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1
Ambatkar, Ms Sayali. "Design and Analysis of Earthquake Resistant Building (Three Storeyed R.C.C. School Building) using STAAD.PRO." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 2846–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35427.
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The field of Earthquake Engineering has existed in our country for over 35 years now. Indian earthquake engineers have made significant contributions to the seismic safety of several important structures in the country. However, as the recent earthquakes have shown, the performance of normal structures during past Indian earthquakes has been less satisfactory. This is mainly due to the lack of awareness amongst most practising engineers of the special provisions that need to be followed in earthquake resistant design and thereafter in construction. In India, the multi-storied building is constructed due to high cost and scarcity of land. In order to utilize maximum land area, builders and architects generally proposed asymmetrical plan configuration. These asymmetrical plan buildings, which are constructed in seismic prone areas, are likely to be damaged during earthquake. Earthquake is a natural phenomenon which can be generate the most destructive forces on structure. Buildings should be made Safe for lives by proper design and detailing of structural member in order to have a ductile form of failure. The concept of earthquake resistant design is that the building should be designed to resist the forces, which arises due to Design Basic Earthquake, with only minor damages and the forces which arises due to Maximum Considered Earthquake, with some accepted structural damages but no collapse. This paper studies the Earthquake Resisting Building.
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Wariyatno, Nanang Gunawan, Han Ay Lie, Fu-Pei Hsiao, and Buntara Sthenly Gan. "Design Philosophy for Buildings’ Comfort-Level Performance." Advances in Technology Innovation 6, no. 3 (May 27, 2021): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46604/aiti.2021.7309.
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The data reported by Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) show that the fatal casualties and severe injuries are due to heavy shaking during massive earthquakes. Current earthquake-resistant building standards do not include comfort-level performance. Hence, a new performance design philosophy is proposed in this research to evaluate the quantitative effect of earthquake-induced shaking in a building. The earthquake-induced response accelerations in a building are analysed, and the response accelerations related with the characteristic property of the building are used to evaluate the number of Seismic Intensity Level (SIL). To show the indispensability of the newly proposed comfort-level design philosophy, numerical simulations are conducted to evaluate the comfort level on different floors in a building. The results show that the evaluation of residents’ comfort levels should be considered in the current earthquake-resistant building design codes.
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E.V., Shipacheva, Pirmatov R. Kh., and Turdalieva M.K. "Heat Engineering Heterogeneity Of The Outer Walls Of Earthquake-Resistant Buildings." American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research 02, no. 12 (December 7, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/volume02issue12-01.
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When assessing the level of energy efficiency of civilian buildings, a special place is given to establishing the level of thermal protection of their external enclosing structures. Significant discrepancies in the results of theoretical and experimental studies of heat fluxes through the outer walls of buildings erected in seismic areas are associated with the design features of fences - the presence of reinforced concrete elements in them: anti-seismic belts at the level of floors, cores at intersections of walls and along the edges of large window openings ... In addition, in recent years, external walls have become widespread, which are filling of bricks or aerated concrete blocks between the main structural elements of the frame - monolithic reinforced concrete columns and crossbars. The introduction of reinforced concrete elements into the structure of the external wall fencing provides strength, rigidity and stability of buildings, guarantees its seismic resistance. At the same time, reinforced concrete inclusions are significant “cold bridges” in warmer brick or aerated concrete masonry. Such heat engineering heterogeneity of earthquake-resistant outer walls significantly complicates the process of determining their heat-shielding properties. This, in turn, leads to errors in the design of heating systems, which inevitably affects the thermal comfort of the premises, the formation of condensation and mold zones in the cold zones of the inner surface of the fences. The article presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies to determine the heat-shielding properties of external heat-engineering heterogeneous walls of earthquake-resistant buildings. The most reliable method for calculating the reduced resistance to heat transfer of an inhomogeneous external structure and the coefficient of its thermal inhomogeneity have been established.
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Krishna, T. G. N. C. Vamsi, V. Amani, P. S. Sunil Kumar*, CH Naveen Kumar, and M. Srinivas. "Dynamic Seismic Analysis and Design of R.C.C Multi Purpose Building (G+15) By using E-Tabs." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 10 (August 30, 2021): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.j9418.08101021.
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An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the earth’s surface. Earthquakes are among the most powerful events on earth, and their results can be terrifying. In0general for0design of tall0buildings both0wind as well0as earthquake0loads need0to be0considered. Governing0criteria for0carrying out0dynamic analyses0for earthquake0loads are different0from wind0loads. However many tall buildings are not so resistant in lateral loads due to earthquake. Reinforced concrete multi-storied buildings in India were for the first time subjected to a strong ground motion shaking in Bhuj earthquake. It has been concluded that the principal reasons of failure may be attributed to soft stories, floating columns, mass irregularities, poor quality of construction materials faulty construction methods, unstable earthquake response, soil and infrastructure, which were determined to cause damage to the attached structure. High-rise buildings are in high demand due to global urbanization and population growth, and high-rise buildings are likely to suffer the most damage from earthquakes. Since earthquake forces are irregular and unnatural in nature, engineering tools need to be sharpened to analyze the structure in the work of these forces. In this study, to understand the behaviour of structure located in seismic zones III for G+15 Multi-Purpose storey building model is considered for study. Performance of frame is studied through Response Spectrum analysis and comparison is made on shear force, storey drift, storey displacement and storey stiffness.
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Park, R. "Improving the resistance of structures to earthquakes." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 34, no. 1 (March 31, 2001): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.34.1.1-39.
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The past occurrence of earthquakes in New Zealand and the likelihood of a major earthquake in Christchurch are considered. The causes of damage by earthquakes are discussed and typical possible types of damage to building and bridge structures are described with reference to the 1995 Kobe earthquake. The design of building and bridge structures for earthquake resistance by the ductile design approach is covered, including performance criteria, structural configuration, design seismic forces, mechanisms of post-elastic deformation, capacity design, detailing of reinforcement for ductility and control of deflections. Design using base isolation and mechanical energy dissipating devices is also outlined. The extensive use of precast concrete in buildings in New Zealand is described. Finally the seismic assessment and upgrading of old structures and the earthquake resistance of lifelines of communities (transportation, utilities and communications) are briefly considered.
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Gan, Chun, and Xue Song Luo. "Application of Earthquake Resistance Analysis Technique in the Design of Constructional Engineering." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 4482–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.4482.
