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Academic literature on the topic 'Building stones'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Building stones"

1

Spairani-Berrio, Yolanda, J. Antonio Huesca-Tortosa, Carlos Rodriguez-Navarro, María Teresa Gonzalez-Muñoz, and Fadwa Jroundi. "Bioconsolidation of Damaged Construction Calcarenites and Evaluation of the Improvement in Their Petrophysical and Mechanical Properties." Materials 16, no. 17 (September 2, 2023): 6043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16176043.

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Bioconsolidation treatment using bacterial carbonatogenesis has been proposed as an environmentally friendly strategy for the efficient preservation of damaged stones, particularly suitable for carbonate stones. The study presented here deals with the evaluation of the performance of this treatment, applied to damaged carbonate stones in two historical buildings in Spain. The methodology applied in this research serves as a reference for future similar studies. Results showed significant improvement in the petrophysical and mechanical properties of the damaged stone following the treatment through the production of calcite and vaterite by the abundant carbonatogenic bacteria inhabiting the stone. These bacteria were able to effectively consolidate weathered areas if an adequate nutritional solution was employed, thereby augmenting the stone’s resistance, as evidenced by the Drilling Resistance Measurement System (DRMS). FESEM images showed calcified bacteria and calcified exopolymeric substances (EPS) consolidating stone minerals without blocking their pores. In addition to consolidation, this biotreatment improves the stone’s behavior against water absorption and increases the contact angle of water droplets without significant modifications in the pore size or diminishing vapor permeability. No color changes are observed. Overall, these results show that the application of the nutritional solution (M-3P) for in situ consolidation of different types of porous carbonate building stones is a highly effective conservation method, with no modification of the chemical composition of the treated materials.

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Işık, Neşe. "Effects of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) On Historical Bridges and Treatment with Bentonite." Civil Engineering Beyond Limits 1, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/cebel.2020.001.004.

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In this study, the effects of bentonite clay were investigated in the cleaning of the andesite stone samples used in the restoration of historical Çobandede Bridge and some historical buildings contaminated with sodium chloride salt. The stones of historical buildings are exposed to harmful salt effects for various reasons. Especially in regions where terrestrial climate dominates, the sodium chloride salt sprinkled on the icy roads for thawing may infiltrate over time into soil and then arrives at the historic bridges’ stones. In this way, because of capillarity of the stones and ionic osmos, the salt accumulates in the pores of the stones and the hygroscopic nature of NaCl damages the historic bridges’ stones on the road route. This physically damages the stone and reduces the life of historic bridges. Therefore, the removal of salt entering the structure of the stone is very important to increase the durability of the stones. In order to model this situation, a sum of bentonite clay paste prepared in liquid limit was implemented to artificially polluted andesite stone samples. The clay pastes applied to the stones were removed from the stones surfaces after a certain period of time and analyzed. X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) analyzes showed that bentonite clay gave positive results for sodium chloride removal from historical building stones exposed to NaCl salt.

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Ulutaş, Alptekin, Figen Balo, and Ayse Topal. "A new hybrid MCDM method for optimizing natural stone se-lection for building envelopes." Revista de la construcción 22, no. 3 (2023): 646–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.22.3.646.

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Most kinds of natural stones are perfect coating materials. Through utilizing stones with less thermal conductivity coefficients, isolation of constructions improves with energy effective resolution. Modern building technologies prefer either decreasing stone to the weakest plausible extents or utilizing natural stones because natural stones have lower thermal conductivity with lighter weights. For this reason, first, the thermal and physical characteristics of natural stones used as coating material on the exterior walls of the buildings were investigated in this study. Then, in the light of these characteristics, natural stones with the best performance in terms of energy efficiency were determined using multi-criteria decision-making methods including FFSWARA and COBRA. The findings show that compressive strength is the most significant criteria and Isparta andesite stone is the most superior natural stone in terms of performance. This study contributes to the literature in three ways. First, the COBRA method used in this study has recently been introduced to the literature. Therefore, it has not been covered much in the literature. Second, this method has not been used in the selection of natural stone selection in the literature to our best knowledge. Third, this method has not been used together with the FFSWARA method before.

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4

McKinley, Jennifer M. "Natural building stones." Geology Today 27, no. 3 (May 2011): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2011.00797.x.

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Peebo, Alo, and Madis Rennu. "Maakivi ehitusmaterjalina: töötlemine ja kasutus." Studia Vernacula 4 (November 5, 2013): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sv.2013.4.73-86.

