Relevant bibliographies by topics / Building life cycle stage

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Building life cycle stage'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Building life cycle stage"

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Xiong, Hai Bei, Chao Zhang, Jiang Tao Yao, and Yang Zhao. "Environmental Impact Comparison of Different Structure Systems Based on Life Cycle Assessment Methodology." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.405.

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Life cycle assessment (LCA) has become an international recognized method to estimate the environmental impacts of a building during its life. A building’s environmental impacts can be divided into two parts－impacts in the service stage and impacts in other stages of its life cycle. Other stages comprise material acquisition stage, constructing stage and final disposal stage. In life cycle except service stage, the LCA analysis was made on a timber structure teaching building using Athena software Eco-calculator. Then the teaching building is assumed to be redesigned adopting the structure of RC-frame and steel frame respectively. And the LCA analysis was made on the two assumed buildings too. By comparing the results, the conclusion can be drawn that timber buildings have lower environmental impact indexes compared with that of RC-frame and about the same with that of steel structure. The aboard usage of the timber structure instead of RC-frame structure can result in good environment performance. In service stage, if a sensible thermal insulation scheme is also considered, a great amount of energy will be saved, and the environmental impact of a building can be made minimum.
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Shang, Mei, and Haochen Geng. "A study on carbon emission calculation of residential buildings based on whole life cycle evaluation." E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126104013.

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The whole life cycle carbon emission of buildings was calculated in this paper. Based on the whole life cycle evaluation theory, a carbon emission calculation model was established by using a single urban building as an example. The whole life cycle building of carbon emission calculation includes five stages: planning and design, building materials preparation, construction, operational maintenance, as well as dismantlement. It provides a reference for standardizing the calculation process of building carbon emissions by analyzed the carbon emissions and composition characteristics of each stage of the life cycle of the case house. The calculation results demonstrate that the carbon emission during the operational maintenance and building materials preparation stages in the whole life cycle of the building account for 78.05% and 20.59% respectively. These are the two stages with the greatest emission reduction potential.
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Khan, Jam Shahzaib, Rozana Zakaria, Eeydzah Aminudin, Nur Izie Adiana Abidin, Mohd Affifuddin Mahyuddin, and Rosli Ahmad. "Embedded Life Cycle Costing Elements in Green Building Rating Tool." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 4 (April 27, 2019): 750–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091284.

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Green Building rating tools are the essential need of this era, to cope up with the sustainable development goals, climate change, and natural resource degradation through buildings. Realization of green building incentives decently increased within past few decades with abrupt declination in real estate markets and economic depletion has decelerated the interest of investors towards the green building projects. This research calculates influence of costing elements in MyCREST (IS-design) using questionnaire survey distributed amongst qualified professionals (QP’S) of green buildings and expert practitioners. Firstly, factor score and then weightage factor was performed to produce the final result with weightage output for evaluating weighatge and ranking of the relevant criteria of MyCREST and life cycle cost elements respectively. It is found that the criteria of storm water management has weighatge of 0.236 as highest and criteria environmental management plan (EMP) as 0.061 as lowest. Research also identified another perspective by finding association of cost element at design stage of MyCREST and found that management cost is highly associated at design stage with the value of 87.7%. The outcome of this research will add value to green building development and map road towards sustainable development using green building tools to uplift quality of life. Furthermore, this paves a way to integrate various stages of MyCREST with life cycle costing tool to potentially contribute in evaluating cost association through green building rating tool.
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Volkov, Andrey, Vitaliy Chulkov, and Dmitriy Korotkov. "Life Cycle of a Building." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 2577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.2577.

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The article is considering the problem of resource management to support building in a functional condition. It offers the approach of forming infographic model of a building. It examines info graphic model of building’s lifecycle, infographic model of how to evaluate whether building construction process corresponds with project solution as well as infographic model of building lifecycle stages.
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Wang, Yuanfeng, Bo Pang, Xiangjie Zhang, Jingjing Wang, Yinshan Liu, Chengcheng Shi, and Shuowen Zhou. "Life Cycle Environmental Costs of Buildings." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 14, 2020): 1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061353.

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Energy consumption and pollutant emissions from buildings have caused serious impacts on the environment. Currently, research on building environmental costs is quite insufficient. Based on life cycle inventory of building materials, fossil fuel and electricity power, a calculating model for environmental costs during different stages is presented. A single-objective optimization model is generated by converting environmental impact into environmental cost, with the same unit with direct cost. Two residential buildings, one located in Beijing and another in Xiamen, China, are taken as the case studies and analyzed to test the proposed model. Moreover, data uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of key parameters, including the discount rate and the unit virtual abatement costs of pollutants, are also conducted. The analysis results show that the environmental cost accounts for about 16% of direct cost. The environmental degradation cost accounts for about 70% of the total environmental cost. According to the probabilistic uncertainty analysis results, the coefficient of variation of material production stage is the largest. The sensitivity analysis results indicate that the unit virtual abatement cost of CO2 has the largest influence on the final environmental cost.
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Ou, Xiao Xing, and De Zhi Li. "Research on Techniques of Reducing the Life Cycle Carbon Emission at Building Design Stage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 2306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.2306.

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Constructing low carbon building is inevitable at low carbon economy era. Design is a dominating influence in building life cycle. To design low carbon buildings, this article studies some reasonable design techniques. The article analyses relevant professions of design and puts forward the main techniques and methods during building design stage for reducing carbon emission. These techniques are critical to building life cycle.
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Vorontsova, Оlga, Yuliya Shvets, and Svetlana Sheina. "The use of information technology in the DSTU new campus business center life cycle operational phase management." E3S Web of Conferences 281 (2021): 01043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128101043.