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In recent years, frequent earthquakes have caused great casualties and economic losses in China. And in the earthquake, damage of buildings and the collapse is the main reason causing casualties. Therefore, in the design of constructional engineering, a seismicity of architectural structure is the pressing task at issue. Through time history analysis method, this paper analyzes the time history of building structural response and then it predicts the peak response of mode by response spectrum analysis. Based on this, this paper constructs a numerical simulation model for the architecture by using finite element analysis software SATWE. At the same time, this paper also calculates the structure seismic so as to determine the design of each function structure in architectural engineering design and then provides reference for the realization of earthquake-resistant building.
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Park, Y. J., A. H.-S. Ang, and Y. K. Wen. "Damage-Limiting Aseismic Design of Buildings." Earthquake Spectra 3, no. 1 (February 1987): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585416.
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A procedure for earthquake-resistant design is developed to limit the potential damage of buildings to a tolerable level. The procedure is based on the damage model developed earlier (Park and Ang, 1984) in which structural damage is expressed as a function of the maximum deformation and dissipated hysteretic energy. The tolerable degree of damage is defined on the basis of calibration with observed damages from past major earthquakes. The design method is examined in the context of reliability.
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Bertero, Vitelmo V. "Lessons Learned from Recent Earthquakes and Research and Implications for Earthquake-Resistant Design of Building Structures in the United States." Earthquake Spectra 2, no. 4 (October 1986): 825–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585412.
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Following an overview of the special problems inherent in the design and construction of earthquake-resistant buildings in regions of high seismic risk, the techniques that will be required to solve these problems in the U.S. are discussed. Some lessons learned from recent earthquakes, particularly those in Chile and Mexico in 1985, are discussed as are some results of integrated analytical and experimental research at the University of California, Berkeley. The implications of the ground motions recorded during the 1985 Mexican and Chilean earthquakes, the performance of buildings during the Mexican earthquake, and the research results previously discussed are then assessed with respect to seismic-resistant design regulations presently in force (UBC) as well as those formulated by ATC 3-06 and the Tentative Lateral Force Requirements recently developed by the Seismology Committee of SEAOC. The rationale for and reliability of the values suggested by the ATC for the “Response Modification Factor R” and by the SEAOC Seismology Committee for the “Structural Quality Factor Rw” are reviewed in detail. In the conclusion to the paper, two solutions for improving the earthquake-resistant design of building structures are proposed: an ideal (rational) method to be implemented in the future, and a compromise solution that can be implemented immediately.
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Hays, Walter W. "The Importance of Postearthquake Investigations." Earthquake Spectra 2, no. 3 (May 1986): 653–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585402.
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Data and technical knowledge gained from postearthquake investigations of a dozen earthquakes since the 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska, earthquake have significantly advanced the state-of-knowledge about earthquakes. These advances have motivated new and (or) improved programs, applications, and changes in public policy, including (1) the 1977 National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program and its extensions, (2) earthquake prediction research, (3) deterministic and probabilistic hazards assessments, (4) design criteria for critical facilities, (5) earthquake-resistant design provisions of building codes, (6) seismic safety elements, (7) seismic microzoning, (8) lifeline engineering, and (9) seismic safety organizations. To date, the 1971 San Fernando, California, earthquake has triggered more rapid advances in knowledge and applications than any other earthquake.
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Hu, Jiang Chun, Hong Fang Wang, and Chen Li. "Analysis on the Discrimination Method of Seismic Liquefaction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 1441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.1441.
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Seismic liquefaction is a major geological hazard of earthquakes. In the paper, the earthquake liquefaction of subway engineering in GUANGZHOU is calculated based on the standard penetration test method according to the rules of code for seismic design of buildings, specifications of earthquake resistant design for highway engineering, code for water resources and hydropower engineering geological investigation as well as the railway engineering anti-earthquake design specification. It is concluded that different code have very different result on sand liquefaction discrimination. And the data selection is a key factor when we discriminate sand liquefaction. The shortage of codes is evaluating the site liquefaction according to the data of points. The conclusions have positive role for engineering seismic liquefaction discrimination and the seismic liquefaction mechanism research.
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Saatcioglu, Murat, and JagMohan Humar. "Dynamic analysis of buildings for earthquake-resistant design." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 338–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-108.
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The proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada specifies dynamic analysis as the preferred method for computing seismic design forces and deflections, while maintaining the equivalent static force method for areas of low seismicity and for buildings with certain height limitations. Dynamic analysis procedures are categorized as either linear (elastic) dynamic analysis, consisting of the elastic modal response spectrum method or the numerical integration linear time history method, or nonlinear (inelastic) response history analysis. While both linear and nonlinear analyses require careful analytical modelling, the latter requires additional considerations for proper simulation of hysteretic response and necessitates a special study that involves detailed review of design and supporting analyses by an independent team of engineers. The paper provides an overview of dynamic analysis procedures for use in seismic design, with discussions on mathematical modelling of structures, structural elements, and hysteretic response. A discussion of the determination of structural period to be used in association with the equivalent static force method is presented.Key words: dynamic analysis, earthquake engineering, elastic analysis, fundamental period, hysteretic modelling, inelastic analysis, National Building Code of Canada, seismic design, structural analysis, structural design.
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Celebi, Mehmet. "Earthquake Code for Design and Construction." Earthquake Spectra 9, no. 1_suppl (July 1993): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585750.
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The first earthquake code in Turkey was enacted in 1944. Revisions were issued in 1949, 1953, 1961, 1968 and 1975. At the time of March 13, 1992 Erzincan earthquake, the seismic resistant design code in effect was the code adopted in 1975, Specifications for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas. The code has provisions for other disasters—avalanches, landslides, floods, and fire—in addition to earthquakes. The code was prepared under the auspices of and issued by the General Directorate of Disaster Affairs of the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement (formerly Ministry of Reconstruction and Resettlement) and enacted into law by ruling of the Council of Ministers. The complete code is included in the latest issue of Earthquake Resistant Regulations: A World List, published by the International Association for Earthquake Engineering (1988). A draft of revisions to the 1975 Turkish building code is currently in the final review process. This proposed code revision was being circulated for review at the time of the March 13 earthquake.
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Calledda, Carlo, Augusto Montisci, and Maria Cristina Porcu. "Optimal Design of Earthquake-Resistant Buildings Based on Neural Network Inversion." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 4654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104654.