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Fieldstone has been used as a building material for many centuries. In Estonia, two large groups of stone suitable for building can be distinguished in terms of architectural outcome and construction technique: calcareous stones (mostly carbonate flagstone and dolomite) and granite boulders, or field stones. The latter cover a broad spectrum of natural igneous and metamorphic rocks (rapakivi granite, diabases, gneiss etc.). In this article, we focus on natural stone belonging to the second group: in particular how it can be processed – split with wedges or a sledgehammer – and historical means of transporting stones. We also take a look at the ethical, aesthetic and cultural aspects of fieldstone use.Field stones were carried to Estonia by the continental glacier. In general, it can be said that fieldstone is a hard and strong stone suitable for use as a building material, which due to its density and low porosity can be used in underground and other supporting structures. These properties mean that fieldstone’s thermal conductivity is high, which is why it is not suitable for building dwellings. It has most commonly been used to build stables, cellars, barns and, to a lesser extent, taverns and other public buildings.Fieldstone is a material with a small ecological footprint which does not participate directly in the carbon cycle, as does timber. Fieldstone processing and transport is relatively energy-intensive, but this is compensated for by the longevity of the structures made. Visually, fieldstone is a very strong and eye-catching material. The surface of each stone is different, making each structure unique. The strong visual message and the long tradition of using fieldstone as a building material are the main factors that guarantee that there are people in Estonia who still commission fieldstone buildings and smaller items.

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Peebo, Alo, and Madis Rennu. "Maakivi ehitusmaterjalina: töötlemine ja kasutus." Studia Vernacula 4 (November 5, 2013): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sv.2013.4.73-86.

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Fieldstone has been used as a building material for many centuries. In Estonia, two large groups of stone suitable for building can be distinguished in terms of architectural outcome and construction technique: calcareous stones (mostly carbonate flagstone and dolomite) and granite boulders, or field stones. The latter cover a broad spectrum of natural igneous and metamorphic rocks (rapakivi granite, diabases, gneiss etc.). In this article, we focus on natural stone belonging to the second group: in particular how it can be processed – split with wedges or a sledgehammer – and historical means of transporting stones. We also take a look at the ethical, aesthetic and cultural aspects of fieldstone use.Field stones were carried to Estonia by the continental glacier. In general, it can be said that fieldstone is a hard and strong stone suitable for use as a building material, which due to its density and low porosity can be used in underground and other supporting structures. These properties mean that fieldstone’s thermal conductivity is high, which is why it is not suitable for building dwellings. It has most commonly been used to build stables, cellars, barns and, to a lesser extent, taverns and other public buildings.Fieldstone is a material with a small ecological footprint which does not participate directly in the carbon cycle, as does timber. Fieldstone processing and transport is relatively energy-intensive, but this is compensated for by the longevity of the structures made. Visually, fieldstone is a very strong and eye-catching material. The surface of each stone is different, making each structure unique. The strong visual message and the long tradition of using fieldstone as a building material are the main factors that guarantee that there are people in Estonia who still commission fieldstone buildings and smaller items.

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7

Teixeira-Pinto, Amândio. "Repairing of Damaged Stone in Monuments and Stone Buildings." Advances in Science and Technology 69 (October 2010): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.69.164.

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The main causes of rock degradation in stone buildings are discussed and the current methods of recovering damaged stones are summarized. The Alkaline Activation seems to present a great potential to deal with particular cases of damaged stones resulting mainly from fracture incidents provoked by physical actions, where the global substitution of the stone itself is not considered. A practical case of recovering granite on the windows frames of a beautiful chalet to be intended for the Municipal Archives at Vila Real is described, in what is considered to be the first experiment of this technique in recovering building stone.

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Rjoub, Muhammad I. M. "Effect of Silica Powder on the Bond between Building Stones and Pumice Concrete." Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 320–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091656.

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The Concrete Backed Stone (CBS) masonry structures are common in many countries in the Middle East. The weak bond and heavyweight are two main problems facing such masonry structures. In this research, Pumice Lightweight Aggregate Concrete (PLWAC) containing silica powder addition is used in backing building stones. The main objective of this research is to investigate the effect of using silica powder addition on the bond strength between building stones and the PLWAC. An experimental program is conducted to investigate the bond strength by applying a direct shear load to the concrete-stone interface. The study investigated the effect of some parameters such as the silica content, the stone surface roughness, and the concrete strength on the bond between lightweight concrete and building stones. The stone roughness comprised specimens of saw-cut and grooved stones with different groove depths. Tests showed that the bond and the compressive strength of the PLWAC increased by increasing the silica content up to 15 percent, where they start to decline. The increase in bond strength corresponding to 10 and 15 percent silica content was 14 and 33 percent, respectively. Increasing the stone roughness by about 50 percent of the saw-cut surface area provided a full bond between the building stones and their backing concrete. Furthermore, the study offered a formula that estimates the bond strength and agrees well with test results. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091656 Full Text: PDF

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Forestieri, Giulia. "Indirect test methods for the mechanical characterization of building stones." MATEC Web of Conferences 192 (2018): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819201019.

