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1
Stankevičius, V., and A. Burlingis. "THE PROBLEMS OF RETROFITTING OF DWELLINGS/GYVENAMŲJŲ NAMŲ APŠILTINIMO PROBLEMOS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 2, no. 5 (March 31, 1996): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.1996.10531550.
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With the rise of energy prices, the need for saving energy have increased. The existing buildings are poorly insulated, so it seems enough to insulate building envelope additionally and in such a way to save about 50% of annual energy consumption for heating. But there are some problems here. With new constructions everything is clear—the insulating materials do not enlarge the overall cost of building too much. But the situation becomes much more complicated with the existing poorly insulated buildings. The profitability of energy savings in dwelling buildings depends on the relationship between the prices of energy, building materials and workmanship, the market lowest interest rate and partly on average earnings of the inhabitants. The paper submits the data of Lithuania's dwelling stock—thermal conditions of enclosures, dwelling areas, annual average heat losses before and after insulation of enclosures according to the requirements of the building code RSN-143-92 “Thermal Technique of Buildings”. We have also calculated the limit investments into additional insulation of enclosures, depending on duration of a bank loan, a bank interest rate, present price of heating and expected probable relative energy price increase in Lithuania. The paying back energy conservation measures and priorities of realization of those measures are suggested under Lithuanian conditions too.
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BOWEN., I. "A NEW INDEX NUMBER OF BUILDING MATERIALS' PRICES." Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 8, no. 11 (May 1, 2009): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1946.mp8011002.x.
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Wang, Tae, and Kim. "Development of a Green Building Materials Integrated Platform Based on Materials and Resources in G-SEED in South Korea." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 20, 2019): 6532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236532.
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Various eco-friendly materials are used in the construction industry. South Korea employs the Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED), a green building certification system, in which materials account for 11% of the evaluation criteria. However, data for each eco-friendly material are managed individually by different institutions, causing inefficiency, increased costs, and potentially greater environmental impacts associated with material and resource selection. Hence, this study develops a green building materials integrated platform (GIP) that collates information on eco-friendly materials across different industries in South Korea, to support the G-SEED evaluations. Guidelines and standards related to each evaluation item were analyzed and used to compile a green building materials database. The database includes 12,636 data points representing product prices and environmental impact data. This database was used to develop the four-level Excel-based GIP. Case studies were conducted on actual G-SEED buildings to analyze the economic efficiency and environmental performance achieved by using alternative materials to those recommended by the GIP. Case 1 exhibits improvements in economic efficiency and environmental performance of 17% and 10%, respectively, whereas Case 2 exhibits improvements of 8% and 21%, respectively. Thus, both case studies boast superior combinations of green building materials compared to existing alternatives.
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Danso, Humphrey, and Nana Kwame Obeng-Ahenkora. "Major Determinants of Prices Increase of Building Materials on Ghanaian Construction Market." Open Journal of Civil Engineering 08, no. 02 (2018): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2018.82012.
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Musarat, Muhammad Ali, Wesam Salah Alaloul, M. S. Liew, Ahsen Maqsoom, and Abdul Hannan Qureshi. "Investigating the impact of inflation on building materials prices in construction industry." Journal of Building Engineering 32 (November 2020): 101485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101485.
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Bieszk-Stolorz, Beata, and Iwona Markowicz. "Methods of Event History Analysis in the Assessment of Crisis Impact on Sectors Related with the Real Estate Market in Poland." Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 17, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/foli-2017-0005.
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Abstract The subject of the article is the use of methods of event history analysis to assess the fall of prices and the subsequent increase of share prices of companies operating in the construction industry, developers (real estate) and building materials industry compared to other industries. The 328 examined companies were listed on the continuous market and the parallel market on the Stock Exchange in Warsaw. Share prices were observed in the period from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2009 which was based on the earlier observations of stock quotes and the WIG index, the latter reaching its minimum in February 2009. The closing price of a share was taken into account. The 60% decrease and 80% growth in shares prices in particular sectors were analysed. What was assessed was the risk of fall in share prices and their chance for recovery. Additionally, the intensity of the increase of share prices and the probability of failure to reach the limit were examined.
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Marzouk, Mohamed. "FUZZY MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OPTIMIZATION FOR SELECTING MATERIALS IN GREEN BUILDINGS." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 28, no. 2 (April 27, 2020): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2020.12087.
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Global interest in sustainable and green building design has been increasing in the last few decades. This interest is strengthened by the fact that sustainable measures help in reducing negative social and environmental impacts of buildings. For that, this paper aims to develop a mixed integer optimization model that aids architects/designers and owner representatives during design stage in selecting building materials taking into consideration costs and risks that are involved in the selection process. The model is developed as a simulation optimization tool based on the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system for new construction. The developed model allows deterministic and probabilistic cost analysis of various design alternatives. In addition, it identifies the least possible cost to gain the LEED credits and the risks associated with materials’ quantities and materials’ unit prices. To illustrate the use of the proposed tool, a case study of an office building project constructed in Egypt is presented. An integrated Fuzzy Monte Carlo Simulation (FMCS) analysis is performed to account for the associated risks of using new materials in the considered case study. The proposed model is capable to capture the cost uncertainty of building materials and to identify the cost and sustainability performance of various building materials by relating the LEED rating system for new construction.
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Skrypnyk, О. "Factor analysis of prices for key raw materials for manufacturing building materials and products in Ukraine." Ways to Improve Construction Efficiency, no. 40 (February 8, 2019): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2707-501x.2019.40.119-128.
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Son, Byeung Hun, and Wha Me Park. "A Study on the Asbestos Risk Assessment with Usage of Building." Advanced Materials Research 1092-1093 (March 2015): 709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1092-1093.709.
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Asbestos collectively refers to a set of naturally existing silicate minerals with fibrous structures, and is a natural mineral in fibrous forms that was originally serpentines or amphiboles. Because of its properties such as resistance to heat, chemical resistance and corrosion; tensile strength; sound absorption; and affordable prices, it had been widely used as building materials, fire resistant and retardant, thermal and heat insulation, sound absorbent, and electrical insulation. Since the prolonged inhalation of asbestos can cause serious illnesses such as lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis after an incubation period of 20 to 40 years, the mineral was classified as Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In Korea, asbestos-containing construction materials had been widely used until asbestos was added to the hazardous substance requiring permission for use by the Occupational Safety and Health Act, and use of asbestos was totally banned in February 2009. This survey was conducted with 45 buildings to assess asbestos-containing materials used by usage of building. It was found that asbestos-containing construction materials were used in 27 buildings out of 45 buildings surveyed.