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An effective seismic design entails many issues related to the capacity-based assessment of the non-linear structural response under strong earthquakes. While very powerful structural calculation programs are available to assist the designer in the code-based seismic analysis, an optimal choice of the design parameters leading to the best performance at the lowest cost is not always assured. The present paper proposes a procedure to cost-effectively design earthquake-resistant buildings, which is based on the inversion of an artificial neural network and on an optimization algorithm for the minimum total cost under building code constraints. An exemplificative application of the method to a reinforced-concrete multi-story building, with seismic demands corresponding to a medium-seismicity Italian zone, is shown. Three design-governing parameters are assumed to build the input matrix, while eight capacity-design target requirements are assigned for the output dataset. A non-linear three-dimensional concentrated plasticity model of the structure is implemented, and time-history dynamic analyses are carried out with spectrum-consistent ground motions. The results show the promising ability of the proposed approach for the optimal design of earthquake-resistant structures.
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Celebi, Mehmet. "Response of a 14-Story Anchorage, Alaska, Building in 2002 to Two Close Earthquakes and Two Distant Denali Fault Earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 20, no. 3 (August 2004): 693–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1779291.
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The recorded responses of an Anchorage, Alaska, building during four significant earthquakes that occurred in 2002 are studied. Two earthquakes, including the 3 November 2002 M7.9 Denali fault earthquake, with epicenters approximately 275 km from the building, generated long trains of long-period (>1 s) surface waves. The other two smaller earthquakes occurred at subcrustal depths practically beneath Anchorage and produced higher frequency motions. These two pairs of earthquakes have different impacts on the response of the building. Higher modes are more pronounced in the building response during the smaller nearby events. The building responses indicate that the close-coupling of translational and torsional modes causes a significant beating effect. It is also possible that there is some resonance occurring due to the site frequency being close to the structural frequency. Identification of dynamic characteristics and behavior of buildings can provide important lessons for future earthquake-resistant designs and retrofit of existing buildings.
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Davin, Davin Pradipta, and Niken Warastuti. "EVALUASI DAN OPTIMASI KEMAMPUAN KINERJA STRUKTUR BAJA DENGAN ANALISIS PUSHOVER MENGGUNAKAN PROGRAM SAP2000." Jurnal Infrastruktur 5, no. 1 (July 22, 2019): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35814/infrastruktur.v5i1.615.
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Indonesia is a country which is in an earthquake prone area. Earthquake disasters are destructive natural phenomena. The damage caused is very large, especially in the field of steel structures of buildings. The effect of earthquakes is an important factor to planning the design of building structures. Existing buildings are claimed to be earthquake resistant by planners, but not necessarily the results as expected. Along with the development of technological advances in the field of civil engineering, new concepts and methods emerged in the analysis and planning of earthquake resistant buildings, one of which was the concept of Performance Based Seismic Evaluation (PBSE) with static thrust load analysis or Pushover analysis. This method is able to provide information on the pattern of collapse of buildings that exist when burdened with earthquake forces that exceed the capacity of the building, whether direct collapse or building is capable of behaving nonlinear (progressive) before total collapse occurs. The purpose of the final assignment is to evaluate and optimize the performance of the load on the factory building to determine the effective capacity of the structure and behavior by showing the scheme of plastic joints on the beam and column elements with the Pushover method based on the Applied Technology Council (ATC-40) code and determining the level structural performance of earthquake prisoners based on the code. From the results of the study, it was found that the performance point is V = 61.027 Ton and D = 0.074 m. The structure of the building is able to provide nonlinear behavior that is indicated by the initial phase and the majority of the occurrence of plastic joints occurs in the beam element and then the column element. Structural performance levels are included in the Immediate Occupancy criteria, which means that minor structural damage occurs and the building can be reused immediately again.
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Bhunia, Dipendu, Vipul Prakash, and Ashok D. Pandey. "A Conceptual Design Approach of Coupled Shear Walls." ISRN Civil Engineering 2013 (October 9, 2013): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/161502.
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Earthquake causes considerable damage to a large number of RCC high-rise buildings and tremendous loss of life. Therefore, designers and structural engineers should ensure to offer adequate earthquake resistant provisions with regard to planning, design, and detailing in high-rise buildings to withstand the effect of an earthquake and minimize disaster. As an earthquake resistant system, the use of coupled shear walls is one of the potential options in comparison with moment resistant frame (MRF) and shear wall frame combination systems in RCC high-rise buildings. Furthermore, it is reasonably well established that it is uneconomical to design a structure considering its linear behavior during earthquake. Hence, an alternative design philosophy needs to be evolved in the Indian context to consider the postyield behavior wherein the damage state is evaluated through deformation considerations. In the present context, therefore, performance-based seismic design (PBSD) has been considered to offer significantly improved solutions as compared to the conventional design based on linear response spectrum analysis.
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Gómez, A., R. Ortega, J. J. Guerrero, E. González, J. P. Paniagua, and J. Iglesias. "The Mexico Earthquake of September 19, 1985—Response and Design Spectra Obtained from Earthquake-Damaged Buildings." Earthquake Spectra 5, no. 1 (February 1989): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585514.
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The resistant shear force of 13 buildings severely damaged by the 1985 Mexico City earthquake was determined by static and dynamic analyses. The results of the static analysis suggest the advisability of increasing the shear base coefficient of the 1987 Mexico City building code RDF87 from 0.4 to 0.6 in the high seismicity zones of the area. The results of the dynamic analysis show that in order to obtain the same safety level, the maximum ordinate of the design spectrum should be larger than the base shear coefficient used with the static method, leading to a 0.8 maximum ordinate for Mexico City. When the resistant shear force is plotted as a function of the natural period of each building, the response spectrum obtained is very similar to the inelastic spectrum derived from the accelerograms, considering 5% critical damping, a ductility factor of 4 and degradation in resistance from 5% to 10%. Based on these results, new design spectra are proposed for use in the high seismicity zones in Mexico City.
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Gautam, Dipendra. "The building features acquired from the indigenous technology contributing in the better performance during earthquake: a case study of Bhaktapur City." Journal of Science and Engineering 2 (January 30, 2014): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jsce.v2i0.22486.