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The main objective of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of indirect methods to estimate the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of building stones. For this purpose, the results of the UCS test on five types of stones from southern Italy, one igneous and four sedimentary stones are firstly correlated with the corresponding results from Schmidt hammer, point load and UCS direct tests. Then, derived correlations are compared with the equations obtained by different researchers in the mechanical stone characterization.

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Alzubaidi, Aqeel Abbass, and Munther Ali Abdel malik. "The stony Nature of the stone tools and new archaeological discovery in the suthern desert nearby Nugrat Al- Salman , Samwa, South west Iraq." Al-Adab Journal 1, no. 126 (September 15, 2018): 164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1i126.59.

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Ancient human in early stages of his life depended on stone (Kottak, 2006). He used some stone made tools to overcome the natural environment and prevention from any possible danger. In addition to provide his daily needs (Mohammed 2005). This use developed and passed many stages of stony ages like the old stony age and the Middle stony age and the modern stony age. He began to use stone in building and in preparing his stony tools like, hummer, grinder, mill and others. Among the most important stones used are the Granite, Basalt, Nice, limestone, sand stone, and Sawan stone. Some stony tools were found in some archaeological sites (Braidwood and Howe, 1972) like Cave Shanidar, Solecki- 1953, Al ani-1986) and Kareem shahr (Howe 1983) and Tel Alnisr , the archaeological, nearby Alrutba city western Iraq (Alzubaidi 2012). In Egypt, stone was used in building the temples and cemeteries like Granite stone, Limestone, Dolostone, marble, sandstone, gypsum and bazalt (Dollinger 2000). Types of building stones differ from place to another depending on the available stones in the nearby natural environment. (Wahby, 2004). Limestone is one of the sedimentary stones composed of calcium carbonate and the crystalline system (Hexagonal) and dissolves in dilute Hyloric acid; it has different colors (Dear et al- 1969)

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Building stones"

1

Egner, Matthew Colin. "Weathering characteristics of building stone at Ottawa, Canada." Ottawa.:, 1993.

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Schumacher, Karl-Heinz. "Geographische Analyse der baulichen Verwendung von Natursteinen in der Eifel." Aachen : Geographisches Institut der RWTH Aachen im Selbstverlag, 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/19286024.html.

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Holur, Narayanaswamy Abhilash. "Mechanical testing procedure for local building materials : rammed earth and laterite building stones." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSET015/document.

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Pas de résumé en français disponible
Locally available building materials are proven energy efficient and eco-friendly, making them a sustainable building material. In the last two decades, use of raw earth as building material is augmented, owing to the environmental concerns construction industry is also reconsidering the use of raw earth, researchers on the other hand are working to understand the mechanical and dynamic behaviour of earthen buildings, yet the study of mechanical parameters possess multiple challenges due to material inert properties exposing the need of new experimental approaches to extract accurate mechanical parameters. Building techniques such as adobe, compressed earth blocks, rammed earth, and laterite building stones are on a verge of reclaiming elite position in construction industry. In this study, experimental investigation on two naturally available building materials, unstabilised rammed earth (USRE) and laterite building stones (LBS) are carried out. The work focuses on the parameters that need to be considered in the experimental procedures, which influences the mechanical properties of USRE and LBS are seen. The locally available soils in the region of Rhone-alps, France and laterite building stones from Burkina Faso are used in this experimental campaign. Rammed earth walls are constructed by compacting moist soil in layers, due to manufacturing technique there is a density gradient within the layer that leads to heterogeneity. On the other hand, the manufacturing parameters of the USRE such as compaction energy and manufacturing water content have a direct influence on the dry density of the material and therefore the strength. The manufacturing parameters and specimens replicating the in-situ condition are very important to understand the behaviour of USRE wall. Hence an experimental procedure to study the unconfined compressive strength, considering the influence of manufacturing parameters and specimens replicating in-situ conditions are performed along with the cyclic loading and unloading to study the elasto-plastic property of the USRE. The test procedure is performed on two different soils that are used to build USRE structures. Along with the compressive strength of USRE, the tensile strength and flexural strength are also presented by subjecting specimens under split tensile test and four point bending test. Another important parameter is the mechanical strength properties of USRE layer interface under lateral loads. A novel experimental procedure to study the interface strength properties are discussed in this study. The experimental procedure is simple and xii compact that can be performed using a simple uniaxial press using inclined metallic wedges that allows rectangular prism to undergo bi-axial loading. With the help of inclined metallic wedges, shear stress and normal stress can be induced on the specimen interface allowing to obtain coulomb’s failure criteria and hence the strength properties of the interface. Laterite building stones (LBS) which are mainly used in tropical countries are porous in nature. The moisture retention capacity of porous building material will bring indoor comfort, but the presence of water molecules within the material and their variation to the outdoor environment is responsible for complex mechanical behaviour. Hence an experimental investigation to analyse the moisture ingress of LBS and their influence on mechanical strength is designed. The moisture ingress is studied by subjecting LBS for moisture sorption and desorption test and moisture buffering test. Then the influence of moisture ingress on mechanical strength (flexure and compression) are investigated using three point bending test and unconfined compression test with loading and unloading cycles. This experimental investigation allows studying the moisture ingress and their influence on strength along with elasto-plastic behaviour of LBS