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Alkali, Musa, Ibrahim Sipan, and Muhammad Najib Razali. "The effect of negative information on the volatility of real estate residential prices in Abuja, Nigeria." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 13, no. 2 (July 8, 2019): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-03-2019-0036.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of negative information on the volatility of real estate residential prices in Abuja, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach The empirical research covers a sample period of 17 years from the first quarter of 2000 to the fourth quarter of 2017. The leverage effect of Abuja’s real estate residential price volatility is determined. Exponential generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity is used to determine the ARCH shock, GARCH persistence and the leverage effect of the volatility of residential prices in Abuja. Findings The research found that the volatility of real estate prices varies from one category of residential property to another. The leverage effect was found only in the price of two and three bedroom flats in Abuja. Originality/value The findings provide useful information on the volatility of real estate prices for real estate investors. The study has policy implications for the regulation of measures that gradually checkmate the patterns of volatility in the Nigerian real estate market. It also controls negative information (such as a fall of crude oil prices, high costs of building materials, inconsistency of macro-economic policies and insecurity and political uncertainty) which mainly raises the level of uncertainty in the market and exposes investors to risk.
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Ivanova, Oksana, Daria Ivanova, and Sergey Sukhinin. "Features of the state pricing system in construction in the Russian Federation." E3S Web of Conferences 281 (2021): 08013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128108013.
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Pricing in construction is the process of calculating the price of construction objects based on the estimated cost of construction materials and construction and installation work. It is carried out under the control and with the direct participation of specialized government bodies. Improvement of the public administration system in construction is transforming the approaches and methods of state pricing in the industry. This is due to the desire to more accurately and objectively take into account all the costs incurred in the course of construction and installation work, which change primarily under the influence of inflationary processes and the rising cost of building materials. Each erected building or structure in construction has its own individual price. The price for a construction object should not be overstated, but at the same time, it must comply with the established construction standards. In the system of state pricing in construction, two main methods of calculating the estimated cost of a construction object are used - base-index and resource. The first method is based on the use of unit prices developed taking into account the price level in the base period and their adjustment using the estimated cost indices. The resource calculation method is based on current prices for structural materials and construction work. The study provides a comparative assessment of the two methods, determines their effectiveness, identifies the problems of state pricing in construction in the Russian Federation. To achieve transparency in determining the construction cost, it was decided to switch to the resource method of drawing up estimate documentation as more objective, despite the significant laboriousness of calculations.
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Olatunji, Oluwole Alfred, Adenike Omolabake Orundami, and Oluwatomi Ogundare. "Causal relationship between material price fluctuation and project’s outturn costs." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 8, no. 4 (September 10, 2018): 358–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-12-2017-0119.
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Purpose A section of project management literature attributes overruns to estimators’ deceit and delusion. An example of this is Flyvbjerg’s theorisation of strategic misrepresentation and optimism bias. To show that such a notion is not true entirely, the study elicits evidence relating to how costs of projects often fluctuate erratically as prices of construction materials change throughout contract cycle times. The purpose of this paper is to examine the causal relationships between persistent changes in prices of construction materials and project’s outturn costs. Design/methodology/approach The authors obtained and analysed price data of construction materials published in a Nigerian national daily in the 16 years between 2000 and 2015. Additional data were obtained from a quantity surveying firm to validate the archival data on material prices, and to compare the firm’s robust database of project estimates and the corresponding outturn costs of specific building elements (detailed in the study). The goal of the analysis is to explore spontaneity and causal impact in the relationship between changes in prices of construction materials and project costs. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Anderson-Darling tests were used to obtain the probability distributions of the causal relationships. Findings Findings show disproportionate positive correlations between changes in material prices and outturn costs in Nigeria. An important dimension to this, however, is that although fluctuations in material costs often trigger variations to project costs, outturn price only accounts for about one-third of actual cost variability. Recovery of costs, not least profit making, under these conditions is a complex process. Originality/value This paper concludes that dynamism in cost attributes is neither a deceit nor a delusion; understanding and tolerating them is not a systemic weakness, rather an essential key to project success and stakeholder satisfaction. Findings from the study also bring measured certainties to the transformation of variable costs into fixed price outcomes, an important consideration that will help contract estimators and project managers to understand the likelihood of fluctuation in material costs and how these might trigger variability in project costs.
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Chemisana Villegas, Daniel. "Building Integration Solutions for CPV." Advances in Science and Technology 74 (October 2010): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.74.278.
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For building integration, concentrating photovoltaic systems (CPV) can offer a host of advantages over conventional flat panel devices, the most notable being: a higher electrical conversion efficiency in the PV cells, better use of space, ease of recycling of constituent materials, and reduced use of toxic products involved in the PV cells’ production process. However, the viability of building-integrated concentrating PV systems (BICPV) is dependent on their ability to offer a comparative economic advantage over flat panel photovoltaic technologies whose market prices are decreasing from day to day (<1.8 € / Wp) and which offer other advantages such as ease of replacement of structural elements. A comparative analysis is presented of the main existing CPV systems’ suitability for use in buildings, in which the different challenges specific to integration of each system are discussed. The systems are categorised by type of concentration technology and concentration factor. Two further sets of BICPV systems are proposed, one refractive and one reflective, which we consider well adapted for use in buildings in that they are cost and space efficient, structurally practical and conserve architectural harmony.
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Makarov, S. I., and M. A. Boldyrev. "RESEARCH OF RESIDENTS INTERRELATIONS OF THE SAMARA REGION CONSTRUCTION CLUSTER." Vestnik of Samara State University of Economics 1, no. 195 (January 2021): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/1993-0453-2021-1-195-52-58.
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The article is devoted to the study of the interaction of the construction cluster participants, which determines the dynamics of the volumes and paces of construction in the region. The main subjects of this process are construction organizations and manufacturers of building materials. The main requirements of regional construction companies to suppliers of building materials are defined. The factors are revealed reflecting the dependence of the results of the construction companies' activities on the production and economic activities of the companies producing construction materials. Based on the available observations for 7 years, a statistical analysis of the samples was carried out and regression models of dynamics were constructed, the significance and adequacy of the obtained models were checked. The constructed mathematical models reflect the dependence of the volume of performed work in construction from the production indicators of manufacturers of building materials and supply organizations. The conducted research allows us to conclude that the most significant negative factors affecting the volume of work performed are the dynamics of prices for finished metal products and the dynamics of prices for the transmission and distribution of electricity.
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Kučerová, Lucie, Marcela Černíková, and Barbora Hrubá. "Thermal Properties of Wooden Buildings in Relation to Computer Software." Advanced Materials Research 899 (February 2014): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.899.193.
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The increase in energy prices resulted in the formation of new houses in the low-energy and passive standard. In particular, the development of wooden buildings in recent years has experienced a boom. More and more, their positive qualities come to the attention of potential investors. Thanks to this the new technologies of construction are still developed and the new wood-based materials tested. The continuous improvement of the thermal insulating materials and as well as technical equipment of buildings such as ventilation, heat recovery, solar and photovoltaic systems is recorded. All of these materials and technologies must follow the standards which tightened the thermal technical requirements. This led to the sophisticated compositions of individual structures and the use of better materials. Not always declared properties of the materials or construction planners are designed in accordance with the calculated values. In practice there is often ill-composition design of the construction or improper assembling of wooden parts which may result in an increase in thermal loss of the building, disturbed microclimate inside the building, but also negatively affecting the lives of individual structural units which implies that we should deal with these problems significantly.
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Shehadi, Maher. "Energy Consumption Optimization Measures for Buildings in the Midwest Regions of USA." Buildings 8, no. 12 (December 4, 2018): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8120170.