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The article describes the information technology effective use possibilities in the building technical condition management within the operational phase of the building’s life cycle. In the course of the work, the most important stage for assessing the application of technologies is the operation stage, which is the longest and most expensive in the life cycle of a building. The main characteristics of the designed object are given. The main benefits from the information technologies use at the stage of building operation are outlined. The building life cycle cost analysis for three operational models is presented.
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Tabrizi, Toktam B., and Arianna Brambilla. "Toward LCA-lite: A Simplified Tool to Easily Apply LCA Logic at the Early Design Stage of Building in Australia." European Journal of Sustainable Development 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n5p383.

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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), developed over 30 years ago, has been helpful in addressing a growing concern about the direct and indirect environmental impact of buildings over their lifetime. However, lack of reliable, available, comparable and consistent information on the life cycle environmental performance of buildings makes it very difficult for architects and engineers to apply this method in the early stages of building design when the most important decisions in relation to a building’s environmental impact are made. The LCA quantification method with need of employing complex tools and an enormous amount of data is unfeasible for small or individual building projects. This study discusses the possibility of the development of a tool that allows building designers to more easily apply the logic of LCA at the early design stage. Minimising data requirements and identifying the most effective parameters that promise to make the most difference, are the key points of simplification method. The conventional LCA framework and knowledge-based system are employed through the simplification process. Results of previous LCA studies in Australia are used as the specific knowledge that enable the system to generate outputs based on the user’s inputs.Keywords: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), early design stage, most effective parameters, life cycle environmental performance
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Cheng, Baoquan, Jingwei Li, Vivian W. Y. Tam, Ming Yang, and Dong Chen. "A BIM-LCA Approach for Estimating the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Large-Scale Public Buildings: A Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020685.

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Exiting green building assessment standards sometimes cannot work well for large-scale public buildings due to insufficient attention to the operation and maintenance stage. This paper combines the theory of life cycle assessment (LCA) and building information modeling (BIM) technology, thereby proposing a green building assessment method by calculating the greenhouse gas emissions (GGE) of buildings from cradle to grave. Life cycle GGE (LCGGE) can be divided into three parts, including the materialization stage, the operation and maintenance stage, and the demolition stage. Two pieces of BIM software (Revit and Designbuilder) are applied in this study. A museum in Guangdong, China, with a hot summer and warm winter is selected for a case study. The results show that BIM can provide a rich source of needed engineering information for LCA. In addition, the operation and maintenance stage plays the most important role in the GGE reduction of a building throughout the whole life cycle. This research contributes to the knowledge body concerning green buildings and sustainable construction. It helps to achieve the reduction of GGE over the whole life cycle of a building. This is pertinent to contractors, homebuyers, and governments who are constantly seeking ways to achieve a low-carbon economy.
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Mao, Guozhu, Hao Chen, Huibin Du, Jian Zuo, Stephen Pullen, and Yuan Wang. "ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND EFFECTIVE MEASURES OF GREEN OFFICE BUILDINGS: A LIFE CYCLE APPROACH." Journal of Green Building 10, no. 4 (November 2015): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.10.4.161.

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The last few decades have witnessed a rapid development of green buildings in China especially the office sector. The life cycle assessment (LCA) approach has potential to weigh the benefits and costs associated with green building developments. Essentially, the LCA method evaluates the costs and benefits across a building's life cycle with a system approach. In this study, a green office building in Beijing, China, was analyzed by life cycle assessment to quantify its energy use and evaluate the environmental impacts in each life cycle stage. The environmental impacts can be reduced by 7.3%, 1.6% and 0.8% by using 30% gas-fired electricity generation, increasing the summer indoor temperature by 1°C, and switching off office equipment and lighting during lunchtime, respectively. Similarly, by reusing 80% of the selected materials when the building is finally demolished, the three major adverse environmental impacts on human health, ecosystem quality, and resource depletion can be reduced by 11.3% 12.7%, and 7.1% respectively. Sensitivity analysis shows that electricity conservation is more effective than materials efficiency in terms of a reduction in environmental impacts. These findings are useful to inform decision makers in different stages of the green building life cycle.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Building life cycle stage"

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Jalaei, Farzad. "Integrate Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Sustainable Design at the Conceptual Stage of Building Projects." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32536.

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Lately the construction industry has become more interested in designing and constructing environmentally friendly buildings (e.g. sustainable buildings) that can provide both high performance and monetary savings. Analyzing various parameters during sustainable design such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and energy consumption, lighting simulation, green building rating system criteria and associated cost of building components at the conceptual design stage is very useful for designers needing to make decisions related to the selection of optimum design alternatives. Building Information Modeling (BIM) offers designers the ability to assess different design options and to select vital energy strategies and systems at the conceptual stage of proposed buildings. This thesis describes a methodology to implement sustainable design for proposed buildings at their conceptual stage. The proposed methodology is to be implemented through the design and development of a model that simplifies the process of designing sustainable buildings, evaluating their Environmental Impacts (EI), assessing their operational and embodied energy and listing their potential accumulated certification points in an integrated environment. Therefore, a Decision Support System (DSS) is developed by using Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques to help design team decides and selects the best type of sustainable building components and design families for proposed projects based on three main criteria (i.e. Environmental, Economical factor «cost efficiency » and Social wellbeing) in an attempt to identify the influence of design variations on the sustainable performance of the whole building. The DSS outcomes are incorporated in an integrated model capable of guiding users when performing sustainable design for building projects. The proposed methodology contains five modules: 1) Database Management System (DBMS), 2) Energy and lighting analysis, 3) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), 4) LEED and 5) Life Cycle Cost (LCC). To improve the workability of the proposed model, a use case of abovementioned modules are going to be created as plug-ins in BIM tool. The successful implementation of such a methodology represents a significant advancement in the ability to attain sustainable design of a building during the early stages, to evaluate its EI, and to list its potentially earned certification points and associated soft costs.
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Ravan, Nazila. "A Study on Life Cycle Assessment-based Tool for the Early Stage of Building Design." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-241434.

