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1
Egner, Matthew Colin. "Weathering characteristics of building stone at Ottawa, Canada." Ottawa.:, 1993.
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2
Schumacher, Karl-Heinz. "Geographische Analyse der baulichen Verwendung von Natursteinen in der Eifel." Aachen : Geographisches Institut der RWTH Aachen im Selbstverlag, 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/19286024.html.
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Holur, Narayanaswamy Abhilash. "Mechanical testing procedure for local building materials : rammed earth and laterite building stones." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSET015/document.
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Pas de résumé en français disponibleLocally available building materials are proven energy efficient and eco-friendly, making them a sustainable building material. In the last two decades, use of raw earth as building material is augmented, owing to the environmental concerns construction industry is also reconsidering the use of raw earth, researchers on the other hand are working to understand the mechanical and dynamic behaviour of earthen buildings, yet the study of mechanical parameters possess multiple challenges due to material inert properties exposing the need of new experimental approaches to extract accurate mechanical parameters. Building techniques such as adobe, compressed earth blocks, rammed earth, and laterite building stones are on a verge of reclaiming elite position in construction industry. In this study, experimental investigation on two naturally available building materials, unstabilised rammed earth (USRE) and laterite building stones (LBS) are carried out. The work focuses on the parameters that need to be considered in the experimental procedures, which influences the mechanical properties of USRE and LBS are seen. The locally available soils in the region of Rhone-alps, France and laterite building stones from Burkina Faso are used in this experimental campaign. Rammed earth walls are constructed by compacting moist soil in layers, due to manufacturing technique there is a density gradient within the layer that leads to heterogeneity. On the other hand, the manufacturing parameters of the USRE such as compaction energy and manufacturing water content have a direct influence on the dry density of the material and therefore the strength. The manufacturing parameters and specimens replicating the in-situ condition are very important to understand the behaviour of USRE wall. Hence an experimental procedure to study the unconfined compressive strength, considering the influence of manufacturing parameters and specimens replicating in-situ conditions are performed along with the cyclic loading and unloading to study the elasto-plastic property of the USRE. The test procedure is performed on two different soils that are used to build USRE structures. Along with the compressive strength of USRE, the tensile strength and flexural strength are also presented by subjecting specimens under split tensile test and four point bending test. Another important parameter is the mechanical strength properties of USRE layer interface under lateral loads. A novel experimental procedure to study the interface strength properties are discussed in this study. The experimental procedure is simple and xii compact that can be performed using a simple uniaxial press using inclined metallic wedges that allows rectangular prism to undergo bi-axial loading. With the help of inclined metallic wedges, shear stress and normal stress can be induced on the specimen interface allowing to obtain coulomb’s failure criteria and hence the strength properties of the interface. Laterite building stones (LBS) which are mainly used in tropical countries are porous in nature. The moisture retention capacity of porous building material will bring indoor comfort, but the presence of water molecules within the material and their variation to the outdoor environment is responsible for complex mechanical behaviour. Hence an experimental investigation to analyse the moisture ingress of LBS and their influence on mechanical strength is designed. The moisture ingress is studied by subjecting LBS for moisture sorption and desorption test and moisture buffering test. Then the influence of moisture ingress on mechanical strength (flexure and compression) are investigated using three point bending test and unconfined compression test with loading and unloading cycles. This experimental investigation allows studying the moisture ingress and their influence on strength along with elasto-plastic behaviour of LBS
4
Myrin, Malin. "Conservation of Gotland sandstone : overview of present conditions, evaluation of methods /." Göteborg : Acta Universitatis Gothoburgenis, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0710/2007398714.html.
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Nel, Tamryn. "A building of living stones : a community service centre for Mamelodi East." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29974.
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This thesis aims to, from the perspective of architecture and urban place making, examine the potential of a church as a catalytic nodal public building and its corresponding potential to serve and uplift its community through both secular and religious functions. The church itself is nothing other than ‘the gathered congregation’ in a particular place at a particular time. (Moltman 1999:201) It is following this statement that the validity of merely embracing the typology of a building designed for given liturgy is questioned. This thesis hypothesises that all spaces that foster community meeting and ritual have the potential to become ‘church’, additionally that: in a Christian based spatial confi guration, spaces that facilitate this ‘church’ to occur are also sacred spaces.Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Architecture
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Reza, Humayun. "Cleaning and restoring old masonry buildings : investigations of physical and chemical characteristics of masonry stones and clay bricks during cleaning." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2014. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/8851.
