modules, thereby making passive cooling of the PV components through natural convection a desirable and cost-effective means of overcoming both difficulties. An experimental investigation of heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of natural convection of air in vertical and inclined open-ended heated channels is therefore undertaken so as provide reliable information for the design of BIPV. Two experimental set ups were developed and used during the present investigations; one located at the CETHIL laboratory in Lyon, the F-device and the other located at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, the R-device. Both channels consisted of two wide parallel plates each of which could be subjected to controlled uniform or non-uniform heat fluxes. The investigation has been conducted by analyzing the mean wall temperatures, measured by thermocouples and mean velocity profiles and turbulent quantity distributions of the flow, measured with a PIV system. Flow patterns close to the heated faces were also investigated. The study is particularly focused on the transition region from laminar to turbulent flow. Three different heating geometric arrangements are examined in the modified Rayleigh number range from 3.86 x 105 to 6.22 x 106. The first is a vertical channel with one wall uniformly heated while the other was unheated, the second was a vertical channel in which both walls were non-uniformly heated and the third is an inclined channel uniformly heated from above. In the vertical configurations the width-to-height channel aspect ratio was fixed at 1:15 and in the inclined ones at 1:16. It is shown that the flow is very sensitivity to disturbances emanating from the ambient conditions. Moreover, the propagation of vortical structures and unsteadiness in the flow channel which are necessary to enhance heat transfer, occurred downstream of the mid-channel section at Ra* = 3.5 x 106 for uniformly and asymmetrically heated channels inclined between 60° and 90° to the horizontal. Indeed, these unsteady flow phenomena appears upstream the location of the inflexion point observed in the temperature excess distribution of the heated wall. In the case of non-uniform heating on both sides of the channel, a stronger 'disruption mechanism' exists, which leads to enhanced mixing and increased Reynolds stresses over most of the width of the channel. Empirical correlations of average Nusselt number as a function of modified Rayleigh number were obtained for each configuration.

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Pereira, Ricardo Jorge da Silva. "Design and optimization of building integration PV/T systems (BIPV/T)." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/13382.

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Neste trabalho é analisado, por via numérica e experimental, o comportamento térmico e eléctrico de um sistema fotovoltaico/térmico integrado em edifício, recorrendo a material de mudança de fase para regularização da diferença de temperatura entre interior e exterior e para a estabilização da temperatura do módulo fotovoltaico. Foi realizado uma revisão da literatura sobre o tema. Um modelo de cálculo dos fenómenos de transferência de calor e massa foi desenvolvido, assim como da produção de energia eléctrica, e implementado em software de cálculo Matlab/Simulink®. Paralelamente foram conduzidos ensaios experimentais a fim de analisar o comportamento térmico do sistema e respectiva validação do modelo numérico. De modo a melhorar a eficiência total do sistema, foi aplicado um processo de optimização com o método dos algoritmos genéticos. Do estudo, conclui-se que o sistema pode alcançar uma eficiência máxima total de 64% na configuração de inverno e de 32% na configuração de verão; ABSTRACT: This work presents a numerical and experimental analysis of the thermal and electrical performance of a building integrated photovoltaic/thermal system (BIPV/T), with the use of phase change material for stabilize the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors and a rapid stabilization of the PV modules’ temperature. A literature review was conducted on the topic. A calculation model was developed of the heat and mass transfer phenomena, as well as a model of a photovoltaic module, which were implemented in Matlab/Simulink®. Experimental tests were performed to analyze the thermal performance of the system and the validation of the numerical model. To improve overall system efficiency, an optimization process with the method of genetic algorithms was applied. From the study, it is concluded that the system can achieve a maximum total efficiency of 64% with winter configuration and 32% with summer configuration.

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Lovati, Marco. "Methodologies and tools for BiPV implementation in the early stages of architectural design." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/263544.

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Photovoltaic technology is among the best tools our civilization has to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gas that are currently altering the atmosphere composition of our planet. The idea of using photovoltaic surfaces on the envelope of buildings is called with the acronym of BIPV (building integrated photovoltaics), it offers the advantage of producing energy in the same location of the demand for electricity. Furthermore, BIPV allows to save monetary and environmental costs by substituting building materials with photovoltaic collectors. As every technology,BIPV follows an adoption pattern that is bringing it from a very limited niche product to a pervasive one. Nevertheless, the adoption rate of BIPV appears to be slow, and the industry has offered little opportunities of business for its stakeholders over the last 20 years. There are multiple reasons for this sluggish growth, and a considerable body of scientific literature has offered potential solutions to the problem. The building industry is notoriously slow in picking up innovation, furthermore the BIPV material needs to compete with much more mature, versatile and often cheaper cladding technologies and materials. Numerous research endeavors are focusing on the development of new BIPV claddings to have diversified colors, dimensions, shapes and other properties. The argument is that the technology is not mature and thus cannot be adopted by the bulk of architects and designers. Unfortunately, the premium characteristics of these new materials often come with a higher price and a reduced efficiency, thus reducing their market potential. Other research endeavors, among which this thesis, are focusing on the design of buildings: trying to include the use of photovoltaics into the architectural practice through education and software development. Numerous software has been developed over the last 20 years with the aim of calculating the productivity or the economic outlook of a BIPV system. The main difference between the existing software and the method presented here lies in the following fact: previously, the capacity and positions of a BIPV system are required as input for the calculation of performance, in this method the capacity and positions of the BIPV system are given as the output of an optimization process. A designer whois skeptical or disengaged about the use of BIPV could be induced to avoid its use entirely by the discouraging simulation results given by the lack of a techno-economic optimal configuration. Conversely, a designer who opt for a premium architectural PV material would, thank to the methodology shown, be able to assess the impact its unitary cost has on the optimal BIPV capacity of the building. Ultimately, the method presented provides new knowledge to the designer regarding the use of BIPV on his building, hopefully this can facilitate the spread of BIPV technology. The method described was translated into a software tool to find the best positions and number of PV surfaces over the envelope of the building and the best associated battery capacity. The tool is based on the combined use of ray-tracing (for irradiation calculation) and optimization algorithms, its use led to the following conclusions: • BIPV is profitable under a wide range of assumptions if installedin the correct capacities • 20% of the residential electric demand can easily be covered by PV without the need for electric storage and in a profitable way • Despite an interesting rate of return of the investment, the payback time was generally found to be long (over 10 years) • More research is needed to assess the risk on the investment on BIPV: if found to be low, future financial mechanisms could increase its spread despite the long payback time • The optimal capacity in energy terms (i.e. the energy consumed on-site minus the energy used to produce a BIPV system) tends to be far higher than any techno-economic optimum • The specific equivalent CO2 emissions for an NPV optimal system have been found to be between 70 and 123 [kg CO2 eq/MWh] under the range of assumptions applied • The installation of optimal BIPV capacity could change the overall residential CO2 emission of -12%, +13%, -29% in England, France and Greece respectively • despite the non optimal placement of a BIPV system compared to a ground mounted, south oriented one, and despite the noncontemporaneity of production and consumption, the BIPV still easily outperforms the energy mix of most countries when optimized for maximum NPV. • The part of the building envelope that have the most annual irradiation (i.e. the roof) should not necessarily host the entirety of the system as other facades might have an advantage in terms of matching production and consumption times. • when different scenarios are made in terms of techno-economic input parameters (e.g. degradation of the system, future costs of maintenance, future variation of electricity price etc..) larger capacities are optimal for optimistic outlooks and vice-versa • the optimal capacity for the expected scenario (i.e. the 50 % ile) can be considered robust as it performs close to the optimum in optimistic and pessimistic scenarios alike. • a reduction in price for the electric storage appears to have a positive effect on the optimal capacity of PV installed for the case study considered. • when a group of households is optimized separately V.S. aggregated together, the aggregation have a huge positive effect on all KPIs of the resulting system: in the NPV optimal system of a case study examined the installed capacity ( +118%), the NPV ( +262.2%) and the self-sufficiency( +51%) improved thanks to aggregation.