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The responsibility of the building sector to diminish the harmful environmental impacts, locally and globally, has been extensively considered. Thus, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in building and construction practices has been widely implemented. Among several available EIA methods, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the only standardized method which provides a holistic overview of environmental impacts to support the decision-making process. However, there are several barriers that hinder the process of implementing the LCA-based tools in the building sector. Specifically, the demand for a simplified LCA-based tool adapted to the early stage of the building design is rather high. Recently, the Construction Sector's Environmental Calculation Tool (Byggsektorns Miljöberäkningsverktyg BM v1.0) is developed to assist non-experts without knowledge of LCA. Architects, as one of the main target groups of the BM tool, have limited knowledge about the LCA approach due to its complexities; further, the architects have their own requirements for applying an LCA-based tool towards leveraging in the early design process. Hence, it leads to scepticism whether the BM tool has been so far successful to entice the architects' attention towards employing the BM tool in that process. This master thesis aimed to investigate if the newly-developed LCA-based tool, namely the BM tool, is a desirable choice for architects to evaluate the environmental impacts of their design at the early stage of building design. To be able to perceive more deeply the BM tool, as an environmental assessment and a decision support tool for architects, two main procedures, i.e., quantitatively and qualitatively, were employed to cover different technical and functional angles of the tool: (i) an LCA-based carbon footprint assessment for two reference buildings along with comparing the achieved results with the simplified Environmental Load Profile (ELP-s) tool, plus (ii) using a framework included various criteria for LCA- based tools in the early stage of building design. The findings from the quantitative analysis were consistent so that the concrete frame building produces a greater amount of carbon footprint during the stages A1 to A4 compared to the wooden frame building. The considerable deviation was related to the carbon footprint of aluminium profile in the material production stage. This could be due to the fact that in the BM database it is not specified whether aluminium profile was recycled or not. Regarding the carbon footprint in material transport stage, the inconsistent results were mostly linked to the default values in the BM database in which values for two of the main parameters (distance and mode of transport) differed. Particularly, the absence of boat as a transport mode and an error related to an unneeded distance value for concrete transport were identified in the BM database. The framework, used to evaluate the desirability of the BM tool for architects, suggests several criteria required for an LCA-based tool implementation in the early design. The outcome indicated that the majority of criteria, not satisfied by the BM tool, were related to the geometry parameter and associated 3D model. Thus, in order to make the decision-making process, desirable for architects in the early stage of building design, the two parameters, i.e., material and geometry, should be utilized in parallel. On the one hand, the LCA methodology in the BM tool is simplified in a way that makes the process comprehensible and easy to learn for non-LCA-experts. Since the tool is under the development, minor amendments would make the carbon footprint evaluation robust for the early stage of design. On the other hand, from the requirements of the architects' point of view, the fundamental modifications are needed in the structure of the tool. If architects intend to work with such an LCA-based tool, they have to make an extra effort to translate the resulted information from the environmental assessment tool to the inputs of the modelling tool and vice versa. This leads to an undesirable and inefficient design process for architects.
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Haugsbakk, Frida. "Evaluations of how carbon dioxide calculations can be integrated into 3D models at an early design stage for more efficient Life Cycle Assessments on buildings." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230168.

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Life Cycle Assessments on buildings and various environmental certificates are starting to become customary for newbuilding projects in Sweden. Building materials play a big part in a building’s environmental impact. Earlier research indicates that Life Cycle Assessments is not a routine in today’s construction process and it may depend on uncertainties in the methods of quantifying carbon dioxide emissions. This master thesis focuses on how equivalent carbon dioxides, a standard unit to quantify greenhouse gas emissions, of building materials can be integrated with Building Information Modelling. Through meetings with experts in the field, data has been collected. A 3D model of a house was built in order to evaluate both an integration with a cost calculation tool and directly with the 3D model. The results showed how the cost calculation tool works for calculations of equivalent carbon dioxides, early in the pre-construction phase. Difficulties in finding corresponding materials in their database were found and issues with summarizing carbon dioxide data. The integration directly into the 3D model, with visual programming, proved an insert for each materials’ carbon dioxide emissions worked. This allows further updates throughout the building process. It was also possible to import material information to a carbon dioxide calculation tool. This evaluation opened up a possibility to change and update carbon dioxide emissions at an early design stage of a building process with Building Information Modelling along with a need of organizational change due to today's traditional building processes.
Livscykelanalyser på byggnader och olika typer av miljöbyggnads-certifieringar blir allt vanligare för nya byggprojekt i Sverige. Materialet i en byggnad spelar en stor roll av hela byggnadens miljöpåverkan. Tidigare forskning indikerar att livscykelanalyser inte är en rutin i dagens byggprocesser vilket kan bero på att osäkerheter i de olika metoderna bakom koldioxidberäkningar. Den här artikeln fokuserar på hur koldioxidekvivalenter av byggnadsmaterial kan bli integrerade med Byggnadsinformationsmodellering. Genom möten med experter i området har datainsamling gjorts för det ändamålet. För att undersöka integreringen byggdes en 3D-modell upp och som senare användes för beräkningar av koldioxidutsläpp i ett kostnads-kalkyleringsverktyg samt undersöka hur en införing av koldioxidekvivalenter direkt i 3D-modellen kunde göras. Resultaten visade hur kostnads-beräkningsverktyget fungerar för beräkningar av koldioxidekvivalenter, tidigt i byggprocessen. Svårigheter i att hitta motsvarande material i kalkyleringsverktygets databas upptäcktes under utvärderingen samt en sammanfattande rapport för beräkningarna. Integrationen direkt i 3D-modellen med visuell programmering visade att en inmatning av koldioxidutsläpp för varje material fungerade vilket möjliggör uppdateringar under hela byggprocessen. Det var också möjligt att importera materialinformation till ett koldioxidberäkningsverktyg. Det öppnar upp möjligheter att ändra och uppdatera koldioxidutsläpp för material tidigt i byggprocessen med hjälp av Byggnadsinformationsmodellering och visar behov av organisationsförändringar på grund av dagens traditionella byggprocess.
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Foitlová, Lucie. "Hodnocení stavebního projektu z hlediska celoživotních nákladů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371824.