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Historic buildings and monuments are a precious finite asset and powerful reminders for future generations of the work and way of life of earlier cultures and civilisations. The stone cleaning and restoration of historic buildings is a crucial element in keeping the good look, integrity and quality of the fine art, method of construction and architecture of previous civilisations. Stone cleaning is one of the most noticeable changes a building can be subjected to, which changes its appearance, persona and environmental context. In this study, a series of physical and chemical tests were conducted to further investigate, evaluate and improve the efficiency of building cleaning. Seven different abrasives were adopted for air abrasive cleaning, including copper slag (fine, medium and coarse), recycled glass (fine, medium and coarse) and hazelnut/almond shell (natural abrasive), on a total of eight masonry stones and clay bricks, including yellow sandstone, red sandstone, limestone, marble, granite, white clay brick, yellow clay brick and red clay brick. Physical investigations included sieve tests and impact tests on the abrasives, greyscale image analysis, thickness reduction measurements, Vickers surface hardness tests, Charpy impact tests and water absorption tests. Chemical investigations included Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. Sieve tests and impact tests confirmed that the abrasives utilised were fairly reliable, and the abrasives with high bulk densities were stronger and tougher than those with low bulk density. Greyscale digital image analysis indicated a lower greyscale value corresponded to a dirtier masonry surface. In general, the greyscale continuously increased with the increasing cleaning time and tended to be stable when the surface became fully cleaned. The cleanness was also introduced for assessing the effectiveness of the building cleaning. Similar trends could be observed. Both parameters proved to be significantly useful. For most of the samples, monotonic increase trends were observed between the greyscale and thickness reduction. The image analysis on greyscale and the thickness measurement were two useful methods for assessing the cleaning degree of a masonry stone or clay brick. Based on the analysis on all the testing data, it is possible to recommend a more suitable abrasive for each masonry stone or brick. For granite and red clay brick, medium glass produced the best performance, while for limestone, marble and red sandstone, fine glass was promising. For yellow clay brick, fine slag could be the best option, while for yellow sandstone the natural abrasive was found to be the most suitable. vi The Vickers hardness test results indicated that a larger hardness corresponded to a harder masonry surface. Also the surface hardness continuously increased with the increasing cleaning time but at a decrease rate. Most of the increasing trends of the surface hardness could be approximately expressed using parabolic relationships. Granite was found to be the hardest, and followed by marble and limestone. However, there were no big differences in the surface hardness between yellow clay brick, yellow sandstone, red sandstone and white clay brick. The impact resistances of seven masonry stones and bricks were obtained by conducting the Charpy impact resistance tests. Granite showed the highest impact resistance among all the stones and bricks and was followed by marble, limestone, clay bricks and sandstones. The stones and bricks with higher impact resistances also had higher hardness values but lower water absorptions. The water absorbing capacity of the seven masonry stones and bricks was quantitatively determined. Two types of clay bricks showed the highest water absorptions, and the water absorptions for limestone, yellow sandstone and red sandstone were also quite high. However, the water absorption of marble and granite was found to be very low. Larger water absorption corresponded to a softer stone or brick, while smaller water absorption corresponded to a harder stone or brick. The chemical investigations by using the SEM and EDX techniques showed that the chemical substances on the masonry surface varied largely for different types of stones and bricks. This study showed the way to detect such soiling using chemical analysis by monitor the changes in chemical elements and compounds during the building cleaning. Finally, comprehensive conclusions were presented, together with useful suggestions for future work.
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Potgieter-Vermaak, SS, RHM Godoi, Grieken R. Van, JH Potgieter, M. Oujja, and M. Castillejo. "Micro-structural characterization of black crust and laser cleaning of building stones by micro-Raman and SEM techniques." Elsevier, 2005. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000992.
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Research concerning the formation and removal of black crusts on various historical objects is approached from many different angles. The
so-called “yellowing effect”, observed after laser treatment for cleaning purposes, has also received a lot of attention. Evidence regarding this
phenomenon differs considerably and the actual mechanisms are still speculated on by researchers. In an attempt to elucidate the processes
involved in the yellowing effect associated with laser cleaning, a new analytical technique has been used to investigate the black crust, a
region of the sample cleaned by laser irradiation at 1064 nm and another region of the same sample subjected to further laser irradiation at
355 nm, on a limestone sample from the cathedral of Seville in Spain. Micro-Raman spectrometry offers the advantage of spatial chemical
characterization of the stone, based upon its molecular makeup and was performed on the bulk body of the stone. Raman and scanning electron
microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDXS) results indicate that the surfaces cleaned by irradiation at 1064 nm and by
double irradiation at 1064 and 355 nm differed in terms of their calcium sulphate, calcium oxalate and iron oxide content, and that this could
contribute to the difference in colour observed.
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RIchards, Samantha J. "Unearthing the opportunities for geotourism contained within the building stones of the Quality Lighthouse Hotel, Bunbury, Western Australia." Thesis, RIchards, Samantha J. (2020) Unearthing the opportunities for geotourism contained within the building stones of the Quality Lighthouse Hotel, Bunbury, Western Australia. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2020. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/57524/.
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Geotourism associated with urban environments can draw tourists to natural geoheritage features such as caves, outcrops of significant geology and cultural sites located close to or within cities. Geotourism experiences that lend themselves to the appreciation of geology in the urban environment often involve observing the varieties of building stones and structures in the built environment and capitalising on historic or iconic structures, which are major tourist attractions in world cities. Inspired by the diverse geology contained within the stone walls of the Quality Lighthouse Hotel, Bunbury WA, the purpose of this thesis is to provide a geotourism focused interpretation of three urban sites with potential geological interest within the city of Bunbury. Initially, four international case studies are presented to highlight the spectrum of geotourism experiences offered within the urban environment. Secondly, the abiotic features, geology, geomorphology and deep time of the four key building stones of the Quality Lighthouse Hotel are considered. The closing sections detail the cultural inspiration and influence that the stones have had on diverse groups of people who have participated in shaping the city of Bunbury. Cultural topics featured include mid-century architecture, European settlement and Noongar people’s connections with and uses of the Southwest regions’ landscape and geology.
Keywords: Building stones, architecture, cultural values, visitor, engagement, urban geology, Geotourism, deep time, interpretation, Aboriginal Culture.
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Koch, Andreas. "Deformation von Fassadenplatten aus Marmor : Schadenskartierungen und gesteinstechnische Untersuchungen zur Verwitterungsdynamik von Marmorfassaden /." Göttingen : Univ.-Verl. Göttingen, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2857908&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Graue, Birte Johanna Verfasser], Siegfried [Akademischer Betreuer] [Siegesmund, and Rolf [Akademischer Betreuer] Snethlage. "Stone deterioration and replacement of natural building stones at the Cologne cathedral - A contribution to the preservation of cultural heritage / Birte Johanna Graue. Gutachter: Siegfried Siegesmund ; Rolf Snethlage. Betreuer: Siegfried Siegesmund." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1044871709/34.
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Raneri, Simona. "Complex Pore Geometries in Natural Building Stones: an experimental and theoretical approach for the modeling of porosity changes in natural, degraded and treated calcarenites." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/4021.