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Albaz, Abdulkarim. "Investigation into using Stand-Alone Building Integrated Photovoltaic System (SABIPV) as a fundamental solution for Saudi rural areas and studying the expected impacts." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/15844.

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A number of natural resources can be exploited for providing energy, such as the sun, wind, water flow, tides, waves and deep heat generated within the earth. Recently, renewable resources especially that extracted from solar have been significantly encouraged mainly for environmental worries, such as climate change mitigation and global warming, coupled with high oil cost and security and economic matters. The crucial need of energy in human development has also been another important drive pushing the rapid progresses in renewable technologies, which results in both large-scale strategic projects for covering wide urban and rural areas and simple systems suitable for individual buildings. Solar energy has become a widely desired option, especially in high solar radiation areas. The Middle East, especially Gulf region is an ideal geographical area for solar power where it has one of the highest solar irradiation rates across the world. The population in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries is significantly small compared to the geographical areas and populations are distributed mostly throughout huge areas forming small villages and rural communities on substantial distances from the main power networks. In Saudi Arabia, there is a crisis in supplying enough electricity to the large cities and domestic remote area in various parts in the country and a wide range of remote areas still suffer from a severe shortage of power supply. In this project, the opportunity of using small-scale solar energy technologies, such as Stand-Alone Building-Integrated PV (SABIPV) systems has been investigated as an optimal solution for providing solar energy to a great deal of off-grid areas in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the expected short and long-term impacts of such solution have been studied. The study showed that the main reasons behind the crisis in supplying electricity to domestic remote and rural off-grid areas in Saudi Arabia are the weakness of the financial returns compared to the cost of providing the service, the difficulty of the natural topography of areas, high cost of maintenance works, and the regulations of providing electric services in Saudi Arabia. This is in addition to the expected environmental impacts, such as raising the pollution rates in the area and the safety influences of extending the high voltage lines over huge areas. On the other hand, the lack of the necessary infrastructure services, particularly electricity and the looking forward for better level of prosperity lead people who live in countryside and remote areas usually to immigrate to in-grid areas which has several short and long-term negative impacts on economic, social and security sides. This study shows that SABIPV system is a cost-Impactive, powerful, and fundamental solution for all off-grid areas in Saudi Arabia including remote villages and rural communities and providing the same level of electricity services that can be achieved in urban on-grid areas. The system is expected to have positive impacts including reducing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, the expansion of agricultural land and reduce desertification, reducing the influence of high-voltage electrical lines on living organisms, providing adequate electricity service at lower cost, offering more job opportunities for people in remote areas, increasing agricultural and handicraft products, developing the tourism sector in rural areas, reducing the rate of migration from rural areas to the cities, and reducing the slum areas in cities which helps to reduce the rate of crimes, ignorance, the low level of morality, and health and environmental problem.

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Juhlin, Henrik. "Planering, förutsättningar ocheffekter av implementering avsolceller i stadsutvecklingsprojekt." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets elektronik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-148976.

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Today, buildings utilize 40 % of the total energy consumption. New energyrestrictions and directives have entered the construction industry. Photovoltaic is asustainable, clean and quiet solution that integrates well in the urban environment buthave not yet reached a breakthrough on the Swedish market. The conditions for solarenergy production are often set in the early planning stages where they rarely arebeing prioritized.This master of engineering project focuses on identifying problems regardingimplementation of photovoltaic in city development projects and giving suggestions topossible improvements in the planning- and construction process. It also givesrecommendations on how the conditions for energy production can be optimized inthe early zoning stage.By conducting simulations with PVsystV5.21, on three ongoing city developmentprojects in Umeå, Malmö and Stockholm and by carry out and analyzing interviewswith city planners, constructors and architects, some conclusions have been made.Several improvements, both politically, with changes in the subsidization systemand/or instatement of a new law with feed-in tariffs, and within the solar- andconstruction industry itself, with better communication between different parts of theprocess as well as better use of experience, can be made. By including photovoltaic inthe local plan it is possible to give a region large areas with orientation toward south,increasing the solar energy potential with up to 50 % which also increase themotivation for implementing photovoltaic in the project. These are essential for asignificant increase of photovoltaic in city development.

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Sharma, Shivangi. "Performance enhancement of building-integrated concentrator photovoltaic system using phase change materials." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33859.

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Building-integrated Concentrator Photovoltaic (BICPV) technology produces noiseless and pollution free electricity at the point of use. With a potential to contribute immensely to the increasing global need for a sustainable and low carbon energy, the primary challenges such as thermal management of the panels are overwhelming. Although significant progress has been made in the solar cell efficiency increase, the concentrator photovoltaic industry has still to go a long way before it becomes competitive and economically viable. Experiencing great losses in their electrical efficiencies at high temperatures that may eventually lead to permanent degradation over time, affects the market potential severely. With a global PV installed capacity of 303 GW, a nominal 10 °C decrease in their average temperatures could theoretically lead to a 5 % electricity efficiency improvement resulting in 15 GW increase in electricity production worldwide. However, due to a gap in the research knowledge concerning the effectiveness of the available passive thermal regulation techniques both individually and working in tandem, this lucrative potential is yet to be realised. The work presented in this thesis has been focussed on incremental performance improvement of BICPV by developing innovative solutions for passive cooling of the low concentrator based BICPV. Passive cooling approaches are selected as they are generally simpler, more cost-effective and considered more reliable than active cooling. Phase Change Materials (PCM) have been considered as the primary means to achieve this. The design, fabrication and the characterisation of four different types of BIPCV-PCM assemblies are described. The experimental investigations were conducted indoors under the standard test conditions. In general, for all the fabricated and assembled BICPV-PCM systems, the electrical power output showed an increase of 2 %-17 % with the use of PCM depending on the PCM type and irradiance. The occurrence of hot spots due to thermal disequilibrium in the PV has been a cause of high degradation rates for the modules. With the use of PCM, a more uniform temperature within the module could be realised, which has the potential to extend the lifetime of the BICPV in the long-term. Consequentially, this may minimise the intensive energy required for the production of the PV cells and mitigate the associated environmental impacts. Following a parallel secondary approach to the challenge, the design of a micro-finned back plate integrated with a PCM containment has been proposed. This containment was 3D printed to save manufacturing costs and time and for reducing the PCM leakage. An organic PCM dispersed with high thermal conductivity nanomaterial was successfully tested. The cost-benefit analysis indicated that the cost per degree temperature reduction (£/°C) with the sole use of micro-fins was the highest at 1.54, followed by micro-fins + PCM at 0.23 and micro-fins + n-PCM at 0.19. The proposed use of PCM and application of micro-finned surfaces for BICPV heat dissipation in combination with PCM and n-PCM is one the novelties reported in this thesis. In addition, an analytical model for the design of BICPV-PCM system has been presented which is the only existing model to date. The results from the assessment of thermal regulation benefits achieved by introducing micro-finning, PCM and n-PCM into BICPV will provide vital information about their applicability in the future. It may also influence the prospects for how low concentration BICPV systems will be manufactured in the future.

