Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Building typology'

My personal interest in cities and their layering of spaces and functions served as a starting point for this dissertation. Cities evolve over time, and the resultant networks of movement and public spaces are the filters through which most inhabitants experience the city they live in. By examining the Cape Town CBD and surrounds, it became apparent that these networks have become secondary to other commercial systems. Whilst Cape Town has some open public spaces of historic significance such as the Grand Parade and Greenmarket Square, the public space network has become fragmented and often overwhelmed by commercial interests which inevitably limit public access and use. Upon closer examination, it seems that economic concerns have shaped the city rather than a layering and balance between public and private, access and control. A discernible building typology can be found in the inner city, one which I have referred to as the tower block. The tower blocks have varying programmes but hold in common private ownership and controlled access, thereby limiting the connection to the city severely, and in most cases do not add anything of value to the public urban fabric. Instead, where the tower block access meets the movement and public space network of the city a hostile environment is created, where loiterers and security guards jostle for control. The inhabitants and users of the tower blocks step from the city into a controlled, sterile environment, and do not interact with the urban environment further. Most of these tower blocks naturally accommodate office space in the CBD. Whilst it is not realistic to lay the onus on private investors and developers putting up tall buildings in the city to contribute extensively to the public urban space, civic buildings should shoulder that responsibility. Historically, as with the Old Town Hall overlooking the Grand Parade, this is how the public space network was constructed. Civic building and the publicly accessible space which they created were the generative elements of cities. By examining the CBD it became clear that the last extensive civic building done by the city was during the apartheid era, buildings such as the Civic Centre and Customs House on the foreshore. Built to deal with the growing administrative apparatus of that era, and following modernist guidelines the public spaces created by these buildings are mostly unused, due to unsuitable location and being awkwardly scaled and imposing. The trend for the city to instead lease tower blocks of generic office space to accommodate their civic functions has further led to a deterioration of the public urban realm, as a building typology focused on disconnection from the city now has to accommodate a constant influx of people whilst still having to maintain security for its internal workings. The street, entrances and internal corridors become crowded with people which they were not designed to contain, leading to a frustrating experience for both public and public servant alike. The focus of this thesis became to challenge the conventional tower block that makes up much of our cities today, by putting forward spatial possibilities that are flexible for alternate uses and new crossprogrammatic possibilities for a partnership between private building and public building. The connection between the private and public was made through the programme of an office building, which in its generic form has already become a typology that houses both public (civic) and private.

Together with a global concern for the reduction and conservation of energy, the oil crisis of 1973 brought about a turning point in the design of buildings. Responses in this vein were mostly concentrated on the simplistic one of sealing the building against outdoor conditions. This approach towards energy consumption, associated with the introduction of air-conditioning systems, led to different problems such as Sick Building Syndrome. Lack of user satisfaction also appeared to be a common complaint in such sealed, air-conditioned buildings, leading to a marked drop in employee efficiency and, hence, return on capital investments. In this study, Emek iShani, a sealed office building located in Ankara, whose curtain wall system was renovated in 2001, was investigated in terms of its natural ventilation potential under two sub-topics. With a survey conducted, user perception towards environmental conditions, and health problems they suffered were investigated. With a computer simulation, natural ventilation potential of the building in terms of energy consumption was examined. It was resulted from the survey that building occupants have serious health problems. They are also not satisfied with the way the ventilation system functions and most of the occupants liked to have a window opening to outside in order to adjust the inner conditions. It was resulted from the computer simulation that integration of natural ventilation did not make any significant difference in the annual energy consumption of the building. On the other hand, cooling loads of the building were eliminated in summer months. As a result, introduction of natural ventilation appeared to be an appropriate tool for more user satisfaction and energy conservation.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-63).
This project proposes a new public institution for the most dense and deteriorated zone of Havana, Cuba. This new institution aims to capitalize on existing social networks which, consolidated and enhanced, might provide the social medium out of which a vibrant and active civic institution would arise, facilitated by a new architectural typology. The site, Centro Habana, is an "in-between" residential neighborhood with a dense, pre-car urban fabric, high population density, close-knit social circles, and a real potential to be left behind as Havana slowly re-opens to the rest of the world. Its frequent vacant lots and abandoned buildings, products of decay induced by decades of deferred maintenance, offer rich opportunities to imagine the insertion of a new type of public institution into the existing fabric of the city. In a context where the state is currently the only real agent for change, this project proposes a network of public buildings for the citizens of Havana, suggesting a new attitude toward modernization which resists both an abrupt reversion to unbridled market-driven development and an ideologically driven perpetuation of an oppressive and tired status quo.
by Ethan J. Lacy.
M.Arch.

Technological advancements in the second half of the century have significantly affected academic library institution. Libraries are undergoing a transition period and constantly updating their system to adapt to those advancements. However, library building is slow to adapt to the changes. This study examines those changes in academic libraries and buildings based on two main variables. namely human beings. and the medium. through which the information is transmitted The invention of first. electronic, and then digital systems significantly changed these two variables. The resulting library building is shaped by the new human Behavior and the form of information-mediums in a technology-oriented environment. The result of this study is 'five governing principles,' which explain the position of those two variables in a complex web of relations created by technological advancements. The same principles also explain the role of different variables in the future of the library building typology.
Department of Architecture

Energy utilization issues are becoming increasingly important around the world. Existing residential and building service sectors represent a large part of total energy utilization, and the corresponding operational costs and environmental impacts are high. Retrofitting is considered an effective way to accelerate the sustainable transformation of the existing building stock. In Sweden, 1945–1975 was a boom period for the construction of residential buildings. After 40–70 years of use, large contingents of buildings need to be systematically retrofitted. In the past, most Swedish buildings were retrofitted individually, and occasionally in small clusters. Cost-effective retrofitting for large-scale implementation has not yet been substantially attained. Standardizing and industrializing the retrofitting process is expected to produce the following benefits: availability of standardized toolkits based on building typologies; simplified and more efficient decision-making process; lower retrofitting costs; shorter project durations; greater resource-efficiency; lower environmental impact; and higher profitability.The overall aim of the present study is to contribute to the knowledge regarding industrialized retrofitting toolkits in Swedish residential buildings and evaluate the various toolkits. More specifically, the study aims to analyze the energy demand saving potential of different retrofitting measures and long-term profits based on the typology of residential buildings. Based on a systematic set of building properties and classification of existing residential types in Sweden, four slab houses (lamellhus) were selected as the major sub-types of building stock for the demonstration cases. The case buildings were constructed between 1945 and 1975 and are currently used as single-family houses, multi-family houses, or apartment blocks. The main approaches applied to model the retrofitting profits were Consolis Energy +, parametric-based sensitivity analysis, and life-cycle-based economic assessment.Based on the theoretical modeling and analytical results from the case studies, it was found that the energy-saving potential is strongly dominated by the building type, which affects the design of retrofitting toolkits and defines life cycle costs. The results show that improving the efficiency of heat recovery in exhaust ventilation systems is an effective retrofitting measure for energy demand savings in the studied building types. However, the efficiency of other measures is highly dependent on the typology of the buildings. From an economic perspective, toolkits that include all of the possible retrofitting measures may not lead to larger expected reduction in LCC compared to standard retrofits that only include the most sensitive parameters. In addition, the impacts of energy price changes to the LCC in the future are highly diverse in different types of residential buildings. Developing systematic retrofitting guidelines for Swedish residential buildings requires both further research and a close collaboration between all stakeholders involved in the retrofitting process.

QC 20131118

With the growing role of cities, rapid urbanization, transformation under shifting economic, environmental, social and demographic conditions, the purpose of architecture is changing too. The legacy of the modernist decades left a broken urban fabric of isolated buildings from the urban landscapes of streets, plots, and blocks. In its aftermath, professionals sought to revive the traditional city fabric starting from the block, as the basic element. Although recent developments produce blocks, the livability of streets and other public spaces remains questionable. With a newfound focus into the block, as the fundamental structural element in planning, architectural typologies become the starting point to translate the qualities of urban life. The relationship between two scales, the urban and the architectural, will be examined in this thesis. Architectural elements and typologies have the ability to enhance public life, fostering positive social relations through meaningful design. The following research will explore architecture in Stockholm from the scale of an urban block, to the building typologies, and finally to the modest details within a single building. The fundamental idea is to extract building types and architectural elements that have an impact on the daily life of individuals in the city of Stockholm.

The use of temporary, prefabricated buildings in Britain during the twentieth century arose from wartime need to provide better, and perhaps more importantly, portable shelter for troops and equipment. This thesis provides the first comprehensive list of hut designs for the First and Second World Wars. The full lists and descriptions of each hut are given in the appendices. These lists, 20 types for the First World War and 52 from the Second World War, show the huge range and scope of the huts used and is the major contribution of this thesis. The concentration here is on generic types. Some huts were designed as one-offs and there is no possible way to catalogue these. This thesis has focused instead on those designs or industrially-produced types, which were meant to be produced en-masse as generic solutions to the problem: the sort of hut that might justifiably be given a name (such as a ‘Tarran’, a ‘Seco’, etc.). This thesis provides essential information enabling historians to be able to identify these types. It uses primary and secondary sources to trace the development of these huts and the effect that wartime shortages had on their design. Beginning with the earliest examples of temporary military building, it then focuses on the huts of the First and Second World Wars followed by a study of huts grouped in chapters by material. This research shows that the wartime period pushed industry to make giant leaps forward with construction methods and materials in just a few short years, where otherwise it may have taken decades. This thesis aims to provide the first overview of this process and to enable future researchers to identify and understand the development of these important wartime structures, many of which survive to this day.

Pagrindinis magistrinio darbo tikslas yra geležinkelio ruožo „Turmantas – Vilnius“ (geležinkelio atkarpos „Peterburgas – Varšuva“ atkarpos) pastatų architektūrinės raiškos tyrimas, tipologinės grandinės sudarymas. Darbe analizuojama objektų bei jų išdėstymo stotyse kompoziciją, apibūdinami pagrindiniai veiksniai nulemiantys kompozicijos savybes. Nagrinėjama pastatų tipologija, aiškiai atskiriami geležinkelių infrastruktūros pastatai nuo kitų geležinkeliui nepriklausančių objektų, tiksliai apibrėžiamos jų funkcijos. Atliekama geležinkelio objektų harmonizavimo priemonių analizė, atkreipiant dėmesį į proporcijų harmoniją, pastatų eksterjerų simetriją ir asimetriją, jų atskirų dalių architektūrinius santykius, kompozicijos išraiškos priemones, ritmą, statiką ir dinamiką, niuansą ir kontrastą. Analizuojama geležinkelio atkarpa yra pati seniausia Lietuvos teritorijoje. Darbe apimamas laikotarpis nuo jos atsiradimo XIX a. viduryje iki XX a. antros pusės, kai po prasiautusio karo geležinkelyje prasidėjo naujas statybos etapas. Darbe nustatomos dažniausiai ir rečiausiai sutinkamos architektūrinės raiškos priemonės, pastatai turintys išskirtinius bruožus. Apibrėžiamas architektūrinės raiškos priemonių ypatybės bei jų naudojimo priežastingumas. Baigiamojo darbo struktūrą sudaro įvadas, trys pagrindiniai skyriai ir išvados. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiami apibendrinimai ir išvados, naudotos literatūros ir iliustracijų sąrašai. Darbo apimtis – 99 p. teksto be priedų , 105 iliustr., 10 lent... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The main objective of the thesis is the analysis of Railway facility buildings architectural expression at the section „Turmantas - Vilnius“ (part of the railway line „St. Petersburg – Warsaw“) and its typology system formation. Buildings composition as well as their disposition is analysed, the main factors behind the composition properties are characterized. What is more, a lot of attention is paid to railway buildings typology system creation. Its main purpose is to discern clearly what buildings really are railway facilities precisely their functions. The work also discusses harmonization tools in architecture, such as symmetry and asymmetry, proportions, rhythm, contrast and nuance, harmony of proportions. Railway section „Turmantas - Vilnius“ is the oldest in Lithuania. The paper coveres time-period between second half of the 19th c. (time of the railway line foundation) and first half of the 20th c. (when new construction stage after World War II has begun). The paper sets out the least and the most frequently found architectural expression (harmoniztion) tools, buildings which have special features. Final structure of the work consists of an introduction, three main sections, generalizations and conclusions as well as literature and illustrations lists. Thesis consist of: 99 p. text without extras, 105 pictures, 10 tables, 5 diagrams, 79 bibliographical entries. 9 appendixes included (in total 56 p., 68 pictures, 13 tables).