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The theoretical part deals at the beginning with evaluation of effectiveness of the project, as well as with the information about individual stages of the life cycle of the building, wear and tear of the buildings, lifetime of the elements and whole life costs of the building that are of particular interest to the investor. In conclusion, there are mentioned wastes and emissions. The thesis is completed by a case study of the family house where the whole life costs of the building life cycle are solved.
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Nováček, Michal. "Pokročilé uplatnění BIM při návrhu stavebních objektů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392305.

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This thesis deals with a Building Information Model (BIM) and its advanced use in construction practice. It focuses on the usage of BIM model in the determination of pressure drop in ventilation pipelines. An application able to calculate the pressure drop in a pipeline branch based on the geometrical parameters of the BIMs of structures was created within the work.
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Karlapudi, Janakiram. "Enhancement of BIM Data Representation in Product-Process Modelling for Building Renovation." Springer Nature, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A73520.

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Building Information Modelling (BIM) has the potential to become a technology which will help to use a holistic information repository to generate and represent relevant information in different building life-cycle stages (BLCS) to dedicated groups of stakeholders. However, the scope of model components of BIM data (e.g., IFC meta-data) is limited and some parts of it are not modelled in a manner that supports the diversity of engineering use cases. This paper aims to address this deficit by identifying the capability to formulate inference rules as one of the major benefits in the ontology-based information modelling approach. However, before one can formulate inferencing rules a detailed and in-depth understanding is required on how stakeholder information needs are defined in different BLCS and on how available, open-BIM meta-data models support these information requirements. Therefore, the research progressed initially on existing definitions for Level of Detail (LOD) and selected process-modelling standards (BLCS). In the subsequent part, different renovation Activities and the Stakeholder involvements are analysed. Use cases are defined and used as a grouping mechanism for selected scenarios. Based on these grouping mechanisms, a methodology of how components of a BIMmodel could be classified to support automated inferencing in the future. The outcome of this research is an established 6-dimensional intercommunication framework (LOD, BLS, Scenarios, Stakeholders, Use Cases, BIM model data) based on the Linked Building Data approach and focusing on renovation processes optimization. Based on the framework, a renovation Product-Process Modelling ontology is developed to connect existing components and to support new interoperable applications.:Abstract 1 Introduction and Backgroung 2 Renovation Framework 2.1 Level of Detail (LOD) 2.2 Building Life-Cycle Stage 2.3 Activity and Stakeholder 2.4 BIM Object (Product Information) 2.5 Use Cases 3 Product-Process Ontology 3.1 Activity – BIM Data – LOD 3.2 BLCS – Activity – Stakeholder 4 Validation 5 Conclusion 6 Future Work References
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Dong, Yahong, and 董雅紅. "Life cycle sustainability assessment modeling of building construction." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206665.

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Building industry is one of the most influential economic sectors, which accounts for 10% of the gross domestic product (GDP) globally and 40% of the world energy consumption. To achieve the goal of sustainable development, it is necessary to understand the sustainability performance of building construction in the environmental, the economic and the social aspects. This study quantitatively evaluates impacts of building construction in the three aspects by using the recently developed life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) methodology, in which environmental life cycle assessment (ELCA), environmental life cycle costing (ELCC), and social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) are integrated. The scope of this research covers ‘cradle-to-site’ life cycle stages, from raw material extraction to on-site construction. Three life-cycle models are developed, namely the Environmental Model of Construction (EMoC), the Cost Model of Construction (CMoC), and the Social-impact Model of Construction (SMoC). EMoC is a comprehensive ELCA model that evaluates environmental impacts of building construction by considering eighteen impact categories. CMoC is an ELCC model that provides analyses on construction costs and externalities. SMoC is an innovative S-LCA model being able to quantify social impacts of building construction in thirteen social impact categories. The three models are then integrated into a newly proposed LCSA framework. In order to select an appropriate LCIA method for EMoC, the differences among existing life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods are investigated. It is found that LCIA methods are consistent in global impact categories, while inconsistent in regional impact categories. ‘ReCiPe’ is selected as the LCIA method to be used in EMoC. Midpoint and endpoint approaches of ‘ReCiPe’ can lead to different interpretations. Endpoint approach emphasizes on certain impact categories and can only be used when midpoint results are provided. A life cycle inventory is established for ready mixed concrete and precast concrete based on site-specific data from concrete batching plant and precast yard. EMoC is employed to compare environmental performance of precast and cast-in-situ construction methods. It is found that adoption of precast concrete can significantly improve environmental performance of building construction. SMoC suggests that adoption of precast concrete can have both negative and positive impacts on local employment. A case study is conducted to test the model performance. It demonstrates that environmental impacts of ‘cradle-to-site’ construction activities are mostly attributed to the material stage. The external cost due to carbon emission is about 2% of the total construction cost. Environmental-friendly on-site construction practices can significantly improve social performance of building construction. The major findings of this study are verified through interviews with the local experts in Hong Kong. These validation interviews confirm that the proposed LCSA framework and the developed models contribute to the building industry in Hong Kong. In particular, this study can be used as a supplementary to the building assessment scheme, HK BEAM Plus. Results from this study can improve the understanding of building sustainability.
published_or_final_version
Civil Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Yossef, Delav, and Dino Hot. "Comparative life cycle assessment of organic building materials." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för information och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-37774.