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This paper investigates various building material effects on the cooling load requirements of a typical two-floor house located in the Midwest region in the USA. A survey was done for various building materials along with their prices in the US market. Various building walls, lighting, window glazing, and insulations were used for simulation as single and combined cases. The return on investment from savings in the electrical load consumption against the materials cost was investigated. It was found that the best single case savings and investments were for cases when lights were changed from incandescent lighting with 20 W/m2 to fluorescent bulbs, or when using double skinned walls with 5 cm rock wool or expanded polystyrene insulation. Combined cases, combining more than one single change, offered more reductions in cooling loads but were associated with higher initial costs and, thus, longer returns on investment. The best case recommendation was for buildings with a 20 cm hollow concrete block (HCB) when combined with fluorescent lights and double pane heat-absorbing glazing for windows. Although these recommendations were for a typical house in the Midwest region of the United States, a similar analysis could be adopted by designers and building owners to optimize the energy consumption in their buildings. The final design decision should be based on an optimum correlation of the air-conditioning units’ size and cost, running and maintenance costs, the return on the investment duration, and the available usage area in the building.
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Marzouk, Mohamed, and Ahmed Amin. "Predicting Construction Materials Prices Using Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 139, no. 9 (September 2013): 1190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000707.
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Koźniewski, Edwin, and Karolina Banaszak. "Geometric Aspects of Assessing the Amount of Material Consumption in the Construction of a Designed Single-Family House." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 5382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205382.
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In this paper, we present a new approach for the analysis of the dependence of construction costs on the geometric shape of a building. Instead of difficult or even impossible-to-establish uniform prices and costs, we propose a cost analysis concerning the amount of materials needed for construction. We show that the basic parameters are the base area of the building (plan), assumed in the study as the building area, and the area of the external walls of the building. The amount of consumption of most materials is proportional to the base area and the area of the external walls. The materials required for construction consume large amounts of energy during their manufacture. Therefore, shape optimization is not only economically significant for the investor but is also important in terms of the energy consumption, i.e., embodied energy. We propose a set of indicators to help a designer optimize the shape of the building at the initial design stage.
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Farghaly, Yasser, and Fatma Hassan. "A Simulated Study of Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) as an Approach for Energy Retrofit in Buildings." Energies 12, no. 20 (October 17, 2019): 3946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203946.
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Building envelopes can play a significant role in controlling energy consumption, especially in hot regions because of the wide variety of envelope materials and technologies that have been developed. Currently, because of the high rise in energy prices, especially with the high demand of fossil energy in the building sector worldwide, using curtain walls for maintaining adequate lighting in public buildings could lead to higher energy consumption because of the continuous exposure to the sun in hot regions. For this reason, studying the use of renewable or smart alternatives in the building sector to ensure a cleaner, greener environment by deploying sustainable technology in order to reduce energy demand and support economic long-term solutions would be important for solving such a problem. This paper aims at studying the use of renewable energy technologies and alternatives; represented in new building integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) technology that could be integrated within building skin to reduce energy demand. The methodology follows a quantitative comparative approach, using an energy simulation software to study two different types of BIPV technology (BISOL Premium BXO 365 Wp monocrystalline and BXU 330 Wp, polycrystalline) on an existing building by retrofitting a part of its curtain wall. This is to conclude the energy saving percentage and feasibility of both alternatives.
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Firleja, Krzysztof, and Sebastian Kubala. "Determinants of variation of potato prices in the European Union." ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, no. 3 (January 2020): 697–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2019-003007.
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Prices are considered to be an only, directly observable market parameter, deciding on a degree of implementation of functions of market entities. The variability is inherent to prices, in accordance to an attribute of functioning on competitive market. Examination of factors affecting the prices is particularly significant on account of occurrence of many potential variables which may impact their levels and still increasing market ties among particular economies. Potato is one of the basic agricultural raw materials in the world. Potato is of high economic value, mainly through the universal usability both by manufacturers as well as consumers. The purpose of the article was to determine of variables characterizing strong dependency on evolving level of potato prices in the EU countries. Attempts of building a model aimed at depicting potato prices evolution in the European Union countries under an influence of particular variables was performed using panel data models. Conducted analyses allowed to indicate the occurrence of regional variation of potato prices in particular European Union countries. It was also shown that essential impact on a potato prices level is potato production volume, value of gross domestic product and potato import volumes.
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Hayat, Cynthia, and Iwan Aang Soenandi. "The hybrid-model architectural modelling based on ARIMA-BPNN methods for building materials demands forecasting." MATEC Web of Conferences 204 (2018): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820402003.
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The development of hybrid acrhitectural model is made to facilitate the decision making in determining the demand for building materials procurement. The ARIMA time series and non-linear BPNN models are selected considered that they are able to have a high degree of accuracy of the generated output. The data used were the secondary data collected in the period of February 2015-October 2016 which consisted of month of sales period, product prices, sales history (per type of building materials), estimated number of renovation projects, estimated number of new construction projects, and number of competitors. This research was conducted through 2 stages, they were; the processing of time series using ARIMA through three basic steps, namely identification, assessment and testing, and diagnostic examination; and the BPNN processing through data training and data testing stages. The produced hybrid architectural model had 99% accuracy with an MSE of 0.00099926 on epoch 975 and training period of 00:00:01. The Regression results showed that the produced model has a high degree of accuracy in generating the ouput of building materials demand forecasting.
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Šípková, Veronika, Sarka Korbelova, and Jiri Labudek. "Comparison Thermal Conductivity and Cost of Materials Specified for Thermal Insulation of the Building's Facade." Advanced Materials Research 1020 (October 2014): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1020.545.
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Situation on insulation market, not only in Czech Republic, is confused for the general public. This paper tries to streamline this fact. Here are described more than 30 types of thermal insulations divided into 6 categories. Each category is detailed described by physical parameters and each is sequentially selected about 5, which are most frequently using like thermal insulation of the building's façade, without air gap. Elementary parameters, which are most important from investors view, are finances. Like a basic reference value was chosen thermal conductivity of insulation and for economical compare was chosen uniform thickness insulation on building envelope 100 mm. On the basis of these two values are insulation chosen. In this paper are results clearly graphically compiled.From graphs it is clear, that most of thermal insulation's values of thermal conductivity are very similar, bud prices of insulations can be usually substantially different. From this is evident, that some of insulation are so popular, because their producer have excellent marketing and promotion.
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Bond, Sandy, and Sofia Dermisi. "Using GIS to measure the impact of the Canterbury earthquakes on house prices in Christchurch, NZ." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 8, no. 02 (April 10, 2017): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-05-2015-0027.