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Myrin, Malin. "Conservation of Gotland sandstone : overview of present conditions, evaluation of methods /." Göteborg : Acta Universitatis Gothoburgenis, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0710/2007398714.html.

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Nel, Tamryn. "A building of living stones : a community service centre for Mamelodi East." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29974.

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This thesis aims to, from the perspective of architecture and urban place making, examine the potential of a church as a catalytic nodal public building and its corresponding potential to serve and uplift its community through both secular and religious functions. The church itself is nothing other than ‘the gathered congregation’ in a particular place at a particular time. (Moltman 1999:201) It is following this statement that the validity of merely embracing the typology of a building designed for given liturgy is questioned. This thesis hypothesises that all spaces that foster community meeting and ritual have the potential to become ‘church’, additionally that: in a Christian based spatial confi guration, spaces that facilitate this ‘church’ to occur are also sacred spaces.
Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Architecture
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Reza, Humayun. "Cleaning and restoring old masonry buildings : investigations of physical and chemical characteristics of masonry stones and clay bricks during cleaning." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2014. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/8851.

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Historic buildings and monuments are a precious finite asset and powerful reminders for future generations of the work and way of life of earlier cultures and civilisations. The stone cleaning and restoration of historic buildings is a crucial element in keeping the good look, integrity and quality of the fine art, method of construction and architecture of previous civilisations. Stone cleaning is one of the most noticeable changes a building can be subjected to, which changes its appearance, persona and environmental context. In this study, a series of physical and chemical tests were conducted to further investigate, evaluate and improve the efficiency of building cleaning. Seven different abrasives were adopted for air abrasive cleaning, including copper slag (fine, medium and coarse), recycled glass (fine, medium and coarse) and hazelnut/almond shell (natural abrasive), on a total of eight masonry stones and clay bricks, including yellow sandstone, red sandstone, limestone, marble, granite, white clay brick, yellow clay brick and red clay brick. Physical investigations included sieve tests and impact tests on the abrasives, greyscale image analysis, thickness reduction measurements, Vickers surface hardness tests, Charpy impact tests and water absorption tests. Chemical investigations included Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. Sieve tests and impact tests confirmed that the abrasives utilised were fairly reliable, and the abrasives with high bulk densities were stronger and tougher than those with low bulk density. Greyscale digital image analysis indicated a lower greyscale value corresponded to a dirtier masonry surface. In general, the greyscale continuously increased with the increasing cleaning time and tended to be stable when the surface became fully cleaned. The cleanness was also introduced for assessing the effectiveness of the building cleaning. Similar trends could be observed. Both parameters proved to be significantly useful. For most of the samples, monotonic increase trends were observed between the greyscale and thickness reduction. The image analysis on greyscale and the thickness measurement were two useful methods for assessing the cleaning degree of a masonry stone or clay brick. Based on the analysis on all the testing data, it is possible to recommend a more suitable abrasive for each masonry stone or brick. For granite and red clay brick, medium glass produced the best performance, while for limestone, marble and red sandstone, fine glass was promising. For yellow clay brick, fine slag could be the best option, while for yellow sandstone the natural abrasive was found to be the most suitable. vi The Vickers hardness test results indicated that a larger hardness corresponded to a harder masonry surface. Also the surface hardness continuously increased with the increasing cleaning time but at a decrease rate. Most of the increasing trends of the surface hardness could be approximately expressed using parabolic relationships. Granite was found to be the hardest, and followed by marble and limestone. However, there were no big differences in the surface hardness between yellow clay brick, yellow sandstone, red sandstone and white clay brick. The impact resistances of seven masonry stones and bricks were obtained by conducting the Charpy impact resistance tests. Granite showed the highest impact resistance among all the stones and bricks and was followed by marble, limestone, clay bricks and sandstones. The stones and bricks with higher impact resistances also had higher hardness values but lower water absorptions. The water absorbing capacity of the seven masonry stones and bricks was quantitatively determined. Two types of clay bricks showed the highest water absorptions, and the water absorptions for limestone, yellow sandstone and red sandstone were also quite high. However, the water absorption of marble and granite was found to be very low. Larger water absorption corresponded to a softer stone or brick, while smaller water absorption corresponded to a harder stone or brick. The chemical investigations by using the SEM and EDX techniques showed that the chemical substances on the masonry surface varied largely for different types of stones and bricks. This study showed the way to detect such soiling using chemical analysis by monitor the changes in chemical elements and compounds during the building cleaning. Finally, comprehensive conclusions were presented, together with useful suggestions for future work.