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This paper compiles the indigenous technologies adopted in the Bhaktapur municipality, Nepal in the unreinforced masonry construction of traditional Newari houses constituting more than 90% buildings in Bhaktapur municipality and their significance during the earthquake. The building units adopted in this area are studied with respect to their performance during earthquake on the basis of seismic resistant design philosophy. The traditionally built non-engineered buildings have drawn the attention of disaster managers for many years; in this regard, the unreinforced masonry buildings (Newari houses) were assessed after the Sikkim-Nepal boarder earthquake of 2011.Still, the buildings constructed before the starting of engineering construction in Nepal are widely used for residential purpose at this culturally rich city and the traditional building construction technology which is the indigenous technology has been practiced for centuries too. The building features are analyzed with respect to their seismic performance and their contribution was analyzed as per the historical database; established practices and theories for earthquake resistant design (EQRD). The collected features and the analyses proved the features of the buildings to be sound during earthquake, though; the buildings were constructed with indigenous technology which nevertheless consults the EQRD within it. The indigenous technology at this city has been attached with the culture of the Newars for centuries.
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Chandler, A. M., and G. L. Hutchinson. "A modified approach to earthquake resistant design of torsionally coupled buildings." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 21, no. 2 (June 30, 1988): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.21.2.140-153.
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All major building codes employ empirical procedures to account for modal coupling between the lateral and torsional responses of a structure. These procedures are implemented using expressions defining an equivalent static design torque. The provisions are based largely on the results of parametric investigations of the earthquake response of simple single-storey building models, which are found to be representative of regular multi-storey structures. This paper presents results obtained by the analysis of the time-history earth- quake response of a single storey mono-symmetric building model, leading to the development of an alternative approach for defining the design torque for torsionally coupled buildings. The procedure is based on the concept of effective eccentricity, in which the design lateral displacements of key structural members on the edge of the building are matched to the results of a dynamic analysis. A close approximation to the dynamic responses is derived over the relevant ranges of the important parameters. These parameters include the ratio of torsional to translational natural frequencies, which strongly influences the magnitude of torsional coupling effects in asymmetric buildings.
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English, Lyn D., and Donna T. King. "Designing an Earthquake-Resistant Building." Teaching Children Mathematics 23, no. 1 (August 2016): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/teacchilmath.23.1.0047.
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Contributors to the iSTEM (Integrating Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) department share ideas and activities that stimulate student interest in the integrated fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in K–grade 6 classrooms. This article is a comprehensive Earthquake Engineering activity that includes the Designing an earthquake-resistant building problem. The task was implemented in sixth-grade classes (10–11-year-olds). Students applied engineering design processes and their understanding of cross-bracing, tapered geometry, and base isolation to create numerous structures, which they tested on a “shaker table.”
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Editor. "Book Reviews." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 21, no. 4 (December 31, 1988): 288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.21.4.288-289.
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"Earthquake Design Practice for Buildings"
Author: David E. Key
"Earthquake Resistant Design for Engineers and Architects" (second edition)
Author: David J. Dowrick
"In Spite of His Time - A Biography of R.C. Hayes, Earthquake Pioneer, Astronomer, Musician"
Author: Margaret Hayes
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Chandler, A. M. "Combined seismic base shear and torsional loading provisions in the 1990 edition of the National Building Code of Canada." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): 945–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-117.
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This paper evaluates the earthquake-resistant design provisions of the 1990 edition of the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC 1990) for asymmetric building structures subjected to combined lateral shear and torsional dynamic loadings arising from earthquake base excitation. A detailed parametric study is presented, evaluating the dynamic edge displacement response in the elastic range, for the side of the building which is adversely affected by lateral–torsional coupling. A series of buildings is studied, with realistic ranges of the fundamental natural period, structural eccentricity, and uncoupled frequency ratio. These buildings are evaluated under base loadings arising from a total of 45 strong motion records taken from earthquakes in North America, Mexico, Europe, the Middle East, and Southern Pacific, categorized according to site soil conditions and the ratio a/v of peak ground acceleration to velocity. The latter parameter together with the uncoupled lateral period are found to influence strongly the combined dynamic edge response, with the greatest forces on edge members arising from earthquakes with high a/v ratio in structures with natural periods below 0.8 s. In this case the NBCC 1990 loading provisions significantly underestimate the elastic dynamic response. For buildings with periods longer than 0.8 s, the conservatism of the base shear provisions leads to overestimation of combined dynamic edge response in asymmetric systems, and this is also true in the short-period range for buildings subjected to ground motions with low a/v ratio. The NBCC 1990 provisions are reasonably conservative for short-period systems subjected to ground motions with intermediate a/v ratio. Key words: earthquakes, seismic, design, response, spectra, base, shear, torsional, provisions.
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Otani, Shunsuke. "RC Building Damage Statistics and SDF Response with Design Seismic Forces." Earthquake Spectra 15, no. 3 (August 1999): 485–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1586054.
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This paper introduces the damage statistics of reinforced concrete buildings after the 1985 Mexico earthquake, the 1990 Ruzon (Philippines) earthquake, the 1992 Erzincan (Turkey) earthquake, and the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake. These data were obtained in severely damaged areas in each earthquake through the inventory damage investigation of the Architectural Institute of Japan teams. The damage statistics indicated severer damage in taller buildings and significantly less damage in low-rise buildings. A series of nonlinear single-degree-of-freedom systems having minimum code required lateral resistance were analyzed using the earthquake motions recorded near the area of damage survey. Contrary to the statistics, the nonlinear response analysis results showed higher ductility demand (damage) in lower buildings.
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Green, N. B., and H. I. Epstein. "Earthquake Resistant Building Design and Construction." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 109, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3225990.
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Suwondo, Riza, Martin Gillie, Lee Cunningham, and Colin Bailey. "Effect of earthquake damage on the behaviour of composite steel frames in fire." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 16 (March 12, 2018): 2589–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218761138.
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Fire loading following earthquake loading is possible in any building in a seismic-prone area. However, most design approaches do not consider fire following earthquake as a specific loading case. Moreover, seismic design philosophies allow a certain degree of damage in structural elements which make structures more vulnerable when subjected to post-earthquake fire. This study uses three-dimensional numerical models to investigate the effect of earthquake damage on the fire resistance of composite steel-frame office buildings. A total of two types of earthquake damage, fire insulation delamination and residual lateral frame deformation, are investigated. It is concluded that earthquake damage can significantly reduce the fire resistance of composite buildings, with delamination of fire protection having the greatest effect. The results of this study can be used by designers to improve the post-earthquake fire resistance of composite buildings.
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Riddell, Rafael, Pedro Hidalgo, and E. Cruz. "Response Modification Factors for Earthquake Resistant Design of Short Period Buildings." Earthquake Spectra 5, no. 3 (August 1989): 571–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585541.