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Eiffert, Patrina. "An economic appraisal of building-integrated photovoltaics." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264530.

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Wilshaw, Alison Ruth. "Building integrated photovoltaics : a case study of the Northumberland Building." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393860.

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Oliver, Mark. "The viability of solar photovoltaics : with specific reference to building integrated photovoltaics cladding systems." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/853/.

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Marín, Sáez Julia. "Design, Construction and Characterization of Holographic Optical Elements for Building-Integrated Concentrating Photovoltaics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669230.

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El principal objectiu d'aquesta tesi és el disseny, construcció i caracterització d'un sistema de concentració solar format per dues lents cilíndriques hologràfiques i una cèl•lula fotovoltaica de silici per integració arquitectònica en façanes. L'ús d'Elements Òptics Hologràfics (EOHs) en lloc d'elements refractius o miralls suposa avantatges com la selectivitat cromàtica i la facilitat d'integració en façanes. D'altra banda, cal fer seguiment en una direcció. Els EOHs han estat dissenyats de manera que s'acobla l'espectre solar amb la resposta espectral de la cèl•lula per obtenir una concentració òptica màxima en el rang espectral desitjat i per tant, corrent elèctrica màxima. S'ha desenvolupat un algoritme de traçat de raigs basat en la Teoria d'Ones Acoblades per analitzar local i globalment EOHs i sistemes hologràfics. Les simulacions han estat validades amb resultats experimentals de EOHs registrats a fotopolímer Bayfol HX. També s'han estudiat EOHs que operen en el règim de transició entre el règim de Bragg i el de Raman-Nath, observant els avantatges que ofereix per a aplicacions d'il•luminació amb espectre ample.
El principal objetivo de esta tesis es el diseño, construcción y caracterización de un sistema de concentración solar formado por dos lentes cilíndricas holográficas y una célula fotovoltaica de Silicio para integración arquitectónica en fachada. El uso de Elementos Ópticos Holográficos (EOHs) en lugar de elementos refractivos o espejos supone ventajas como la selectividad cromática y la facilidad de integración en fachada. Por otro lado, es necesario realizar seguimiento en una dirección. Los EOHs han sido diseñados de forma que se acopla el espectro solar con la respuesta espectral de la célula para obtener una concentración óptica máxima en el rango espectral deseado y por lo tanto, corriente eléctrica máxima. Se ha desarrollado un algoritmo de trazado de rayos basado en la Teoría de Ondas Acopladas para analizar local y globalmente EOHs y sistemas holográficos. Las simulaciones han sido validadas con resultados experimentales de EOHs registrados en fotopolímero Bayfol HX. También se han estudiado EOHs que operan en el régimen de transición entre el régimen de Bragg y el de Raman-Nath, observándose las ventajas que ofrece para aplicaciones de iluminación con espectro ancho.
The main objective of this thesis is the design, construction and characterization of a solar concentrating system formed by two cylindrical holographic lenses and a Silicon PV cell for the scope of façade building integration. The use of Holographic Optical Elements (HOEs) instead of refractive or reflective elements implies advantages such as chromatic selectivity and ease of integration on a façade. On the other hand, tracking is necessary in one direction. The HOEs have been designed to couple the solar spectrum with the spectral response of the PV cell in order to provide maximal optical concentration on the target spectral range and therefore maximal electrical current. A ray-tracing algorithm based on Coupled Wave Theory has been developed to locally and globally analyze HOEs and holographic systems. Simulations have been validated with experimental results of HOEs recorded on Bayfol HX photopolymer. HOEs operating in the transition regime between the Bragg regime and Raman-Nath regime have also been studied, showing the promising advantages it offers for broadband spectrum illumination applications.

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Blewett-Silcock, Tymandra. "The visual impacts of renewable energy systems : UK public perception of building integrated photovoltaics." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324931.

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Mallick, Tapas K. "Optics and heat transfer for asymmetric compound parabolic photovoltaic concentrators for building integrated photovoltaics." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288897.

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Schylander, Anna. "Building-Integrated Photovoltaics for a Habitat on Mars : A Design Proposal Based on the Optimal Location and Placement of Integrated Solar Cells." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-72753.

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The ever-increasing challenges that we face with our consumption of resources on Earth are factors which have prompted researchers to show interest in studying the possibilities of human habitat on other celestial bodies. Mars is a stone planet and is at such distance from the sun that it could be feasible for future settlements with the right technology and solutions. Future missions to Mars rely on solar panels as their primary power system. Utilizing solar architecture is a solution that reduces both a building’s energy consumption and the extent of environmental damage fossil fuels are causing the Earth. This leads to extensive opportunities to explore how we can increase the use of renewable energy using new technologies developed for use on Earth but also for use in the space industry. This study used a qualitative method through literature studies and semi-structured interviews as well as a quantitative method through calculations. The literature study was meant to act as a theoretical base for this study and for the interviews by creating an understanding of the world’s usage of renewable and non-renewable energy sources and how solar power works by the means of photovoltaic cells. The interviews were held to identify the opportunities and obstacles regarding a solar power system on Mars as well as the usage of BIPV (building-integrated photovoltaics) in extreme environments. Mathematical calculations were based on the fundamental geometric shape of a cylinder where the walls were set to be the varying parameter. Six locations on Mars with different coordinates and underlying matters were selected to the study based on the knowledge collected from the literature study and the interviews. Aspects that needs to be considered for building-integrated photovoltaics placed on a building’s envelope on Mars are several. Some of the most crucial are: dust deposition and dust in the atmosphere, a climate with major temperature extremes, the habitats location on the planet and the amount of output energy provided by BIPV partly affected by the Mars-Sun distance. If the fundamental geometric shape of the building is a cylinder, the building’s shape would to form as a truncated cone with smaller wall slopes the closer the equator the habitat is located. If the habitat is placed far away from the equator the walls’ slope, the optimal tilt angle of the photovoltaic module, would be steeper and increase with the higher latitude. The maximized power by using BIPV on a building on Mars is provided as close to the equator as possible due to the big amount of sunlight reaching the surface. If BIPV could be used on the Martian surface is still a relatively extensive hypothesis. Studies about Mars and other planets tend to result in this kind of approach because of the many insecurities that cannot be proven before humans get to the planet or detailed tests have been accomplished and analyzed. A solar power system shows great opportunities for future human missions to Mars but BIPV is not considered an option in the near future without further research and development verifying the option.

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Caballero, Sandra Catalina. "Architectural variations in residences and their effects on energy generation by photovoltaics." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41204.

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In the current global market, there are plenty solutions for the savings of energy in the different areas of consumption in buildings: Green roofs and walls, cool roofs, daylighting, motion sensors, and others but there are very few sources of renewable energy at the reach of a common person in residential (smaller) scale. Photovoltaic systems are the most well-know and reliable process of harvesting energy at this small scale. The relationship between energy demand and energy production when installing a photovoltaics system in a residence is one of the main drivers while making a decision at the time of purchasing a system. However, architectural decisions in early stages may influence, enhance or even decrease the possible energy generation and interior performance, thus influencing the possible return of investment. This study evaluates the possible architectural variations that may be beneficial or disadvantegous at a particular city and other circumstances. From, roof, angle, location, roof articulation, layout articulation , shading devices and others, this paper shows a spectrum of convenient and inconvenient projects due to current conditions like climate, solar radiation, typical construction, electricity rates and government incentives. As a conclusion a hierarchy of architectural elements when being used with photovoltaics is developed to demonstrate that a common user can strategically play with architectural features of his/her house to take the most out of the system.