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Calcarenites are the most widely used natural stones in Sicily as building materials. The comprehension of the degradation style of these natural building stone is of great interest in order to preserve the ancient masonry, especially in the case of relevant Cultural Heritages. A large number of Sicilian monuments are included in UNESCO Heritage List as their special cultural or physical significance. Considering the cultural importance of these ones, smart solutions are required in the perspective of their conservation.
In the framework of restoration actions, the complete knowledge of the internal structure of building stones is fundamental in order to estimate durability and prevent degradation processes. Salt growth is a significant cause of damage for natural stones. The effects of the salt weathering are, in addition to the properties of the salt itself and the climatic conditions, strongly related to the structural and textural features of materials. For this reason, an integrate study on petrographic, physical, mechanical and porosimetric proprieties changes due to salts crystallization could be useful to highlight correlation among textural, structural and engineering parameters. Moreover, one of the main problems in conservation field is the use of suitable consolidant and protective treatments able to preserve the masonry, being compatible with the stone substrate and not affecting its aesthetical proprieties. There are numerous tests able to verify the efficiency of consolidant or protective products, mainly devoted to verify their ability to not modify the appearance of stone and its physical proprieties, especially against water; however, particularly in the case of consolidant, one of the most important feature is related to its penetration depth, often difficult to evaluate by using the standard test routines.
For aforementioned, this research work is devoted to apply a multi-methodological approach for characterizing and modeling pore structure modifications due to weathering processes in a coarse grained Sicilian calcarenite used as building and replace stones in Sicilian Cultural Heritages (Sabucina Stone), also through fractal models and innovative and non invasive methods. The obtained data on Sabucina stone have been employed for planning conservative treatments devoted to coarse grained calcarenite substrates. Therefore, innovative nanostructured and hybrid consolidant and protective products have been experimented and the results of efficiency tests along with the determination of surface and sub-surface changes due to the treatments are proposed.
In conclusion, the applied theoretical and empirical approach has allowed to: highlight the potential of classical and innovative complementary methods in quantifying the structural changes in porous materials due to degradation processes and conservative treatments, explain how they help to facilitate the understanding of stone weathering and validate the use of geometrical models in describing complex pore systems.
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Gokcek, Soner. "Application Of Ohsas 18000 To Bigadic Boron Work To Improve The Existent Working Conditions." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612379/index.pdf.
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OHSAS 18000 Occupational Health and Safety Assessment System Series have a special importance to mining. OHSAS standardization aims to provide secure, more tranquil and healthier working space to the employees by means of establishing an assessment system. As mining activities are generally carried out in high risk environments, OHSAS has been improved and has increased its importance for mining in the world.
In this study, BigadiçBoron Work is taken as a case for the application of OHSAS 18001. Theoretical information about OHSAS and risk assessment is provided, and some exemplifying mines that implemented this standard are given to illustrate their benefits. All possible hazard sources are identified and a &ldquo
Hazard Source Inventory&rdquo
is proposed. Together with this hazard source inventory, a risk assessment method is developed for Bigadiç
Boron Work. Several tasks are evaluated according to this proposed form. In order to define policy, principles and structure of Occupational Health and Safety Assessment System, an &ldquo
OHSA Manual&rdquo
is prepared. Several sets of standard forms were prepared and recommended for Bigadiç
Boron Work. Consistency throughout the organization was established by means of these created standard documents, procedures and forms. Proposed Job Safety Analysis form can be used to identify, analyze and record the steps involved in performing a specific task, and the existing or potential safety and health hazards associated with each step. Several safe job procedures were also prepared with the help of the risk assessment process. In addition to this, an &ldquo
Emergency Plan&rdquo
is proposed for enterprise to prevent loss of life, property and information, and provide safety in case of any emergency or natural disaster. An &ldquo
OHS Audit Instrument&rdquo
is suggested for the Bigadiç
Boron Work that will play a key role for continuous improvement of the system. Audits are integral part of OHSAS in order to identify hazards, improve health and safety conditions, and check compliance with regulations. These studies also show that there are some problems in the implementation of the system. The main problem is ineffective data recording and keeping. Lack of consciousness of employees and low commitment of top management constitute another important difficulty. Although these problems are commonly encountered in practice, applying OHSAS 18000 standard is still worthwhile method of improving work environment.
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Jones, Melainie Susan. "The degradation of building stone." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318264.
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Lewis, F. J. "Investigations of bacteria on building stone and their role in stone decay." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379170.
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The role of bacteria in the decay of building stone from ancient monuments was examined using the framework of Koch's postulates. This involved a stepwise approach to investigate the occurrence, nature and decay potential of bacteria on stone. Prior to investigating the occurrence of bacteria on stonework it was necessary to develop a standardised procedure of high precision for the recovery and enumeration of these bacteria. A number of different methods to remove bacteria from stone were studied including physical agitation, chemical desorption and surfactant treatment. Finally a method was adopted in which stone samples were powdered, homogenised in a dilute solution of surfactant (Tween 80) and counted on an automatic plating system. A range of growth media were used to examine three different bacterial types, namely, sulphur-oxidising, nitrifying and heterotrophic. To investigate the occurrence and distri but10n of bacteria on both sound and decayed stone extensive bacteriological surveys were conducted on stonework at two monuments, Portchester Castle and Tintern Abbey. All types of bacteria were widely distributed on both sandstone and limestone at the monuments. At each monument, significantly more sulphur-oxidising and heterotrophic bacteria were associated with severely decayed stone than undecayed stone. Electron microscopy confirmed that large populations of bacteria could be found predominantly 5-10mm below the surface of decayed stone. Approximately 200 bacteria were isolated into pure culture during the field surveys of the two monuments. All isolates were screened for decay potential using a liquid culture system involving static growth of bacteria in the presence of 1cm stone discs. From the 200 isolates, about 30 were capable of causing substantial weight loss in sandstone discs under heterotrophic conditions. Five isolates were able to cause a large weight loss using only mineral nutrients. Some isolates caused a significant weight gain in the stone discs under these conditions. Statistical analysis of the data from this decay screen indicated that weight loss of stone could be directly correlated to a decrease in pH of the medium and a release of calcium and silicate from the stone. Futher decay studies carried out on selected isolates suggested that under heterotrophic conditions the bacteria secreted quantities of organic acids in to the medium which could attack the stone. However, in the presence of an inorganic nutrient source, the generation of mineral acids may be involved. Under both conditions different stones had varying resistance to bacterial decay and this appeared to be dependent upon the level of calcite in the stone. Specific antibody techniques such as BLISA and FAT were examined and proved very useful in demonstrating the presence of certain principal decay species on samples of decayed stone.