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The ever-increasing awareness of global warming has made the building industry startlooking for alternative building solutions in order to meet the changing demands. Thesechallenges have given rise to organization which aim to go further and construct moresustainable alternatives in the form of Ecovillages. This thesis is conducted in collaborationwith Bysjöstrans Ekoby and aims to investigate what type of organic alternatives exist andhow they perform in building elements.The study was carried out through a comparative LCA where a base case construction forboth roof and wall was established. Followed by comparing different organic materials toeach other and the base case materials in order to determine low-impact materials. The goalwas to replaces as many layers within the structure such as insulation, structure, roofcladding, façade, wind and vapor barrier.This was later followed by combing the materials together in order to identify whichalternative construction options would perform the best in regard to greenhouse gasemissions (CO2 eq kg) and primary energy use (MJ).The results of the study show that the performance or organic materials vary significantly.Whit a lot of materials being better but also worse than traditional materials. It showed thatfor internal wall and roof surface adding clay plater can reduce the GHG emission with 68%, timber frame with 98 %, façade with 43 %, roof cladding with 93 %, vapor barrier with76 % and insulation with 79 %. The best preforming construction option could reduce thebase case emission with 68 %.
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Matos, Raquel Valente de Pinho. "Building life cycle management na reabilitação de edifícios." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21953.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Civil
A gestão de edifícios ao longo do seu ciclo de vida é atualmente um problema que requer uma grande otimização, considerando o alto custo associado à utilização dos edifícios e devido aos custos de operação e manutenção. O número de edifícios existentes que necessitam de ações de reabilitação justifica a necessidade de um modelo de intervenção que otimize a sua vida útil após o processo de reabilitação. O custo do ciclo de vida é uma técnica usada para analisar vantagens de diferentes propostas, relacionadas com o planeamento do ciclo de vida do edificio, que avalia todos os custos que envolvem um ativo durante toda a sua vida, nomeadamente o custo de investimento, operação, manutenção e de fim de vida. No que diz respeito à otimização da gestão do ciclo de vida do edificio, propõe-se a metodologia BIM, que combina o Building Life Cycle Management (BLCM) e a informação digital tendo como suporte o modelo 3D, permitindo mais rigor e controle do que os processos manuais, contribuindo para a redução de perda de informação durante o ciclo de vida do edificio, e facilitando a comunicação entre os vários intervenientes. Assim, a presente dissertação tem o objetivo de otimizar a gestão do ciclo de vida de edifícios e minimizar os custos ao longo deste processo. Para atingir os objetivos pretendidos é analisada a aplicação do BLCM a um caso de estudo de um edifício em reabilitação, no qual se avalia a vida útil das soluções de reabilitação, usando o método fatorial apresentado na ISO 15686. Foi assim possível avaliar quais são as melhores soluções de reabilitação, em termos de durabilidade, comparando com diferentes propostas, e calcular o custo do ciclo de vida. Analisa ainda, a aplicação da metodologia BIM ao caso de estudo, concluindo-se sobre a respetiva vantagem na determinação do Custo do Ciclo de Vida e para o planeamento das ações de manutenção do edifício.
Buildings management along with its life cycle is currently an issue that requires a great optimisation considering the high cost associated with the buildings use and due to the operation and maintenance costs. The number of existing buildings needing rehabilitation actions justify the need of an intervention model that optimise its service life after the rehabilitation process. The Life Cycle Cost is a technique used to analyse the advantages of different proposals related to the planning of the building life cycle and to avaluate all costs involving an assets throughout its life, including investiment, operation maintenance and end of life. Regarding otimizing the Building Life Cycle Management it is proposed BIM methodology that is a combination of Building Life Cycle Management (BLCM) and the digital information of 3D modeling that allows more reability and control than manual process. BLCM also contributes for the reduction of information loss during the building life cycle, and facilitates communication between the stakeholders. So, this thesis aims to optimize the Building Life Cycle Management and minimize costs throughtout this process. In order to achieve the desired objectives, this dissertation analyses the application of BLCM to a case study under a rehabilitation process. With this, it was possible to assess if the solutions of rehabilitation are the best in terms of durability, when compared with other proposals and it allows to calculate the Life Cycle Cost. It was analysed and concluded that the application of BIM methodology can bring advantages for Life Cycle Cost and for future maintenance of buildings.
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Qirushi, Andon. "Building Information Modelling (BIM) Effectiveness in Performing Life Cycle Assessment of Building." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7081/.

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The scope of this project is to study the effectiveness of building information modelling (BIM) in performing life cycle assessment in a building. For the purposes of the study will be used “Revit” which is a BIM software and Tally which is an LCA tool integrated in Revit. The project is divided in six chapters. The first chapter consists of a theoretical introduction into building information modelling and its connection to life cycle assessment. The second chapter describes the characteristics of building information modelling (BIM). In addition, a comparison has been made with the traditional architectural, engineering and construction business model and the benefits to shift into BIM. In the third chapter it will be a review of the most well-known and available BIM software in the market. In chapter four life cycle assessment (LCA) will be described in general and later on specifically for the purpose of the case study that will be used in the following chapter. Moreover, the tools that are available to perform an LCA will be reviewed. Chapter five will present the case study that consists of a model in a BIM software (Revit) and the LCA performed by Tally, an LCA tool integrated into Revit. In the last chapter will be a discussion of the results that were obtained, the limitation and the possible future improvement in performing life cycle assessment (LCA) in a BIM model.
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Books on the topic "Building life cycle stage"

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Kirk, Stephen J. Life cycle costing for design professionals. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.

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Kirk, Stephen J. Life cycle costing for design professionals. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.

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L, Kirkham Richard, ed. Whole life-cycle costing: Risk and risk responses. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.

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Integrated life cycle design of structures. New York: Spon Press, 2002.

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Sparrow, Paul. Building human resource strategies around competencies: A life cycle model. Manchester: Manchester Business School, 1992.

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Life cycle assessment in the built environment. London: Spon Press, 2011.