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Breivik, Christer. "Building Integrated Photovoltaics - A State-of-the-Art Review, Future Research Opportunities and Large-Scale Experimental Wind-Driven Rain Exposure Investigations." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bygg, anlegg og transport, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18807.

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This work consists of three scientific journal articles on the subject building integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs), and was initiated by a student project work which consisted of a major revision and extension of an article on BIPVs (appendix A). BIPVs are photovoltaic materials that replace conventional building materials in parts of the building envelopes, such as the roof covering or facades. BIPV systems may represent a powerful and versatile tool for achieving the ever increasing demand for zero energy and zero emission buildings of the near future. In this respect BIPVs offer an aesthetical, economical and technical solution to integrate solar cells harvesting solar radiation to produce electricity within the climate envelopes of buildings. Firstly, this work summarises the current state-of-the-art of BIPVs, including BIPV foil, tile, module and solar cell glazing products (article 1).Secondly, this work addresses possible future research opportunities and pathways for the BIPVs of tomorrow (article 2).Thirdly, this work illustrates challenges linked to the building envelope properties of a BIPV system, and attempts to develop and evaluate relevant methods for testing the building envelope properties of BIPV systems (article 3). Based on this, a sample roof area with two BIPV modules was built and inserted in a turnable box for rain and wind tightness testing of sloping building surfaces with the purpose of investigating the rain tightness of the BIPV system, and observing how it withstood wind-driven rain at large-scale conditions. The BIPV sample roof went through testing with run-off water and wind-driven rain with incremental pulsating positive differential pressure (overpressure) over the sample at different inclinations. The BIPV sample roof was during testing constantly visually monitored, and various leakage points were detected. In order to prevent such water penetration, the steel fittings surrounding the BIPV modules should ideally be better adapted to the BIPV modules and constricted to some extent. It is however important to maintain a sufficient ventilation rate simultaneously.

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Gyoh, Louis Ember. "Design-management and planning for photovoltaic cladding systems within the UK construction industry : an optimal and systematic approach to procurement and installation of building integrated photovoltaics : an agenda for the 21st century." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6035/.

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Zoubir, Amine. "Etude des transferts thermo-convectifs dans un canal semi-ouvert : Application aux façades type double-peau." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0003/document.

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Notre investigation porte sur la simulation numérique des échanges thermo-convectifs dans un canal vertical ouvert à flux imposé. Cette étude rentre dans le cadre des recherches sur le rafraîchissement passif des composants PV intégrés au bâtiment. À cet effet, un code numérique en Différences Finies est utilisé pour résoudre les équations de Navier-Stokes et simuler la convection naturelle dans un canal. Ce problème reste difficile à résoudre parce que l'écriture des conditions aux limites d'entrée et de sortie reste un problème ouvert. Notre travail consiste d'abord en étude des différentes conditions aux limites pour le benchmark numérique AMETH. Les travaux réalisés ont permis de faire un premier choix sur les conditions aux limites. L'étude s'oriente ensuite sur la qualification et la quantification numériques et expérimentales pour deux fluides : l'air (convection-rayonnement) et l'eau (convection pure). Les résultats numériques/expérimentaux ont été comparés et les discordances ont été analysées. Plusieurs aspects phénoménologiques (rayonnement entre surfaces, variation des propriétés thermo-physiques, variation du nombre de Prandtl) ont été abordés afin de caractériser leurs influences respectives sur l'écoulement et le transfert thermique. Enfin, dans le but d'apporter des éléments de réponses sur les conditions aux limites dynamiques, nous avons simulé la convection naturelle d'un canal dans une cavité et tenté une modélisation
The present investigation deals with natural convection flow in a vertical open-ended channel with wall constant heat flux. This study falls under the framework of research on passive cooling of building integrated PV components. For this purpose, a numerical code developed with Finite Differences scheme is used to solve Navier-Stokes equations and simulate the natural convection in a channel. This problem is difficult to solve because the writing of inlet/outlet boundary conditions remains an open problem. First, our work consists of studying different boundary conditions for the the numerical benchmark AMETH. The work carried out has enabled a first choice of boundary conditions. The study then focuses on numerical and experimental quantification and qualification for two fluids : air ( convection - radiation) and water ( pure convection) . Experimental and numerical results were compared and discrepancies were analyzed. Several phenomenological aspects ( surface radiation, thermophysical properties variation, Prandtl number variation ) were discussed in order to characterize their influence on flow and heat transfer. Finally, in order to provide some answers on dynamical boundary conditions, we simulated natural convection of a channel inside a cavity and tried a modeling

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Alghamedi, Ramzy. "Luminescent solar concentrator structures for solar energy harvesting and radiation control." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2017. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1965.

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Luminescent solar concentrators are devices capable of converting some spectral components of solar radiation by luminescence and concentrating them before collection by photovoltaic. The aim of this thesis is to design, develop and demonstrate the principle of all-inorganic semitransparent luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) structures capable of passing most of the visible light through to provide illumination, while reflecting more than 90% of the UV and IR radiations and scattering them to the edges of the glass where they are collected by PV cells to produce electricity. All-inorganic visibly-transparent energy-harvesting clear laminated glass windows are the most practical solution to boosting building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) energy outputs significantly while reducing cooling- and heatingrelated energy consumption in buildings. A typical semitransparent luminescent solar concentrator is based on the integration of micro-engineered optical structures, nano-materials and IR-selective thin-film coatings, to realise stable, long-lifetime and shatterproof clear glass panels. The ability of the proposed semitransparent luminescent solar concentrators to generate electricity addresses the future net-zero-energy building demand [1, 2], making them ideal candidates for future high-rise glass buildings. The developed semitransparent luminescent solar concentrators employ low-e thin films, which particularly, provide many benefits, including, (i) building overall aesthetic appearance, (ii) low glare and (iii) filtration of unwanted components of the incident sunlight thus increasing the energy saving rating of buildings. The low-e glass panes are typically used in a double glazing structure in order to protect the low-e film from environmental impacts and improve the insulation properties of the semitransparent luminescent solar concentrators in addition to reducing the energy consumed for cooling or heating the inside of buildings. Multi-layer thin film coatings for solar and thermal radiation control are designed, using the Optilayer software package, developed using Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD), and tested using spectrophotometry. Experimental results show that the measured transmittance spectra for the developed structures are in agreement with simulation results and demonstrate that with the use of optimum metal-dielectric layer combination it is possible to transmit/reflect arbitrary spectral components of the incident sunlight. In addition, two types of semitransparent luminescent solar concentrator structures are designed, developed and characterised, namely: 1. LSCs incorporating inorganic luminophore materials into the lamination interlayer. These luminophores, when used in conjunction with spectrally-selective low-e thin-film coatings and CuInSe2 solar cells, enable most of the visible solar radiation to be transmitted through the glass window with minimum attenuation and the ultraviolet (UV) radiation to be down-converted and routed together with a significant part of infrared radiation to the edges for collection by solar cells. 2. Advanced LSCs incorporating inorganic luminophore materials as well as spectrallyselective diffraction gratings as light deflector structures of high visible transparency into the lamination interlayer. For these LSCs, most of the visible solar radiation can be transmitted through the glass windows with minimum attenuation while the ultraviolet (UV) and a part of incident solar infrared (IR) radiation energy are converted and/or deflected geometrically for routing towards the vicinity of glass panel edge regions for collection by solar cells. To boost the solar concentration capability of the laminated glass panes, functionalized epoxy interlayers are especially developed, which comprise UV-curable epoxy and inorganic luminophores with engineered absorption and emission bands. The developed functionalized interlayers demonstrate an excellent ability to scatter and concentrate sunlight within the glass structure with minimum reabsorption. Several materials and combinations of several luminophore types were investigated in order to determine the optimum interlayer structure that exhibits maximum UV and IR radiation scattering, conversion, and deflection towards the edge solar cells. Measured conversion efficiencies of 3.8% and 5.4% are achieved for 10 cm × 10cm LSCs samples without and with diffraction gratings, which correspond to output electrical power densities of 38Wp/m2 and 54 Wp/m2,respectively. A photobioreactor based on the developed semitransparent luminescent solar concentrator technology is developed, in collaboration with Murdoch University, for microalgae growth. An Insulated Glass Units (IGU) employing a special low-e thin film is developed, which passes more than 50% of the visible light while blocking more than 90% of the UV and IR radiations, hence, reducing the temperature inside the photobioreactor and improving the microalgae growth. The growth and productivity of the microalgae in the Insulated Glass