Thesis (Master of Community Planning)--University of Cincinnati, 2008.
Advisors: Menelaos Triantafillou MLA, AICP, ASLA (Committee Chair), David Edelman PhD (Committee Member), Kiril Stanilov PhD (Committee Member), Emily Jarzen MA (Committee Member). Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Apr. 18, 2010). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

The impacts of floods on buildings in urban areas are increasing due to the intensification of extreme weather events, unplanned or uncontrolled settlements and the rising vulnerability of assets. There are some approaches available for assessing the flood damage to buildings and critical infrastructure. To this point, however, it is extremely difficult to adapt these methods widely, due to the lack of high resolution classification and characterisation approaches for built structures. To overcome this obstacle, this work presents: first, a conceptual framework for understanding the physical flood vulnerability and the physical flood susceptibility of buildings, second, a methodological framework for the combination of methods and tools for a large-scale and high-resolution analysis and third, the testing of the methodology in three pilot sites with different development conditions. The conceptual framework narrows down an understanding of flood vulnerability, physical flood vulnerability and physical flood susceptibility and its relation to social and economic vulnerabilities. It describes the key features causing the physical flood susceptibility of buildings as a component of the vulnerability. The methodological framework comprises three modules: (i) methods for setting up a building topology, (ii) methods for assessing the susceptibility of representative buildings of each building type and (iii) the integration of the two modules with technological tools. The first module on the building typology is based on a classification of remote sensing data and GIS analysis involving seven building parameters, which appeared to be relevant for a classification of buildings regarding potential flood impacts. The outcome is a building taxonomic approach. A subsequent identification of representative buildings is based on statistical analyses and membership functions. The second module on the building susceptibility for representative buildings bears on the derivation of depth-physical impact functions. It relates the principal building components, including their heights, dimensions and materials, to the damage from different water levels. The material’s susceptibility is estimated based on international studies on the resistance of building materials and a fuzzy expert analysis. Then depth-physical impact functions are calculated referring to the principal components of the buildings which can be affected by different water levels. Hereby, depth-physical impact functions are seen as a means for the interrelation between the water level and the physical impacts. The third module provides the tools for implementing the methodology. This tool compresses the architecture for feeding the required data on the buildings with their relations to the building typology and the building-type specific depth-physical impact function supporting the automatic process. The methodology is tested in three flood plains pilot sites: (i) in the settlement of the Barrio Sur in Magangué and (ii) in the settlement of La Peña in Cicuco located on the flood plain of Magdalena River, Colombia and (iii) in a settlement of the city of Dresden, located on the Elbe River, Germany. The testing of the methodology covers the description of data availability and accuracy, the steps for deriving the depth-physical impact functions of representative buildings and the final display of the spatial distribution of the physical flood susceptibility. The discussion analyses what are the contributions of this work evaluating the findings of the methodology’s testing with the dissertation goals. The conclusions of the work show the contributions and limitations of the research in terms of methodological and empirical advancements and the general applicability in flood risk management
In vielen Städten nehmen die Auswirkungen von Hochwasser auf Gebäude aufgrund immer extremerer Wetterereignisse, unkontrollierbarer Siedlungsbauten und der steigenden Vulnerabilität von Besitztümern stetig zu. Es existieren zwar bereits Ansätze zur Beurteilung von Wasserschäden an Gebäuden und Infrastrukturknotenpunkten. Doch ist es bisher schwierig, diese Methoden großräumig anzuwenden, da es an einer präzisen Klassifizierung und Charakterisierung von Gebäuden und anderen baulichen Anlagen fehlt. Zu diesem Zweck sollen in dieser Arbeit erstens ein Konzept für ein genaueres Verständnis der physischen Vulnerabilität von Gebäuden gegenüber Hochwasser dargelegt, zweitens ein methodisches Verfahren zur Kombination der bestehenden Methoden und Hilfsmittel mit dem Ziel einer großräumigen und hochauflösenden Analyse erarbeitet und drittens diese Methode an drei Pilotstandorten mit unterschiedlichem Ausbauzustand erprobt werden. Die Rahmenbedingungen des Konzepts grenzen die Begriffe der Vulnerabilität, der physischen Vulnerabilität und der physischen Anfälligkeit gegenüber Hochwasser ein und erörtern deren Beziehung zur sozialen und ökonomischen Vulnerabilität. Es werden die Merkmale der physischen Anfälligkeit von Gebäuden gegenüber Hochwasser als Bestandteil der Vulnerabilität definiert. Das methodische Verfahren umfasst drei Module: (i) Methoden zur Erstellung einer Gebäudetypologie, (ii) Methoden zur Bewertung der Anfälligkeit repräsentativer Gebäude jedes Gebäudetyps und (iii) die Kombination der beiden Module mit Hilfe technologischer Hilfsmittel. Das erste Modul zur Gebäudetypologie basiert auf der Klassifizierung von Fernerkundungsdaten und GIS-Analysen anhand von sieben Gebäudeparametern, die sich für die Klassifizierung von Gebäuden bezüglich ihres Risikopotenzials bei Hochwasser als wichtig erweisen. Daraus ergibt sich ein Ansatz zur Gebäudeklassifizierung. Die anschließende Ermittlung repräsentativer Gebäude beruht auf statistischen Analysen und Zugehörigkeitsfunktionen. Das zweite Modul zur Anfälligkeit repräsentativer Gebäude beruht auf der Ableitung von Funktion von Wasserstand und physischer Einwirkung. Es setzt die relevanten Gebäudemerkmale, darunter Höhe, Maße und Materialien, in Beziehung zum erwartbaren Schaden bei unterschiedlichen Wasserständen. Die Materialanfälligkeit wird aufgrund internationaler Studien zur Festigkeit von Baustoffen sowie durch Anwendung eines Fuzzy-Logic-Expertensystems eingeschätzt. Anschließend werden Wasserstand-Schaden-Funktionen unter Einbeziehung der Hauptgebäudekomponenten berechnet, die durch unterschiedliche Wasserstände in Mitleidenschaft gezogen werden können. Funktion von Wasserstand und physischer Einwirkung dienen hier dazu, den jeweiligen Wasserstand und die physischen Auswirkung in Beziehung zueinander zu setzen. Das dritte Modul stellt die zur Umsetzung der Methoden notwendigen Hilfsmittel vor. Zur Unterstützung des automatisierten Verfahrens dienen Hilfsmittel, die die Gebäudetypologie mit der Funktion von Wasserstand und physischer Einwirkung für Gebäude in Hochwassergebieten kombinieren. Die Methoden wurden anschließend in drei hochwassergefährdeten Pilotstandorten getestet: (i) in den Siedlungsgebieten von Barrio Sur in Magangué und (ii) von La Pena in Cicuco, zwei Überschwemmungsgebiete des Magdalenas in Kolumbien, und (iii) im Stadtgebiet von Dresden, das an der Elbe liegt. Das Testverfahren umfasst die Beschreibung der Datenverfügbarkeit und genauigkeit, die einzelnen Schritte zur Analyse der. Funktion von Wasserstand und physischer Einwirkung repräsentativer Gebäude sowie die Darstellung der räumlichen Verteilung der physischen Anfälligkeit für Hochwasser. In der Diskussion wird der Beitrag dieser Arbeit zur Beurteilung der Erkenntnisse der getesteten Methoden anhand der Ziele dieser Dissertation analysiert. Die Folgerungen beleuchten abschließend die Fortschritte und auch Grenzen der Forschung hinsichtlich methodischer und empirischer Entwicklungen sowie deren allgemeine Anwendbarkeit im Bereich des Hochwasserschutzes
El impacto de las inundaciones sobre los edificios en zonas urbanas es cada vez mayor debido a la intensificación de los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, asentamientos no controlados o no planificados y su creciente vulnerabilidad. Hay métodos disponibles para evaluar los daños por inundación en edificios e infraestructuras críticas. Sin embargo, es muy difícil implementar estos métodos sistemáticamente en grandes áreas debido a la falta de clasificación y caracterización de estructuras construidas en resoluciones detalladas. Para superar este obstáculo, este trabajo se enfoca, en primer lugar, en desarrollar un marco conceptual para comprender la vulnerabilidad y susceptibilidad física de edificios por inudaciones, en segundo lugar, en desarrollar un marco metodológico para la combinación de los métodos y herramientas para una análisis de alta resolución y en tercer lugar, la prueba de la metodología en tres sitios experimentales, con distintas condiciones de desarrollo. El marco conceptual se enfoca en comprender la vulnerabilidad y susceptibility de las edificaciones frente a inundaciones, y su relación con la vulnerabilidad social y económica. En él se describen las principales características físicas de la susceptibilidad de edificicaiones como un componente de la vulnerabilidad. El marco metodológico consta de tres módulos: (i) métodos para la derivación de topología de construcciones, (ii) métodos para evaluar la susceptibilidad de edificios representativos y (iii) la integración de los dos módulos a través herramientas tecnológicas. El primer módulo de topología de construcciones se basa en una clasificación de datos de sensoramiento rémoto y procesamiento SIG para la extracción de siete parámetros de las edficaciones. Este módulo parece ser aplicable para una clasificación de los edificios en relación con los posibles impactos de las inundaciones. El resultado es una taxonomía de las edificaciones y una posterior identificación de edificios representativos que se basa en análisis estadísticos y funciones de pertenencia. El segundo módulo consiste en el análisis de susceptibilidad de las construcciones representativas a través de funciones de profundidad del impacto físico. Las cuales relacionan los principales componentes de la construcción, incluyendo sus alturas, dimensiones y materiales con los impactos físicos a diferentes niveles de agua. La susceptibilidad del material se calcula con base a estudios internacionales sobre la resistencia de los materiales y un análisis a través de sistemas expertos difusos. Aquí, las funciones de profundidad de impacto físico son considerados como un medio para la interrelación entre el nivel del agua y los impactos físicos. El tercer módulo proporciona las herramientas necesarias para la aplicación de la metodología. Estas herramientas tecnológicas consisten en la arquitectura para la alimentación de los datos relacionados a la tipología de construcciones con las funciones de profundidad del impacto físico apoyado en procesos automáticos. La metodología es probada en tres sitios piloto: (i) en el Barrio Sur en Magangué y (ii) en la barrio de La Peña en Cicuco situado en la llanura inundable del Río Magdalena, Colombia y (iii) en barrio Kleinzschachwitz de la ciudad de Dresden, situado a orillas del río Elba, en Alemania. Las pruebas de la metodología abarca la descripción de la disponibilidad de los datos y la precisión, los pasos a seguir para obtener las funciones profundidad de impacto físico de edificios representativos y la presentación final de la distribución espacial de la susceptibilidad física frente inundaciones El discusión analiza las aportaciones de este trabajo y evalua los resultados de la metodología con relación a los objetivos. Las conclusiones del trabajo, muestran los aportes y limitaciones de la investigación en términos de avances metodológicos y empíricos y la aplicabilidad general de gestión del riesgo de inundaciones

[N.B. Online version contains abstract and supporting narrative only due to copyright restrictions.] Tall building design, despite 130 years of development, has not advanced to a satisfactory state, especially on environmental/sustainability grounds. Most Tall Buildings historically seem to have been designed as either vertical extrusions of an efficient floor plan (the ‘commercial’ approach), or as stand-alone pieces of high-rise urban ‘sculpture’ (the ‘sculptural-iconic’ approach). In both cases the main relationship with the urban setting is either a commercial or a purely visual one, with the tall building usually dominating. This has led to the syndrome of tall buildings as ‘isolationist’ architecture – stand-alone, non-site specific models that are readily transportable around the cities of the world. This has served to create an alarming homogeneity across global urban centers – a creation of a ‘one size fits all’ skyscraper ‘mush’ which rejects, in some places, thousands of years of local vernacular traditions. This is especially true of cities in developing nations, where to import all things ‘western’ is often to be seen as progressive and modern. Thus the vast majority of tall buildings internationally follow the standard template of the rectilinear, air-conditioned, western ‘box’. In addition, tall buildings have become synonymous with the greatest excesses of energy expenditure – in both embodied construction and operation. Though there are definitely advantages tall buildings can offer, both in creating more sustainable patterns of life through higher density and also through the potential for greater renewable energy generation at height, there is no doubt that in their current form, most tall buildings are energy-profligate. In short then, many of these tall buildings are contributing to the degradation of both the local (cultural) and the global (climate change) around the world. It does not, however, need to be this way. Tall Buildings have the opportunity to reinvent themselves as the typology for a sustainable urban future – focused centers of live, work and recreation with innovative forms, technologies and environments to face the challenges of the future climate-changed world, whilst also contributing to the continuing local culture of a place. This new typology needs be inspired by the cultural, environmental and vernacular traditions of the location. This is important in maintaining the cultural integrity and continuity of any urban domain, but especially in developing countries which are at risk of adopting wholesale western urban models (and mistakes) at the expense of more appropriate local solutions. In short, tall buildings and cities need to be inspired by the specifics of place – physically, culturally and environmentally. This submitted ‘PhD by Publications’ – consisting of a Narrative and six published papers – explain how the author’s research has contributed to this central thesis; the quest for a new typology for tall buildings which are appropriate to the local, the global and the major challenges of the age.

Acoustic design of shopping malls which have become very popular in recent years, has gained importance and it has been considered as an integral part of the design &ndash
construction and life cycle treatment of such complex &ndash
functional buildings. In this study, acoustic qualities of shopping malls are to be inquired by focusing on circulation areas and atrium spaces where noise is one of major disturbances. In this context, first taxonomy of shopping malls regarding their geometrical forms is to be proposed together with plan layouts, construction materials and spatial organizations. Then some of these malls in representing major characteristics of the each class in the taxonomy are to be acoustically analyzed and compared with standards by aiming to provide some guiding principles for acoustical design of such spaces.