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Purpose Canterbury, New Zealand, experienced two significant earthquakes in 2010 and 2011 with a devastating impact on both houses and land. Negative media attention to the potential financial risks of living near or on the new Technical Category 3 (TC3) land or on land in a flood zone has fuelled the perception of uncertainty over the negative property price impacts. This research aims to determine if residents’ perceptions of the risks associated with various types of land zones (e.g. TC1, TC2 and TC3) are reflected in property prices. Design/methodology/approach This research analyses sale price patterns and the relationship between sale prices and house characteristics before and after both earthquakes. A three-step approach was taken by applying: an average trend analysis, Geographic Information Systems’ (GIS) hotspot analysis to identify possible spatial differentiations between the before and after-effects of the earthquakes and hedonic modelling to quantify the effect of house characteristics on sale price while controlling for and comparing three land zones (TC1 to TC3). Findings The data suggest that average sale prices increased after both quakes in TC1 and TC2 in contrast to TC3 zones, while close to 8,000 structures were demolished in red zones from 2010-2013 (supply was reduced). The econometric modelling suggests that higher sale prices are achieved by: newer houses across all land zones and more recent sale agreements only in TC1 and TC2 zones. Other observations include the effect of certain exterior façade materials on sale prices on the overall data set and in the individual TC1 and TC3 zones. In conclusion, the results suggest that although caution might exist for the TC3 zone, the quality of the house can override the stigma attached to the TC3 zones. Research limitations/implications A confounding factor in the research was that approximately 7,800 homes were rezoned red and/or demolished between 2010 and 2013 changing the supply and demand balance. Further, banks and other lenders updated their requirements for new lending on properties in the Canterbury region, requiring a number of reports from professionals such as structural engineers, geotechnical engineers and valuers before any new lending would be approved. Additionally, immediately after the September and February earthquakes, there was a 21-day stand-down period for earthquake-cover in Canterbury and without adequate insurance cover banks would not advance mortgage money, causing a short-term slowdown in the residential property market. Practical/implications The outcomes of this research will be of interest to government agencies tasked with assessing compensation for affected property owners. For example, the Earthquake Commission (EQC) developed a Diminution of Value Methodology for Increased Flooding Vulnerability that formed the basis of a High Court declaratory judgment decision in December 2014 that cleared the way for the EQC to start settling properties with increased flooding vulnerability. The EQC methodology was informed by the results of similar studies to this one, from around the world. Homeowners and rating valuers will also be interested in the results to understand how house prices have been affected by market perceptions towards earthquake damage, particularly in the worst-affected areas. Originality/value This study fills a research void regarding the price impacts of residents’ perceptions of the risks associated with various types of land zones that reflect the expected future liquefaction performance of the land.
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Ranasinghe, Malik. "Mine restoration bond for clay mining and its impact on the prices of building materials in Sri Lanka." Construction Management and Economics 14, no. 2 (March 1996): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014461996373601.
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Gostkowska-Drzewicka, Magdalena. "THE ECONOMIC CYCLE IN POLISH CONSTRUCTION." Ekonomika 93, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2014.0.3019.
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Abstract. The aim of this article is to determine the relation between the phases of the business cycle and changes in prices of factors of construction production. The research covers the years 1994–2012. The dataset applied in the study includes yearly data on prices of the factors of construction production in Poland. All of these data were made available by the SEKOCENBUD. The implementation of the purpose of the study required, firstly, to construct the curve of the economic cycle in the Polish construction industry and, secondly, to determine indicators of changes in the prices of construction production factors and to compare them with the curve reflecting the state of the economic cycle in the construction industry. It was based on the results of a monthly economic situation test, which are published by the Central Statistical Office in Warsaw. A record increase in the prices of production factors in construction was observed during the recovery in 2006–2007. It was caused by the intensified demand for various types of construction services. The deep slump in the construction industry was accompanied by a slight reaction of changes in the prices of construction materials and equipment to the decreasing demand in 2002–2004 and 2008–2012. The results of the study allow to conclude that changes in the prices of production factors in construction are closely related to the situation in the sector, but this relationship is particularly noticeable in the growth phase of the cycle.Key words: economic cycle, building materials and labour, plot of land, real estate
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Pavopar, Milad. "Estimating impact of financial incentives on construction waste production." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.13 (April 15, 2018): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.13.13070.
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Due to destructive environmental effects of construction wastes and increasing amount of these wastes that are in conflict with sustainable development objectives, it is essential to adopt solutions in order to reduce such wastes regarding environment preservation. This study was conducted to examine impact of financial incentives on reducing construction wastes using pairwise comparisons. According to professional opinions and experience of experts in building industry based on the 7-point Likert scale, mean responses obtained to 4.93, 4.83, and 4.73 for waste materials (stone, tile, ceramic), ready mix concrete waste, and EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) waste, respectively. On the other hand, reliability of research instrument obtained at 0.77 using Cronbach’s alpha test. Moreover, it is seen that the studied materials in this research assigned 41% contribution of constructing costs to themselves; of them, fittings and tiles, ceramics and stone assigned the highest constructing cost to themselves with 12%contribution. In fact, waste of materials in projects under the “total price” contract 30-50% higher than projects under the “cost plus” contract. Increasing number of floors and area of construction project lead to average reduction in waste of materials from 4.4% to 1.4%. Change in regional price of housing will changes materials used in construction based on different prices.
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Boroday, Serhii, Dmytro Boroday, Artem Boroday, and Yana Boroday. "ECOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES OF CONSTRUCTION IN MODERN FOLK ARCHITECTURE OF NORTHEA ST UKRAINE." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 77 (May 24, 2021): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2021.77.43-56.
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The article considers aspects of the search for alternative architectural and construction solutions in the private construction of a peasant's yard.
It is proposed to ensure the appropriate level of energy and economic efficiency of buildings through the use of traditional for the folk architecture of North-Eastern Ukraine local environmentally friendly materials and construction techniques. Such techniques allow to achieve stylish national aesthetics and architectural expressiveness at the same time. The article examines the dynamics of changes in temperature parameters of the Sumy region for the period 2010-2020. which affect the architectural and planning decisions of buildings and structures. The conclusion about the tendency of the general increase of settlement temperatures of external air in the winter period is made. The general calculations of energy losses of the house from available local materials of a natural origin on heating on engineering maintenance are carried out. Examples of the use of such materials in private housing construction of farms in Sumy region are analyzed. The comparative characteristic of cost of a country house from ecological materials with cost of a usual modern private house of a middle class is resulted. The conclusion about the economic expediency of construction of small and average individual peasant cottage from local natural materials is made. The first is the ability to use available local materials at low prices. Secondly - the ability to independently perform a significant amount of simple construction work. Third - high energy efficiency and environmental safety of such a building. Fourth - a fairly high fire safety, durability and mechanical stability of building structures when applying the necessary protective measures. The integration of such buildings into modern the planning structure will diversify the architectural environment and create the national color of Ukrainian villages and towns.
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Cordeiro-Costas, Moisés, Daniel Villanueva, and Pablo Eguía-Oller. "Optimization of the Electrical Demand of an Existing Building with Storage Management through Machine Learning Techniques." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 29, 2021): 7991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177991.