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Brogren, Maria. "Optical Efficiency of Low-Concentrating Solar Energy Systems with Parabolic Reflectors." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3988.

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Eranki, Gayathri Aaditya. "Integrability Evaluation Methodology for Building Integrated Photovoltaic's (BIPV) : A Study in Indian Climatic Conditions." Thesis, 2016. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/2949.

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India’s geographical location renders it with ample solar-energy potential ranging from 4-7 kWh/m2 daily and 2,300–3,200 sunshine hours annually. The diverse nature of human settlements (scattered low-rise to dense high-rise) in India is one of the unexplored avenues of harnessing solar energy through electricity generation using photovoltaic (PV) technology. Solar energy is a promising alternative that carries adequate potential to support the growing energy demands of India’s burgeoning population. A previous study estimates, by the year 2070, with 425 million households (of which utilizing only 20 %), about 90 TWh of electrical energy can be generated utilizing solar energy. PV is viable for onsite distributed (decentralized) power generation offering advantages of size and scale variability, modularity, relatively low maintenance and integration into buildings (no additional demand land). The application of solar PV technology as the building envelope viz., walls, façade, fenestration, roof and skylights is termed Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV). Apart from generating electricity, PV has to also function as a building envelope, which makes BIPV systems unique. Even with a gradual rise in the number of BIPV installations across the world over the years, a common consensus on their evaluation has not yet been developed. Unlike PV in a ground mounted system, its application in buildings as an envelope has huge implications on both PV and building performance. The functions of PV as a building material translates well beyond electricity generation alone and would also have to look into various aspects like the thermal comfort, weather proofing, structural rigidity, natural lighting, thermal insulation, shading, noise protection safety and aesthetics. To integrate PV into a residential building successfully serving the purpose (given the low energy densities of PV and initial cost), would also mean considering factors like the buildings electricity requirement and economic viability. As many studies have revealed, 40% of electricity consumed in a building is utilized for maintaining indoor thermal comfort. Tropical regions, such as India, are generally characterized by high temperatures and humidity attributed to good sunlight, therefore, the externality considered for this study has been the impact of BIPV on the thermal comfort. Passive designs need to regulate the buildings solar exposure by integrating a combination of appropriate thermal massing, material selection, space orientation and natural ventilation. On the other hand, PV design primarily aims to maximize solar to generate maximum energy. The design requirements for climate-responsive building design may thus infringe upon those required for optimal PV performance. Regulating indoor thermal comfort in tropical regions poses a particular challenge under such conditions, as the indoor temperature is likely to be sensitive to external temperature variations. In addition, given current performance efficiencies for various PVs, high initial cost and space requirement, it is also crucial to ascertain PV’s ability to efficiently support buildings energy requirement. Thus, BIPV would require addressing, concurrently, design requirements for energy-efficient building performance, effective PV integration, and societal feasibility. A real time roof integrated BIPV system (5.25 kW) installed at the Center for Sustainable Technologies at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore has been studied for its PV and building thermal performance. The study aims at understanding a BIPV system (based on crystalline silicon) from the technical (climate-responsiveness and PV performance), social (energy requirement and energy efficiency) and economical (costs and benefits) grounds and identifies relevant factors to quantify performance of any BIPV system. A methodology for BIPV evaluation has been proposed (Integrability Methodology), especially for urban localities, which can also be adopted for various PV configurations, building typologies and climatic zones. In the process, a novel parameter (thermal comfort energy) to evaluate the thermal performance of naturally ventilated buildings combining climate-responsiveness and thermal comfort aspects has also been developed. An Integrability Index has also been devised, integrating various building performance factors, to evaluate and compare the performance of BIPV structures. The methodology has been applied to the 5.25 kW BIPV system and the index has been computed to be 0.17 (on a scale of 0 – 1). An insulated BIPV system (building applied photovoltaic system) has been found to be favorable for the climate of Bangalore than BIPV. BIPV systems have also been compared across three different climates (Bangalore, Shillong and Delhi) and given the consideration of the same system for comparison, the system in Delhi is predicted to have a higher Integrability than the other two systems. The current research work is a maiden effort, that aims at developing and testing a framework to evaluate BIPV systems comprising technical, social and economic factors.

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Mousa, Ola. "BIPV/BAPV Barriers to Adoption: Architects’ Perspectives from Canada and the United States." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/8364.

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Solar photovoltaic technology (PV) is a promising clean energy source that assists in climate change mitigation. This is due to solar PV having minimal greenhouse gas emissions when operating compared to burning fossil fuel. Solar PV is also a versatile technology owing to its multiple applications within the built environment. Buildings are responsible for nearly half of the world’s energy consumption; thus, reducing buildings’ energy usage through environmentally-responsive design techniques, in addition to the application of PV products, can not only assist in reducing the energy consumed by buildings, but also contributes to mitigating the adverse effects of climate change. Architects, in particular, play a substantial role in achieving sustainable/environmentally responsive designs; hence, their collaboration is essential. This study investigated American and Canadian architects’ level of awareness and interest in Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) and Building Applied Photovoltaic (BAPV) products. It also aimed to shed light on the barriers that are responsible for slowing down the adoption process. This study was conducted in two phases: a) a web-based survey questionnaire administered to architects who have an active membership in the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (RAIC), and the American Institute of Architects (AIA); b) in-depth interviews with architects and key informants in the solar industry. The results indicated that architects are aware of PV benefits and the products available for buildings’ application; however, they lack essential practical knowledge. Furthermore, the results indicated that PV systems’ capital cost is the major perceived barrier to PV adoption in the building industry. Other reported barriers are: the lack of government financial incentives in some jurisdictions, the problematic grid connection process and the lengthy application lead times. Recommendations based on this study’s results include, but are not limited to, providing financial support mechanisms, simplifying the administrative procedures of financial support mechanisms and grid access permits, and offering education and training to architects through architectural associations and academic institutions.

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Wang, Shin-Fu, and 王信福. "The strategies of feed-in tariffs in building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV)." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03009164599810291072.