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Most recent seismic codes include response modification factors in the definition of the equivalent lateral forces that are used for the design of earthquake resistant buildings. The response modification factors (R) are used to reduce the linear elastic design spectrum to account for the energy dissipation capacity of the structure. The evaluation of these response modification factors for various sets of earthquake records and ductility factors is presented herein. Special attention is given to the short period range where the reduction of linear elastic response spectra is smaller than the values for intermediate and long period structures. An idealized and simple variation of the response modification factor as a function of the period of vibration, suitable for seismic codes formulation, is also presented.
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Bertero, Raul D., and Vitelmo V. Bertero. "Redundancy in Earthquake-Resistant Design." Journal of Structural Engineering 125, no. 1 (January 1999): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1999)125:1(81).
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Kirkcaldie, Donald K. "Reflections on New Zealand’s earthquake resistant design approach." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 51, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.51.4.212-221.
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Perceived shortcomings in NZS 1170.5 [1] and some other Standards are highlighted and areas for improvement are suggested. A particular focus is placed on achieving the principal objective of achieving life safety at the limit state at which structural collapse is to be avoided. Topic areas commented on include:
The objectives of earthquake resistant design, especially that of avoiding the collapse of structures
The appropriateness of current classifications of buildings into importance levels
The currency and adequacy of the design seismic hazard spectra requirements
The justification for, and application of, a structural performance factor
The force-based and displacement-based methods of analysis and design, and the effects of plastic hinging relieving member permanent load moments at plastic hinges adjacent to points of support
Consideration of displacement effects, and effects on displacements, at the limit state at which collapse is to be avoided
Achieving reparability
Some shortcomings in the material Standards for both structural steel and reinforcing steel
Consideration of site conditions, and in coastal locations the tsunami risk
Comparability of New Zealand design requirements with other major design codes.
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Horiuchi, Toshihiko, Koichi Kajiwara, Takuzo Yamashita, Takashi Aoki, Tomonari Yashiro, Yoshihide Sekimoto, Mikio Koshihara, and Hideki Koizumi. "Study Concept on the Development of an Urban Cyber Physical System for Enhancing the Capability to Respond to Large-Scale Earthquakes." Journal of Disaster Research 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2021.p0287.
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Various technologies for improving earthquake-disaster-mitigation capability in urban communities are being developed and proposed. However, these technologies are sometimes difficult to use in actual applications due to the lack of incentives for owners of buildings or infrastructures, because the owners cannot calculate their cost-effectiveness and thus consider the installation payment for these technologies as a cost to be reduced. To address this problem, we propose the construction of an “Urban cyber physical system (CPS).” This urban CPS evaluates the earthquake-resistant capability of buildings and/or social infrastructures to help owners easily understand the cost-effectiveness of adopting these technologies. The CPS also calculates the effects of newly-developed technologies, thereby allowing owners to accept new technologies based on their effectiveness. The study concept of the urban CPS is as follows: (1) Construction of an “Information platform” by using data aggregation and analysis of existing vibration data of structures, datasets of building (or construction) information modeling and various other available databases; (2) Development of a “Simulation platform” that has a prediction function to calculate the behaviors of urban communities during earthquakes by using data in the Information platform and an identification function to identify structural systems from input earthquake motions and responses of structures; and (3) Establishment of an “Eco-system” to operate the urban CPS in urban community design, based on the perspective of earthquake resilience.
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Booth, Edmund. "Design of new buildings for earthquake resistance." Structural Survey 5, no. 3 (March 1987): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb006254.
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Dowrick, David J., and David A. Rhoades. "Vulnerability of different classes of low-rise buildings in the 1987 Edgecumbe, New Zealand, earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 30, no. 3 (September 30, 1997): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.30.3.227-241.
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This paper describes an analysis of costs of damage to non-domestic buildings (all tow rise) in the Mw = 6.6 Edgecumbe New Zealand earthquake of 2 March 1987. The damage cost for each building was converted to a damage ratio by dividing it by the replacement value of that building. For the MM7 and MM9 intensity zones, the mean values and statistical distributions of these damage ratios were then found, the lognormal distribution fitting the data well. The data was then divided into subsets according to selected classes of construction, and the vulnerabilities of these classes were measured and compared in terms of their mean damage ratios and the associated 95% confidence limits. The classes of building examined included classifications by era of design, number of storeys, materials of construction, and building use. Valuable insights into earthquake resistant design and earthquake risk assessment parameters were obtained through the differences observed between classes, notably significant reductions in the vulnerability of buildings associated with improved ductility provisions.
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Hanson, R. D., and H. W. Martin. "Performance of Steel Structures in the September 19 and 20, 1985 Mexico Earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 3, no. 2 (May 1987): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585432.
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A description of the various types of steel structures built in Mexico City includes comparisons of the older types of steel construction with more modern buildings. Performance of steel buildings in the September 1985 earthquake was related to the local geotechnical conditions including foundation behavior. The collapses of the Edificio 21 Atlas and Conjunto Pino Suarez buildings raise important earthquake resistant design and research issues.
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Vignoli, Lucas L., Marcelo A. Savi, and Sami El-Borgi. "Nonlinear dynamics of earthquake-resistant structures using shape memory alloy composites." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 31, no. 5 (January 13, 2020): 771–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19898269.
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Earthquake-resistant structures have been widely investigated in order to produce safe buildings designed to resist seismic activities. The remarkable properties of shape memory alloys, especially pseudoelastic effect, can be exploited in order to promote the essential energy dissipation necessary for earthquake-resistant structures. In this regard, shape memory alloy composite is an idea that can make this application feasible, using shape memory alloy fibers embedded in a matrix. This article investigates the use of shape memory alloy composites in a one-story frame structure subjected to earthquakes. Different kinds of composites are analyzed, comparing the influence of matrix type. Both linear elastic matrix and elastoplastic matrix with isotropic and kinematic hardening are investigated. Results indicate the great energy dissipation capability of shape memory alloy composites. A parametric analysis allows one to conclude that the maximum shape memory alloy volume fraction is not the optimum design condition for none of the cases studied, highlighting the necessity of a proper composite design. Despite the elastoplastic behavior of matrix also dissipates a considerable amount of energy, the associated residual strains are not desirable, showing the advantage of the use of shape memory alloys.
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Sucuoğlu, HalÛk. "Implications of Masonry Infill and Partition Damage in Performance Perception in Residential Buildings after a Moderate Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 29, no. 2 (May 2013): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000147.