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Accurate prediction from electricity demand models is helpful in controlling and optimizing building energy performance. The application of machine learning techniques to adjust the electrical consumption of buildings has been a growing trend in recent years. Battery management systems through the machine learning models allow a control of the supply, adapting the building demand to the possible changes that take place during the day, increasing the users’ comfort, and ensuring greenhouse gas emission reduction and an economic benefit. Thus, an intelligent system that defines whether the storage system should be charged according to the electrical needs of that moment and the prediction of the subsequent periods of time is defined. Favoring consumption in the building in periods when energy prices are cheaper or the renewable origin is preferable. The aim of this study was to obtain a building electrical energy demand model in order to be combined with storage devices with the purpose of reducing electricity expenses. Specifically, multilayer perceptron neural network models were applied, and the battery usage optimization is obtained through mathematical modelling. This approach was applied to a public office building located in Bangkok, Thailand.
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Walker, Julia A. "Transacting Value on the Transatlantic Stage." Theatre Survey 56, no. 1 (December 29, 2014): 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557414000556.
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With the modesty then expected of a daughter of Britain's theatrical royalty, Fanny Kemble attributed the necessity of her 1829 stage debut to the hard circumstance of financial need. As she explained in her journal, hers was not an act of self-promotion; rather, she exposed herself to the scrutiny of London's critical establishment with the hope that interest in her performance might draw much-needed revenue into the cashbox of the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, a venue jointly managed by her father and uncle, Charles and John Philip Kemble. However rhetorically necessary the narrative was for preserving her respectability, Kemble's financial motivation was also very real. The theatre was fiscally impaired, never quite able to square itself in relation to the expensive footing upon which the new building was erected after the fire of 1808. With construction costs high and materials scarce in the midst of the Napoleonic Wars, Charles attempted to raise ticket prices in the new theatre to help cover his expenses, raising instead public ire, in the form of protracted demonstrations known as the Old Price Riots, which bullied him into restoring the original ticket prices.
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Orzechowski, Tadeusz, and Mateusz Orzechowski. "Optimal thickness of various insulation materials for different temperature conditions and heat sources in terms of economic aspect." Journal of Building Physics 41, no. 4 (June 1, 2017): 377–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259117708733.
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The article presents the methodology for calculating the optimal insulation thickness that is related to the quality of energy supply and fuel prices. Assuming that the total cost following renovation is the sum of the costs of heating and thermal upgrading, it was shown that when calculating the optimal insulation thickness, the thermal resistance of the outer walls should be taken into account. Such calculations, in addition to the characteristics of the heat source, should be carried out taking into account local weather conditions. The study presents the results of such calculations for the building heated with gas and the air-source heat pump. The results of the investigations are referred to the mean climatic conditions recorded in the last 10 years. It was found that for thermal upgrading with the use of foamed polystyrene having the optimum thickness, total investment costs are almost the same, regardless of polystyrene thermal properties. The same also refers to energy costs. The article also provides sample calculations for plaster, the main ingredient of which is perlite. In the case of internal thermal upgrading of the historic buildings, such isolation is recommended in order to prevent moisture problems inside the envelope.
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Solgi, Ebrahim, Zahra Hamedani, Shahab Sherafat, Ruwan Fernando, and Farshid Aram. "The Viability of Energy Auditing in Countries with Low Energy Cost: A Case Study of a Residential Building in Cold Climates." Designs 3, no. 3 (August 8, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs3030042.
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The continuing importance of energy conservation in the building sector has drawn major attention to energy audits of existing buildings in different climates. In this paper, the energy conservation potential of a residential building located in Iran’s cold climate was investigated through an analysis of its actual energy consumption and through computer simulation. The building base-load was determined using a linear regression method based on existing energy bills, and was used to validate the computer simulation of its energy usage. The impact of typical energy saving solutions was evaluated for three cost refurbishment scenarios: low, medium and high. The results show that the existing construction and envelope materials fail to meet the national standards of Iran, but insulating the envelope was found to be a more cost-effective measure than modifying the windows. The results also demonstrate that although the use of energy-saving solutions has a significant impact on energy consumption, even the most economic solutions investigated will have a payback period longer than one decade. Thus, with current energy prices the reviewed energy conservation strategies are not economically justified in Iran from the consumer perspective, as investment in the methods considered typical in other parts of the world will not show a return for at least a half-century.
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Tabatabai, Seyed Jafar. "The Nature, Terms and Legal Effects of Presale or Pre-Construction Contracts of Building (Apartment)." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2016): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n1p228.
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Modern living in present-day in the territory of contracts, as in many other fields, has led to numerous and complex phenomena. One of its manifestations is the construction (constructing) phenomenon and its pre-sale contracts. Sale of the building and apartment units before their construct is a common problem in today's society that it depends on pre-sales or pre-construction contracts. The long duration of construction projects and fluctuations in materials prices, especially considering the today’s economic situation is one of the important reason for the development of pre-sales contracts in Iran. This study has been carried as a descriptive analytical one to examine and identify the nature, conditions (terms) and legal effects of pre-sold or pre-construction contracts and among the results of this study are that; the presale contract of construction (building) despite the fact that sales did not exist at the time of conclusion of the contract, can be considered as the same sale. The producing of ordered goods is the responsibility of artificial maker (manufacturer) and the made should be determined and death and time to deliver the goods must be determined. The determination of price also as determination of made is very important and must be delivered to the makers according to contract.
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Lopes, Luiz Antonio Coelho, and Mara Telles Salles. "Content Analysis Tools Applied to the Speech on Economic Growth and Sustainability - Building Materials and the Asbestos Issue." Applied Mechanics and Materials 865 (June 2017): 667–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.865.667.
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This work proposes and appreciates the use of content analysis techniques on dilemmas involving economic growth and environmental sustainability. To achieve this purpose, uses the asbestos issue, through the exam of specialists’ communications in a public audience on the Federal Supreme Court, in which the unconstitutionality of the State law that forbids the utilization of this material. The specialists who were called by the Supreme Court are divided between those who admit the possibility of its safe use and the ones who preach its ban and their speeches are studied based on the differences between the different kinds of asbestos, serpentine and amphibole. Additionally, are considered the social costs of its maintenance in terms of health and social security and the costs involved in its substitution in terms of job positions, income and derivative products’ prices. The content analytical techniques proved adequate to the evaluation of speeches and communications between currents with distinct positioning in terms of sustainability and development.
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Pakcheshm, M. "ROOF TYPOLOGY AND CONSTRUCTIVE METHOD FOR THE HOUSES IN BANADKOOK-DIZE (IRAN) THROUGHOUT THE TIME." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 1041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-1041-2020.
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Abstract. Roof is regarded as one of the main components of a building and understanding how to design it by the locals throughout the time plays a key role as their answer to the structural issues and problems arising during the implementation will be helpful for the new approaches to vernacular architecture. In this study, by investigating the roof of the houses in Banadkook-Dize village in Taft county (Yazd, Iran) from the appearance of the village, the reason of form changes and their method of construction have been examined. To do this, the history of the village was divided into four different era; the first era was when the village came into existence and the villagers used to live in the citadel; the second was when the citadel had no more capacity and the people went out of the citadel to construct buildings near it; the third was the constructions after the destructive flood of 1956 in the village; and the fourth one is the current construction status of the village. Except for the first period which the citadel is almost completely destroyed and no information is left, five houses were studied for each era throughout field study and an interview was conducted with the owners. The results reveal that two general forms can be seen in the form of roof in the village, that is flat and curved roof, each of which having a different method of construction. There are different reasons involved in their changes including residents' skill in its construction, finding new building materials, keeping prices reasonable prices and responding to functional demands.