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Paterson, Mhairi. "'Set in stone?' : building a new geography of the dry-stone wall." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6808/.
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Dry-stone walls in Britain have a rich and enduring landscape heritage: they extend for miles across the countryside but are all too often overlooked. Contrary to common laments that describe walling as a dying craft, this thesis explores the social, cultural and historical geographies which frame walling as a thriving trade and lively hobby. It employs ethnographic and practice-led methodologies (undertaken primarily in Scotland) to understand the embodied, emotional and material dimensions of the dry-stone craft. Methods include observant participation of instructional courses, craft demonstrations and competitions; in-depth interviews with professional and amateur wallers; and, documentary analysis of textual walling material dating from the early 20th century. The thesis considers the place of the rural dry-stone wall and explains how economic, social and cultural developments have led to the construction of dry-stone features within more urbanised locales. In so doing, this research explains how walling has become a socially and culturally diverse activity, enrolled within narratives of contemporary forms of craftpersonship and community engagement projects. By engaging directly with dry-stone walling practice, this thesis also addresses recent disciplinary appeals to explore experimental and participatory approaches to doing research. Taking seriously knowledge acquired through the body, it therefore refigures, in vital and novel ways, how contemporary realisations of historic landscapes and craft traditions are known and understood.
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Lanford, Patricia. "A model for building trustworthiness in online stores." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/07M%20Dissertations/LANFORD_PATRICIA_43.pdf.
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Srinivasan, Sudarshan. "Sensors for monitoring hygrothermal variations in building stone." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.728666.
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Climatically induced cycles of temperature and moisture content may result in the weathering of building stone through various mechanisms. It is now increasingly possible that, in response to changing climatic conditions, patterns of moisture movement along with thermal gradients within building stone will significantly be altered and increase in complexity. To understand the ongoing dynamically varying micro-environmental conditions in and around stone masonry and to predict future trends, there is a growing need to continuously monitor environmental parameters that control weathering mechanisms in stone. Despite rather advanced non-destructive methods currently used for assessing the deterioration process in stone, the fate and extent of inner contamination remains largely unaccounted for by such methods. Therefore, real-time monitoring of spatial and temporal variations in environmental parameters of building stone is invaluable, not only from the standpoint of economic planning and maintenance, but also on cultural, technical and scientific grounds. This thesis studies the spatial and temporal variations in moisture and temperature conditions in building stone using electrical resistance based sensors. The experimental work reported in this thesis has been carried out to simultaneously address two strands of research viz., 1) To study temperature and moisture changes in building stone in response to variations in simulated and natural micro-environmental conditions and 2) To develop electrical resistance based monitoring technique for long-term monitoring needs of stone masonry structures.
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Moh'd, Basem Khalil Abdul-Hafiz. "Evaluation of some Jordanian limestone as building stone." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267841.
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Luxton, William Booth. "The exposure and deterioration of granitic building stone." Thesis, Middlesex University, 1997. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/10167/.
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The study of building stone decay is a field of increasing impOliance. Many previous studies have focused on limestone, and recently on sandstone. These studies can provide information on the spatial and temporal distribution of weathering forms and the degree of impact of polluted urban atmospheres. Several of these schemes rely on subjective visual appraisal by the examiner, which is unreliable and prone to measurement error. To counter these problems, and address the relative paucity of studies on granitic building stone, a novel semi-quantitative measure of rock quality was created. The creation of the Stone Deterioration Index (SDI) allowed the evaluation of longterm granitic building stone decay, while the short-term response of fresh granite to atmospheric exposure was examined through the use of microcatchment units (MCV' s). The measurement of run-off water and the physical response of fresh granite over a 91 week exposure period at three sites of varying pollution concentrations, allowed an assessment of the relative importance of surface roughness, composition and, dry & total deposition on deterioration rates. The exposure programme used MCV's containing granodiorite slabs with different degrees of surface roughness (finish) to collect run-off. This was measured for volume, pH, conductivity, and selected anion and metal concentrations. Run-off concentrations were measured by a Dionex 2000i ion chromatograph and a Perkin-Elmer ICP 40 inductively coupled plasma spectrometer respectively.Site was the most important factor in determining run-off concentrations showing significant variations between the urban and rural sites. Surprisingly, MCl) composition and surface roughness variations had little influence on component concentrations, and there were no systematic significant inter-finish variations. The MCV slabs showed no significant changes in weight, surface roughness or composition as a result of exposure. Granitic carousel tablets of varying composition, designed to assess the relative influence of dry and total deposition on granitic deterioration, also showed no systematic effects from exposure. The lack of significant variation between the pre- and post-exposure characteristics of the MCV slabs and carousel tablets could indicate that exposure length was not sufficient to generate measurable decay features. The assessment of long-term decay rates by the SDI, which was non-destructive and applied in situ, involved the measurement and rating of four parameters (surface strength, surface roughness, surface coatings and discolouration), to form a semi-quantifiable measure of rock quality. Eleven churches in Dartmoor, built between 1430AD-1896AD, were assessed by the SDI to provide a measure of long-term deterioration rates. Cross-church comparisons revealed no consistent effects on deterioration rates with increasing stone height. Aspect, however, did playa major role in influencing deterioration rates. The south facing walls (mean: 60 SDI points) showed the least amount of decay and had the slowest deterioration rate, while west (mean: 56 SDI) and north facing walls (mean: 53 SDI) deteriorated 6% and 14% faster than south facing walls respectively. Results suggest biological weathering was the major process in granite building stone deterioration in the Dartmoor region. These findings correspond to research by Robinson and Williams (1996) on sandstone churches. They ranked aspect by weathering scores derived from visual assessment of individual stone block, and found deterioration features were strongly affected by aspect, in the order; East>North>West>South. Although there is convergence in the decay pattern between aspects for the two stone types, the SDI index was formulated for coarse-grained igneous rocks, where it shows a strong statistical relationship between building age and rock quality (1=0.74). This allowed the formulation of an average linear deterioration rate for granite buildings in a clean, rural environment of 4.59 SDI points per hundred years.