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Coleman, Ken. One question: Answers from America's leading voices for every stage of life. Nashville, Tenn: Howard Books, 2012.

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Coleman, Ken. One question: Answers from America's leading voices for every stage of life. Nashville, Tenn: Howard Books, 2012.

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Shipp, Graham. Review of renal services: Life cycle costing for end stage renal failure. [London]: [Resource Management Services], 1994.

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Council, Canadian Wood. Environmental effects of building materials. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Wood Council, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Building life cycle stage"

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Kneifel, J. D. "Life–Cycle Cost Implications of More Stringent State Energy Codes." In Ideas to Impact: How Building Economic Standards Keep You on Track, 164–83. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp158620140036.

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Kutsygina, Olga, Svetlana Uvarova, Svetlana Belyaeva, and Andrey Chugunov. "Technical and Economic Aspects of Energy Saving at the Stages of the Building Life Cycle." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 36–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19868-8_4.

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Cirrincione, Laura, and Giorgia Peri. "Covering the Gap for an Effective Energy and Environmental Design of Green Roofs: Contributions from Experimental and Modelling Researches." In Future City, 149–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71819-0_8.

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AbstractGreen roofs are components of the building envelope that have become increasingly popular in urban contexts because other than providing numerous environmental benefits they are also capable of reducing building energy consumption, especially in summer. However, despite all these advantages, green roofs are still affected by some limitations. Specifically, there are some gaps affecting the energy modelling consisting in the absence of a proper database, information (growth stage, leaf area index, and coverage ratio) relative to the different green roof plant species, which technicians could use in case of lack of actual field data to perform energy analysis of buildings equipped with green roofs. These gaps concern also environmental and economic assessments of such technology. In fact, the currently available green roof LCA and LCC studies seem to underestimate the role of the substrate on the overall environmental impact and the role of the disposal phase on the life cycle cost of the green roof. In this chapter, all these aspects are addressed, and contributions to their solution, which arose from both experimental and modelling research, carried out by the authors are presented.
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Seeley, Ivor H. "Life Cycle Costing." In Building Economics, 308–79. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13757-2_13.

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Bernardino-Galeana, Ignacio, Carmen Llatas, María Victoria Montes, Bernardette Soust-Verdaguer, Jacinto Canivell, and Pedro Meda. "Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Sustainability. Proposal of an IFC Structure to Implement LCC During the Design Stage of Buildings." In Critical Thinking in the Sustainable Rehabilitation and Risk Management of the Built Environment, 404–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61118-7_33.

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Raulerson, Peter, Jean-Claude Malraison, and Antoine Leboyer. "RTM Life Cycle." In Building Routes to Customers, 61–101. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79951-3_5.

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Lippiatt, Barbara C. "Evaluating Products Over their Life Cycle." In Green Building:, 357–73. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118984048.ch14.

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Ruegg, Rosalie T., and Harold E. Marshall. "Life-Cycle Cost (LCC)." In Building Economics: Theory and Practice, 16–33. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4688-4_2.

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Schmid, Peter. "The Life Cycle of Building." In The GeoJournal Library, 207–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3563-6_13.

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Linwood, Jeff, and Dave Minter. "The Portlet Life Cycle." In Building Portals with the Java Portlet API, 41–71. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-0754-2_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Building life cycle stage"

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Ramirez, Angel D., Karla Crespo, Daniel A. Salas, and Andrea J. Boero. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Household in Ecuador." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23199.

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Abstract The life cycle assessment (LCA) of a middle-class household of 5 members in Guayaquil, Ecuador was performed in order to identify the life cycle stages and activities with higher environmental burdens. LCA is a quantitative tool for assessing the environmental performance of products or systems during its life span, through the compilation and further evaluation of the inputs, outputs, and potential environmental impacts. The life cycle of the house included a 50-year lifespan house divided into three stages: pre-occupation, occupation, and post-occupation stage. The type of house chosen for the analysis represents the current trend of urban growth and planning of the city, which is pointing towards residential zones and housing plans far away from central areas. The notion of household metabolism is associated with the occupation stage. Household metabolism refers to all flows of matter and energy related to anthropogenic activities conducted on a household, which is a socio-economic entity that consists of people living together occupying a dwelling or part of it. Households are key entities of the anthroposphere because the sum of all private households is the process on which all other processes depend on and serve directly or indirectly. The total energy use and emissions for which the sum of households is responsible reflects the importance of considering its influence when assessing the environmental impact of dwellings. Five energy case scenarios were analyzed. These included different energy mixes and the use of inductive cookers as an alternative to those that use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which are the most used in Ecuador. The influence of the energy production structure of the country on the environmental impact of the household is supported by the results. A higher share of hydroelectricity in the energy mix, compared with the share of thermal electricity, presented lower environmental impacts in most categories. Public policies that encourage a shift towards a cleaner electricity production technology may decrease the overall environmental impact of households and buildings. The occupation stage entails the highest contribution to all impact categories, e.g. 88% of global warming potential (GWP), followed by the pre-occupation stage, contributing 10% of GWP. Food consumption has not been considered in reviewed studies, although it represents the highest environmental burden within the occupation stage of the house, followed by electricity, and gas use: 43, 27, and 20% of GWP respectively. The results support the importance of including household metabolism in LCA studies due to the high environmental burden associated with it, and the influence of the electricity production structure of the country on the life cycle impact of households.
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Hu, Yang, Laura A. Schaefer, and Volker Hartkopf. "Life Cycle Energy and Exergy Analysis for Building Cooling Systems: A Comparison Between a Solar Driven Absorption Chiller and an Electric Driven Chiller." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54737.