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Engineers usually focus on the performance of structural members, whereas the occupants of a residential building are affected mostly by the performance of infill and partition walls in buildings after a moderate earthquake. This often creates controversy and discussion regarding the post-earthquake use of buildings. Seismic rehabilitation codes for existing buildings offer sophisticated measures in rating the seismic performances of structural components, whereas performance measures suggested for infill and other partition walls are crude by comparison. Furthermore, seismic design codes for new buildings totally disregard such disparity, since their force-based approaches are built on single-level performance targets specified implicitly for the entire building under a design level, that is, a rare earthquake. In this paper, performance levels of buildings after an earthquake of moderate intensity are discussed from the viewpoints of engineers and building occupants. Suggestions are made for achieving uniform performance in structures where the seismic forces are resisted by structural members as well as the infills and partition walls coupling with the structural system although the contribution of such walls to seismic resistance and their performance is not usually considered in design.
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Nordenson, Guy J. P., and Glenn R. Bell. "Seismic Design Requirements for Regions of Moderate Seismicity." Earthquake Spectra 16, no. 1 (February 2000): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1586091.
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The need for earthquake-resistant construction in areas of low-to-moderate seismicity has been recognized through the adoption of code requirements in the United States and other countries only in the past quarter century. This is largely a result of improved assessment of seismic hazard and examples of recent moderate earthquakes in regions of both moderate and high seismicity, including the San Fernando (1971), Mexico City (1985), Loma Prieta (1989), and Northridge (1994) earthquakes. In addition, improved understanding and estimates of older earthquakes in the eastern United States such as Cape Ann (1755), La Malbaie, Quebec (1925), and Ossippe, New Hampshire (1940), as well as monitoring of micro-activity in source areas such as La Malbaie, have increased awareness of the earthquake potential in areas of low-to-moderate seismicity. Both the hazard and the risk in moderate seismic zones (MSZs) differ in scale and kind from those of the zones of high seismicity. Earthquake hazards mitigation measures for new and existing construction need to be adapted from those prevailing in regions of high seismicity in recognition of these differences. Site effects are likely to dominate the damage patterns from earthquakes, with some sites suffering no damage not far from others, on soft soil, suffering near collapse. A number of new seismic codes have been developed in the past quarter century in response to these differences, including the New York City (1995) and the Massachusetts State (1975) seismic codes. Over the same period, the national model building codes that apply to most areas of low-to-moderate seismicity in the United States, the Building Officials and Code Administrators (BOCA) Code and the Southern Standard Building Code (SSBC), have incorporated up-to-date seismic provisions. The seismic provisions of these codes have been largely inspired by the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) recommendations. Through adoption of these national codes, many state and local authorities in areas of low-to-moderate seismicity now have reasonably comprehensive seismic design provisions. This paper will review the background and history leading up to the MSZ codes, discuss their content, and propose directions for future development.
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Cardona, Omar D., and Luis E. Yamín. "Seismic Microzonation and Estimation of Earthquake Loss Scenarios: Integrated Risk Mitigation Project of Bogotá, Colombia." Earthquake Spectra 13, no. 4 (November 1997): 795–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585981.
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The Universidad de los Andes and the National Institute of Geosciences INGEOMINAS, with the financial support of the national and the municipal governments, have been executing studies to evaluate the seismic hazard and the urban seismic risk for three hypothetical earthquakes that could strike Bogotá, the capital city of Colombia. After having obtained results related to soil amplification using soil dynamic lab studies, analysis of strong-motion records of recent earthquakes and microtremor measurements in a wide area of Bogotá, the study of different scenarios of losses were estimated for different types of buildings and lifelines systems. These earthquake loss estimations have been used by national and local disaster preparedness authorities to design emergency response plans for public information and for educational activities. New requirements are being studied for urban planning, updating the earthquake resistance construction code and for the reinforcement of the seismic rehabilitation of key buildings.
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Redwood, R. G., L. Lefki, and G. Amar. "Earthquake resistant design of steel moment resisting frames." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-075.
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New provisions of the CSA Standard for Steel Structures (CAN/CSA-S16.1-M89) dealing with detailing of moment resisting frames for seismic design are described and related to requirements of the National Building Code of Canada. The basis of the new requirements is outlined, and an example eight-storey frame is used to illustrate the impact of the provisions. Key words: design, structural engineering, steel, earthquakes, moment resisting frame, standards.
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Redwood, R. G., and V. S. Channagiri. "Earthquake resistant design of concentrically braced steel frames." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 5 (October 1, 1991): 839–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-101.
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New provisions of the CSA standard for steel structures (CAN/CSA-S16.1-M89) dealing with detailing of concentrically braced frames for seismic design are described and related to requirements of the National Building Code of Canada. The basis of the new requirements is outlined, and an example eight-storey frame is used to outline a methodology for the design process for a ductile braced frame and to illustrate the impact of the provisions. Key words: design, structural engineering, steel, earthquakes, braced frame, standards.
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Stiemer, S. F., and B. B. Barwig. "Seismic base isolation for steel structures." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-008.
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Base isolation is a strategy for a design of buildings in areas where seismic loads govern. It enables the reduction of earthquake excitation to an acceptable level, without an increase of structural acceleration. This paper presents the results of the experimental investigations of various schemes of first-storey designs for steel buildings with base isolation.A scaled-down steel frame building was used for the shaking table tests, which were conducted in the Earthquake Simulator Laboratory of the University of British Columbia. The base-storey design was altered while the dynamic response of the frame was recorded. The base isolation consisted of steel roller bearings with parallel steel yield rings, to limit excessive displacements and provide wind restraint.The proposed base storey is substantially different from conventional solutions. The variation in the base-storey design was aimed at the elimination of the blind base storey or double foundation in order to increase the economy of the base-isolation system. The experimental tests showed suitable design approaches, and analytical studies to optimize them will follow.It was verified that uncoupling of buildings from the earthquake ground motion is relatively simple to achieve. Certain restraint is required to resist wind and other horizontal loads. This is usually achieved by mechanical fuses or energy absorbers. A solid state energy absorber was used in the described tests. Key words: base-isolation system for buildings, earthquake-resistant steel structures, experimental investigations, retrofit system.
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Zhou, Guo Liang, and Hui Tang. "Modal Analysis and Seismic Response Evaluation on Structures of Advanced PWR." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 1471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.1471.