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Yapicioglu, Haluk Smith Alice E. "Retail spatial design with a racetrack aisle network considering revenue and adjacencies." Auburn, Ala., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1479.
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Ogan, Musaagaoglu Bilge. "Performance Of The Stone Building Envelope:cladding To Curtain Wall." Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606735/index.pdf.
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The main objective of this thesis is to review the problems of stone facades according to the performance criteria determined with codes and standards and to propose solutions for proper application. In this process the codes, standards, other documents and the knowledge of the researcher all served to determine the inadequacies present in this field. The thesis also aims at clarifying the terminolgy confusion related to stone cladding and stone curtain wall.
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Bastiani, Merideth. "Stone Soup : A Recipe for Building Resiliency Among Children." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/6766.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedDespite a decade of effort, we have seen limited success in increasing the personal preparedness of adults that is thought to create individual and community resiliency. Since inadequate preparation by adults can negatively impact children, preparedness education for children is now a priority. Unfortunately, the current resource-based model of preparedness presents a barrier to many children who have or control limited resources. This highlights the need to examine other approaches to achieving resiliency among children. This thesis argues that adaptive capacity may be more beneficial for increasing resilience among children, that adaptive capacity can be taught, and that schools are the best place for such education to occur. Lastly, it addresses the significant challenges related to responsibility for teaching and content.
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Jaynes, Suzanne Margaret. "Studies of building stone weathering in south-east England." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274542.
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Petkova, Natalia. "Form follows material ? : Stories of building in massive stone today." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2023. https://these.univ-paris-est.fr/intranet/2023/TH2023PESC2017.pdf.
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La pierre. À en juger par le nombre de projets réalisés, de livres et d’articles publiés, de formations suivies, d’expositions organisées et de conférences données autour de son utilisation structurelle, cet ancien matériau de construction connait manifestement un renouveau dans l’architecture contemporaine. Aux côtés d’autres matériaux bio ou géosourcés, présentés comme des alternatives écologiques à leurs homologues synthétiques (principalement le béton, l’acier etla brique), la pierre fait l’objet d’appréciations très positives de la part des professionnels de la construction et du grand public dans un certain nombre de pays d’Europe occidentale. Cet engouement pour les matériaux dits naturels coïncide avec une évolution plus large de la manière dont l’architecture est aujourd’hui présentée, discutée et évaluée, largement inspirée parle material turn dans le domaine de material studies autour de l’an 2000. Ce tournant a vu l’intérêt pour le style, la fonction ou le contenu symbolique des bâtiments largement supplanté par l’attention portée aux matériaux dont ils sont faits, leur fabrication, usage et agency. Les professionnels comme le grand public ont en effet dorénavant tendance à privilégier les considérations sociales, culturelles, économiques et environnementales autour de la construction,de l’utilisation et de l’après-vie des bâtiments, en minimisant et en mettant parfois de côté les questions de forme – l’essence physique des bâtiments.La thèse principale défendue dans Form follows material ? est que la prise en compte du material turn dans la recherche architecturale, aussi précieuse qu’elle ait été en élargissant l’horizon des préoccupations de la discipline, a également le potentiel de remettre fondamentalement en question la façon dont nous pensons la forme. Cette recherche explore donc ce que l’utilisation de la pierre en structure fait à l’architecture contemporaine, en termes d’usages et de forme. Son objectif est moins de déduire une théorie globale de la construction en pierre massive aujourd’hui que d’induire des façons utiles de l’interpréter. Chacun des neuf chapitres représente une perspective à travers laquelle nous pouvons commencer à la situer dans l’histoire récente de l’architecture et à considérer ses conséquences pour la théorie et la pratique architecturale. Ces perspectives ont émergé d’un travail ethnographique sur le terrain autour d’une série de projets de construction (dessinés par Atelier Archiplein, Atelier Architecture Perraudin, Aulets Arquitectes,Institut Balear de l’Habitatge IBAVI et Caruso St John Architects) en cours de réalisation en Suisse, en Espagne et en Angleterre — où l’intérêt pour le matériau est en train de se développer. La pierre est ainsi examinée dans le cadre de son utilisation à des fins structurelles — c’est-à-dire porteuses ou autoportantes — dans la construction aujourd’hui à travers : les raisons pour lesquelles on choisit de l’employer ; la logique de son approvisionnement ; l’expertise à laquelle elle fait appel ; ses prétendus fondements moraux ; le travail impliqué dans son extraction et sa transformation ; ses tendances brutalistes ; ses associations stylistiques ; et, enfin, sa capacité à durerStone. If the number of published projects, magazine features, workshops, university courses,exhibitions, and conferences articulated around its structural use is anything to go by, the age-oldbuilding material appears to be undergoing something of a revival in contemporary architecture. Alongside other bio or geo-sourced building materials, portrayed as ecological alternatives totheir synthetic counterparts (mainly concrete, steel and fired brick) stone has been the object ofgrowing enthusiasm among professionals of the built environment as well as the wider public in anumber of West European countries. This enthusiasm for so-called natural materials coincideswith a broader shift in how architecture today is presented, discussed and its quality evaluated,largely inspired by the material turn within the field of material studies around the year 2000 thatsaw a flourishing of interest in things, their agency, fabrication, exchange and raw matter. Thisshift has seen concern for the style, function or symbolic content of buildings largely supersededby an attention to the materials they are made of. It has tended to privilege social, cultural,economic and environmental considerations around the making, use and after-life of buildings, attimes minimising and sidelining questions of form — the physical essence and shape ofbuildings.The principal thesis defended in Form follows Material? is that the espousal of the material turnin architectural research, immensely valuable as it has been in expanding the discipline’s horizonof concern, also carries the potential to fundamentally challenge how we think about form, itscentral preoccupation. The research thus set out to explore what employing stone in structure isdoing to contemporary architecture, in