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Buildings in the United States utilize 39% of the primary energy, and more than 60% of that energy consumption is provided for heating and cooling in buildings. Most of the heating and cooling systems commercially available in the market today are driven by electricity and natural gas, which are high exergy resources, while the operating temperature in the building from a year-round perspective is closer to the reference environmental temperature. Thus, from a thermodynamic point of view, there exists a gap between the high exergy resources/supply and low exergy application/demand in buildings. This paper extends the traditional means of energy comparison between solar driven absorption chillers and electric driven chillers. A life cycle energy and exergy analysis is developed with the assumption that the fossil fuel for electricity generation is a different form of storing solar energy in the long run. Thus, both the systems are driven by solar energy, and the only difference is that the solar absorption chiller is an instantaneous solar energy utilization, while the electricity chiller utilizes the stored solar energy. A simple absorption chiller model is developed, and is calibrated using a paper published by the Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics in Carnegie Mellon University, using a 4-ton 2-stage absorption chiller provided by Broad Air Conditioning. The energy and exergetic efficiencies in each process are analyzed and provided in the two systems. This paper is useful in understanding the fundamental life cycle energy and exergy in chiller applications for building cooling.
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Wei, Bing, Bin Zhang, and Wen Luo. "Research on Assessment Method of Green Buildings in China." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90349.

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Presently the sustainable development stratagem has made the green buildings to be a trend of building industry in China, and the assessment to the green buildings is becoming more and more important in developing the green buildings. In this paper the meaning of the green building assessment is explained, several main domestic and foreign green building assessment systems are analyzed and compared, and the common ground and limitations of these assessment methods are presented. Then a novel assessment index system which is more comprehensive, scientific and suitable for green buildings in China is developed by using the life cycle assessment method. This system contains six categories including land saving and outdoor environment, energy saving and utilization, material saving and utilization, water saving and utilization, indoor environment quality and economy. According to the decision-making stage, design stage, construction stage, operation and maintenance stage, each category is divided into more concrete indexes. At last the established assessment system is used to evaluate a typical building in Xi’an, China. The final novel assessment index system is of theoretical and practical significance for the assessment and development of green buildings in China.
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Kurakawa, Kei, Takashi Kiriyama, Yasunori Baba, Hideki Kobayashi, Yasushi Umeda, and Tetsuo Tomiyama. "The Green Browser: An Information Sharing Tool for Product Life Cycle Design." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/dtm-1534.

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Abstract This paper presents the concept and implementation of the Green Browser, which enables designers and consumers to share environmental information. We propose the conceptual scheme of the Green Browser called green life cycle model. This model is intended to represent the product’s environmental impacts over the stages of raw materials, use, recycling, and disposal. The Green Browser has been implemented using WWW and MOO to be able to deal with the strategy model, which is the key element of the green life cycle model. A case study on building the strategy model of refrigerator is presented to illustrate the strategy model.
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Hang, Yin, and Ming Qu. "Maximizing the Life Cycle Primary Energy Savings of an Integrated Solar Absorption Cooling and Heating System for a Medium-Sized Office Building in Los Angeles, California." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54962.

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Buildings are responsible for 41% of the primary energy use in the United States. Due to the negative environmental impact from fossil fuel, people are trying to use renewable energy resources to provide energy to the buildings. Integrated solar absorption cooling and heating (SACH) technology can be one of the promising solutions to this issue. Due to the nature of solar energy, integrated SACH has many drawbacks, such as discontinuity of generation, thus backup system driven by fossil fuel should be included to the system configuration as well. Therefore, optimization is highly required during the design stage. This paper presents the development of a method to optimize an integrated SACH system. Regression analysis is used to identify the relationship between the life cycle primary energy savings (PES) and the system factors according to the data provided by experiments. In order to obtain an accurate model to estimate the problem using small number of experimental trials, the method of central composite design (CCD) from design of experiments (DE) is used as a key technique. The experimental trials are conducted in TRaNsient SYstems Simulation (TRNSYS). Finally, the optimization problem is formulated and solved by including the model as the objective function and the physical constraints of the system factors. A case study was conducted to apply this optimization method to the design of an integrated SACH system installed in a medium-sized office building in Los Angeles.
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Khalid, Marwan, and Qingjin Peng. "Investigation of Printing Parameters of Additive Manufacturing Process for Sustainability Using Design of Experiments." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22771.

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Abstract Additive Manufacturing (AM) offers many advantages to make objects compared to traditional subtractive manufacturing, for example, complex geometries can be easily fabricated, and light weight parts can be formed while maintaining the parts strength for the low carbon footprint, low material consumption and waste. But there are areas for AM to improve in sustainability, reliability, productivity, robustness, material diversity and part quality. Life cycle assessment (LCA) studies have identified that the AM printing stage has a big impact on the life cycle sustainability (LCS) of 3D printed products. AM building parameters can be properly selected to control the LCS. This research explores the optimal AM process parameters to reduce the process energy and material consumption. Investigated parameters include the printing layer height, number of shells, material infilling percentage, infilling type and building orientation. Design of experiments (DOE) approach and statistical analysis tools are used to find optimal parameter settings for sustainable AM. Models formulated in this research can be easily extended to other additive manufacturing processes.
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Tawney, Rattan K., James A. Bonner, and Asem M. Elgawhary. "Economic and Performance Evaluation of Combined Cycle Repowering Options." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30565.

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The majority of fossil units in many countries including the United States were built from 1950 through the 1970s, and these older plants are now approaching the end of their useful operating design life. Faced with continued demand growth and compliance with stringent emissions requirements, the power industry may choose building new replacement units, extending the operating life of existing units, or repowering these existing units. Repowering has been demonstrated to be an attractive alternative that incorporates state-of-the-art technologies into an existing unit to achieve higher performance and thermal efficiency, lower emissions, higher reliability and usefulness, and the potential for a shorter execution permitting schedule. Combined cycle technology has become desirable and has matured for the repowering existing plants because of its high thermal efficiency, low emissions, low installed and operation cost, short installation time, high reliability and availability, excellent cycling capability, and operating flexibility. Various options are available for repowering applications on existing plants with combined cycle technology. The options include hot windbox repowering, feedwater heater repowering, and combustion turbine (CT) with heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) repowering. This paper examines the performance benefits of these combined cycle repowering options and analyzes associated costs.
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Desideri, U., S. Proietti, F. Zepparelli, P. Sdringola, and E. Cenci. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Reflective Foil Material and Comparison With Other Solutions for Thermal Insulation of Buildings." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54786.