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碩士
國立中央大學
營建管理研究所碩士在職專班
97
Feed-in tariffs (FITs) have been an important part of successful renewable energy policy packages in many countries. This study proposed the practical strategies implementing FITs for building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) in Taiwan. The purchase rates for solar photovoltaics renewable electricity were derived. The related experiences of FITs programs in some advanced countries have first been reviewed to determine the variables for modeling. The experimental data have been collected from many sites in Taipei to provide a set of reasonable parameters assuming the FITs scheme will be available. The final results were presented by some common financial metrics such as net present value (NPV), internal ratio of return (IRR) and payback period. Sensitivity analysis were also conducted to demonstrate the impacts from a variety of conditions such as location, PV installed size in Taiwan’s grid-connected systems, residential vs. commercial case. The research concludes: 1. Payback periods vary from case to case with location, residential and commercial cases. 2. Residential FIT is higher than commercial ones at the same subside level due to advantages in tax credit. 3. FIT scheme should be implemented with reasonable IRR. 4. Tariff rates should be adjusted based on the installed capacity and unit cost.

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YU, I.-Ting, and 尤怡婷. "Study in Total Evaluation Method of The Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV)." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03390950234763788279.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
96
Recyclable energy demand grows up fast and relevant policies of photovoltaic advanced activelies in most of countries in national. Regarding with buildings as subject and planning as prerequisite. The purpose of this study is setting up general criterion for the photovoltaic system. This research is mainly focus on building apply PV system in Taiwan, including collation and analysis related subjects, the reference material of architecture design, and drafting four target evaluation items and the standard of evaluations, to establish an easy evaluation formula. The results of proceed review and analysis via the formula can be taken as a reference resources when establishing the evaluation system and target of BIPV in the future in this country. In the research, takes the special expansion cases (total 42) promoted by Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs in the Year 95's to compare with calculating results and the cases which gain subventions, furthermore, to proof the feasibility and rationality of the evaluation formula. The result analyzed shows the highest score cases mostly match with the cases list which gain subventions. It proves this research brings up the formula possess feasibility considerably.

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Yang, Yang. "Towards Application of Selectively Transparent and Conducting Photonic Crystal in Silicon-based BIPV and Micromorph Photovoltaics." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/43348.

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Selectively-transparent and conducting photonic crystals (STCPCs) made of alternating layers of sputtered indium-tin oxide (ITO) and spin-coated silica (SiO2) nanoparticle films have potential applications in micromorph solar cells and building integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs). In this work, theoretical calculations have been performed to show performance enhancement of the micromorph solar cell upon integration of the STCPC an intermediate reflector. Thin semi-transparent hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) solar cells with STCPC rear contacts are demonstrated in proof-of-concept devices. A 10% efficiency increase in a 135nm thick a-Si:H cell on an STCPC reflector with Bragg peak at 620nm was observed, while the transmitted solar irradiance and illuminance are determined to be 295W/m2 and 3480 lux, respectively. The STCPC with proper Bragg peak positioning can boost the a-Si:H cell performance while transmitting photons that can be used as heat and lighting sources in building integrated photovoltaic applications.

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Ying, Tao-Ming, and 英道明. "Integrating Patent Map and User-Orientation Viewpoint to Develop Strategy of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic BIPV." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/csn557.

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碩士
中原大學
企業管理研究所
98
In pace with global economic boom and scientific advance, the modern society demands more and more energy to meet its desperate needs, thus consuming excessively fossil energy and discharge a great volume of carbon dioxide. As a result, it causes such crises as exhausting of such energy and unexpectedly drastic climate change. Therefore, exploiting alternative energy turns out to be a very urgent policy before their eyes faced by all countries on earth. Adapting themselves to this world trends, endless natural resources and zero-pollution solar electrical energy generation unavoidably become their main alternative to develop. Of which Building-integrated photovoltaic（BIPV）has a function of active electricity generation that may realize the goal of ‘energy saving and carbon reduction’ and at the same time be able to create architectural aesthetics , so that it is destined to be the new generation model building chased by all major developed countries. This study will take user-oriented demands as our main axle, use Delphi Method and refer to the opinions of BIPV industries experts to circulate a BIPV-demand questionnaire, through which we count up and conclude the functional demand with the consensus reached by those experts and then follow the requirements of United States Patent and Trademark Office（USPTO）archives to conduct the patent map analysis for the purpose of in-depth understanding the BIPV developing tendency. In addition to this, we use patent technical result array to analyze such result whether exists any gap with the demand of users. As such, not only we can find out the difference between the market demand and the technical supplies, but also we can offer some reference of the future development to market demanders and technical providers. Involving oneself in this global developing trend, the technical life cycle of the BIPV now still stands itself in the rudimentary stage. Some results show that market recognition of the BIPV technique has been favored much more in degree by those experts specialty in the fields of system, manufacture and architecture design. However, it is less noticed by the decision-makers. Statistics reveal that there exist mutual rejection between market demand and patent authorization. Moreover, there also exists difference between the twos in the comprehension of importance. This study concludes that the future development of the BIPV should work hard towards enhancing of its techniques and the standardization of its technical specification. In its early evolution stage, we would like to urge our government to establish a committee of technical standardization and set to formulate national criteria along with specification. Furthermore, we suggest that the BIPV concept should be applied to the public buildings construction first so as to shape such a kind of consensus among the public, then making it possible to coordinate the market technique with the demand of the people. By doing so, it must be conducive to facilitate the prosperity of green construction industry in Taiwan and make our country a green paradise among the whole world.

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Fialho, Tiago André da Rosa. "Metolodolia para sistemas BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaic): Estudo de Caso no Dom Pedro Hotel Lisboa." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/133292.

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O aproveitamento fotovoltaico na envolvente dos edifícios é um tema cada vez mais relevante na produção de energia a partir de fontes de energia renovável, seguindo as novas políticas energéticas. O planeamento de um projeto de uma instalação fotovoltaica torna-se mais acessível com o auxílio de ferramentas de análise energética adequadas. Por este motivo, é necessário desenvolver metodologias de forma a atrair um maior interesse nestes sistemas, visto que a sua presença no mercado ainda é reduzida. A construção de edifícios NZEB, Edifícios com Necessidades Quase Nulas de Energia, pode ser acompanhada de estudos em sistemas BIPV, Building Integrated Photovoltaic, dado que estes sistemas assentam no estudo do aproveitamento fotovoltaico na envolvente dos edifícios onde é possível obter bons resultados de eficiência energética. Deve considerar-se também, que caso o edifício já esteja implantado, é necessário recorrer a diferentes estratégias de maximização da potência e rendimento do sistema, devido, por exemplo, à elevada variedade de dimensões das janelas nas fachadas, algo que podia ser predefinido desde o início do projeto, caso se tratasse de um edifício em construção. Neste estudo foi desenvolvida uma metodologia que permite uma análise rápida e aproximada da realidade, onde são considerados parâmetros, como sombreamentos, irradiância, temperaturas ambiente e da célula, e rendimentos do inversor. Neste estudo de caso, o Dom Pedro Hotel Lisboa disponibilizou o seu modelo estrutural em 2D e os seus dados de consumo energético, onde posteriormente se analisaram e compararam os resultados de três cenários de possível implementação de módulos fotovoltaicos. Adicionalmente, foi possível concluir qual o melhor cenário possível para o Dom Pedro Hotel Lisboa. As conclusões retiradas do desenvolvimento desta dissertação foram que a implementação de um sistema BIPV num edifício já construído apresenta maiores desafios, a inclinação de 90º graus não é a melhor para maximizar a produção mas os resultados são positivos uma vez que é possível ter retorno do investimento em aproximadamente 7 anos no melhor cenário.
The integration of energy systems in buildings envelope is an increasingly relevant topic in the production of energy from renewable energy sources, following the new energy policies. Planning a project for photovoltaic becomes accessible with the help of appropriate energy analysis tools. For this reason, it is necessary to develop frameworks in order to attaract greater interest in these systems. The construction of a NZEB, can be accompanied by studies in BIPV systems as these systems are based on the study of photovoltaic use in the building envelope where it is possible to obtain good energy efficiency results. It should also be considered that if the building is already build, it is necessary to do different strategies to maximize the power and performance of the system, due to wide variety of windoe dimensions on the facades, something that could be made by default since the beginning if it was a building under construction. In this study, it was developt a framework that allos a quick and approximate analysis of reality, where some parameteres are considered, such as shading, irradiance, ambient and cell temperatures, and the efficiency of the inverters. In this case study, Dom Pedro Hotel Lisboa made available its model in 2D and its energy consumption data. Three scenarios of possible implementation of photovoltaic modules in the Hotel were analyzed and compared. Additionally, it was possible to conclude which is the best possible scenario for Dom Pedro Hotel Lisboa. The conclusions drawn were that a implementation of a BIPV system on a finished building has different challenges compared to an unfinished building, a slope of 90 degrees its not the best method to maximize energy prodution but the final results were good since its possible to have a return of the investment in approximately 7 years in the best scenario.