terms of both uses and form. Its objective has been less tod educe an overarching theory of building in massive stone today than to induce useful ways ofinterpreting the trend as it continues to evolve. Each of the nine chapters represents oneperspective through which we might begin to situate it within recent architectural history and to consider its consequences for contemporary architectural theory and practice. These perspectiveshave emerged out of my ethnographic fieldwork around a series of building projects in themaking (drawn by Atelier Archiplein, Atelier Architecture Perraudin, Aulets Arquitectes, InstitutBalear de l’Habitatge IBAVI et Caruso St John Architects) in Switzerland, Spain and England —where a critical mass of interest in the material is developing. The thesis thus considers stoneused for structural — that is to say load-bearing or self-supporting — purposes in construction today in terms of: the reasons for choosing to employ it; the logic of its supply; the expertise itcalls upon; its purported moral underpinnings; the labour involved in its extraction and transformation; its brutalist tendencies; stylistic associations; and finally, its capacity to last
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Valek, Jan. "Lime mortars in historic buildings." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311778.
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McKelvey, D. "The performance of vibro stone column reinforced foundations in deep soft ground." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269132.
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Yeung, Chun-kit Kevin. "Stone column bases in ancestral halls in Hong Kong." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3147696X.
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Naude, M. "The selective use of slate in vernacular farm buildings and structures north of the Vaal River." South African Journal of Art History, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001367.
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Abstract
Slate and shale are not usually considered as building stone for the construction of entire buildings in the vernacular farm architecture of the area north of the Vaal River (historically known as the Transvaal). Sandstone and granite as principal building stone types were more common. Slate and shale are two different stone types but due to their similar layered structure they are often used together in the construction of the same wall. Current research has revealed that slate and shale did play a significantbutselectiveroleinvernacularbuildingtechnologyintheregion.Slatewasusedforfinishing and solving specificproblemsinfolkbuildingtechnology.Oneofthereasonswhythesestonetypes were less popular as building material is the isolated occurrences of outcrops in the region. Sandstone and granite are more common and readily available. The few buildings constructed with slate and shale had a unique character reflectedinthewalltexturewhenthestoneislaidflat.Becausethe stone is released from its rock bed in thin plates with an almost completely flatsurfaceonbothsides, it is usually laid flatandneedslittlemortartosecureastablewall.Thispaperintroducesratherthan analyses the use of these materials in the vernacular architecture of the former Transvaal region.
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Mogno, Sofia <1996>. "Building phygital experiences through optichannel retail. The future of luxury fashion stores." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20217.
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Customer experience (CX) is set to be a major source of competitive advantage, enhancing brand positioning, customer engagement, and long-term loyalty (De Bonis et al., 2020). As postmodern consumers ascribe anything they interact with, even places, with a representation of the self (Debord, 2012), the new source of value will be neither the product nor the brand, but the resulting holistic CX (Hoolbrook, 1996), which will turn into a key management tool to market brand image and positioning. As an experience occurs wherever and whenever a customer gets into contact with a brand throughout many touchpoints, retail becomes crucial in its building (Brakus et al., 2009), entailing a more customer-centric and experience-based approach. This triggers the need for managers to define a new role and new characteristics of stores to make them relevant to these new retail strategies as a value-adding element where customers can “live” the brand itself.
This thesis studies why and how luxury retail should become more experiential and customer-centric, and which role and features luxury fashion stores should have to build consistent retail and CX strategies, as the boundaries between online and offline increasingly blur. The analysis includes a theoretical and an empirical research: the former compiles past literature about CX and retail to examine their evolving notions and connection, while the latter combines case studies and semi-structured interviews to highlight the emerging role and characteristics of luxury fashion stores, drawing managerial implications for building relevant retail strategies in the near future.
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Turkington, Alice V. "The durability of sandstone in salt-rich environments." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287434.
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Wenzl, Alexandra K. "The implementation and impact of the National Park Service's design guidelines on Civilian Conservation Corp [i.e. Corps] stonework in Indiana's state parks." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1265461.
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This study evaluates the relationship of the Civilian Conservation Corps' stonework in Indiana's state parks and the National Park Service's design guidelines for stone landscape features. The design guidelines were instrumental in establishing an overall design approach for many of the stone structures evaluated in this study. A general history of the Civilian Conservation Corp program provides the context for the program as well as the relationship to stonework in Indiana's state parks. Through a sampling of stone landscape features in six Indiana state parks it can be concluded that the Civilian Conservation Corps were impacted by the National Park Service's design guidelines. At the same time the Civilian Conservation Corps deviated from the guidelines and improvised with their own variation.Department of Architecture
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Gaulton, Barry C. "Seventeenth-century stone construction at Ferryland, Newfoundland (area C) /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq25843.pdf.
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Saunders, Ruth. "The use of old red sandstone in Roman Britain : a petrographical and archaeological study." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325185.
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Young, Maureen Elinor. "Biological growths and their relationship to the physical and chemical characteristics of sandstones before and after cleaning." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336619.
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Halsey, David Piers. "The weathering of sandstone, with particular reference to buildings in the West Midlands, UK." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/90754.