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In the last twenty years, the exploitation of non-renewable resources and the effects of their applications on environment and human health were considered central topics in political and scientific debate on European and worldwide scale. This kind of resources have been used in different sectors, as energy systems, technological research, but also in private/public buildings and production of consumer goods, involving significantly domestic and ordinary life of every human being. Studies about the effect of this exploitation carried out discouraging results, in terms of climate changes and energy sustenance; this determined a progressive approach process to a new concept of development, able to couple the qualitative standard of modern life with the respect of planet and its inhabitants. Starting from this reflection, scientific community moved towards research on alternative resources and developed a new way to conceive planning process and technical innovations, in order to exploit renewable energies and recycled materials, promote energy savings and reduce environmental pollution. In this context the present paper aims at evaluating benefits relating to different solutions of thermal insulation in building envelope. In fact a high grade of insulation ensures better comfort conditions in inner spaces, reducing energy consumptions due to heating and cooling conditioning. The paper presents the results of a detailed Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the reflective foil ISOLIVING, conceived and produced by an Italian company. The Life Cycle Assessment methodology allows to consider all stages of the life cycle, from the extraction of raw materials to the product’s disposal, in an optics “from cradle to grave.” In particular, the study takes into account the production phase of the reflective foil ISOLIVING, the installation phase, the transport of all components to the production site and also the end of life scenario of the material. The possibility to collect many detailed information about the production phase adds value to the study. The analysis is carried out according to UNI EN ISO 14040 and UNI EN ISO 14044, which regulate the LCA procedure. The LCA modeling was performed using SimaPro software application. The results of the analysis allow to make an important comparison concerning the environmental performances, between the reflective foil ISOLIVING and other types of insulating materials.
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Lin, Cheng-Xian, Nipesh Pradhananga, and Shahin Vassigh. "An Evaluation of the Effects of Team Projects and Augmented Reality on Student Learning in Sustainable Building Science." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11982.

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Abstract Sustainable building design and construction involves complex systems that require multidisciplinary teams from engineering, construction, and architecture, to design and analyze the systems at every stage of the process during the building’s life cycle. However, students who are the future work force are often trained in different disciplines across different colleges. When these students are grouped together to work on the building design and analysis, learning in a multidisciplinary environment could be both beneficial and challenging due to the difference in their background. In this paper, we report our experience and analysis of data examining the learning effectiveness of the undergraduate students from three cross-college departments in architecture, construction, and engineering. Using pre- and post-semester tests on selected building science problems, we have investigated how the student’s understanding of building science had changed through team projects. Particularly, for mechanical engineering students in the design of thermal/fluid systems classes, we analyzed whether a cross-college multidisciplinary team could do better as compared to a disciplinary-specific team within the same class. We also examined the potential effects of emerging technology, augmented reality, on student learning in the same team environment. It was interesting to find that students’ learning in discipline-specific teams can be improved as in the multidisciplinary teams, due to the challenges in the complexity of the projects.
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Broderick, Darren, Peter Wright, and Raouf Kattan. "Minimising the Cost of Coating Ships." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2012-p31.

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In the current economic climate the pressures on both ship builders and ship owners to minimise the cost of their operations is stronger than ever. Although paint material cost, to coat an entire vessel, only represents a very small percentage of the total for a new build vessel. For a ship builder the labour cost of applying coatings to a vessel can represent in excess of 10-15% of the total labour costs to build a vessel, in some cases as much a 30% this can be attributable to rework. For the ship owner coatings can have significant impact on the operating costs, and the availability of the vessel. With greater emphasis being placed on sustainability and life cycle costs it is in the interest of both ship builders and the owner/operators to seek ways to minimise the cost of the coatings at both the application stage and maintenance during the service life of the vessel. This paper will present work that has been undertaken to examine the life cycle process of designing, building, operating and recycling a ship, and how the activities within the different stages effect the application of paint and the influence this has on costs.
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Reports on the topic "Building life cycle stage"

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Piette, M. A. Commissioning tools for life-cycle building performance assurance. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/373882.

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Lippiatt, Barbara C., and Stephen F. Weber. Productivity impacts in building life-cycle cost analysis. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4762.

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Landsman, S. D., C. A. Peterson, and R. E. Thornhill. 324 Building life cycle dose estimates for planned work. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/116663.

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Petersen, Stephen R. The NIST Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLCC) program (Version 3.0):. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4481.

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Neely, Edgar S., Robert D. Neathammer, and Robert P. Winkler. Building Maintenance and Repair Data for Life-Cycle Cost Analyses: Report Generator. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada245652.

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Gu, Hongmei, and Richard Bergman. Life cycle assessment and environmental building declaration for the design building at the University of Massachusetts. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-255.

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Stadel, Alexander, Petek Gursel, and Eric Masanet. Life-Cycle Evaluation of Concrete Building Construction as a Strategy for Sustainable Cities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1223003.

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Petersen, Stephen R. A user's guide to the Federal building life-cycle cost (FBLCC) computer program. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.tn.1222.

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Liang, Shaobo, Hongmei Gu, Ted Bilek, and Richard Bergman. Life-cycle cost analysis of a mass-timber building: methodology and hypothetical case study. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-rp-702.

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Carstafhnur, Sirobe D., and DeAnna L. Dixon. Building Information Modeling (BIM) Primer. Report 1: Facility Life-Cycle Process and Technology Innovation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada571762.

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