Cette thèse étudie la naissance et l’évolution de cinéma comme type architectural en examinant deux-cent projets soumis, entre 1907 et 1939, à l’administration parisienne pour le permis de construire. Ceux-ci sont analysés selon quatre critères : l’implantation, les protagonistes, la conception architecturale et la réception des œuvres. Le parc cinématographique parisien, à la veille de la Seconde Guerre, est le résultat de trois vagues de constructions à la suite des événements marquants : la naissance du cinéma narratif (1907-1913), l’Armistice (1919-1920), l’avènement du parlant (1931-1938). Ces trois vagues riment avec trois phases successives dans la genèse du nouveau type : l’expérimentation, la théorisation et la modernisation. Ainsi est mise en évidence la constitution, dès 1907, d’un type originel architecturalement caractérisé par la triade projection-visibilité-publicité. Il en dérive, par la suite, différentes espèces qui, malgré leurs variations, restent « un hangar noir » plus ou moins judicieusement disposés et décorés pour un spectacle projeté sur écran, hangar doublé extérieurement d’une façade parlante et peu ou prou attrayante
This thesis explores the emergence and the evolution of the cinema as a building type. It examines two hundred projects submitted to the Parisian administration for obtaining construction permits, from 1907 to 1939. These projects are analyzed according to four major criteria: localization, protagonists, architectural design and their reception. At the beginning of the Second World War, Parisian cinemas were mostly built through three waves of constructions subsequent to historical events: emergence of narrative cinema (1907-1913), end of the First World War (1919-1920), arrival of talkies (1931-1938). These three waves correspond with three successive phases in the rise of the new building type: experimentation, theorization, modernization. This study demonstrates that an original building type has been created since 1907, which is architecturally characterized by the trio of projection- visibility-appeal. From this original type different pieces are derived, that despite their variations are all a blind shed less or more judiciously designed and decorated for a show projected on the screen, a blind box covered by an attractive and expressive façade

Traiter de la construction dans le monde romain, et plus particulièrement dans le cas d’une cité ou d’une colonie, constitue un exercice souvent ardu tant les angles d’approches sont nombreux. Pourtant, Lugdunum constitue une exception dans ce domaine, tant par la richesse de sa documentation archéologique et épigraphique, que par son statut de colonie romaine précocement dévolue en Gaule. Ce travail doctoral s’est donné pour objectif de traiter de l’architecture domestique à Lugdunum, à travers le prisme de la construction, en s’appuyant sur une approche globale, tant par les matériaux étudiés que par les méthodologies mises en place. En suivant les différentes étapes de la construction, l’objectif est de définir les différents approvisionnements des chantiers, l’évolution typologique et chronologique des matériaux et des techniques mises en œuvre, ou encore la diversité des formes de l’habitat, afin de dresser une image la plus précise possible de « l’art de bâtir » à Lyon, et des artisans qui y participent. À ces différentes questions, l’analyse des matériaux, des techniques de construction et des plans, ainsi que d’un corpus d’inscription, apporte des réponses très concrètes et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives de recherche.Dans le cadre d’un Master mené entre 2007 et 2009, l’étude des toitures en tuiles de terre cuite, en Gaule du Centre-est, et plus particulièrement à Lyon, a révélé une évolution typologique des tegulae et imbrices qui se prête à l’établissement d’une typo-chronologie détaillée, permettant de les dater au demi-siècle prés. En m’appuyant sur la méthodologie mise en place au cours de ce master, une analyse exhaustive des fragments de brique, de quart de colonne, de tomette d’opus spicatum ou encore de tubuli a été menée afin, de caractériser une éventuelle évolution de leur morphologie, ou de leur utilisation dans la mise en œuvre des bâtiments. Une attention particulière a également été portée à la nature des moellons (granite, gneiss, calcaire...), aux pierres d’importation (marbres et calcaire), ainsi qu’aux mortiers mis en œuvre dans l’architecture des maisons lyonnaises. Ces études, couplées à une analyse géomorphologique du territoire colonial, permettent de livrer une image complète de l’approvisionnement en matériaux de construction de Lugdunum. Le second axe de recherche concerne les techniques de construction employées pour édifier les domus de la colonie de Lyon. Les maçonneries (fondation et élévation) ont donc été analysées selon des critères techniques et typologiques, en parallèle de l’étude des matériaux (moellons, mortier, TCA). L’architecture en terre crue nous offre un autre angle d’approche. Cette technique de construction est omniprésente à Lyon pour l’architecture domestique et reste cependant peu étudiée. Nous aborderons donc les modalités de sa mise en œuvre, ainsi que sur les différentes formes d’architecture dans laquelle elle intervient (adobe, pans de bois, torchis…), au travers des vestiges découverts en place, ou des restes carbonisés qui nous sont parvenus. Enfin, nous aborderons la question du plan des maisons lyonnaises en reprenant la classification proposée par E. Delaval en 1995. L’apport de l’archéologie préventive et programmée à Lyon a en effet permis de renouveler le corpus des bâtiments à vocation domestique et/ou artisanale, mettant en lumière de nouveaux types d’édifice. Nous élargirons cette réflexion grâce aux comparaisons possibles avec les autres cités et colonies de Gaule et du monde romain. Pour conclure, ce travail doctoral focalisé sur l’évolution des techniques et des matériaux de construction, mais également des plans des édifices domestiques de Lyon, révèle la richesse d’une analyse menée à partir d’une grande variété de matériaux, souvent peu considérés par une partie de la communauté scientifique – à savoir les briques, les tuiles, les moellons, le mortier
Deal with the topic of construction in the Roman world, mostly for a civitates or a colonia, become a difficult exercise because of the many perspectives for this subject. However, Lugdunum is an exception in this field, both its rich archeological or epigraphic documentations and its status of early roman colony in Gaul. This doctoral research has set itself the objective of dealing of domestic architecture in Lugdunum. This work is built on a global approach, based on the studies of construction techniques and building materials as well as new methodology. Following the step of a construction site, the purpose of this work is to characterize the different chains of supply, the typological and chronological evolution of building materials or the diversity of the domestic architecture. The analysis of building materials, construction techniques, typology of the domus, as well as group of funeral inscriptions bring very concrete answers and opens new research opportunities.As part of a Master conducted between 2007 and 2009, studying the terracotta tiled roofs in Gaul, particularly in Lyon, allowed the establishment of a typology of tegulae and imbrices, permitting to date this type of artifact to nearly half a century. Based on the methodology developed in this master, a comprehensive analysis of fragments of brick, column quarter, bricks of opus spicatum or tubuli was conducted in order to characterize any changes in their morphology, or for use in the construction of buildings. Particular attention was also paid to the nature of rubble stone (granite, gneiss, limestone…), as well as the mortar used in the roman houses of Lyon. These studies, coupled with geomorphologic analysis of the colonial territory, allow delivering a complete picture of the supply of Lugdunum in building materials.The second research axis concerns the construction techniques used to build the domus of the colony. Masonry (foundation and elevation) were therefore analyzed using technical and typological criteria, in parallel to the study of materials (rubble stone, mortar, terracotta materials). The mud brick architecture and earth structures offering another angle of approach. This construction technique is ubiquitous in Lyon for domestic architecture and remains poorly studied. We will discuss the modalities of its implementation, as well as the various forms of architecture in which it operates (adobe, wood-framed, mud ...), through the remains found in place, or the carbonized artifacts discovered in the colony.Finally, we will discuss the issue of Roman houses plan in Lyon, incorporating the classification proposed by E. Delaval in 1995. The contribution of preventive archeology these past years in Lyon has allowed to renew the corpus of domestic buildings, highlighting new types of building. We will extend this thinking through the possible comparisons with other cities and colonies of Gaul and in the Roman world.In conclusion, this doctoral work focused on the evolution of techniques and building materials, but also plans of domestic buildings in Lyon, reveals the richness of an analysis from a variety of materials, often not considered by a part of the scientific community. At the scale of a colony, these various lines of research provide a better understanding for the concepts of manufacturing and material supply, but also to improve our knowledge of construction techniques. These different aspects, treated in a comprehensive manner and diachronic way, open to historical and sociological reflection concerning the organization of workshops (role of corporations, degree of independence) or evolving status of craftsmen of the Lugdunum colony working in construction site. These conclusions are based on an original corpus of funerary inscriptions of Lyon craftsmen

Abstract The word ‘waenhuis’ has become synonymous for what is also referred to as a ‘wagon shed.’ Eventually, the term will disappear as the building’s association with wagons becomes less obvious. At the same time ‘waenhuise’ will become relevant to museums and conservationists involved in the study and conservation of local vernacular architecture. Part of investigating these buildings is the creation of a typology to determine trends and building traditions associated with this building type. Spatial configuration and organization of the floor plan are useful criteria to create such a typology. Two basic types, single- and multi-space ‘waenhuise’ can be distinguished. Single-space buildings can be divided into ‘open-sided shelters’ and ‘waenhuise with walls’. Multi-space buildings are divided into those structures consisting of a core building with additions and those that are part of a dwelling. Material and building technique are less important criteria for a typology, but remain essential for the description of the architectural vocabulary of individual buildings.

"The word Type represents not so much the image of a thing to be copied or perfectly imitated as the idea of an element that must itself serve as a rule for the Model... The Model, understood in terms of the practical execution of art, is an object that must be repeated such as it is; Type on the contrary, is an object (an idea) according to which one can conceive works that do not resemble one another at all. Everything is precise and given in the Model; everything is more or less vague in the Type." (Quatremere de Quincy, 1832) "The rustic hut ... is the model on which all the magnificent achievements of Architecture have been imagined. It is by moving closer, in the execution of work, to the simplicity of this first model that we avoid the essential defects and attain the true perfections ...It is the essential parts which contain all the beauties ... " (M.-A. Laugier, 1755)
Master of Architecture

In this thesis, the problem of the principles of new designs in historic built landscapes is discussed. In approaching the problem, a theoretical framework is developed and the general principles regarding new buildings in historic settings are derived from the theoretical context. Subsequently, the proposed principles is tried to be adapted to the case of Odunpazari historic urban fabric. Finally, a Youth Center for a specific Project Area in Odunpazari is proposed, and the integration of the proposal to the context is evaluated. The foremost aim of the thesis is proposing general principles concerning good architecture that continues and contributes to the spirit of place, and adapting them for a specific design problem in a specific place in order to evaluate the efficiency of the principles proposed. In developing the theoretical framework, it was discussed that, in determination of the principles for new designs, the historic built landscape should be handled in a way that resolves the network of relationships and allow the definition of the spirit of place. The methodology of understanding the spirit of place was established with reference to the approaches developed by Christopher Alexander and Christian Norberg-Schulz. According to the studies by these scholars, a triad layer system in resolving the spirit of place is developed. As named by Christian Norberg-Schulz, the layers of Gestalts, typologies and figures constituted the analytical framework leading to the resolution of the network of relationships between the components of a place. This model of analyzing and defining the spirit of place was found valuable, since it does not only focuses on the formal aspects of the historic built landscape, but also questions the main rules forming the unity and coherence of place. Odunpazari traditional urban fabric is selected as a case study, and its physical, historical, social and economical context is evaluated by the help of the literature and site surveys. Finally, a &
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Youth Center&
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in a Project Area in Odunpazari is proposed according to the general principles derived from the theoretical framework, and the results are discussed.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-02-09T15:02:16Z No. of bitstreams: 4 Dissertação - Helloá Vicente Fernandes - 2016 - parte 1.pdf: 2326811 bytes, checksum: 8c1f6c3e0c79a3fe0effc37c1470039b (MD5) Dissertação - Helloá Vicente Fernandes - 2016 - parte 2.pdf: 3709235 bytes, checksum: 8e510d18c0c4904d0efaf38f775a2da2 (MD5) Dissertação - Helloá Vicente Fernandes - 2016 - parte 3.pdf: 1761734 bytes, checksum: 1dc9d4ccc76dab116ca9402b8e70eb39 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)
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Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-13T09:56:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Dissertação - Helloá Vicente Fernandes - 2016 - parte 1.pdf: 2326811 bytes, checksum: 8c1f6c3e0c79a3fe0effc37c1470039b (MD5) Dissertação - Helloá Vicente Fernandes - 2016 - parte 2.pdf: 3709235 bytes, checksum: 8e510d18c0c4904d0efaf38f775a2da2 (MD5) Dissertação - Helloá Vicente Fernandes - 2016 - parte 3.pdf: 1761734 bytes, checksum: 1dc9d4ccc76dab116ca9402b8e70eb39 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-21
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
This research investigates the types of apartments in the vicinity of the parks Bosque dos Buritis and Lago das Rosas in Goiânia, from the 1980s to the present. It starts with the idea that spatial arrangements have been changed over the years due to changes in habits of society or subtle impositions of the real estate market through advertisements, that contribute to the formation of the urban imagination and the process overvaluation of these enterprises. They were brought to the debate on key concepts such as dwelling, the type and the imaginary, beyond the historical review of the transformations of verticalized buildings and parks analyzed in order to answer the questions proposed in this research. The types of apartments in the vicinity of the first parks in Goiânia were identified and analyzed through the redesign of the plants of the apartments, reading chronicles local authors and comparing these data. The appreciation of these spaces is constantly reinforced by the government and the media, also affecting the production of architectural programs offered to users both in the common areas of buildings as in the apartments. By analyzing the architectural types was possible to note the specific spatial and functional characteristics of each period, changes in the needs programs and advertising materials of the enterprises, as well as reducing the square footage of apartments searched.
Esta pesquisa investiga as tipologias dos apartamentos no entorno dos parques Bosque dos Buritis e Lago das Rosas, em Goiânia, da década de 1980 à atualidade. Parte-se da ideia de que os arranjos espaciais sofreram modificações ao longo dos anos em decorrência de mudanças nos hábitos da sociedade ou por imposições sutis do mercado imobiliário por meio de peças publicitárias, que colaboram para a formação do imaginário urbano e para o processo de supervalorização desses empreendimentos. Foram trazidos à discussão conceitos fundamentais como o habitar, a tipologia e o imaginário, além da revisão histórica das transformações dos edifícios verticalizados e dos parques analisados, a fim de responder os questionamentos propostos nessa pesquisa. As tipologias dos apartamentos no entorno dos primeiros parques em Goiânia foram identificadas e analisadas por meio do redesenho das plantas dos apartamentos, da leitura de crônicas de autores locais e da comparação entre esses dados. A valorização desses espaços é constantemente reforçada pelo poder público e pela mídia, afetando também a produção dos programas arquitetônicos oferecidos aos usuários, tanto nas áreas comuns dos edifícios quanto nos apartamentos. Ao analisar os tipos arquitetônicos foi possível notar as características espaciais e funcionais específicas de cada época, as mudanças nos programas de necessidades e nos materiais publicitários dos empreendimentos, bem como a redução da metragem quadrada dos apartamentos pesquisados.

Submitted by Fernanda Weschenfelder (fernanda.weschenfelder@uniceub.br) on 2018-04-06T11:44:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Os Edificios de escritórios na cidade de São Paulo.pdf: 5417388 bytes, checksum: 2c71921c5d6cdb2383a75a343653f7df (MD5)
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Ao longo do século XX, a cidade de São Paulo cresceu, ganhou ares de grande metrópole, modificou sua principal atuação econômica - que passou do setor industrial para o terciário - e desenvolveu uma complexa e variada rede de serviços. Estas modificações foram tão profundas que atualmente a cidade é reconhecida como a capital de serviços do País e está entre as maiores metrópoles do mundo globalizado. Neste contexto, uma tipologia arquitetônica voltada para o trabalho passou a sobressair-se no cenário paulistano: os edifícios de escritórios. Da mesma forma que a cidade transformava-se, os edifícios de escritórios ganhavam importância e também transformavam-se. Será por meio de um panorama das transformações desta tipologia, tanto no exterior como na cidade de São Paulo, e da representação de alguns de seus principais exemplares que será desenvolvida esta dissertação de mestrado.