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Bishop, Cheryl Marie. "Quarr stone : an archaeological and petrological study in relation to the Roman, Anglo-Saxon and Medieval stone building industries of southern Britain." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369548.
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Naeem, Qazi Sulaiman. "Finite element modelling and response spectrum snalysis of Rubble-Stone Masonry Buildings." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23767/.
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Finite element modelling is an efficient tool for the performance assessment of masonry structures. In particular, it facilitates the accurate prediction of the seismic response of a structure to earthquakes using dynamic analysis procedures. Numerical models using response spectrum analysis based on modal analysis allow to predict realistic failure modes observed after preceding seismic events with reasonable computational effort, a characteristic which is suitable for engineering practice. This thesis deals with modelling as a finite element model and analyse using response spectrum analysis of masonry buildings and the subsequent discussion of the obtained results. SAP2000 software is used for developing the numerical models, which are then analysed on the basis of design acceleration response spectra obtained according to the different building codes for different regions. Different structural demands under static and dynamic loading are obtained from the models and compared with theoretical results made with various mathematical models.
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Zurakowska, Marta. "Stone decay in cleaned and non-cleaned sandstone buildings in west Scotland." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.732204.
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Mazzon, Nicola. "Infuence of Grout Injection on the Dynamic Behaviour of Stone Masonry Buildings." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422728.
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The Italian and European regions are characterized by a wide diffusion of structures in the minor historical centres. The decay condition, in which part these buildings are, makes often necessary structural interventions to preserve they integrity. This way, during last decades several new intervention methodologies were developed, employing both innovative and traditional materials, with the aim to avoid further damages, particularly those induced by seismic events. However, these new materials and techniques are often commercialized and employed without any preliminary exhaustive study to verify their applicability and their effectiveness.
The present research joins in this contest considering the multi-leaf stone masonries, one of the most diffuse structural systems widely employed on minor historical buildings. This masonry typology is constituted by more approached leaves and it is characterized by a high percentage of internal voids. Furthermore, the employment of hydraulic lime-based grout injection is also considered as strengthening technique suitable for this masonry typology. This study aims to validate the application of this intervention methodology, widely applied since many years employing materials different for chemical composition, trough an extensive experimental campaign and a subsequent numerical modelling.
First experimental phase involves a series of dynamic tests on whole building models, considering a reducing scale factor, realized with multi-leaf stone masonry, subsequently strengthened trough injection of grout. The execution of these shaking table tests allowed to evaluate the influence of the considered strengthening technique on the overall dynamic behaviour of the injected structure. Furthermore, also the increasing of strength and the seismic response of the building models could be evaluated.
A complementary experimental phase involved several further quasi-static laboratory tests tests on single structural elements.
Compression tests allowed to study the strength increasing of this elements as well as their failure mechanisms after the grout injection. Further shear compression tests provided important informations about the mechanical behaviour of single structural elements subjected to in-plane cyclic forces.
Finally, a numerical modelling of the mechanical behaviour of specimens subjected to compression load was developed. This analysis allowed to deepen the study of the stress distribution and of the failure mechanisms of single structural elements subjected to strengthening trough grout injection.Il territorio italiano, così come quello europeo, è caratterizzato da un’ampia diffusione di strutture appartenenti all’edilizia storica minore. Lo stato di degrado, in cui talvolta si trovano tali edifici, rende spesso necessari interventi strutturali volti a garantirne l’integrità. In tale senso, negli ultimi decenni sono state sviluppate nuove metodologie d’intervento, sfruttando sia di materiali tradizionali che innovativi, per preservare tali strutture da ulteriori danni, in particolare quelli indotti da eventi sismici. Tuttavia, nuovi materiali e tecniche d’intervento vengono spesso commercializzati ed applicati senza l’esecuzione di un esaustivo studio preliminare che ne verifichi l’applicabilità e l’efficacia. La presente ricerca si inserisce in questo contesto prendendo in considerazione le murature multi-strato in pietra, una delle tipologie costruttive maggiormente impiegate nell’edilizia storica minore. Tale muratura è costituita da più paramenti accostati ed è caratterizzata da un’alta percentuale di vuoti interni. Inoltre, si considera l’impiego dell’iniezione di miscela, a base di calce idraulica naturale, come tecnica di consolidamento applicabile a tale tipologia muraria. Lo studio si propone di validare l’impiego di questa metodologia d’intervento, già da tempo ampiamente utilizzata sfruttando materiali di diversa composizione chimica, mediante la realizzazione di un’ampia campagna sperimentale e di una successiva modellazione numerica. La prima fase sperimentale comprende una serie di prove dinamiche su modelli di edificio, in scala ridotta, realizzati in muratura multi-strato di pietra, successivamente sottoposta ad iniezione di miscela. L’esecuzione di tali prove su tavola vibrante ha permesso di valutare l’influenza della tecnica di consolidamento considerata sul comportamento dinamico globale della struttura su cui si interviene. Inoltre, si è potuto valutare l’incremento di resistenza oltre che la variazione della risposta sismica dei modelli di edificio. Una complementare fase sperimentale ha coinvolto numerose ed ulteriori prove di laboratorio, realizzate in ambito quasi-statico, su singoli elementi strutturali.L’esecuzione di prove di compressione ha permesso di verificare sia l’incremento di resistenza di tali elementi strutturali che la variazione delle loro modalità di rottura a seguito dell’iniezione di miscela legante. Ulteriori prove di taglio e compressione hanno fornito importanti indicazioni riguardo al comportamento meccanico di singoli elementi strutturali soggetti a forze cicliche nel piano. Infine, si è sviluppata una modellazione numerica del comportamento meccanico di campioni sottoposti a carico di compressione monoassiale. Quest'analisi ha dunque permesso di approfondire lo studio della distribuzione delle tensioni e delle modalità di rottura di singoli elementi strutturali, soggetti ad intervento di consolidamento mediante iniezioni di miscela legante.