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Potgieter-Vermaak, SS, RHM Godoi, Grieken R. Van, JH Potgieter, M. Oujja, and M. Castillejo. "Micro-structural characterization of black crust and laser cleaning of building stones by micro-Raman and SEM techniques." Elsevier, 2005. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000992.

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Research concerning the formation and removal of black crusts on various historical objects is approached from many different angles. The so-called “yellowing effect”, observed after laser treatment for cleaning purposes, has also received a lot of attention. Evidence regarding this phenomenon differs considerably and the actual mechanisms are still speculated on by researchers. In an attempt to elucidate the processes involved in the yellowing effect associated with laser cleaning, a new analytical technique has been used to investigate the black crust, a region of the sample cleaned by laser irradiation at 1064 nm and another region of the same sample subjected to further laser irradiation at 355 nm, on a limestone sample from the cathedral of Seville in Spain. Micro-Raman spectrometry offers the advantage of spatial chemical characterization of the stone, based upon its molecular makeup and was performed on the bulk body of the stone. Raman and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDXS) results indicate that the surfaces cleaned by irradiation at 1064 nm and by double irradiation at 1064 and 355 nm differed in terms of their calcium sulphate, calcium oxalate and iron oxide content, and that this could contribute to the difference in colour observed.

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RIchards, Samantha J. "Unearthing the opportunities for geotourism contained within the building stones of the Quality Lighthouse Hotel, Bunbury, Western Australia." Thesis, RIchards, Samantha J. (2020) Unearthing the opportunities for geotourism contained within the building stones of the Quality Lighthouse Hotel, Bunbury, Western Australia. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2020. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/57524/.

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Geotourism associated with urban environments can draw tourists to natural geoheritage features such as caves, outcrops of significant geology and cultural sites located close to or within cities. Geotourism experiences that lend themselves to the appreciation of geology in the urban environment often involve observing the varieties of building stones and structures in the built environment and capitalising on historic or iconic structures, which are major tourist attractions in world cities. Inspired by the diverse geology contained within the stone walls of the Quality Lighthouse Hotel, Bunbury WA, the purpose of this thesis is to provide a geotourism focused interpretation of three urban sites with potential geological interest within the city of Bunbury. Initially, four international case studies are presented to highlight the spectrum of geotourism experiences offered within the urban environment. Secondly, the abiotic features, geology, geomorphology and deep time of the four key building stones of the Quality Lighthouse Hotel are considered. The closing sections detail the cultural inspiration and influence that the stones have had on diverse groups of people who have participated in shaping the city of Bunbury. Cultural topics featured include mid-century architecture, European settlement and Noongar people’s connections with and uses of the Southwest regions’ landscape and geology. Keywords: Building stones, architecture, cultural values, visitor, engagement, urban geology, Geotourism, deep time, interpretation, Aboriginal Culture.

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Koch, Andreas. "Deformation von Fassadenplatten aus Marmor : Schadenskartierungen und gesteinstechnische Untersuchungen zur Verwitterungsdynamik von Marmorfassaden /." Göttingen : Univ.-Verl. Göttingen, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2857908&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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Graue, Birte Johanna Verfasser], Siegfried [Akademischer Betreuer] [Siegesmund, and Rolf [Akademischer Betreuer] Snethlage. "Stone deterioration and replacement of natural building stones at the Cologne cathedral - A contribution to the preservation of cultural heritage / Birte Johanna Graue. Gutachter: Siegfried Siegesmund ; Rolf Snethlage. Betreuer: Siegfried Siegesmund." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1044871709/34.

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Books on the topic "Building stones"

1

Hudson†, John A., and John W. Cosgrove. Understanding Building Stones and Stone Buildings. First edition. | Leiden, The Netherlands : CRC Press/Balkema, [2019]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315100180.

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Survey, United States Geological. Building stones of our Nation's Capital. Washington: The Survey, 1998.

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Heldal, Tom. Building-stones of Ethiopia. [Addis Ababa]: ETHIONOR, 2002.

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4

Schaffer, R. J. The weathering of natural building stones. London: HMSO BuildingResearch Station, 1985.