У дисертації проведений аналіз джерельної бази та історичних етапів формоутворення архітектури будівель об’єктів культури у складі університетів світу. Розроблено тлумачення поняття міжуніверситетський культурний центр і навчальний простір з гнучким плануванням. Проаналізовано та узагальнено світовий досвід проектування, будівництва та експлуатації даних об’єктів та визначені основні чинники, що впливають на їх формоутворення та типологію, проведено аналіз існуючої нормативної бази, запропоновано класифікацію існуючих типів. Теоретично обґрунтовані принципи та засоби формування архітектурно-планувальної організації міжуніверситетських культурних центрів. Розроблено класифікацію МУКЦ за типами, функціональне зонування території і схему загальної функціональнопланувальної організації приміщень МКЦ. Рекомендовано доповнити ДБН В. 2.2-3-2018 розробленими у роботі положеннями. Визначено найсприятливіші міста України для розташування в них різного типу студентських культурних центрів. Подано рекомендації щодо принципів розташування міжуніверситетських центрів у містах. Розроблено пропозиції щодо адаптації існуючих об’єктів культури при університетах України. В диссертации проведен анализ источниковой базы и исторических этапов формообразования архитектуры зданий объектов культуры в составе университетов мира. Разработано толкование понятия межуниверситетский культурный центр и учебное пространство с гибкой планировкой. Проанализирован и обобщен мировой опыт проектирования, строительства и эксплуатации данных объектов и определены основные факторы, влияющие на их формообразования и типологию, проведен анализ существующей нормативной базы, разработана классификация существующих типов. Теоретически обоснованы принципы и средства формирования архитектурно-планировочной организации межвузовских культурных центров. Разработана классификация МКЦ по типам, функциональное зонирование территории и схема общей функционально-планировочной организации помещений МКЦ. Рекомендуется дополнить ДБН 2.2-3-2018 разработанными в работе положениями. Определены самые благоприятные города Украины для размещения в них различного типа культурных центров. Даны рекомендации по принципам расположения студенческих центров в городах. Разработаны предложения по адаптации существующих объектов культуры при университетах Украины.The Interuniversity Centre of Culture (IUCC) is a new term in the national architectural dictionary. Buildings of this type are widely popular around the world. These institutions represent the needs and priorities for the development of modern higher education. For the first time, the historical aspect of the formation of the architecture of cultural objects in universities and defining the chronological boundaries of the study is highlighted, and at different times there was a distinct understanding of the needs of cultural development of students, which was reflected in architecture. The analysis of the theoretical basis of designing cultural objects at universities shows that today in the domestic professional literature this topic has been insufficiently covered, which leads to the impossibility of implementing a positive world experience in Ukraine. The author has developed an interpretation of the concept of the Interuniversity Cultural Centre – a multifunctional institution designed for cultural and educational, sports, entertainment, scientific and educational, and leisure activities, activities of which are aimed at implementing cooperation between higher education institutions. Learning Space with flexible planning – rooms and areas designed for studies in free time outside of formal study rooms (classrooms, lecture halls), which can transform and adapt to different needs. The architectural and planning organization of modern IUCC should embody the ideas of the educational space with flexible planning. The general scientific theoretical methods used in the thesis have been determined and substantiated. The organizational structure of work has been developed, which is formed by consistent use of research methods. The basis of the empirical base of the study has been determined – 55 cultural objects as part of the universities of the world, 7 cultural objects as part of the universities of Ukraine. Questionnaires were conducted in three groups, which allowed to confirm the relevance of the research topic, to determine the inconsistency of existing institutions with the needs of their users. A comparative analysis of domestic and foreign experience in the construction and operation of cultural facilities at universities allowed us to identify the main differences in approaches to the design of these buildings. It should be noted that the main criterion for the success of IUCC is the high intensity of their use, which is due to the foreign experience of inclusion of food and drink venues and sales areas in the group of main facilities. Besides, an important argument is daily access to the facilities seven days a week, a large number of entrance spaces, the use of training areas with flexible planning in the planning structure. A study of the existing regulatory framework, which enabled to identify the shortcomings of the regulatory framework for the design of the IUCC and revealed to the need to supplement SCS B. 2.2-3-2018. Today in Ukraine, there are no norms for designing interuniversity cultural centres, which in turn determines the need for the study of such public facilities, development of typological classification and layout of such complexes in the city structure. The following classification features and main functions of existing types of buildings of cultural objects for students have been revealed. The main factors have been determined: socio-economic factor, urban development factor, functional factor, architectural and spatial factor. The basic principles of the building typology of IUCC have been formed: principle of individualization and generalization, principle of adaptability, principle of multifunctionality, principle of the aestheticization. It is recommended to supplement the regulatory framework, namely - SCS B. 2.2-3-2018, to introduce the concept of Interuniversity Cultural Centre, also to include the concept of educational space with flexible planning in this normative document. For the first time, the classification of IUCC by types was developed: cultural and leisure, sports and entertainment, religious and educational, research. The recommended functional zoning of the site for the IUCC design has been developed. For the first time, the basic principles of the location of the IUCC building in the planning structure of the university campus have been presented. The main elements of the functional zoning of IUCC buildings have been formed.The scheme of the general functional-planning organization of the IUCC premises. For the first time, a theoretical model of the location of the IUCC on the territory of Ukraine has been presented. Using Lviv city as an example, an algorithm for selecting a site for the IUCC design has been demonstrated. Strategies for the location of such institutions in the structure of university campuses in Ukraine have been developed: centralized, focused, distributed.

Streets are the most resilient elements in a city. While buildings are replaced and property borders redrawn, the streets remain. The primary means of planning new streets and the built environment surrounding it is by the creation of a two-dimensional plan - in a Swedish context called a detailed development plan. The two-dimensional plan is sometimes criticized for its inability to take the three-dimensional world into account and thus its inability to predict the actual outcome of the plan. To address this critique and provide additional understanding for this planning device, this paper empirically explores if the distribution of visual attention can  be predicted from a two-dimensional plan.  Visual attention is explored due to sight being the most prominent means used by humans to gather information in the urban environment. Fifteen subjects performed a simple, computerized eye-tracking experiment, whereby their visual attention was measured as they looked at 40 images on a monitor. The 40 images depicts four different street types: blocked, open, curved and angled, each of which was represented with a simple figure image, as per interpretation from a two-dimensional plan, as well as a photograph of the same environment, representing the actual outcome of the plan. The results show that the simple figure images have effective predictive capabilities, as  the distribution of visual attention exhibited a similar pattern in both the figure image and the photograph. The results also show that different patterns of visual attention are evoked by each of the four different street types. In sum, the results indicate that two-dimensional plans are able to predict the future three-dimensional outcome of a given plan in terms of visual attention. These indications are valuable for planners, architects, engineers and decision-makers when planning for new urban environments. The results are also valuable for understanding human perception of streets in a wider context.

Este trabalho estuda as edificações denominadas Pavilhão e Centros de Exposição, com total da área coberta para exposições superior a 20.000m², na cidade de São Paulo. Inicialmente são apresentados os antecedentes das atividades que precederam as atuais Feiras de Negócios e Exposições Industriais e seu rebatimento no espaço desde a antiguidade clássica, passando pelas feiras medievais e pela revolução industrial na Europa até as Exposições Universais, num passado mais recente. A partir desse levantamento é detalhada a operacionalidade dessa tipologia, seus agentes e as relações entre as suas principais atividades, o local onde se encontram e outros equipamentos urbanos com funções complementares. Em seguida, são analisados os exemplos nesta Capital e em outras cidades, procurando extrair os componentes que confi guram um pavilhão ou centro de exposições. Com essa análise chega-se a um programa geral proposto e à representação gráfi ca do arranjo físico dessas edificações (fl uxograma). Por fim, a partir do estudo da dinâmica das feiras e exposições são identifi cadas características que podem influenciar e/ ou determinar a necessidade e confi guração dos espaços. São então apresentadas as principais conclusões sobre o tema central, como contribuições em futuros estudos de exemplares desse tipo de edifi cação, seja para reforma, requalificação ou novas implantações.
This paper studies the types of buildings called Pavilions and Exhibition Centers of a covered area in excess of 20,000 sq. m. (215.28 sq. ft) as exhibition space existing in the city of São Paulo. First, a survey is presented on the background of the developments that preceded the current Trade Fairs and Industrial Shows and their reverberations in space, from Classical Antiquity, through Medieval Fairs and the Industrial Revolution in Europe to the Universal Exhibitions. Based on that framework, the operationality of this typology, its agents and the relations underlying its main activities, their location and other urban facilities with complementary functions are detailed. Next, examples from our state capital and from other cities are reviewed, in an attempt to draw the components that characterize a pavilion or exhibition center. These approaches lead the way to a proposed general program and to the graphic representation of the physical layout of these buildings (fl ow chart). Finally, a study on the dynamics of fairs and exhibitions identifi es the characteristics capable of exerting an infl uence and/or determining the need and confi guration of spaces. The main conclusions on the core theme are then set out as a contribution to future studies on this type of construction, whether for the purpose of construction renovation or retrofi tting or for new implementation.

Les bâtiments en maçonnerie est l’une des typologies les plus courantes en Europe. Etant construite sans considération sismique, cette typologie est très vulnérable face aux sollicitations transversales. A l’instar des centres urbains historiques, la ville de Nice connait une concentration des blocs de bâtiments caractérisés par une continuité structurelle. Plusieurs observations post-sismiques ont montré que les bâtiments attenants au sein d’un bloc n’ont pas un comportement dynamique indépendant, car il est fortement impacté par les constructions adjacentes. Il s’agit de l’effet de bloc. Par conséquent, les considérer individuellement reflète un comportement imprécis voire irréaliste. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’évaluer la vulnérabilité sismique du bâti en maçonnerie existant à grande échelle (ville). La méthodologie d’évaluation proposée est basée sur une approche mécanique et considère plus particulièrement l’impact de l’effet de bloc sur la réponse des bâtiments.Ce faisant, la démarche multiéchelle proposée comprend trois étapes complémentaires et est appliquée à la ville de Nice. Nous développons dans un premier temps, une nouvelle Matrice de Typologies de Bâtiments représentative de la zone d’intérêt. La base de données typologiques correspondante est ensuite construite pour déterminer les typologies de bâtiments les plus répandues. Un ensemble d’archétypes représentatifs des structures en maçonnerie est retenu comme cas d’étude. Ils sont modélisés par le principe du cadre équivalent par macroélément et analysés par l’approche statique non linéaire, Pushover. Nous obtenons ainsi une courbe de capacité caractéristique pour chaque typologie étudiée. Enfin, un outil est développé pour la détermination des niveaux de dommages, en conformité avec l’Echelle Macrosismique Européenne EMS-98. Il répond à la complexité du milieu urbain. En effet, il estime le niveau de dommage moyen attendu pour chaque typologie, en fonction des actions sismiques locales. D’autant plus que le bâti niçois est implanté pour la plus part sur des remplissages alluvionnaires. Ce qui augmente les effets de site lithologiques. Ces derniers sont pris en compte dans la définition du scénario de l’aléa sismique. Il est représenté par des spectres de réponse en accélération et correspond au séisme de scénario Ligure de 1887 (Mw = 6.9). Le modèle est basé sur l’approche N2 pour la détermination du point de performance.Les résultats ont confirmé plusieurs observations post-sismiques, et montrent que l’effet de bloc a un impact considérable sur la vulnérabilité des bâtiments. Cette influence peut prendre trois formes différentes : évolution de la résistance du bâtiment, modification de son mécanisme de ruine global ou alors variation du niveau de dommages attendu. La méthodologie proposée constitue une première contribution dans l’évaluation des bâtiments à grande échelle avec la prise en compte des interactions entre les bâtiments adjacents. Sa modularité permet d’intégrer d’autres paramètres et d’élargir le champ d’application. Par ailleurs, elle remet en question le texte réglementaire actuel (EC8), qui est basé à l’échelle du bâtiment considéré isolé pour évaluer sa vulnérabilité.Le scénario du risque sismique résultant consiste en un guide un guide précieux pour les politiques et les acteurs de la construction. Il peut être utilisé pour la mitigation des risques ou l’optimisation des plans d’évacuation en situation de crise
Masonry buildings are one of the most common typologies in Europe. Being built without seismic considerations, this typology is very vulnerable to the transversal loads. Like the historic urban centers, the city of Nice knows a concentration of the building blocks characterized by a structural continuity. Several post-seismic observations have shown that adjoining buildings within a block do not have an independent dynamic behavior, as it is strongly impacted by the adjacent buildings. This is the block effect. Therefore, considering them individually reflects an imprecise or even unrealistic behavior. This thesis aims to assess the seismic vulnerability of the masonry structures at large-scale (city). The proposed evaluation methodology is based on a mechanical approach and considers more particularly the impact of the block effect on the response of buildings.The proposed multi-scale approach includes three complementary steps and is applied to the city of Nice. First, we develop a new Matrix of Building Typologies representative of the area of interest. The corresponding typological database is then constructed to determine the most common typologies of Nice buildings. A set of representative archetypes of masonry structures is used as a case study. They are modeled by the equivalent frame approach and analyzed by the nonlinear static approach, Pushover. We thus obtain a characteristic capacity curve for each studied typology. Finally, a tool is developed for the determination of damage levels, in accordance with the European Macroseismic Scale EMS-98. It responds to the complexity of the urban environment. Indeed, it estimates the average level of damage expected for each typology, according to the local seismic actions. Especially since the building of Nice is implanted for the most part on alluvial fillings. This increases the lithological site effects. These are taken into account in the definition of the seismic hazard scenario. It is represented by acceleration response spectra and corresponds to the Ligure scenario earthquake of 1887 (Mw = 6.9). The model is based on the N2 approach for determining the performance point.The results confirmed several post-seismic observations and show that the block effect has a considerable impact on the vulnerability of buildings. This influence can take three different forms: evolution of the resistance of the building, modification of its mechanism of global ruin or then variation of the expected level of damage. The proposed methodology is a first contribution in the evaluation of large-scale buildings with the consideration of interactions between adjacent buildings. Its modularity makes it possible to integrate other parameters and to widen the field of application. In addition, it questions the current norms (EC8), which is based on the scale of the building considered isolated to assess its vulnerability.The resulting seismic risk scenario is a guide and a valuable guide for construction policy and actors. It can be used for risk mitigation or optimization of evacuation plans in crisis situations