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Laycock, Elizabeth Anne. "Frost degradation and weathering of the Magnesian Limestone building stone of the Yorkshire province." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267105.
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Talu, Işıl Böke Hasan. "Classification and visual analysis of weathering forms of stone in Kadıkalesi, Kuşadası/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/mimarirestorasyon/T000374.pdf.
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Risen, Jeremy D. "Indianapolis department store architecture : the national and local development of the department store building type." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1178347.
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The department store retailing concept grew out of the nineteenth century dry goods retail trade. Dry goods stores were usually housed in a group of nineteenth century commercial buildings. As the United States became more prosperous during the late nineteenth century, dry goods establishments outgrew their buildings and developed a new department store building type. The "second generation" store design was generally tripartite: large ground floor display windows, intermediate stories with regular banks of windows, and decorative upper one or two stories capped with an elaborate cornice. These flagship buildings were expanded and remodeled until the 1950s, when the focus of department store retailing shifted to the suburban branch stores. The branch stores anchored shopping centers in the 1950s and 1960s and enclosed shopping malls thereafter.Department of Architecture
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Farrar, Nicholas Stewart. "Tacit knowledge, learning and expertise in dry stone walling." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2006. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/4729/.
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This is a detailed study of learning in the context of dry stone walling. It examines what happens in the learning situation. The aim of this work was: 'To understand the nature of expertise in dry stone walling, how it is understood by those practising the craft, and how it is transmitted to others'. The main research questions were, therefore: What happens when dry stone wallers are learning their craft? How do they acquire expertise in dry stone walling? How is this learning communicated? This process necessitated developing a way of engaging with the practitioners, eliciting descriptive data about what they were doing, and why they were doing it, through interviews (or conversations) with both individuals and groups, whilst they practiced their skill. Twenty three wailers were interviewed as they worked, building walls. The material obtained was analysed under seven different themes: 'Knowing how' The use of tacit knowledge or intuition 'Flow' Constant decision making, reflection and learning from mistakes Individual and subjective variations and experiences The relevance of emotion The use of 'rules of thumb' or maxims. Learning walling does not fit simply into any of the seven themes. It is contextualised, complex and individual. It demonstrates tacit knowledge and intuition. It involves emotion, sometimes consciously, sometimes not. It involves memory, problem solving, and learning from mistakes, and reflection. Maxims or 'rules of thumb' were a key element in the learning process at all stages. Linear stages of learning were not evidenced. Deep understanding of the practice is evidenced, and the wider learning and teaching implications are explored.
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Stewart, James Bennett. "The book of stone: a library for Blacksburg, Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53303.
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“For it is ultimately the function of art, in imposing a credible order upon ordinary reality, and thereby eliciting some perception of an order in reality, to bring us to a condition of serenity, stillness and reconciliation; then leave us as Virgil left Dante, to proceed toward a region where that guide can avail us no farther."
T.S. Eliot
This thesis is a search for an imposed credible order in a town library. As such it is simply a vehicle developing a process to produce architecture which is stable, whole and meaningful.Master of Architecture
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Huang, Yinwu. "The logic of vernacular materials the relationship of the vernacular materials of wood, earth, stone and lime in Shaxi's vernacular construction system /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42182979.
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Bugani, Simone <1977>. "Evaluation of the impact of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and conservation treatments on stone building materials." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/716/1/Tesi_Bugani_Simone.pdf.
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Bugani, Simone <1977>. "Evaluation of the impact of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and conservation treatments on stone building materials." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/716/.
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Vorfolomeyeva, Yuliya. "Nonlinear static analysis of rubble-stone masonry buildings performed with equivalent frame method." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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Nonlinear static analysis is an efficient tool for performance assessment of masonry structures. In particular, it facilitates the accurate prediction of seismic response of a structure to earthquakes. Numerical models based on Equivalent Frame Method allow to predict realistic failure modes observed after preceding seismic events with reasonable computational effort, a characteristic which is suitable for engineering practice. This thesis deals with nonlinear incremental static (pushover) analysis of masonry buildings and the subsequent discussion of the obtained results. TreMuri software is used for developing the numerical models, which are then analysed on the basis of elastic acceleration response spectra obtained according to the Nepal National Building Code. Different structural improvement techniques are implemented in the models and compared in order to determine their impact on seismic performance. Elastic stiffness obtained with the nonlinear analysis is examined in contrast to analytical estimation of the same, made with various mathematical models.
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Facchini, Marco <1984>. "Stone architecture in Carso plateau. Settlement patterns and construction techniques of historic buildings." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4527/1/Facchini_Marco_tesi.pdf.
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The use of stone and its types of processing have been very important in the vernacular architecture of the cross-border Carso. In Carso this represents an important legacy of centuries and has a uniform typological characteristic to a great extent. The stone was the main constituent of the local architecture, setting and shaping the human environment, incorporating the history of places through their specific symbolic and constructive language. The primary aim of this research is the recognition of the constructive rules and the values embedded in the Carso rural architecture by use and processing of stone. Central to this investigation is the typological reading, aimed to analyze the constructive language expressed by this legacy, through the analysis of the relationship between type, technique and material.
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Facchini, Marco <1984>. "Stone architecture in Carso plateau. Settlement patterns and construction techniques of historic buildings." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4527/.
Full textAbstract:
The use of stone and its types of processing have been very important in the vernacular architecture of the cross-border Carso. In Carso this represents an important legacy of centuries and has a uniform typological characteristic to a great extent. The stone was the main constituent of the local architecture, setting and shaping the human environment, incorporating the history of places through their specific symbolic and constructive language. The primary aim of this research is the recognition of the constructive rules and the values embedded in the Carso rural architecture by use and processing of stone. Central to this investigation is the typological reading, aimed to analyze the constructive language expressed by this legacy, through the analysis of the relationship between type, technique and material.