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Schaffer, Robert John. The weathering of natural building stones. Watford: Building Research Establishment, 1991.

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Scard, M. A. The building stones of Shropshire. Shrewsbury: Airlife, 1989.

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Harris, Ray E. Decorative stones of Wyoming. Laramie, Wyo: Geological Survey of Wyoming, 1991.

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Cooper, B. J., Brian Marker, Dolores Pereira, S. Kramar, and B. E. Schouenborg. Global Heritage Stone: Towards international recognition of building and ornamental stones. London: Geological Society, 2015.

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Harris, Ray E. Decorative stones of southern Wyoming. Laramie, Wyo: Wyoming State Geological Survey, 2003.

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Devon, Elizabeth. Bath in stone: A guide to the city's building stones. Kingston Bagpuize: Thematic Trails, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Building stones"

1

Siegesmund, Siegfried, and Ákos Török. "Building Stones." In Stone in Architecture, 11–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45155-3_2.

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Siegesmund, Siegfried, and Ákos Török. "Building Stones." In Stone in Architecture, 11–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14475-2_2.

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Hudson†, John A., and John W. Cosgrove. "Deterioration of building stones and stone buildings." In Understanding Building Stones and Stone Buildings, 315–32. First edition. | Leiden, The Netherlands : CRC Press/Balkema, [2019]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315100180-8.

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Hudson†, John A., and John W. Cosgrove. "The geological origin of building stones." In Understanding Building Stones and Stone Buildings, 13–49. First edition. | Leiden, The Netherlands : CRC Press/Balkema, [2019]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315100180-2.

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Hudson†, John A., and John W. Cosgrove. "The life of a building stone." In Understanding Building Stones and Stone Buildings, 138–60. First edition. | Leiden, The Netherlands : CRC Press/Balkema, [2019]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315100180-4.

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Hudson†, John A., and John W. Cosgrove. "Recognising the different types of building stone." In Understanding Building Stones and Stone Buildings, 50–137. First edition. | Leiden, The Netherlands : CRC Press/Balkema, [2019]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315100180-3.

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Hudson†, John A., and John W. Cosgrove. "Introduction." In Understanding Building Stones and Stone Buildings, 1–12. First edition. | Leiden, The Netherlands : CRC Press/Balkema, [2019]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315100180-1.

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Hudson†, John A., and John W. Cosgrove. "Stone buildings—pillars, lighthouses, walls, arches, bridges, buttresses, roof vaults, castles, cathedrals and lettering." In Understanding Building Stones and Stone Buildings, 161–246. First edition. | Leiden, The Netherlands : CRC Press/Balkema, [2019]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315100180-5.

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Hudson†, John A., and John W. Cosgrove. "The architecture of stone buildings." In Understanding Building Stones and Stone Buildings, 247–71. First edition. | Leiden, The Netherlands : CRC Press/Balkema, [2019]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315100180-6.

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Hudson†, John A., and John W. Cosgrove. "Two exemplary stone structures." In Understanding Building Stones and Stone Buildings, 272–314. First edition. | Leiden, The Netherlands : CRC Press/Balkema, [2019]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315100180-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Building stones"

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Helayel-Neto, Jose Abdalla. "The twelve colorful stones as building blocks." In 7th International Conference on Mathematical Methods in Physics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.175.0028.

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Pears, Arnold N., Sally Fincher, Robin Adams, and Mats Daniels. "Stepping Stones: Capacity building in engineering education." In 2008 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fie.2008.4720485.

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Newton, Clare, and Mark C. Burry. "Building Architecture. Using sticks, stones and computer visualisation." In CAADRIA 2000. CAADRIA, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2000.511.

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Clarelli, Fabrizio, Roberto Natalini, Carlo Nitsch, and Maria Laura Santarelli. "A Mathematical Model for Consolidation of Building Stones." In Selected Contributions from the 9th SIMAI Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814280303_0021.

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Vejmelková, E., M. Keppert, P. Reiterman, and R. Černý. "Mechanical, hygric and thermal properties of building stones." In STREMAH 2013. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/str130301.

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Derome, Dominique, Stephan Carl, Peter Vontobel, and Jan Carmeliet. "Adsorption and film forming of train of water droplets impacting porous stones." In 7th International Building Physics Conference. Syracuse, New York: International Association of Building Physics (IABP), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14305/ibpc.2018.be-2.01.

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Hlavnova, Barbara. "MARKETING STRATEGY OF BUILDING STONES MINING INDUSTRY IN SLOVAKIA." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on ECOLOGY, ECONOMICS, EDUCATION AND LEGISLATION. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b53/s21.035.