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Beco, Rita Cardoso. "Study of Innovative Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Products and Solutions Based on Thin Film and c-Si Technologies." Master's thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/119721.

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Beco, Rita Cardoso. "Study of Innovative Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Products and Solutions Based on Thin Film and c-Si Technologies." Dissertação, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/119721.

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Κοσκινάς, Αθανάσιος. "Ανάλυση και εξομοίωση φωτοβολταϊκών πλαισίων λεπτών φιλμ." Thesis, 2011. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/4699.

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Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι μέσα από την πειραματική διαδικασία και την επεξεργασία των αποτελεσμάτων να μελετηθούν τα φωτοβολταϊκά πλαίσια τεχνολογίας λεπτών φιλμ (Thin Films Photovoltaics-TFPV) που υπάρχουν διαθέσιμα στο εργαστήριο Ασύρματης Τηλεπικοινωνίας του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών στο Τμήμα Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών και να εξαχθούν συμπεράσματα που θα οδηγήσουν στην κατανόηση της λειτουργίας τους. Η ανάλυσή τους θα διευκρινίσει την λειτουργία τους και σε πραγματικές εφαρμογές. Επιπλέον θα γίνει προσπάθεια πειραματικής εξομοίωσης συνθηκών δοκιμής στους 25οC υπό ηλιακή ακτινοβολία 1000 W/m2 τονίζοντας ότι οι κατασκευαστικές πληροφορίες σε αυτές τις συνθήκες είναι ενδεικτικές και δεν εκφράζουν την συμπεριφορά των πλαισίων σε πραγματικές συνθήκες λειτουργίας. Επίσης θα παρουσιαστεί η επίδραση της τοπικής σκίασης και της αύξησης της προσπίπτουσας ακτινοβολίας σε μέρος ή και σε ολόκληρο το πλαίσιο που προκαλείται από ανάκλαση με τη βοήθεια κατόπτρου. Ειδικότερα παρουσιάζεται η κατάσταση της ενεργειακής πραγματικότητας σήμερα, οι προβληματισμοί για το περιβάλλον, η στροφή στις Ανανεώσιμες Πηγές Ενέργειας και η σημαντικότητα της ενσωμάτωσης φωτοβολταϊκών στα κτήρια. Επίσης παρουσιάζεται η θεωρία της ηλιακής ενέργειας και των φωτοβολταϊκών συστημάτων με τα πλεονεκτήματα και μειονεκτήματά τους. Στην συνέχεια γίνεται αναφορά στη συνδεσιμότητα των φωτοβολταϊκών με την ΔΕΗ και στις ενεργειακές ανάγκες που μπορούν να καλύψουν σε μια κτηριακή εγκατάσταση. Αναλύονται τεχνικές λεπτομέρειες και χαρακτηριστικά μεγέθη των φωτοβολταϊκών στοιχείων καθώς και η εξέλιξη της φωτοβολταϊκής τεχνολογίας ξεκινώντας από το πυρίτιο και καταλήγοντας στα Λεπτά Φιλμ και σε ακόμα νεότερες τεχνολογίες. Στη συνέχεια γίνεται ανάλυση της τεχνολογίας των λεπτών φιλμ προσανατολισμένη στην ενσωμάτωση τους σαν δομικά υλικά σε κατασκευές (BIPV-Building Integrated Photovoltaics).Στην πειραματική διαδικασία επεξηγείται η λογική που ακολουθήθηκε, η πειραματική διάταξη και τα όργανα που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν. Μελετώνται επίσης οι φωτοβολταϊκές παράμετροι και αναλύονται τα πειραματικά δεδομένα. Η ανάλυση γίνεται ως προς την ακτινοβολία, την θερμοκρασία και την εποχή του έτους. Τέλος, τα αποτελέσματα της ανάλυσης, (μέσο ένος προγράμματος στην γλώσσα προγραμματισμού C++), δημιουργούν μια βάση δεδομένων προσπελάσιμη από τον χρήστη για την πρόβλεψη και εξομοίωση των πειραματικών αποτελεσμάτων σε οποιοδήποτε συνδυασμό θερμοκρασίας και ακτινοβολίας.
The purpose of this diploma thesis is to study thin film photovoltaic panels that are available in the wireless communication laboratory in the University of Patras in the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Through the experimental process and processing its results our goal was to extract the conclusions that would lead us to a better understanding of their function. Their analysis will determine their usability in real outdoor PV systems. A simulation of the standard test conditions that are set in 250C temperature and 1000 W/m2 radiation is made, pointing out that this information is unable to indicate the actual function of the panels in outdoor conditions. The effects of partial shadowing and increased radiation with mirror system are also presented. More specifically, the energy reality, thoughts about the environment, the global turn towards the renewable energy sources and the significance of photovoltaic integration in buildings (BIPV- Building Integrated Photovoltaics) are mentioned. The theory of solar energy and photovoltaic technology including its advantages and disadvantages is analyzed. Grid-connected PV systems, their contribution in energy production in buildings and the potential of wide application of BIPV is presented. The advantages of thin film as BIPV materials are also mentioned. The experimental parameters, the logics followed in the set up process and the instruments used are part of the complete analysis of thin film parameters in relation to radiation, temperature and time of the year that the measurements occurred. Finally with a C++, a simulation program was created to predict the behavior of the thin film panels in outdoor conditions.

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40

Yu-ShunChin and 秦鈺舜. "The Fireproof Evaluation on Building Integrated Photovoltaics." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89665703826909313126.

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碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系
103
This study examines the materials used for PV modules via fire resistance experiments, and discusses the safety of using such modules on buildings. The design of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) can be divided into four types: (1) roof coverings, (2) roof attached, (3) façades, and (4) windows. The designs for brightness can be divided into two types, light through and light shield. With regard to fireproofing, some studies note that using methods such as applying metal as a back sheet to PV can achieve a fire rating of 30 minutes. In examining the materials used for solar cells, we tested the cells for both fire resistance and total heat released. The results showed that the Tedlar and one-layer glass structure could satisfy level 2 fire resistance, while the EVA and two-layer glass structure could satisfy level 3. The results also show that the PV catches fire because the adhesive used is flammable, and thus fire resistance can be improved by using a different adhesive. In the small-scale heating furnace experiment which based on CNS12514. The PV module tiles separated from each other and dropped, the PV modules on exposed surface deformed and broken within 30 minutes. However, the tiles on exposed surface had batter fireproof. We applied a water film system to the PV modules in the full-scale heating furnace experiment which based on CNS12514. However, the PV modules have a complex structure, and this deformed and separated from the tempered glass in the experiment. The results showed that the use of a water film system on the exposed surface led to better fire resistance, but could not prevent the tiles from deforming.