“Why do immigrants and refugees need community health workers/lay health workers (CHWs) if Canada already has a universal health care system?” Abundant evidence demonstrates that despite the universality of our health care system marginalized populations, including immigrants and refugees, experience barriers to accessing the health system. Evidence on the role of CHWs facilitating access is both lacking and urgently needed. This dissertation contributes to this evidence by providing a thick description and thorough analytical exploration of a CHW model, in Edmonton, Canada. Specifically, I examine the activities of the Multicultural Health Brokers Co-operative (MCHB Co-op) and its Multicultural Health Brokers from 1992 to 2011 as well as the relationship they have with Alberta Health Services (AHS) Edmonton Zone Public Health. The research for this study is based on an instrumental and embedded qualitative case study design. The case is the MCHB Co-op, an independently-run multicultural health worker co-operative, which contracts with health and social services providers in Edmonton to offer linguistically- and culturally-appropriate services to marginalized immigrant and refugee women and their families. The two embedded mini-cases are two programs of the MCHB Co-op: Perinatal Outreach and Health for Two, which are the raison d’être for a sustained partnership between the MCHB Co-op and AHS. The phenomenon under study is the Multicultural Health Brokers’ practice. I triangulate multiple methods (research strategies and data sources), including 46 days of participant and direct observation, 44 in-depth interviews (with Multicultural Health Brokers, mentors, women using the programs, health professionals and outsiders who knew of the work of the MCHB Co-op and Multicultural Health Brokers), and document review and analysis of policy documents, yearly reports, training manuals, educational materials as well as quantitative analysis of the Health Brokers’ 3,442 client caseload database. In addition, data include my field notes of both descriptive and analytical reflections taken throughout the onsite research. I also triangulate various theoretical frameworks to explore how historically specific social structures, economic relationships, and ideological assumptions serve to create and reinforce the conditions that give rise to the need for CHWs, and the factors that aid or hinder their ability to facilitate marginalized populations’ access to health and social services. Findings reveal that Multicultural Health Brokers facilitate access to health and social services as well as foster community capacity building in order to address settlement, adaptation, and integration of immigrant and refugee women and their families into Canadian society. Findings also demonstrate that the Multicultural Health Broker model is an example of collaboration between community-based organizations and local systems in targeting health equity for marginalized populations; in particular, in perinatal health and violence against women. A major problem these workers face is they provide important services as part of Canada’s health human resources workforce, but their contributions are often not recognized as such. The triangulation of methods and theory provides empirical and theoretical understanding of the Multicultural Health Brokers’ contribution to immigrant and refugee women and their families’ feminist urban citizenship.

La recherche conduite par celui qui écrit avance à l'intérieur de tel classement dans la tentative d'isoler une nouvelle typologie de bâtiment. La combination de ces éléments dans un précis intervalle chronologique a conduit à la création de structures telles qui peuvent être consideré de plein droit des monuments caractérisés par des formes et décorations spécifiques, voulus par un proprietaire et mis en œuvre par des ouvriers spécialisés. En considérant l'ensemble des différentes parties architectoniques, la critique moderne est arrivée à distinguer deux grandes catégories : la villa d'otium et la villa rustique. Avec l'expression villa d'otium l'on indique généralement une résidence caractérisée tout d'abord par un considérable engagement planimétrique qui se traduit soit en des dimensions considerables ,soit en des choix architectoniques particulièrement originaux, en plus chaque pièce est riche de complèxes décorations pariétales et des sols. Tels bâtiments se caractérisent en particulier par la prédominance du secteur résidentiel (pars urbana), à détriment de la productive (pars rusica), en donnant au bâtiment une fonction essentiellement d'habitation.Avec villa rustica l'on peut se référer au contraire à un bâtiment qui peut parfois se caractériser par un certain engagement architectonique mais qui generalement se caractérise par des dimensions plutôt modestes et par la simplicité dans le choix du cycle décoratif. En plus dans tels bâtiments la fonction productive est dominante à détriment de la partie résidentielle. À l'intérieur de ces deux grandes macrocatégories c'est possible d'insérer puis des bâtiments qui présentent des caractéristiques particulières, comme par exemple des grandes villas rustiques distinguées aussi par un cycle décoratif considerable, ou encore des grandes villas d'otium, bȃties le long de la côte, distinguées par une monumentale scenae frons qui devient un élément dominant et essentiel de tels bâtiments au point d'attribuer la définition de villas maritimes ou côtières. De ce point de vue devient fondamental l'oeuvre de Xavier Lafon, qui sera l'objet d'un traité plus soigné dans le chapitre V, dans lequel a été abordé le rapport existant entre la catégorie des bȃtiments identifiés par l'auteur et les villas objet du catalogue-ci. Dans ce contexte je considère necessaire préciser que l'oeuvre de Lafon constitue le point de départ fondamental ensemble avec l'oeuvre de la De Franceschini , au moment où l'on veut aborder de façon méthodique l'étude sur les grandes villas bȃties en Italie. Il faut ajouter que les deux auteurs donnent une tranche très différente à leur œuvre. Le premier se limite seulement aux villas cȏtières pendant que la deuxième se concentre essentiellement sur les villas de la campagne romaine , en considérant contextes diachroniques, rapprochés essentiellement par la meme zone territoriale. Ensemble avec ces œuvres c'est necessaire de citer aussi l'oeuvre de Lucia Romizzi, qui a traité de manière minutieuse la notion de villa d'otium en cherchant de prendre en considération un échantillon le plus ample possible, ce qui toutefois a produit des fiches qui abordent le bȃtiment de manière peut-ȇtre trop systématique sans chercher à pénétrer chaque single aspect
Research conducted by one who writes ahead of such ranking in the attempt to isolate a new typology of building. The combination of these elements in a precise chronological interval has led to the creation of such structures, which may be considered by right monuments characterized by specific forms and decorations, desired by an owner and implemented by specialized workers. Considering all the different architectonic parts, modern critics have come to distinguish two major categories: the otium villa and the rustic villa. With the expression "villa d'otium" we generally indicate a residence characterized first of all by a considerable planimetric engagement which is translated either into considerable dimensions, or into particularly original architectonic choices, besides each piece is rich of complèxes wall decorations and soils.Such buildings are characterized in particular by the predominance of the residential sector (pars urbana), to the detriment of the productive (pars rusica), giving to the building a function essentially of dwelling. With villa rustica one can refer on the contrary to a building that can sometimes be characterized by a certain architectural commitment but which is generally characterized by rather modest dimensions and by the simplicity in the choice of the decorative cycle. In addition in such buildings the productive function is dominant to the detriment of the residential part. Within these two large macrocategories it is possible to insert then buildings that have particular characteristics, such as large rustic villas also distinguished by a considerable decorative cycle, or large villas of otium, bȃties along the coast, distinguished by a monumental scenae frons which becomes a dominant and essential element of such buildings to the point of attributing the definition of maritime or coastal villas.From this point of view, the work of Xavier Lafon, which will be the subject of a more careful treatise in Chapter V, has become fundamental, in which the relationship between the category of buildings identified by the author and the villas object of the catalog-ci. In this context I consider it necessary to specify that the work of Lafon constitutes the fundamental starting point together with the work of the De Franceschini au, at the moment when one wants to approach in a methodical way the study on the large villas built in Italy. It must be added that the two authors give a very different slice to their work. The first is limited to the coastal villas while the second focuses mainly on the villas of the Roman countryside, considering diachronic contexts, brought together essentially by the same territorial area. Together with these works it is necessary to mention as well the work of Lucia Romizzi, who treated in a minute way the notion of otium villa by trying to take into consideration a sample as wide as possible, which however produced cards that approach the building so perhaps too systematic without trying to penetrate each single aspect

碩士
國立聯合大學
建築學系碩士班
102
The study discusses the differences of sunshine effects to avenue trees shielded by the buildings based on the different ratios of street height and diameter (H/D) and position (O). As taking the avenue trees in Taichung City and the Erpingshan campus of National United University (NUU) in Maioli for example, the relative sunshine hours, relative direct insolation, relative scattering insolation, relative total insolation of the test points are calculated by the sum of whole year via sunshine shadow simulation to analyze the shielding effect on the green belt of sidewalks and the avenue tress on central green belt. In term of the avenue trees on Erpingshan campus road of NUU (16m),the relative total insolation to the plants on both east and west sides in the whole year were reduced to 45% and 51% under the shielding effect of eastern wing building with H/D 1.8 and western building with H/D 1.4. As to the green garden road heading from east to west in Taichung (42m), the impact to avenue trees is calculated based on four different types of H/D ratios of roads. First, when the H/D of south and north sides of road is 1.0, the relative total insolation in the whole year were reduced to 47% and 77% on the green belt of sidewalks on northern and southern sides. The second type is when the H/D of southern side is 0 (empty space) and H/D of northern side is 0.5, the relative total insolation in the whole year were reduced to 98% and 83% on the green belt of sidewalks on northern and southern sides. Meanwhile, when the H/D of southern side is 0.5 and H/D of northern side is 0 (empty space), the relative total insolation in the whole year were reduced to 62% and 99% on the green belt of sidewalks on northern and southern sides. The third type is when the H/D of southern side is 0.7 and H/D of northern side is 2.1, the relative total insolation in the whole year were reduced to 51% and 73% on the green belt of sidewalks on northern and southern sides. The fourth type is when the H/D of southern side is 3.6 and H/D of northern side is 1.3, the relative total insolation in the whole year were reduced to 36% and 52% on the green belt of sidewalks on northern and southern sides. You could see that the higher the H/D of southern wing building, the greater effect on avenue trees. However, when the H/D of northern wing building increases, the effect on avenue trees planted is relatively insignificant. Finally, simulate the effects of different O and H/D on streets in Taichung within the block from section 1 of Meicun Road (20m), section 2 of Kungyi Road and section 1 and 2 of Wuchuan W. Road (30m) to section 1 of Wenshin Road (40 m). It is found when the H/D is 3.6, the relative total insolation in the whole year to both the avenue trees on S-N bound section 1 of Meicun Road and section 1 of Wenshin Road and green belt of eastern and western sidewalks were reduced to 31%. Meanwhile, the relative total insolation in the whole year to both the avenue trees on E-W bound section 2 of Kungyi Road and section 1 and 2 of Wuchuan W. Road of Wenshin Road and green belt of northern and southern sidewalks were only 27% and 40%. Therefore, when the H/D is 3.6, it is adverse to the growth of weak shade-tolerant trees (sun plant) on the green belt of E-W bound sidewalks. The study results are mainly for the purpose of providing review and improvement for urban and landscape design in term of green benefit in the future as well as forecasting the impact to environment of tree planting.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
107
Regarding high-rise buildings in urban contexts, there is a paradox of intensifying the land by designing infrastructure vertically while still getting optimum natural exposures (e.g. sunlight) to ensure high living quality. The phyllotaxis pattern – the arrangement of leaves by which the plant can minimize self-shading to absorb enough light – is one inspiring solution that can be applied. How different parameter definitions on the phyllotaxis pattern affect the total floor area and solar exposure performances were studied through experimental digital modeling and simulations. The results show that the divergence angle is strongly related to the jugacy and that the jugacy is linearly proportional to the total floor area and inversely proportional to the solar exposure performance. In contrast, internode length is linearly proportional to the solar exposure performance and inversely proportional to the total floor area. As one application example, urban farming in Singapore was chosen for this preliminary study. 6-jugate phyllotaxis pattern with 30° divergence angle, and 8 meters internode length was recommended since its sun exposure performance meets the leafy vegetables farming requirements and has the largest total floor area. The 280-meter-high tower using that pattern can reduce the land needed to make horizontal farming with the same crop yield by 92%. In conclusion, the phyllotaxis pattern can solve the urban problems by land intensification and solar exposure maximization.

After the industrial revolution, the increase in population of urban centres created a severe housing shortage. In North America there were two contrasting responses to house the masses, the urban tower and the garden city suburb. These solutions have since been criticised harshly as blunders of modernism. Today, we are undergoing unprecedented urbanisation and a changing paradigm. We are again in a position where the idea of mass housing needs to be rethought. Low-rise mixed-use neighbourhoods, such as Montreal’s Plateau, can provide sustainable vibrant urban environments. However, given the current paradigm, there are instances where buildings of higher density are necessary. How can successful urban neighbourhoods be re-interpreted to develop a design methodology for buildings of higher density?