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Abdulkarem, Mais A., Dalia Adil Rasool, and Baydaa Jabber Nabhan. "Exploring Sustainable Building Practices: Utilizing Olive Stone Waste and Crushed Glass in Concrete Mixtures." In The 2nd International Conference on The Future Sustainable Energy. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-8rv6cm.

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The utilization of waste materials in concrete production can provide potential technical and environmental benefits. In this study, the incorporation of recycled waste glass and olive stone aggregates as partial replacements for fine and coarse aggregates in concrete mixtures was evaluated. Coarse aggregate was replaced with crushed bottle glass, while fine aggregate was replaced with processed olive stones from agricultural waste. Five concrete mixtures were tested, with a control mixture containing 0% waste aggregates and others containing 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% replacements by weight of aggregates with waste glass and olive stones. The compressive strength, flexural strength, and thermal conductivity of standard concrete and specimens were evaluated. The results indicate that compressive strength was equal to or higher in the waste aggregate concretes compared to the control, with 20-30% of replacements showing the best performance. The olive stones increased flexural strength, while the glass reduced it compared to control samples. Thermal conductivity decreased linearly with increasing waste aggregate content due to the lower density and non-crystalline structures. These findings provide evidence that recycled glass and olive stone aggregates can be successfully used as sustainable substitutes for natural aggregates in concrete mixtures.

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Cormier, Len. "Small TSTO RLVs - Market-building stepping stones to SSTO RLVs." In 35th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1999-2620.

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Pavlíková, Milena, Zbyšek Pavlík, and Robert Černý. "Effect of cation type on chloride binding in building stones." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS 2014 (ICNAAM-2014). AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4912390.

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Reports on the topic "Building stones"

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Schattman, Rachel. Farming the floodplain: New England river governance in a changing climate (Hand-outs). USDA Northeast Climate Hub, November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.6956534.ch.

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You are worried about flood impacts from the river that borders your property. While you have considered building a levee and placing stones along the bank to protect you land and house from erosion, you do not have the equipment or expertise to do so. Additionally, you have seen water velocity in the river increase because the farmer upstream has channeled the river. You blame the farmer for putting your land and house at greater flood risk. You think that upstream land should be allowed to flood to slow water velocity and absorb floodwaters; this would protect you and your neighbors from future floods.

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Crystal, Victoria, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Yucca House National Monument: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293617.

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Yucca House National Monument (YUHO) in southwestern Colorado protects unexcavated archeological structures that were constructed by the Ancestral Puebloan people between 1050 and 1300 CE. It was established by Woodrow Wilson by presidential proclamation in 1919 and named “Yucca House” by archeologist Jesse Fewkes as a reference to the names used for this area by the local Ute, Tewa Pueblo, and other Native groups. It was originally only 3.9 ha (9.6 ac) of land, but in 1990, an additional 9.7 ha (24 ac) of land was donated by Hallie Ismay, allowing for the protection of additional archeological resources. Another acquisition of new land is currently underway, which will allow for the protection of even more archeological sites. The archeological resources at YUHO remain unexcavated to preserve the integrity of the structures and provide opportunities for future generations of scientists. One of the factors that contributed to the Ancestral Puebloans settling in the area was the presence of natural springs. These springs likely provided enough water to sustain the population, and the Ancestral Puebloans built structures around one of the larger springs, Aztec Spring. Yet, geologic features and processes were shaping the area of southwest Colorado long before the Ancestral Puebloans constructed their dwellings. The geologic history of YUHO spans millions of years. The oldest geologic unit exposed in the monument is the Late Cretaceous Juana Lopez Member of the Mancos Shale. During the deposition of the Mancos Shale, southwestern Colorado was at the bottom of an inland seaway. Beginning about 100 million years ago, sea level rose and flooded the interior of North America, creating the Western Interior Seaway, which hosted a thriving marine ecosystem. The fossiliferous Juana Lopez Member preserves this marine environment, including the organisms that inhabited it. The Juana Lopez Member has yielded a variety of marine fossils, including clams, oysters, ammonites, and vertebrates from within YUHO and the surrounding area. There are four species of fossil bivalves (the group including clams and oysters) found within YUHO: Cameleolopha lugubris, Inoceramus dimidius, Inoceramus perplexus, and Pycnodonte sp. or Rhynchostreon sp. There are six species of ammonites in three genera found within YUHO: Baculites undulatus, Baculites yokoyamai, Prionocyclus novimexicanus, Prionocyclus wyomingensis, Scaphites warreni, and Scaphites whitfieldi. There is one unidentifiable vertebrate bone that has been found in YUHO. Fossils within YUHO were first noticed in 1875–1876 by W. H. Holmes, who observed fossils within the building stones of the Ancestral Puebloans’ structures. Nearly half of the building stones in the archeological structures at YUHO are fossiliferous slabs of the Juana Lopez Member. There are outcrops of the Juana Lopez 0.8 km (0.5 mi) to the west of the structures, and it is hypothesized that the Ancestral Puebloans collected the building stones from these or other nearby outcrops. Following the initial observation of fossils, very little paleontology work has been done in the monument. There has only been one study focused on the paleontology and geology of YUHO, which was prepared by paleontologist Mary Griffitts in 2001. As such, this paleontological resource inventory report serves to provide information to YUHO staff for use in formulating management activities and procedures associated with the paleontological resources. In 2021, a paleontological survey of YUHO was conducted to revisit previously known fossiliferous sites, document new fossil localities, and assess collections of YUHO fossils housed at the Mesa Verde National Park Visitor and Research Center. Notable discoveries made during this survey include: several fossils of Cameleolopha lugubris, which had not previously been found within YUHO; and a fossil of Pycnodonte sp. or Rhynchostreon sp. that was previously unknown from within YUHO.