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Bredenoord, Jan, Wutinai Kokkamhaeng, Pichit Janbunjong, Ongarj Nualplod, Suwatchai Thongnoy, Wasana Khongwong, Piyalak Ngernchuklin, and Aparat Mahakhant. "Interlocking Block Masonry (ISSB) for Sustainable Housing Purposes in Thailand, With Additional Examples From Cambodia and Nepal." Engineering Management Research 8, no. 2 (September 20, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/emr.v8n2p42.
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This paper is about Interlocking Stabilized Soil Blocks (ISSB) as developed in Thailand. ISSB are seen as an eco-friendly building material for home building and structures such as water tanks and sanitation facilities. For several decades the Thai R&D Institute TISTR has worked on developing and testing ISSB, which in other countries are called compressed stabilized earth blocks or CSEB. The composition of building blocks and the quality of building structures determine together the structural quality of the house or building. If there is a need for earthquake- and storm resistance, the building blocks and the structures must have specific features. Building stacked houses is an important issue given the growing scarcity of land for housing and the increasing land prices. ISSB is not only applied in Thailand, but also in Cambodia for low-cost housing and in Nepal for home reconstruction after the 2015 earthquake. ISSB or CSEB is also applied in other countries as an alternative building material and technology to replace the use of fired bricks and concrete building blocks for housing. Reducing the use of cement in the materials and structures is important for environmental reasons, but in ISSB/CSEB the use of cement as a stabilizer cannot always be avoided. This is surely the case in areas where earthquakes, heavy storms and floods can occur. Although this paper focuses mainly on technical aspects of sustainable housing and construction, there is also a focus on social sustainability, meaning a strong involvement of local communities in the production of sustainable building materials for walls, newly developed construction technologies, and mutual house and facility construction.
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Valentyna, POLIUHA, ZOLOTARIOVA Oksana, and KOMAKHA Olha. "CEMENT MARKET IN UKRAINE." INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL JOURNAL "COMMODITIES AND MARKETS" 38, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/tr.knute.2021(38)01.
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Background. The building materials industry includes the production of cement, bricks and other materials. The state of the cement market is of particular interest. An analysis of recent research and publications has shown that in order to generalize and specify the situation on the Ukrainian cement market, it is necessary to analyse statistics on production, consumption and export-import operations with cement. The aim of the article is to establish trends in the development of production, consumption, export and import operations with cement in Ukraine. Materials and methods. The work used general scientific and special methods of analysis, as well as publicly available sources of statistical information. Results. According to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, over the past five years there has been an increase in production of all types of cement in quantitative equivalent by almost 13.4 %, refractory cements – by 57.1 %, and alumina cement, clinker-free slag cement and hydraulic cements – 1.8 times. During 2016–2020, there was a tendency to increase wholesale prices for M-400 cement. During this period, the price increased 1.6 times and is mainly due to higher prices for raw materials. The difference in retail prices for cement in the largest retail chains in Ukraine is 25 %, which is a significant fluctuation. The analysis of the dynamics of cement exports from Ukraine during 2015–2020 showed a tendency to increase its volumes by more than 2 times. If we compare the volumes of imports and exports of cement, in 2020 the volumes of cement imports exceeded the volumes of exports by 33.8 % in monetary terms. The largest volumes of cement in 2020 were imported to Ukraine from Turkey – 91 % of all deliveries, from Poland, Bulgaria, Lithuania and Germany – 2 % each, and from other countries only 1 %. During 2015–2020, the largest share in the structure of domestic cement exports abroad belonged to Romania, having increased almost 5 times in 2017–2020. In second place amongimporting countries there are Hungary and the Republic of Moldova. Conclusion. In recent years, the cement market in Ukraine is gradually developing. The analysis of development trends showed that its main producers are several large groups – private joint-stock companies, which produce 99.8 % of the total volume of these products. Studies have shown that during 2014–2020 there was a slight increase in production and consumption of all types of cement in Ukraine. Monitoring of cement prices showed that during 2016–2020 there was an increase in wholesale prices for M-400 cement: in four years they increased by more than 60 %. There is a significant difference in retail prices of cement in the seven largest retail chains in Ukraine at 25 %. Analysis of the dynamics of cement exports from Ukraine in 2015–2020 showed that they more than doubled, but imports of this product in 2020 exceeded exports by 33.8 % in monetary terms.
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Sichnyi, Serhii. "ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF DETERMINING THE MARKET PRICE OF CONSTRUCTION RESOURCES WITHIN THE LIMITED BUDGET." Three Seas Economic Journal 1, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2020-4-19.
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The article examines the analysis of current prices in the market of building materials, products, structures, machines, and mechanisms (construction resources), which is performed by construction participants. The aim of the article is to study the possibility of achieving the maximum economic effect of the analysis of current prices in the market of construction resources within a limited budget. A universal mathematical approach is proposed to calculate the economic effect of the analysis of current prices in the market of construction resources, which is based on a selective method of the research of the market value of construction resources. The calculations take into account the difference between the real resources presented on the market and the estimated construction resources (resource position of the estimate), between the market price and the estimated market price of the construction resource. While performing the analysis of current prices on the market of construction resources in the given conditions of the limited budget the option to reduce the general list of resources by a selection of the optimum list with an application of methods of discrete optimization is offered. The condition for the formation of an abbreviated list of resources is the maximum economic effect that can be obtained from the analysis of current prices for selected resources. Method of heuristic rules is proposed, which allow to significantly reducing the initial list of resources by a simple analysis of input data. The application of these rules allows to reduce the variability of input data for discrete optimization or not to carry it out at all, because the amount of resources selected with their help satisfies the condition of the budget constraint. Recommendations on the composition of the source data are given – this is the project documentation and/or the market price of construction resources as a basis for comparison and information on the range of market prices (scope of sample variation) for the resources included in the study. In the article there are given examples of the practical application of the technique in the conditions of the construction industry in Ukraine. In general, the proposed approach can be used at all stages of variant BIMdesign, when it is necessary to determine the most optimal composition of structures and resources that meet the requirements for the life cycle of the object. Including under the condition of gradual detailing of constructs (an increase of LOD of the project), during designing, up to resources at a stage “Working project”. The main advantages of the proposed method are universality – it does not depend on the ultimate goal of the results of the customer and / or contractor and scalability – it can be applied to the structure, its individual design, or several resources.
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Lateef Olanrewaju, Abdul, and Arazi Idrus. "What is determining affordable housing shortages in the Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia?" Property Management 38, no. 1 (November 1, 2019): 52–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-05-2019-0025.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of the affordable housing shortage in the Greater Kuala Lumpur from the suppliers’ perspectives. Design/methodology/approach Primary data were collected through a cross-sectional survey questionnaire comprising 21 determinants and 111 experts in the housing industry. Findings The affordable housing shortages are consequences of regulations and policies on land allocations, building materials and the affordable housing market. The government should provide more lands to the developers or the government should directly build affordable housing on their lands. To lower the cost of construction, the government should reduce the importation tax and procedures, and the housing industry should find alternative building materials. Originality/value Theoretically, the research provided fresh insights into the causes of housing shortages and reasons for the increase in housing prices. The results will be useful to policymakers towards affordable housing delivery and to the developers and contractors on measures to increase profit margins and increase housing supply.