In this study we propose a typology which concerns source errors and linguistic structures that might have an impact on Machine Translation (MT). Although most typologies are built on a bilingual level, the source text (ST) also presents issues that cannot be expected to be resolved by MT. In this study, we were able to test whether or not the quality of the ST has an impact on the target text (TT) quality. For that purpose, source data was annotated. The data analyzed was both inbound (user-generated content) and outbound (agent) in the context of chat. Through this analysis, it was possible to build a data driven typology. To aid the construction of a new typology, there was also a comparison between multiple typologies, whether they have a bilingual or a monolingual focus. This allowed us to see what could be applied to a monolingual typology and what was missing. With the annotation results, it was possible to build a new typology — Source Typology. To assist future annotators, we provided annotation guidelines with a listing of all the issue types, an explanation of the different span types, the severities to be used and the tricky cases that might occur during the annotation process. In order to test the reliability of the typology, three different case studies of an internal pilot were conducted. Each case study had a different goal and took into account different language pairs. By testing the Source Typology, we could see its effectiveness and reliability and what should be improved. In the end, we demonstrated that the quality of the ST can actually have an impact on the TT quality, where, at times, minor errors on the source would become or originate critical errors on the target. The typology is now being applied at Unbabel.
Neste trabalho propõe-se uma tipologia do texto de partida (do inglês, Source Typology) que considera erros no texto de partida (TP) e estruturas linguísticas que têm impacto na tradução automática (TA). Embora a maioria das tipologias seja construída tendo em conta um nível bilíngue, o TP também apresenta problemas que não conseguem ser previstos pela TA. Neste trabalho, foi possível testar se a qualidade do TP tem ou não impacto na qualidade do texto de chegada (TC) e como aferir objetivamente esse mesmo impacto. Inicialmente, foi efetuada uma comparação com diferentes tipologias de anotação de erros, quer estas considerassem um nível bilíngue ou monolíngue (e.g., TAUS MQM-DQF Typology, MQM Top-Level e SCATE MT error taxonomy, tipologias que serão apresentadas na Secção 2.4). Esta comparação possibilitou verificar as semelhanças e diferenças entre si e também quais as classes de erros previamente utilizadas. De forma a ter mais informações sobre este tema, foi realizada uma análise de dados do TP. Os dados foram analisados em contexto do conteúdo de chat e produzidos por utilizadores e agentes. Esta análise foi realizada através do processo de anotação. Este processo permite a identificação e categorização de erros e difere conforme as diretrizes apresentadas. Nesta primeira fase, o processo de anotação foi efetuado na plataforma Annotation Tool com a Tipologia de Erros da Unbabel. Uma vez que esta tipologia foi construída num contexto bilíngue, verificaram-se quais os erros que também sucediam no TP. Além disso, foi possível averiguar, nesta análise, quais eram os erros mais comuns no TP e examinar as diferenças entre um utilizador e um agente. A linguagem de chat é bastante específica, trazendo consigo simultaneamente as características da escrita e do diálogo. Enquanto o utilizador tem uma linguagem menos cuidada, algo que dá origem a diferentes tipos de erros, o agente tem de seguir um guião com soluções pré-definidas, atendendo sempre a restrições de tempo. Para além destes restringimentos, os agentes ainda têm de lidar com o facto de, na sua maioria, não serem nativos da língua inglesa, aquela que lhes é requerida no apoio ao cliente, e de ter condições de vida precárias. Esta análise foi efetuada através de uma das métricas manuais de qualidade mais amplamente utilizada na área da TA — Multidimensional Quality Metric (MQM) — proposta no projeto QTLaunchPad (2014), financiado pela União Europeia. Assim, os resultados do processo de anotação foram convertidos de modo quantificável, para aferir a qualidade do TP. Através desta análise, foi possível criar uma tipologia baseada em dados. Com os resultados desta análise, foi possível produzir uma nova tipologia — a Source Typology. Para auxiliar futuros anotadores desta tipologia, foram fornecidas diretrizes para o processo de anotação com a listagem de todas as classes de erros (incluindo as novas adições), esclarecimentos quanto aos tipos de segmentos conforme a anotação pretendida, as severidades utilizadas e os casos complicados que podem surgir durante o processo de anotação. De forma a clarificar esta última secção, também foram fornecidas duas árvores de decisão, uma delas a assistir na classificação de erros ou de estruturas linguísticas e outra a assistir na escolha da severidade adequada. De modo a comprovar a fiabilidade da tipologia, foi realizado um piloto com três estudos distintos, com um total de 26855 palavras, 2802 erros e 239 estruturas linguísticas (representadas na severidade ‘Neutra’ — associadas a marcadores discursivos, disfluências, emojis, etc., mecanismos característicos do discurso oral) anotados. Cada um dos estudos realizados no piloto abrangeu diferentes objetivos e teve em conta distintos pares de línguas. Em todos os estudos realizou-se uma análise para verificar se os erros encontrados no TP tinham sido originados ou transferidos para o TC e se as estruturas linguísticas com a severidade ‘Neutra’ tiveram ou não algum impacto nos sistemas de TA. O primeiro estudo, PT-BR_EN inbounds, focou-se em PT-BR_EN e considerou textos produzidos por utilizadores. Este estudo foi realizado tendo em conta diferentes clientes da Unbabel. Neste estudo a língua de partida (LP) utilizada foi o português do Brasil e a língua de chegada (LC) foi o inglês. O valor de MQM no TP foi elevado (72.26), pois os erros mais frequentes eram erros de tipografia, ou seja, de baixa severidade. Contudo, ao comparar com o valor de MQM no TC, houve uma grande disparidade. No TC houve muitos erros críticos, algo que não seria de esperar, dada a qualidade do TP. Esta discrepância implicou uma análise mais aprofundada. Desta análise, verificou-se que 34 erros presentes no TP tinham sido transferidos para o TC, 29 erros no TP deram origem a outros erros no TC e houve 9 estruturas neutras que tiveram impacto no TC. Ao examinar diferentes exemplos, observou-se que grande parte dos erros de baixa severidade e as 9 estruturas neutras no TP resultaram em erros críticos no TC. O segundo estudo, Agent Annotation, concentrou-se em textos em inglês produzidos por agentes da área de apoio ao cliente. É importante referir que o inglês não é “nativo”. Ao contrário do primeiro estudo, este derivou apenas de um cliente, uma vez que os dados dos agentes são dependentes dos clientes específicos e de guiões fornecidos por cada cliente em particular. Neste estudo foram utilizadas duas línguas, o inglês como LP e o francês como LC. Ao contrário do primeiro estudo, o valor de MQM do TC foi mais elevado do que o valor resultante do TP. Porém, também foi realizada a mesma análise neste estudo. 59 erros encontrados no TP foram transferidos para o TC e 40 erros no TP originaram novos erros no TC. Uma grande diferença entre o primeiro e segundo estudo foi de nenhuma estrutura neutra no TP ter tido impacto no TC. O último estudo, Multilingual internal pilot, foi o mais extenso de todos por incluir várias línguas e vários anotadores, tendo em conta tanto o lado do utilizador como o do agente. Relativamente aos estudos prévios, este estudo foi realizado numa escala bem mais alargada. As línguas anotadas neste estudo foram: holandês, italiano, espanhol europeu, português do Brasil, romeno, polaco, alemão e inglês. Os valores de MQM em cada língua diferem de acordo com as diferenças entre línguas e os erros encontrados. Observou-se, nesta análise, que o número de erros foi superior ao número de segmentos, o que significa que, por média, cada segmento apresentava mais do que um erro. Neste estudo, as estruturas neutras com impacto no TC foram divididas por classes e não por línguas devido à extensão de erros. Conjuntamente, também foram apresentadas as suas formas corretas nas LC. O mesmo processo foi realizado para os erros críticos encontrados no TP. Ao longo da análise, também se verificou que algumas classes de erros não foram anotadas de forma correta ou que não foram anotadas quando eram necessárias. Este fenómeno permitiu logo verificar a eficiência da tipologia e das suas diretrizes. Desse modo, são apresentados os casos em que essas situações surgiram e as razões por detrás do sucedido. Para uma análise mais completa, também foi investigado se estes casos tiveram algum impacto no TC. Das 44 estruturas neutras que não foram anotadas no TP, 10 delas tiveram, de facto, impacto no TC. Ao testar a Source Typology, foi permitido ratificar a sua eficiência e a fiabilidade e o que deve ser melhorado. A eficácia da tipologia foi avaliada através do Inter-annotator Agreement (IAA), uma metodologia que permite identificar ambiguidades e falhas que resultaram do processo de anotação. O IAA possibilita averiguar se houve ou não concordância entre os anotadores, como também a concordância que os anotadores tiveram consigo mesmos. Outra particularidade do IAA é verificar se os anotadores das mesmas línguas têm a mesma noção de extensão de um erro ou estrutura linguística. Instruções quanto a este tópico foram explicitadas nas diretrizes, mas ainda pode haver dúvidas sobre este processo de segmentação de erros. Assim, surge uma oportunidade para melhorar essa secção nas diretrizes. Por fim, através destes estudos foi demonstrado que a qualidade do TP tem, de facto, impacto na qualidade do TC, em que, por vezes, erros mínimos encontrados no TP se tornam ou originam erros críticos no TC. Estes estudos também permitiram perceber quais os erros cometidos pelos utilizadores e os agentes e a diferença entre eles e, ao mesmo tempo, validar a tipologia, que está em produção na Unbabel.

碩士
淡江大學
建築學系
89
The urban tissue is not a static, fragmentary assortment of impressions, but rather an entity in a state of dynamic change due to its unique geographical conditions and the effects of society, economics, politics, and technology. Buildings are the basic physical elements that fill space. Buildings and the adjacent street system weave the fabric of urban space. In complete street-delineated blocks, because land ownership division conditions are different, various modes of site separation and combination arise. The size and shape of the sites, and their form of access to the streets will result in different building typologies. And spatial compositions created by different building typologies have a tangible influence on lifestyle and the substance of life.Urban space management tools have a pivotal effect on the formation of the environmental texture. However, existing urban space management tools in Taiwan may be seen at scattered places throughout such different professional areas as urban planning, urban design, land administration, and building management. To date, effective integrative mechanisms linking these different areas have yet to emerge. This study proposes that the concept of building typology control can serve as a medium for the integration of various types of contemporary urban space management tools. The use of selected building typology concepts actually already assumes that the substance of essential urban design criteria is transformed into a set of concrete zoning regulations to be used in urban planning. At the same time, the operational procedures of other professional areas are incorporated, including the indispensable technical steps composing building typology: adjustment and control of cadastral conditions, allowing corresponding implementation. This study seeks to examine the interactive relationship between land reorganization and urban planning tasks under contemporary zone expropriation regulations, including an analysis of their pivotal influence on building typology composition and various issues that urgently need improvement under the current state of operations, and proposes specific corrective proposals. Lastly, taking the Taoyuan Airport City zone expropriation plan as an example, a block is selected and a building typology concept is established and used to correct conventional land administration zone expropriation operating criteria. For instance, the width of the street access of building sites on a block is used to derive the minimum allocated area, the specified block subdivision lines, and land subdivision lines. In addition, appropriate design strategies and control tools are operated and used to simulate possible land property division results and their effectiveness vis-à-vis the building typology, allowing them to be used to control the formation of building typology.

碩士
國立成功大學
都市計劃學系
105
With the major cities in Taiwan in recent years trended to the cultural tourism policy, it has brought a thriving business activity, and a new style to the environment of urban commercial district. The change of Tainan, known as ancient capital, is particularly significant. This study use the Classification Logic of Typology. To begin with, we use Conzen’s district form study: Street, Plots, and Buildings. Then, through field research of shops’ spatial context, spatial content, we review the used number and situation of pattern language. Finally, through the above research we identify four kinds of Commercial Space Type: Primeval commercial space type, Embellished commercial space type, Decorative commercial space type, Ornamental commercial space type. The type of commercial space can be used as an analysis item on commercial district studies in the future.

The north and north-western quadrants of Pretoria have been identified as requiring attention for rejuvenation. The framework looks at “connectivity through activity” and the site ties into the creative industries, heritage route and pedestrian walkway proposed for the area. It is realised that in this day and age the ideal is often impossible to achieve. Paradoxically too it is often in the more densely populated areas, where land values are highest that there is the greatest need for ample space for children, whose probable home is a cramped flat, with no garden in which to run about and play freely. With the proposal to increase housing in the framework for Pretoria's city and, in a bid to densify the urban centre, comes the added responsibility to accommodate the youngest generations of city dwellers. It is with this in mind that the design proposal looks at the creation of a pre-primary school and public playground connected to a pedestrianised inter-block walkway. A new revolutionary approach to educational buildings has to be investigated in terms of “learning through play” by “extending the field of play” and incorporating design techniques of both architecture and landscape architecture to create a holistic design precedent that will stimulate young minds. AFRIKAANS : Die Noorde en Noord-Westelike kwadrante van Pretoria word ge-identifiseer as wat aandag vir verjonging vereis. Die raamwerk kyk na "konnektiwiteit deur aktiwiteit" en die terreine bind die skeppende nywerhede, erfenis roete en voetganger paadjie [voorgestel vir die gebied] va. Daar word besef dat deesdae die ideale dikwels onmoontlik word om te bereik. Ook is dit dikwels in die meer digbevolkte gebiede, waar die grond waarde die hoogste is, dat daar 'n nodigheid vir genoeg ruimte vir kinders word. Hierdie kinders se waarskynlike huise is 'n beknopte woonstel met geen tuine om in rond te loop of te speel nie. Met die voorstelling om behuising in die raamwerk vir Pretoria se stad te vermeerder en om die stedelike sentrum digtheid te verhoog, kom ekstra verantwoordelikheid om die jongste generasies van die stede te akkommodeer. Met hierdie gedagte moet die ontwerp voorstelling na die skepping van 'n pre-primere skool kyk. Ook moet daar 'n openbare speelgrond gekoppel aan 'n voetgangers interblok loopvlak wees. 'n Nuwe revolusionêre benadering tot opvoedkundige geboue moet ondersoek word in terme van "leer deur te speel" deur "uitbreiding die veld van speel" en die integrasie van ontwerp tegnieke van beide argitektuur en landskap argitektuur om 'n holistiese ontwerp presedent te skep sodat die jong gees gestimuleer sal word.
Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Architecture
unrestricted