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Yu-LiangLiou and 劉育良. "Studies on the Fire Resistance of Building Integrated Photovoltaics." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/uuh53d.

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碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系
105
At present, PV modules are fire-resistant for about 30 min. This study proposes the design of fire-resistant PV modules. In this study, the fire and heat performance of PV modules is evaluated using the CNS 12514-1 testing method. In the test of PV module with insulation materials, there are 3 kinds of fire-resistant methods of polysilicon PV modules and a fire-resistant method of CIGS thin-film PV module. Polysilicon PV modules with a calcium silicate board (ITRI), a phenova insulation board (ITRI), a gypsum board(ITRI) as exposed surfaces, respectively, were tested. There were wire holes on the back board of the PV modules in the three designs. The holes degraded fire resistance. And in the fire-resistance test of CIGS thin-film PV module with a calcium silicate board as exposed surfaces. The result shows no flame sprung up in the 2 h of testing. Although the design had better integrity, the insulation of the PV module was failure. Moreover, CIGS thin-film PV module with water film was placed on the exposed surface in 2 h of testing. After adjusting the water film flow, thickness and coverage of system, there is no flame sprung up in the 2 h of testing. PV module with water film had 2 h of fire and heat resistance. PV modules with and without a water jacket were tested. The effect of water circulation in the water jacket on the temperature change of the PV module was investigated. A PV module with a water jacket can reduce the heat of the PV module caused by sunshine and power generation of building. In the full-scale heating furnace test, PV modules with an aluminum, calcium silicate, and gypsum boards, respectively were tested. Wire holes in the PV modules on the exposed surface allowed flames to pass through, degrading fire performance. Before the PV module vertical fire spread test, the output voltage and current of the PV module were set to 3 V and 0 A, respectively. When the oil pan ignited, the PV module was affected by the brightness of the flame and the radiation, and the output voltage and current increased. The heat of the flame led to the glass and interlayer compounds in the PV module to break and peel, sharply reducing the output voltage and current. The output voltage and current of the PV module decreased to 0 V and 0 A, respectively. For the fire spread test of the PV module used in curtain wall. We built the apparatus for testing the fire-resistant performance of the exterior curtain wall in ASTM E2307-15b which was selected in the national regulations to carry out the standard test for the exterior PV module curtain wall or other kinds of curtain wall. In the first-time calibration test, the error of temperature profile may be due to the fuel not being directly indicated in ATSM E2307-15b, but that of NFPA 285 being natural gas (NG). The fuel used for this test is LPG, not NG. Because the two heating values are significantly different, a conversion is needed, and the gas flow must be adjusted before next calibration test.

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黃培育. "Design and Implementation of a Building-Integrated Photovoltaics AC Module." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74055891643183512626.

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碩士
明新科技大學
電機工程研究所
98
This project proposes the design of a building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) AC module. The advantage of the design is that the output of each photovoltaic board can be directly connected the AC module, and then connected to the AC grid line, so that each PV board can work independently without the necessity of series or parallel connection to other PV boards. In this way, the situation of one PV board’s failing would not affect the overall system operation. This also makes it easy and convenient for system maintenance. The design of the AC module will be realized by digital control method to meet the requirement of high efficiency of power conversion. The controlled model of the BIPV converter will be constructed. The controller of the converter will be designed, and then simulated in the Matlab/Simulink, PowerSIM, and ModelSim cosimulation environment for analysis of the system performance. The designed controller circuit will be downloaded to an FPGA board to verify the functions of system.

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Balabadhrapatruni, Aswini. "Residential Use of Building Integrated Photo Voltaics." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-05-9443.

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Building Integrated Photo Voltaics (BIPVs) are devices which are manufactured to replace building components exposed to sufficient sunlight to generate energy. Photo Voltaic Roof tiles are Building Integrated components which can be used instead of traditional roofing materials. The following thesis is focused on comparing traditional, cheaper asphalt roof tiles with Photo Voltaic (PV) roofing tiles in terms of energy cost savings during their respective Net Present Values. The method used for achieving this is computer simulation made possible by software named "Solar Advisory Model" (SAM), developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL), to simulate energy output and resultant energy costs saved. The simulations have been run on a prototype example of a model of a dwelling unit's roof area. The simulations have been repeated for 35 cities all over the U.S.A. for 5 different climatic zones on the same prototype example of the dwelling unit. Similarly, the roof area being laid with an array of PV roof tiles has been estimated for coverage by traditional asphalt roof shingles by using data from the RS Means construction costs data. The estimated costs associated with the asphalt roof area have been adjusted to a different set of 35 locations from the 5 climatic zones by using the location factor from RS Means. A statistical analysis was done to analyze the data, net present value of roofing materials being the dependent variable versus climatic zones and roofing material as the independent variables. The statistical model also included CDD (Cooling Degree Days) and HDD (Heating Degree Days) as co-variates. The results indicate that NPV (Net Present Value) of BIPV roof is significantly different from that of asphalt roof. Another statistical analysis was done to determine the effect of climatic zones on energy savings due to the use of BIPV roofing. Energy savings (in US$) was used as a dependent variable, and climatic zone as the independent variable. HDD AND CDD were also included in this model as co-variates. The results of this test indicate that both climatic zone and HDD have an effect on total energy savings.

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Robinson, Leanne. "Numerical and experimental study of semi-transparent photovoltaics integrated into commercial building facades." Thesis, 2009. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/976661/1/MR67308.pdf.

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Semi-transparent photovoltaics (STPV) have a large potential for integration in fenestration systems, adding the option of solar electricity production while still allowing for satisfaction of daylight needs. In office buildings, where the trends in architecture already include large glazed façades, and lighting loads constitute a significant portion of the overall energy consumption and, the integration of this technology is intuitive. This thesis studies the potential of using either spaced opaque PV (photovoltaics) or thin-film PV and examines the impact of changing the PV area ratio (ratio of photovoltaics coverage to fenestration area) on the façade. It includes a verification of the workplane illuminance and PV output simulation models through comparison with measured data from an experimental office with a specially built full-scale prototype of a window with spaced solar cells. The thesis addresses the issue of optimizing the PV area ratio for a simplified model based on a typical office in Montreal with an evenly divided south facing 3-section façade, which is an optimized façade concept that allows for view, adequate daylight and reduced heating/cooling loads. Several parametric variations are taken into consideration including façade orientation, site location, PV efficiency, lighting control strategies and shading device transmittance. The annual simulation results show that a façade with integrated STPV has the potential to improve the overall energy performance when compared with opaque PV due to the significant daylighting benefits even at low transparency ratios. At approximately 90% PV area ratio in the upper section of the façade, the daylighting needs of the room are met; at higher PV area ratios the lighting loads increase rapidly and at lower ratios, the additional natural lighting does not enhance the performance further.

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Ascenção, Joana Gonçalves de. "Technology exploitation: the case study of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells in Building Integrated Photovoltaics." Master's thesis, 2018. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/116891.

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Ascenção, Joana Gonçalves de. "Technology exploitation: the case study of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells in Building Integrated Photovoltaics." Dissertação, 2018. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/116891.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV)'

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