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Vázquez-Vázquez, Miguel, Ana B. Alonso-Conde, and Javier Rojo-Suárez. "Are the Purchase Prices of Solar Energy Projects under Development Consistent with Cost of Capital Forecasts?" Infrastructures 6, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6070095.
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The reduction in construction and maintenance costs per MW of renewable energy facilities, together with low interest rates, have led to a significant growth in the purchase prices paid for these facilities in the Spanish market. This trend is shared by other European countries, especially for projects that hedge energy price risk incorporating power purchase agreements with third parties. In this framework, questions arise about the economic rationale of the purchase prices paid for these projects. Consequently, we develop a project evaluation model that forecasts expected cash flow and time-varying required rates of return for a standard photovoltaic plant, in order to study the extent to which foreseeable market conditions—interest rates and equity risk premia, among others—translate into economically viable buyouts. Our results suggest that purchase prices paid for these initiatives often lead to buyer returns below those that would be reasonable according to market conditions. Indeed, we find that only facilities that reach a production 23% higher than the number of hours considered in the base case provide returns that compensate long-term financing costs. However, specialised investors can exploit their relatively low cost of financing to pay prices up to 73% higher than those affordable by classic investors.
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Zakaria, Yakubu A., and Kuusaana Elias Danyi. "Housing Affordability: Factors Influencing Housing in the Tamale Metropolis of Ghana." International Journal of Regional Development 7, no. 2 (September 17, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijrd.v7i2.17540.
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Housing is considered a basic human need. Yet deficit housing supply plagues Ghana. Studies on housing concentrate mainly on offering accommodation that neglects the problem of its affordability. As a result, this study examines factors influencing housing affordability using the Tamale Metropolis as a case study. Using stratified random sampling methodology, 271 renters and homeowners was chosen. Data analysis utilized descriptive statistics. The study showed inflation, rapid urbanization, and building material costs were the dominant factors that influence housing affordability. Rent was also found to be relatively affordable for all categories of housing units. Furthermore, it emerged that the efforts of homeowners, the private sector developers, and the state in the provision of housing were insufficient in providing affordable housing. Consequently, tenants are forced to invest over longer years for constructing or buying a home. The private sector should use less-cost building materials in its projects to provide housing for rent and/or sale, and still present minimum quality standards. It will mean that construction costs will not be too high to justify a high rent once the building is completed. Rent will be on the low side when this happens so tenants can afford to. Equally, it is precarious that the government joins forces with the private estate developers to put up flats at reasonable prices using cheap local building materials.
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Musarat, Muhammad Ali, Wesam Salah Alaloul, M. S. Liew, Ahsen Maqsoom, and Abdul Hannan Qureshi. "The Effect of Inflation Rate on CO2 Emission: A Framework for Malaysian Construction Industry." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 1562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031562.
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Inflation and CO2 emission are the two most deleterious elements in the construction industry. However, so far no linkage between the two has been estimated. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) emission and the inflation rate in the construction industry of Malaysia and proposes a CO2 emission calculator framework. As it is not possible to calculate the effect directly, therefore, an indirect assessment of the correlation coefficient was performed between the inflation rate (independent variable) and construction rates, i.e., building material prices and value of construction work (dependent variables) along with percentage deviation of each variable. The results show that with a decrease in the inflation rate, the prices of the building materials also decrease, whereas the value of the construction work increases. The relationship looks attractive from an end-user perspective, but it creates a major problem of CO2 emission. The effect impacts directly on environmental sustainability as it is not suitable for the greenhouse effect because it triggers CO2 emission. While estimating how much CO2 emission occurs from the value of construction work of Malaysia, it was revealed that there is no such calculator available to perform the estimation. Therefore, a CO2 emission calculator framework is proposed, which will be beneficial after its practical implementation for the construction industry stakeholders and government/policy makers to monitor the emissions and control the adverse effects of massive construction work.
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Bessy, C., and O. Favereau. "Institutions and Economics of Conventions." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 7 (July 20, 2010): 12–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2010-7-12-38.
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"Institutions", as a set of pre-existing and objective resources of justification, is the milieu where economic agents can find materials to solve their coordination problems and/or their conflicts of reproduction. "Conventions" are collective representations of "justified common worlds" that activate institutions and legitimize arrangements within "organizations", whose joint production of goods and rules will lead to the renewal - or the degeneracy - of prior institutional milieu. The plurality of justification orders postulated in the model takes account of the empirical diversity of institutions. The institutional dynamics is studied through the operations which do/undo the possibility of building "common worlds" from "plurality". Competition, as for the space of prices, should be combined with сritic, as for the space of values (norms).
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S. J, Numair Abdul Musawwir. "Experimental Study on Strength Parameters of Roofing Tiles Incorpating Pumice Powder." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 14, 2021): 2263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34811.
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Our experimental investigation is being carried out to find out an alternative for tiles made from terracotta, because these tiles get easily cracked having less in strength. This drawback is likely motivated to conduct investigation to deliver the product by not this limitation. So, we have implemented work by using material called ‘pumice’. Naturally it will absorb the heat and emit cooling to the atmosphere. At early stage pumice powder were added in the range 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. Conventionally available materials do not offer acceptable solutions. Prices of corrugated G.I. sheets are continuously escalating, and their use in not preferred because of thermal discomfort. Use of cement sheets is not recommended because of health hazards associated with asbestos. In India there is an acute shortage of locally available cheap roofing materials. Home-builders particularly the poor, are in dire need of cost-effective materials to build their homes with. In addition, mass rural housing programmers supported by Central and State Governments are increasingly looking at low-cost building techniques.
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Brenek, A., V. Vaclavik, Jan Valíček, T. Dvorsky, Jaromír Daxner, Miroslava Bendová, and Vojtěch Šimíček. "The Utilization of Waste Aluminosilicate to Prepare Cement Composite with Thermal Insulating and Drying Effect." Advanced Materials Research 1100 (April 2015): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1100.30.
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Increasing energy prices, along with escalating demands for thermal insulation properties of enclosure structures, force the owners of buildings to reduce the operating costs of heating. That is why the question of reducing the energy consumption of buildings, also including the category of historical buildings [10], has been gaining ground. The reduction of energy consumption of these buildings is often accompanied by the requirement to eliminate moisture problems of base structures caused by leaking or broken waterproofing of the bottom part of the object. The subsequent increase of the thermal resistance of the building envelope must be performed by means of special insulation materials allowing the drainage of liquid water from the structure. The paper presents the properties and the influence of the developed materials on the course of built-in moisture in the base structure affected by this phenomenon using Delphin simulation software, based on the measured thermal and technical parameters. The developed material is a composition of pozzolan binder, foaming agent and waste resulting from the production of cellular concrete blocks. According to tests carried out in [1], it is possible to produce concretes with sufficient strengths for rehabilitation boards when you substitute natural aggregates with waste aluminosilicate and, according to [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], you will achieve better rehabilitation and thermal insulation properties by using porous filler. The developed material is intended for the so-called soft rehabilitation, and its function is specifically presented on a structure built from sandstone blocks. This type of structures can be found in north Bohemia and the application of rehabilitation work must be very carefully considered, because quick drying of built-in moisture in masonry, for instance by means of cutting the lower part of the structure and by inserting waterproofing, will cause shape changes of the structure accompanied by the formation of cracks.