La ricerca esplora significati, proprietà e capacità analitiche del concetto di densità e delle sue possibili interpretazioni nell’ambito dell’architettura e della sostenibilità. Il suo obiettivo è la determinazione di relazioni tra costruito, energia e forma dei tessuti urbani della città compatta mediterranea ricorrendo alla densità quale parametro utile a decifrarne le specificità. A dispetto della sempre maggiore insostenibilità della città odierna, di fronte alla crisi energetica ed ambientale in atto, recenti statistiche hanno confermato il crescente potere attrattivo delle aree metropolitane. Nel contesto della città compatta europea, i nuovi modelli insediativi basati su principi di risparmio energetico rappresentano una percentuale insignificante rispetto alla città esistente che, nel funzionare, incide notevolmente sull’inefficienza dell’intero sistema metropolitano. In questo quadro, potrebbe essere risolutivo identificare un approccio che individui strumenti e metodi progettuali alla scala urbana piuttosto che a quella architettonica, utili a definire condizioni più appropriate e realmente incisivi per la città compatta. Se riferito in primo luogo a tale scala il rapporto tra energia e forma assume un ruolo centrale sulla variazione delle prestazioni energetiche; allo stesso tempo il concetto di densità appare un’efficace strumento di analisi delle prestazioni morfologiche del costruito. La ricerca si compone di cinque parti. La prima analizza la condizione odierna delle dinamiche urbane ed energetiche, per comprendere ruolo e contributo dell’edilizia alla luce dell’avanzamento del pensiero scientifico e degli strumenti operativi disponibili. La seconda affronta il significato e l’evoluzione del concetto di densità quale parametro di misura, strumento progettuale e fondamento teorico, facendo riferimento in particolare alle interazioni con la forma urbana e la sostenibilità. Nella terza si utilizzano le capacità analitiche della densità per comprovare le implicazioni ambientali e verificare l’esistenza di leggi di dipendenza tra indicatori di sostenibilità urbana e densità. La quarta pone le basi per la comprensione delle relazioni tra densità ed energia alla scala urbana. La quinta parte, infine, indaga tali relazioni nei tessuti compatti di Roma e Barcellona declinandole in termini di caratteri formali e costruttivi, con l’ausilio di modellazioni e simulazioni strutturate allo scopo di controllare i corrispondenti fattori. S’illustra l’influenza di morfologia urbana e caratteri tipologico-costruttivi su guadagno solare e domanda energetica per riscaldamento e climatizzazione, individuando per mezzo di differenti definizioni d’indicatori di densità, i più adeguati ad esprimere con queste leggi di variazione affidabili. I risultati evidenziano che il contributo dell’edilizia alla complessa questione energetica posta dai sistemi metropolitani deve concentrarsi sulla riduzione della domanda - ancor prima che su consumo e impatto - operando con strumenti e metodi interscalari per la trasformazione della città esistente. La densità ha un ruolo privilegiato nel rapporto forma-sostenibilità per capacità interpretative e significati assunti quale categoria teorica e progettuale. A scala metropolitana, indicatori di sostenibilità urbana e densità non sempre mostrano chiare relazioni con le implicazioni ambientali ed energetiche. Morfologia, tipologia e aspetti costruttivi sono i fattori che più intervengono sulla variazione delle prestazioni energetiche dei tessuti urbani. Analizzarli mediante parametri di densità conduce alla comprensione del diverso comportamento energetico, fornendo un contributo agli strumenti d’indagine a scala urbana e favorendo una connotazione più efficiente del costruito riconducibile alla dimensione della densità sostenibile. Il metodo e gli strumenti individuati si offrono come base di conoscenza per trasformazioni consapevoli della città compatta mediterranea.
This research aims at exploring meanings, qualities and analytical abilities of density concept and its potential interpretations in architecture and sustainability fields. Despite the growing unsustainability of today's city facing an effective energy and environmental crisis, recent statistics have confirmed the increasing attractive power of metropolitan areas. Within the context of European compact city, new building models based on energy conservation principles account for an insignificant percentage compared to the great mass of existing city whose functioning remarkably affects the inefficiency of the whole metropolitan system. Therefore an approach determining design instruments and methods at urban and architectural scale must be found in order to set out conditions more appropriate to the compact city. At this analysis stage, the relationship between energy and form takes a central role in the variation of energy performances; at the same time the concept of density has showed the ability to describe the morphological performances of the built form. The general aim of the present research is to determine the relationships among built-form, energy and urban fabrics by the density parameter in compact city with Mediterranean climate. This research is composed by four interconnected parts. The first one examines the relationship among current urban and energy dynamics to comprehend the role and contribution of the building industry in the light of the scientific progress and the implementation of present operational and regulatory instruments. The second one investigates role and evolution of the density concept as parameter, design instrument and basis of theoretical categories, especially referring to interactions with urban form and sustainability. In the third part the analytical and interpretative abilities of density are employed in order to prove the environmental implications and verify the existence of interactions among urban sustainability indicators and density. Finally, the fourth part enquires into the relationships among form, building, density and energy set up in the compact fabrics in Rome and Barcelona by models and simulations in order to control the main formal, building and energy factors parametrically. The influence of urban morphology, built-form and constructive features on solar access and energy demand for conditioning are shown by different density indicators that are the more suitable to express reliable trends. Firstly results point out that the contribution of the built environment to the complex energy issue arisen by metropolitan systems must be focused on the reduction of the demand - even before on the consumption and impact - operating with multi-scale instruments and methods for the transformation of existing city. The density has a preferred role in the relationship between sustainability and form thanks to its interpretative skills and meanings undertaken as theoretical and design category. At the metropolitan scale, urban quality indicators and density do not always show evident relationships with energy and environmental implications. Built-form typology and constructive features are the main factors that occur on energy performances variation of urban fabrics. The investigation of these kind of performances by density parameters leads to the comprehension of the different energy behavior in each urban texture, offering a contribution to the energy analysis at urban scale. Methodology and the defined parameters of density show themselves as knowledge base for aware transformations of Mediterranean compact city as well as applications in other urban contexts both for existing and new constructions.

The impacts of floods on buildings in urban areas are increasing due to the intensification of extreme weather events, unplanned or uncontrolled settlements and the rising vulnerability of assets. There are some approaches available for assessing the flood damage to buildings and critical infrastructure. To this point, however, it is extremely difficult to adapt these methods widely, due to the lack of high resolution classification and characterisation approaches for built structures. To overcome this obstacle, this work presents: first, a conceptual framework for understanding the physical flood vulnerability and the physical flood susceptibility of buildings, second, a methodological framework for the combination of methods and tools for a large-scale and high-resolution analysis and third, the testing of the methodology in three pilot sites with different development conditions. The conceptual framework narrows down an understanding of flood vulnerability, physical flood vulnerability and physical flood susceptibility and its relation to social and economic vulnerabilities. It describes the key features causing the physical flood susceptibility of buildings as a component of the vulnerability. The methodological framework comprises three modules: (i) methods for setting up a building topology, (ii) methods for assessing the susceptibility of representative buildings of each building type and (iii) the integration of the two modules with technological tools. The first module on the building typology is based on a classification of remote sensing data and GIS analysis involving seven building parameters, which appeared to be relevant for a classification of buildings regarding potential flood impacts. The outcome is a building taxonomic approach. A subsequent identification of representative buildings is based on statistical analyses and membership functions. The second module on the building susceptibility for representative buildings bears on the derivation of depth-physical impact functions. It relates the principal building components, including their heights, dimensions and materials, to the damage from different water levels. The material’s susceptibility is estimated based on international studies on the resistance of building materials and a fuzzy expert analysis. Then depth-physical impact functions are calculated referring to the principal components of the buildings which can be affected by different water levels. Hereby, depth-physical impact functions are seen as a means for the interrelation between the water level and the physical impacts. The third module provides the tools for implementing the methodology. This tool compresses the architecture for feeding the required data on the buildings with their relations to the building typology and the building-type specific depth-physical impact function supporting the automatic process. The methodology is tested in three flood plains pilot sites: (i) in the settlement of the Barrio Sur in Magangué and (ii) in the settlement of La Peña in Cicuco located on the flood plain of Magdalena River, Colombia and (iii) in a settlement of the city of Dresden, located on the Elbe River, Germany. The testing of the methodology covers the description of data availability and accuracy, the steps for deriving the depth-physical impact functions of representative buildings and the final display of the spatial distribution of the physical flood susceptibility. The discussion analyses what are the contributions of this work evaluating the findings of the methodology’s testing with the dissertation goals. The conclusions of the work show the contributions and limitations of the research in terms of methodological and empirical advancements and the general applicability in flood risk management.:1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 State of the art 2 1.3 Problem statement 6 1.4 Objectives 6 1.5 Approach and outline 6 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 9 2.1 Flood vulnerability 10 2.2 Physical flood vulnerability 12 2.3 Physical flood susceptibility 14 3 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 23 3.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy for settlements 24 3.1.1 Extraction of building features 24 3.1.2 Derivation of building parameters for setting up a building taxonomy 38 3.1.3 Selection of representative buildings for a building susceptibility assessment 51 3.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings 57 3.2.1 Identification of building components 57 3.2.2 Qualification of building material susceptibility 62 3.2.3 Derivation of a depth-physical impact function 71 3.3 Module 3: Technological integration 77 3.3.1 Combination of the depth-physical impact function with the building taxonomic code 77 3.3.2 Tools supporting the physical susceptibility analysis 78 3.3.3 The users and their requirements 79 4 RESULTS OF THE METHODOLOGY TESTING 83 4.1 Pilot site “Kleinzschachwitz” – Dresden, Germany – Elbe River 83 4.1.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy – “Kleinzschachwitz” 85 4.1.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings – “Kleinzschachwitz” 97 4.1.3 Module 3: Technological integration – “Kleinzschachwitz” 103 4.2 Pilot site “La Peña” – Cicuco, Colombia – Magdalena River 107 4.2.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy – “La Peña” 108 4.2.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings – “La Peña” 121 4.2.3 Module 3: Technological integration– “La Peña” 129 4.3 Pilot site “Barrio Sur” – Magangué, Colombia – Magdalena River 133 4.3.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy – “Barrio Sur” 133 4.3.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings – “Barrio Sur” 141 4.3.3 Module 3: Technological integration – “Barrio Sur” 147 4.4 Empirical findings 151 4.4.1 Empirical findings of Module 1 151 4.4.2 Empirical findings of Module 2 155 4.4.3 Empirical findings of Module 3 157 4.4.4 Guidance of the methodology 157 5 DISCUSSION 161 5.1 Discussion on the conceptual framework 161 5.2 Discussion on the methodological framework 161 5.2.1 Discussion on Module 1: the building taxonomic approach 162 5.2.2 Discussion on Module 2: the depth-physical impact function 164 6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 167 6.1 Conclusions 167 6.2 Outlook 168 REFERENCES 171 INDEX OF FIGURES 199 INDEX OF TABLES 201 APPENDICES 203
In vielen Städten nehmen die Auswirkungen von Hochwasser auf Gebäude aufgrund immer extremerer Wetterereignisse, unkontrollierbarer Siedlungsbauten und der steigenden Vulnerabilität von Besitztümern stetig zu. Es existieren zwar bereits Ansätze zur Beurteilung von Wasserschäden an Gebäuden und Infrastrukturknotenpunkten. Doch ist es bisher schwierig, diese Methoden großräumig anzuwenden, da es an einer präzisen Klassifizierung und Charakterisierung von Gebäuden und anderen baulichen Anlagen fehlt. Zu diesem Zweck sollen in dieser Arbeit erstens ein Konzept für ein genaueres Verständnis der physischen Vulnerabilität von Gebäuden gegenüber Hochwasser dargelegt, zweitens ein methodisches Verfahren zur Kombination der bestehenden Methoden und Hilfsmittel mit dem Ziel einer großräumigen und hochauflösenden Analyse erarbeitet und drittens diese Methode an drei Pilotstandorten mit unterschiedlichem Ausbauzustand erprobt werden. Die Rahmenbedingungen des Konzepts grenzen die Begriffe der Vulnerabilität, der physischen Vulnerabilität und der physischen Anfälligkeit gegenüber Hochwasser ein und erörtern deren Beziehung zur sozialen und ökonomischen Vulnerabilität. Es werden die Merkmale der physischen Anfälligkeit von Gebäuden gegenüber Hochwasser als Bestandteil der Vulnerabilität definiert. Das methodische Verfahren umfasst drei Module: (i) Methoden zur Erstellung einer Gebäudetypologie, (ii) Methoden zur Bewertung der Anfälligkeit repräsentativer Gebäude jedes Gebäudetyps und (iii) die Kombination der beiden Module mit Hilfe technologischer Hilfsmittel. Das erste Modul zur Gebäudetypologie basiert auf der Klassifizierung von Fernerkundungsdaten und GIS-Analysen anhand von sieben Gebäudeparametern, die sich für die Klassifizierung von Gebäuden bezüglich ihres Risikopotenzials bei Hochwasser als wichtig erweisen. Daraus ergibt sich ein Ansatz zur Gebäudeklassifizierung. Die anschließende Ermittlung repräsentativer Gebäude beruht auf statistischen Analysen und Zugehörigkeitsfunktionen. Das zweite Modul zur Anfälligkeit repräsentativer Gebäude beruht auf der Ableitung von Funktion von Wasserstand und physischer Einwirkung. Es setzt die relevanten Gebäudemerkmale, darunter Höhe, Maße und Materialien, in Beziehung zum erwartbaren Schaden bei unterschiedlichen Wasserständen. Die Materialanfälligkeit wird aufgrund internationaler Studien zur Festigkeit von Baustoffen sowie durch Anwendung eines Fuzzy-Logic-Expertensystems eingeschätzt. Anschließend werden Wasserstand-Schaden-Funktionen unter Einbeziehung der Hauptgebäudekomponenten berechnet, die durch unterschiedliche Wasserstände in Mitleidenschaft gezogen werden können. Funktion von Wasserstand und physischer Einwirkung dienen hier dazu, den jeweiligen Wasserstand und die physischen Auswirkung in Beziehung zueinander zu setzen. Das dritte Modul stellt die zur Umsetzung der Methoden notwendigen Hilfsmittel vor. Zur Unterstützung des automatisierten Verfahrens dienen Hilfsmittel, die die Gebäudetypologie mit der Funktion von Wasserstand und physischer Einwirkung für Gebäude in Hochwassergebieten kombinieren. Die Methoden wurden anschließend in drei hochwassergefährdeten Pilotstandorten getestet: (i) in den Siedlungsgebieten von Barrio Sur in Magangué und (ii) von La Pena in Cicuco, zwei Überschwemmungsgebiete des Magdalenas in Kolumbien, und (iii) im Stadtgebiet von Dresden, das an der Elbe liegt. Das Testverfahren umfasst die Beschreibung der Datenverfügbarkeit und genauigkeit, die einzelnen Schritte zur Analyse der. Funktion von Wasserstand und physischer Einwirkung repräsentativer Gebäude sowie die Darstellung der räumlichen Verteilung der physischen Anfälligkeit für Hochwasser. In der Diskussion wird der Beitrag dieser Arbeit zur Beurteilung der Erkenntnisse der getesteten Methoden anhand der Ziele dieser Dissertation analysiert. Die Folgerungen beleuchten abschließend die Fortschritte und auch Grenzen der Forschung hinsichtlich methodischer und empirischer Entwicklungen sowie deren allgemeine Anwendbarkeit im Bereich des Hochwasserschutzes.:1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 State of the art 2 1.3 Problem statement 6 1.4 Objectives 6 1.5 Approach and outline 6 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 9 2.1 Flood vulnerability 10 2.2 Physical flood vulnerability 12 2.3 Physical flood susceptibility 14 3 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 23 3.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy for settlements 24 3.1.1 Extraction of building features 24 3.1.2 Derivation of building parameters for setting up a building taxonomy 38 3.1.3 Selection of representative buildings for a building susceptibility assessment 51 3.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings 57 3.2.1 Identification of building components 57 3.2.2 Qualification of building material susceptibility 62 3.2.3 Derivation of a depth-physical impact function 71 3.3 Module 3: Technological integration 77 3.3.1 Combination of the depth-physical impact function with the building taxonomic code 77 3.3.2 Tools supporting the physical susceptibility analysis 78 3.3.3 The users and their requirements 79 4 RESULTS OF THE METHODOLOGY TESTING 83 4.1 Pilot site “Kleinzschachwitz” – Dresden, Germany – Elbe River 83 4.1.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy – “Kleinzschachwitz” 85 4.1.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings – “Kleinzschachwitz” 97 4.1.3 Module 3: Technological integration – “Kleinzschachwitz” 103 4.2 Pilot site “La Peña” – Cicuco, Colombia – Magdalena River 107 4.2.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy – “La Peña” 108 4.2.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings – “La Peña” 121 4.2.3 Module 3: Technological integration– “La Peña” 129 4.3 Pilot site “Barrio Sur” – Magangué, Colombia – Magdalena River 133 4.3.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy – “Barrio Sur” 133 4.3.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings – “Barrio Sur” 141 4.3.3 Module 3: Technological integration – “Barrio Sur” 147 4.4 Empirical findings 151 4.4.1 Empirical findings of Module 1 151 4.4.2 Empirical findings of Module 2 155 4.4.3 Empirical findings of Module 3 157 4.4.4 Guidance of the methodology 157 5 DISCUSSION 161 5.1 Discussion on the conceptual framework 161 5.2 Discussion on the methodological framework 161 5.2.1 Discussion on Module 1: the building taxonomic approach 162 5.2.2 Discussion on Module 2: the depth-physical impact function 164 6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 167 6.1 Conclusions 167 6.2 Outlook 168 REFERENCES 171 INDEX OF FIGURES 199 INDEX OF TABLES 201 APPENDICES 203
El impacto de las inundaciones sobre los edificios en zonas urbanas es cada vez mayor debido a la intensificación de los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, asentamientos no controlados o no planificados y su creciente vulnerabilidad. Hay métodos disponibles para evaluar los daños por inundación en edificios e infraestructuras críticas. Sin embargo, es muy difícil implementar estos métodos sistemáticamente en grandes áreas debido a la falta de clasificación y caracterización de estructuras construidas en resoluciones detalladas. Para superar este obstáculo, este trabajo se enfoca, en primer lugar, en desarrollar un marco conceptual para comprender la vulnerabilidad y susceptibilidad física de edificios por inudaciones, en segundo lugar, en desarrollar un marco metodológico para la combinación de los métodos y herramientas para una análisis de alta resolución y en tercer lugar, la prueba de la metodología en tres sitios experimentales, con distintas condiciones de desarrollo. El marco conceptual se enfoca en comprender la vulnerabilidad y susceptibility de las edificaciones frente a inundaciones, y su relación con la vulnerabilidad social y económica. En él se describen las principales características físicas de la susceptibilidad de edificicaiones como un componente de la vulnerabilidad. El marco metodológico consta de tres módulos: (i) métodos para la derivación de topología de construcciones, (ii) métodos para evaluar la susceptibilidad de edificios representativos y (iii) la integración de los dos módulos a través herramientas tecnológicas. El primer módulo de topología de construcciones se basa en una clasificación de datos de sensoramiento rémoto y procesamiento SIG para la extracción de siete parámetros de las edficaciones. Este módulo parece ser aplicable para una clasificación de los edificios en relación con los posibles impactos de las inundaciones. El resultado es una taxonomía de las edificaciones y una posterior identificación de edificios representativos que se basa en análisis estadísticos y funciones de pertenencia. El segundo módulo consiste en el análisis de susceptibilidad de las construcciones representativas a través de funciones de profundidad del impacto físico. Las cuales relacionan los principales componentes de la construcción, incluyendo sus alturas, dimensiones y materiales con los impactos físicos a diferentes niveles de agua. La susceptibilidad del material se calcula con base a estudios internacionales sobre la resistencia de los materiales y un análisis a través de sistemas expertos difusos. Aquí, las funciones de profundidad de impacto físico son considerados como un medio para la interrelación entre el nivel del agua y los impactos físicos. El tercer módulo proporciona las herramientas necesarias para la aplicación de la metodología. Estas herramientas tecnológicas consisten en la arquitectura para la alimentación de los datos relacionados a la tipología de construcciones con las funciones de profundidad del impacto físico apoyado en procesos automáticos. La metodología es probada en tres sitios piloto: (i) en el Barrio Sur en Magangué y (ii) en la barrio de La Peña en Cicuco situado en la llanura inundable del Río Magdalena, Colombia y (iii) en barrio Kleinzschachwitz de la ciudad de Dresden, situado a orillas del río Elba, en Alemania. Las pruebas de la metodología abarca la descripción de la disponibilidad de los datos y la precisión, los pasos a seguir para obtener las funciones profundidad de impacto físico de edificios representativos y la presentación final de la distribución espacial de la susceptibilidad física frente inundaciones El discusión analiza las aportaciones de este trabajo y evalua los resultados de la metodología con relación a los objetivos. Las conclusiones del trabajo, muestran los aportes y limitaciones de la investigación en términos de avances metodológicos y empíricos y la aplicabilidad general de gestión del riesgo de inundaciones.:1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 State of the art 2 1.3 Problem statement 6 1.4 Objectives 6 1.5 Approach and outline 6 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 9 2.1 Flood vulnerability 10 2.2 Physical flood vulnerability 12 2.3 Physical flood susceptibility 14 3 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 23 3.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy for settlements 24 3.1.1 Extraction of building features 24 3.1.2 Derivation of building parameters for setting up a building taxonomy 38 3.1.3 Selection of representative buildings for a building susceptibility assessment 51 3.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings 57 3.2.1 Identification of building components 57 3.2.2 Qualification of building material susceptibility 62 3.2.3 Derivation of a depth-physical impact function 71 3.3 Module 3: Technological integration 77 3.3.1 Combination of the depth-physical impact function with the building taxonomic code 77 3.3.2 Tools supporting the physical susceptibility analysis 78 3.3.3 The users and their requirements 79 4 RESULTS OF THE METHODOLOGY TESTING 83 4.1 Pilot site “Kleinzschachwitz” – Dresden, Germany – Elbe River 83 4.1.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy – “Kleinzschachwitz” 85 4.1.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings – “Kleinzschachwitz” 97 4.1.3 Module 3: Technological integration – “Kleinzschachwitz” 103 4.2 Pilot site “La Peña” – Cicuco, Colombia – Magdalena River 107 4.2.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy – “La Peña” 108 4.2.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings – “La Peña” 121 4.2.3 Module 3: Technological integration– “La Peña” 129 4.3 Pilot site “Barrio Sur” – Magangué, Colombia – Magdalena River 133 4.3.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy – “Barrio Sur” 133 4.3.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings – “Barrio Sur” 141 4.3.3 Module 3: Technological integration – “Barrio Sur” 147 4.4 Empirical findings 151 4.4.1 Empirical findings of Module 1 151 4.4.2 Empirical findings of Module 2 155 4.4.3 Empirical findings of Module 3 157 4.4.4 Guidance of the methodology 157 5 DISCUSSION 161 5.1 Discussion on the conceptual framework 161 5.2 Discussion on the methodological framework 161 5.2.1 Discussion on Module 1: the building taxonomic approach 162 5.2.2 Discussion on Module 2: the depth-physical impact function 164 6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 167 6.1 Conclusions 167 6.2 Outlook 168 REFERENCES 171 INDEX OF FIGURES 199 INDEX OF TABLES 201 APPENDICES 203