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Yoon, Yeobeom, Mini Malhotra, Yeonjin Bae, Piljae Im, and Sungkyun Jung. Defining the Prototype Convenience Store Building Characteristics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1908051.

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Horsey, Ry, Andrew Parker, Chris CaraDonna, Matthew Dahlhausen, Lauren Klun, Amy LeBar, and Marlena Praprost. Understanding Building Energy Use in Carson City, Storey, and Washoe County: Basic Building Stock Characterization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1998735.

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Witzig, Andreas, Camilo Tello, Franziska Schranz, Johannes Bruderer, and Matthias Haase. Quantifying energy-saving measures in office buildings by simulation in 2D cross sections. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541623658.

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A methodology is presented to analyse the thermal behaviour of buildings with the goal to quantify energy saving measures. The solid structure of the building is modelled with finite elements to fully account for its ability to store energy and to accurately predict heat loss through thermal bridges. Air flow in the rooms is approximated by a lumped element model with three dynamical nodes per room. The dynamic model also contains the control algorithm for the HVAC system and predicts the net primary energy consumption for heating and cooling of the building for any time period. The new simulation scheme has the advantage to avoid U-values and thermal bridge coefficients and instead use well-known physical material parameters. It has the potential to use 2D and 3D geometries with appropriate automatic processing from BIM models. Simulations are validated by comparison to IDA ICE and temperature measurement. This work aims to discuss novel approaches to disseminating building simulation more widely.

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Huang, Ran, Sejin Ha, and Joohyung Park. Gender Differences in Consumer-Retailer Relationship Building via Retail Store Attributes. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, November 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-37.

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JHA, Anil. ICIMOD Annual Report 2019. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.5.

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The stories in this annual report provide a summary of our accomplishments over the last year. They showcase key aspects of our work on multiple fronts – from working with communities, engaging policymakers, facilitating regional cooperation, promoting gender and social inclusion, and generating new knowledge and building capacity – to create positive change in the Hindu Kush Himalaya. The stories also highlight the range of partnerships, with governments and civil society, that make possible our work in the region.

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JHA, Anil. ICIMOD Annual Report. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.1039.

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The stories in this annual report provide a summary of our accomplishments over the last year. They showcase key aspects of our work on multiple fronts – from working with communities, engaging policymakers, facilitating regional cooperation, promoting gender and social inclusion, and generating new knowledge and building capacity – to create positive change in the Hindu Kush Himalaya. The stories also highlight the range of partnerships, with governments and civil society, that make possible our work in the region.

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Talamas Marcos, Miguel Ángel. Preliminary Evidence of Surviving Competition: Neighborhood Shops vs. Convenience Chains. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004453.

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Hundreds of millions of microenterprises in emerging economies face increased competition from the entry and expansion of large firms that offer similar products. This paper studies how one of the worlds most prevalent microenterprises, neighborhood shops, confront competition from convenience chains (e.g., 7-Eleven) in Mexico. To address the endogeneity in time and location of chains store openings, I pair two-way fixed effects with a novel instrument that, at the neighborhood level, shifts the profitability of chains but not of shops. An expansion from zero to the average number of chain stores in a neighborhood reduces the number of shops by 16%. Consistent with the theoretical framework, this reduction is not driven by an increase in shop exit but by a decrease in shop entry. Shops retain their sales of fresh products and 96% of their customers, but customers visit shops less often and spend less on non-fresh and packed goods. I present evidence consistent with shops surviving by exploiting comparative advantages stemming from being small and owner-operated, such as lower agency costs, building relationships with the community, and offering informal credit.

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Carpenter, Chris. Building stories: modernity, socialization and failure in works of Franz Kafka and Hannah Arendt. Portland State University Library, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/honors.8.

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