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To evaluate the earthquake resistant behavior of the nuclear island buildings of new generation PWR, in this study we formed the three dimensional finite element model of nuclear island structures ,which incluse shield building, the auxiliary building, the containment vessel, and the containment internal structures. Modal analysis was performed to to reveal the structural dynamic characteristics.And with the auumption of hard bedrock support media ,the dynamic response nanalysis of the nuclear structures under earthquake was conducted,respectively with response spectrum method and time history method.It shows that the seimic response of the strucures conform with the design level.Under the input excitations of SSE(safe shutdown earthquake) level, the iner forces and deforamtions can be well controlled in linear elasticity.
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Hu, Yiwei, Nelson Lam, Prashidha Khatiwada, Scott Joseph Menegon, and Daniel T. W. Looi. "Site-Specific Response Spectra: Guidelines for Engineering Practice." CivilEng 2, no. 3 (September 2, 2021): 712–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng2030039.
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Code response spectrum models, which are used widely in the earthquake-resistant design of buildings, are simple to apply but they do not necessarily represent the real behavior of an earthquake. A code response spectrum model typically incorporates ground motion behavior in a diversity of earthquake scenarios affecting the site and does not represent any specific earthquake scenario. The soil amplification phenomenon is also poorly represented, as the current site classification scheme contains little information over the potential dynamic response behavior of the soil sediments. Site-specific response spectra have the merit of much more accurately representing real behavior. The improvement in accuracy can be translated into significant potential cost savings. Despite all the potential merits of adopting site-specific response spectra, few design engineers make use of these code provisions that have been around for a long time. This lack of uptake of the procedure by structural designers is related to the absence of a coherent set of detailed guidelines to facilitate practical applications. To fill in this knowledge gap, this paper aims at explaining the procedure in detail for generating site-specific response spectra for the seismic design or assessment of buildings. Surface ground motion accelerograms generated from the procedure can also be employed for nonlinear time-history analyses where necessary. A case study is presented to illustrate the procedure in a step-by-step manner.
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Tomaževič, Miha. "Damage as a measure for earthquake-resistant design of masonry structures: Slovenian experienceThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on Masonry." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 11 (November 2007): 1403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l07-128.
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The results of lateral resistance tests of masonry walls and shaking table tests of a number of models of masonry buildings of various structural configurations, built with various materials in different construction systems, have been analyzed to find a correlation between the occurrence of different grades of damage to structural elements, characteristic limit states, and lateral displacement capacity. On the basis of correlation between acceptable level of damage and displacement capacity, it has been shown that the range of elastic force reduction factor values used to determine the design seismic loads for different masonry construction systems proposed by the recently adopted European standard Eurocode 8 EN-1998-1 for earthquake resistant design are adequate. By using the recommended design values, satisfactory performance of the masonry buildings that have been analyzed may be expected when subjected to design intensity earthquakes with respect to both the no-collapse and damage-limitation requirements.
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Ren, Xiao Song, and Yu Fei Tao. "Discussion on the Seismic Design Analysis Method of Masonry Building." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 3952–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.3952.
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The main seismic objective in China is defined as “no failure under minor earthquake, repairable damage under moderate earthquake and no collapse under major earthquake”. Both strength and deformation are important to evaluate the seismic performance. For masonry building, only the shear strength check under minor earthquake is stipulated in the current Chinese seismic design code. Due to the poor ductility of masonry building, the seismic design analysis method may not guarantee the collapse-resistant capacity under major earthquake. For the achievement of the seismic objective, the demand of ductility is discussed. A typical severely damaged masonry building by the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake of 2008 is presented for the analysis of the through X-shape crack on the load-bearing wall. In order to enhance the collapse-resistant capacity, the authors suggest more shear strength margin to take the influence of structural ductility into consideration. The feasible way can be easily realized as a target to raise the limitation for the shear strength check parameter under minor earthquake and to keep uniform seismic capacity in two directions. The investigated building is also illustrated here as an example to process the shear strength check for better seismic performance by the authors’ suggestion.
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Sauter, Franz F. "The San Salvador Earthquake of October 10, 1986—Structural Aspects of Damage." Earthquake Spectra 3, no. 3 (August 1987): 563–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585446.
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The October 10, 1986 San Salvador earthquake caused extensive damage to one- and two-story bahareque-type dwellings and buildings, and the collapse of multistory engineered structures. The study of the effects of the San Salvador earthquake on buildings points out that poor quality materials and workmanship, as well as deficiencies in constructive details, are the cause of severe damage. However, it confirms once again that conceptual errors in design, including the selection of the lateral load resistant system, are the main cause of structural failure of buildings and engineered structures. It reiterates already well-known concepts, which are frequently forgotten by the professionals involved in the project and seismic design of modern buildings.
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Hou, Wei, Xue Feng Zhou, and Xiang Chen. "Seismic Strengthening of Primary and Secondary Schools in the Region of High Seismic Intensity." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 1379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.1379.
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An important issue our engineers and technicians met is that how to do safe identification and earthquake resistant strengthening of the primary and secondary school buildings after WenChuan earthquake. The paper reviewed entirely the quality detection, identification and strengthening design of the primary and secondary school buildings in Xi'an. In this paper, the influences of the construction progress, complexity and construction period are all taken into account in order to choose the corresponding seismic strengthening method which are based on the seismic qualification and on-the-spot survey. Problems existed in project design are presented in this paper, which can be taken for example on similar engineering.
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Žižmond, Jure, and Matjaž Dolšek. "Seismic Design and Performance Assessment of Frame Buildings Reinforced by Dual-Phase Steel." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 4998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114998.
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To improve the durability and serviceability of reinforced concrete structures, different variants of dual-phase reinforcing steel were developed within the research project NEWREBAR. The investigated variant of the new material, termed DPD2 steel, has a specific microstructure that increases the corrosion resistance, but its yielding strength is less than that of Tempcore steel B500B. DPD2 steel has no yielding plateau, which is characteristic of conventional reinforcing steel. Thus, it was investigated whether the current building codes can be used to design earthquake-resistant concrete structures reinforced by DPD2 steel bars. For this reason, three multi-story reinforced concrete frame buildings were designed according to Eurocode by considering DPD2 steel and, for comparison reasons, Tempcore steel B500B. Based on the nonlinear model, which was validated by cyclic test of columns, the seismic performance of DPD2 buildings was found to be improved compared to those designed with conventional B500B reinforcing steel. This can mainly be attributed to the substantial strain hardening of the DPD2 steel, which increases the overstrength factor of the structure by about 10%. However, for the improved seismic performance, the amount of steel in DPD2 buildings had to be increased in the design by approximately 20–25% due to the smaller yield strength of DPD2 steel. Nevertheless, it was demonstrated that Eurocode 8 could be used to design earthquake-resistant frame building reinforced with dual-phase reinforcing steel DPD2.