碩士
淡江大學
建築學系碩士班
107
Nowadays the publicness of space is always neglected in the aspect of urban renewal. At the same time, sense of place of the Taipei people in the existing urban space (such as street culture) is lost gradually. Along with the trend of aging population in urban, as well as the difficulty of design process and communication in such urban renewal issue, the current urban renewal in Taipei is slowed down and becomes limited. Therefore, this thesis starts from discussion of the important street culture and the walk-up apartment in Taipei City with the attempt of using a type of space mechanism with flexibility as the basis to resolve urban renewal; it is then to create a dynamic blocks system and a new typology of residential building, subsequently to promote the relationship between life and space with the publicness of the city, as well as to find the Identity of Taipei''s urban life. 　　Inspired by the concept of "Space is a representation of life" (Lefebvre, 1974), the literature review begins with the basic block unit that makes up the urban space in Taipei, and explores the linkage between the residential space and the living pattern of the Taipei people through the street culture and the walk-up apartment formed by the Block; next the discussion is continued with Rowe and Kotter (1984) who open up our thinking about the publicness of urban space. Thus it is suggested that there should be three characteristics of urban renewal in Taipei in future: identity, sharing, and ‘bottom-up’. Based on these three characteristics, with relevant case studies and through the pilot study and architect interviews, the life events of Taipei people and space elements and their relations are explored. By seeking the intermediary space between the public and private fields, the basis for constructing the spatial mechanism and developing the publicness of urban renewal is formed. 　　Eventually, the four levels of spatial elements (which are street, volume, link, life) are constructed on this basis, and the dynamic blocks system is developed through the integration of elements in each layer. Taking Minsheng Community as an example, the design implementation and stimulation of the dynamic blocks system are executed; and so it is to design a new typology of residential buildings which belongs to the life pattern of Taipei City. The experimental results show that the design mechanism is helpful to propose the new block type of Taipei City, and to develop the diversity and identity of smaller scaled residential buildings in the aspect of the urban renewal, thus being conducive in creating of good quality of urban life. Besides this mechanism helps in design communication, it smoothens the process of urban renewal and also restores the publicness of urban space. To face the urban life of Taiwan''s aging society with new space, this mechanism can also be utilized in future to promote public engagement and digitalization of mechanisms, optimize communication interfaces and tools, and suggest better solution for urban renewal.

Kong Mak.
"Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2010-2011, design report."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 60).
Chapter 1. --- DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Chapter 1.1 --- Theory --- p.4
Chapter 1.2 --- Design Principles
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Floor Level. --- p.6
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Building Level --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Master Planning Level --- p.9
Chapter 2. --- SPECIAL STUDY
Chapter 2.1 --- C a s e Study on Ground Treatment
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Public Housing --- p.14
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Private Housing --- p.15
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Oversea Public Housing --- p.16
Chapter 2.1.4 --- Oversea Private Housing . --- p.17
Chapter 2.2 --- Strategy on Ground Design --- p.18
Chapter 3. --- SITE
Chapter 3.1 --- Site Plan --- p.22
Chapter 3.2 --- Site Potential --- p.24
Chapter 4. --- DESIGN CONCEPTS
Chapter 4.1 --- Floor Level
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Courtyard Based Corridor --- p.28
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Unit Design' --- p.29
Chapter 4.2 --- Building Level
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Thematic Cluster --- p.30
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Lower Level Cluster --- p.31
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Mid-level Cluster --- p.32
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Rooftop Cluster --- p.33
Chapter 4.3 --- Master Planning Level
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Continuous Landscape --- p.34
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Environmental Simulation --- p.35
Chapter 4.3.3 --- MLP --- p.37
Chapter 5. --- PRESENTATION
Chapter 5.1 --- Section --- p.42
Chapter 5.2 --- Perspective --- p.44
Chapter 5.3 --- Model
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Massing Model --- p.48
Chapter 5.3.2 --- 1:1000 --- p.50
Chapter 5.3.3 --- 1:500 --- p.52
Chapter 5.3.4 --- 1:100 --- p.55
Chapter 6. --- BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6.1 --- Books --- p.60
Chapter 6.2 --- Websites --- p.60

Despite the importance of the preservation of the historic built environment for the benefit of present and future generations, there is a lack of knowledge of the effects of architectural rehabilitation decisions on the cultural significance of historic buildings. Architectural heritage conservation literature has focused almost exclusively on providing principles and guidelines, describing intervention methodologies, and discussing predicted impacts of design on material values. This thesis argues that a focus on the actual effects is needed if the sociocultural sustainability of historic buildings significance is to be achieved. Supported by an extensive literature review and informed by personal insights from the researcher’s everyday practice, an adapted model of the Theory of Change based on Weiss (1995) was designed, providing a tool to evaluate the effects of rehabilitation on cultural significance [ERECS]. Using a selection of six recently rehabilitated historic secondary schools in Portugal (liceus), this research investigated architectural decisions and their effects on the cultural values of this building typology for education, focusing on three objectives, corresponding to three stages of interventions: understanding the existing cultural significance, identifying the design strategies applied and assessing the short-term effects of design decisions on the cultural values. Stressing the role of stakeholders in rehabilitation processes, data were collected from the buildings and architectural projects, the decision makers in the conservation process, and the school community. Although confirming that the evaluation of the effects of architectural decisions on cultural values is a complex task, the findings demonstrate that the historic liceus have historical, architectural and sociocultural values, and whilst strategies did not value social values, material cultural values were generally considered and preserved, contributing to the enhancement of intangible values. The implications of this theory-based and evidence-based research highlight the importance of evaluating actual effects for cultural heritage theory, architectural conservation practice and heritage management policy.
This work was developed with a Doctoral Bursary given by the Foundation for Science and Technology (ref. SFRH/BD/60763/2009), with sponsorship supported by POPH/FSE.