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Peralta, Alexandra, and Scott M. Swinton. "Food vs. Wood: Dynamic Choices for Kenyan Smallholders." Sustainable Agriculture Research 5, no. 1 (January 29, 2016): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v5n1p97.
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<p>Smallholder farmers in many areas of the semiarid tropics are planting exotic tree species that provide alternative income sources, fuel, and building materials. While providing other benefits, these trees often occupy land that could produce annual food crops. This study uses a polyperiod, linear programming model, to explore the opportunity cost of planting <em>Eucalyptus grandis</em> and <em>Grevillea robusta</em> trees compared to crops in the Nyando watershed of western Kenya. Results of the ten-year period wealth maximization model suggest that a representative farmer’s decisions on farm resource allocation are sensitive to changes in the relative prices of short rotation tree products and annual crops. The model also suggests that there are economic tradeoffs between planting trees and crops, as well as between planting different tree species. Timber production is not likely to replace food crops for two main reasons: (1) the high cost of meeting household subsistence requirements from marketed grains, (2) household cash flow needs met by annual crops. Farmers plant eucalyptus for commercial purposes because they can obtain timber products within four years; however if the prices of these short rotation products go down, farmers will prefer to grow timber from high yield grevillea.</p>
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Ota, Hiroki, Tomohiro Ishii, Takashi Samukawa, Takumi Ujiro, and Hideaki Yamashita. "High Corrosion Resistance 21%Cr-0.4%Cu Ferritic Stainless Steel Contributing to Resource Conservation." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3435.
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With prices for metal resources such as nickel and molybdenum soaring, there is a heightened sense of crisis concerning resource scarcity. While Type304, the most common stainless steel, offers excellent corrosion resistance, its price is affected significantly by the cost of nickel because of its 8% nickel content. The stainless steel that has the same corrosion resistance as that of Type304 and does not contain nickel and molybdenum has been required. JFE Steel Corporation has developed a new 21%Cr-0.4%Cu stainless steel, the world’s first ferritic stainless steel, which offers equivalent corrosion resistance to Type304 while containing absolutely no nickel or molybdenum, two rare metals. The newly developed steel contains 21% chromium with the addition of 0.4% copper. The development of the steel is based on a new discovery that the passive films of stainless steels could be strengthened by the synergy effect of high chromium content and copper addition. Copper addition enriches the chromium content in passive films after field exposure. Newly developed 21%Cr-0.4%Cu stainless steel is adopted for many applications as a substitution for Type304, including commercial kitchenware, building materials and industrial machinery. The steel is expected to be a new standard of a ferritic stainless steel as a substitution for Type304.
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Dhaif, Muataz, and André Stephan. "A Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Structural Insulated Panels for Residential Buildings in a Hot and Arid Climate." Buildings 11, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11060255.
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In hot and humid climatic conditions, cooling tends to dominate building thermal energy use. Cooling loads can be reduced through the adoption of efficient building envelope materials, such as Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs). This study quantifies the life cycle cost and operational energy of a representative case-study house in Bahrain using SIPs and hollow concrete blocks (HCBs) for the envelope over a period of 50 years. Operational energy is calculated using a dynamic energy simulation tool, operational costs are calculated based on the energy demand and local tariff rates, and construction costs are estimated using market prices and quotations. The life cycle cost is quantified using the Net Present Cost technique. Results show that SIPs yield a 20.6% reduction in cooling energy use compared to HCBs. For SIP costs of 12 and 17 USD/m2, the SIP house was cheaper throughout, or had a higher capital cost than the HCB house (breaking even in year 33), respectively. We propose policy recommendations with respect to material pricing, electricity tariffs, and energy efficiency, to improve the operational energy efficiency of houses in Bahrain and similar countries along the Arabian Peninsula.
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Vergara-Perucich, Francisco, Juan Correa-Parra, and Carlos Aguirre-Nuñez. "The Spatial Correlation between the Spread of COVID-19 and Vulnerable Urban Areas in Santiago de Chile." Critical Housing Analysis 7, no. 2 (2020): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13060/23362839.2020.7.2.512.
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This article identifies the spatial correlation between the social determinants of health in the housing area (housing prices, overcrowding, poor-quality building materials, and household socioeconomic vulnerability) and the spread of COVID-19 in Santiago de Chile. The research used data from the 2017 Census conducted by the National Institute of Statistics of Chile and data on confirmed cases of COVID-19 (PCR) by communes provided by/obtained from Chile’s Ministry of Health. The article provides a two-fold examination/analysis of the spatial correlation using the Pearson measure to observe how the virus spread from areas with high-quality housing in the early stage of the contagion to then become concentrated in areas with low-quality of housing. The second examination/analysis is a multiple linear regression to identify the housing factors that inform virus propagation. The test results show that of the four social determinants of health relating to housing assessed here, housing prices is the variable that best predicts how the social determinants of health based on housing explain the progress of the pandemic for the Santiago case, following the collinearity factors according to the data used in this study. The conclusions suggest that public policy should treat housing quality as a factor in public health and health risks that needs to be addressed with a transdisciplinary approach to urban planning in Chile.
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Mir, Mostafa, H. M. Dipu Kabir, Farnad Nasirzadeh, and Abbas Khosravi. "Neural network-based interval forecasting of construction material prices." Journal of Building Engineering 39 (July 2021): 102288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102288.
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Wiriantari, Frysa, and Ni Putu Suda Nurjani. "Penataaan Fasade Rumah Susun Dengan Mempertimbangkan Kebutuhan Akan Ruang Privat." Jurnal Ilmiah Vastuwidya 2, no. 2 (June 16, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47532/jiv.v2i2.82.
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A significant increase in population in Indonesia demands the availability of housing as a basic necessity of the community. The limited land area, especially in Bali, has resulted in very high land prices. Flats as one of the efforts of the government and the private sector are considered as one way to overcome these problems. But unfortunately, the existence of flats which on the one hand overcomes the housing problem, on the other hand, raises a new problem, namely the slum impression of flats caused by flats fail to accommodate the basic activities of residents of flats. One such activity is the activity of laundry. In this study, the Kreneng and Sesetan Police Dormitory Flats were used as research objects. By linking the problem with several theories regarding flats, this article is expected to be able to provide an alternative solution to existing problems. With the fulfilment of the housing needs of the community and still being able to maintain the facade of the building, it is expected that the impression of dirty and slum flats can be overcome. The use of surrounding materials will be able to show a tropical impression and add values to the aesthetics of the building.