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Seçer, Mutlu, and Özgür Bozdag. "EFFECT OF X-BRACING CONFIGURATION ON EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE COST OF STEEL BUILDING / KRYŽMINIŲ RYŠIŲ PAVIDALO POVEIKIS PLIENINIŲ KONSTRUKCIJŲ PASTATO APGADINIMO KAINAI DĖL ŽEMĖS DREBĖJIMO." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 17, no. 3 (September 20, 2011): 348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2011.594223.
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Seismic structural design of X-braced steel buildings using life cycle cost analysis aims to reveal the most appropriate structural solution for both satisfying economic aspects and earthquake resistant design code requirements among a number of variant solutions accounting architectural concerns. In this study, five storey X-braced steel building with three different X-bracing configurations is designed using various base shear values and the total cost of each design of three configurations is calculated for different earthquake intensities. Initial costs and the cost of the expected damages caused by future earthquakes are determined for each X-bracing configuration. The maximum interstorey drift ratio is selected as seismic performance parameter for satisfying earthquake code demands and evaluated through nonlinear static analysis. The optimum X-bracing configuration is determined by using the balance between the initial cost and the life-time earthquake damage cost. Santrauka Pasitelkus gyvavimo ciklo kainos analizę, plieninių konstrukcijų pastatų su kryžminiais ryšiais seisminio konstrukcijų projektavimo tikslas – rasti tinkamiausią konstrukcinį sprendimą, kuris atitiktų ekonominę pusę, ir žemės drebėjimui atspariųstatinių projektavimo kodekso reikalavimus, kai, atsižvelgiant įarchitektūrines sąsajas, yra daugybė sprendimų variantų . Šiame tyrime, naudojant įvairias pagrindų šlyties jėgų reikšmes, projektuojamas penkiaaukštis plieninių konstrukcijų pastatas su trimis skirtingais kryžminių ryšių pavidalais ir kiekvienam atvejui iš trijų pavidalų apskaičiuojama bendroji kaina, esant skirtingo stiprumo žemės drebėjimui. Pradinė kaina ir numatomos bū simų žemės drebėjimų padaryto apgadinimo kaina nustatoma kiekvienam kryžminių ryšių pavidalui. Siekiant laikytis žemės drebėjimų kodekso reikalavimų, kaip seisminių charakteristikų rodiklis pasirenkamas didžiausias tarpaukštinės slinkties santykis, kuris įvertinamas naudojant netiesinę statinę analizę. Optimalus kryžminių ryšių pavidalas nustatomas subalansuojant pradinę kainą ir per visą gyva-vimo trukmę žemės drebėjimų padarytos žalos kainą.
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Ji, Hui, and Hong Sheng Zhao. "Optimization Design of Earthquake-Resistant Structure Taking Discrete Variables into Account." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 2420–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.2420.
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Conventionally, when optimizing a structure, the single target structural optimization design method is usually used. However, this design result often can not meet with the multiple requirements of construction; furthermore its optimizing efficiency is low; so its application is limited. And more, as the objective function being generally continuous variable, the optimized result is not the structural module and this is inconvenient for construction. This paper, taking the structural strain energy and the cost of construction as the targets to be optimized, and the design variable being discrete, provides multiple-target earthquake-resistant optimization design method aiming at obtaining the largest stain energy and the lowest construction cost, and established the function relation formula between the strain energy and the cost of construction and obtained the satisfied result. The highlight of this process is adopting discrete variables as the design variables, therefore the optimized results (cross-sectional dimensions) will conform to the requirements of structural module and the engineering practice. The optimization process presented in this paper conforms entirely to the national standards: “Code for Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures” (GB50010-2002) and “Code for Earthquake-resistant Design of Buildings” (GB50011). The theory and methods presented in this paper will be helpful for the structural design engineers and the researchers.
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Kalinski, Michael E., Kit Miyamoto, and Amir S. J. Gilani. "Simple Method to Develop Seismic Microzonation Maps for Cities in Northern Haiti and Elsewhere." International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship 10, no. 2 (October 15, 2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ijsle.v10i2.6010.
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Many developing nations are situated in zones of high seismicity where earthquakes can lead to widespread property loss and loss of life. Similar-sized earthquakes are not nearly as devastating in developed nations because of access to state-of-practice engineering methods. Earthquake engineering to reduce property loss and loss of life includes geotechnical engineering to predict likely amounts of ground shaking. Herein, a simple geotechnical approach was implemented in four cities in northern Haiti, including Port-de-Paix, Cap-Haitien, Fort Liberte, and Ouanaminthe based. The approach was based on the use of a simple geophysical technique and the application of International Building Code criteria to calculate design levels of ground shaking. The Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) method is a geophysical technique that was employed in the four test cities during a five-day test period utilizing three workers and a backpack full of equipment. As a result of this investigation, microzonation maps depicting design ground surface shaking parameters were rapidly and inexpensively developed, which can be used by structural engineers for guidance in designing earthquake-resistant structures. This method can be easily deployed in other developing nations to provide these populations with nearly the same level of knowledge and protection against earthquakes that is realized in developed nations.
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Wu, Huaxiao, Qinhua Wang, Nayan Deep Tiwari, and Dario De Domenico. "Comparison of Dynamic Responses of Parallel-Placed Adjacent High-Rise Buildings under Wind and Earthquake Excitations." Shock and Vibration 2021 (June 24, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6644158.
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Two parallel-placed adjacent high-rise buildings are often linked to each other through passive control devices for vibration mitigation purposes. The mitigation efficiency of these control devices mainly depends on the characteristics of relative dynamic responses, namely, opposite-sign and same-sign responses of the two buildings. The present research first identifies an opposite-sign response factor to estimate the time ratio of opposite-sign responses. Subsequently, a structure comprising two adjacent high-rise buildings (with different natural frequency ratios) subjected to both wind and earthquake excitations is analyzed. Wind-induced responses are evaluated based on wind loads obtained from wind tunnel tests, while earthquake responses are determined through a suite of 44 natural ground-motion records. The results indicate that opposite-sign factors of the displacement, velocity, and acceleration responses under wind loads, especially at across-wind direction, are larger than those under earthquake excitations, and opposite-sign response factors under wind loads are insensitive to variation of the natural frequency ratio of the two adjacent buildings compared with those under earthquake excitations. The conclusions of this research may be helpful for wind-resistant and antiseismic design of parallel-placed adjacent high-rise buildings.