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1
Zhytariuk, Mar’yan. "Ukraine-Czechoslovakian and Ukraine-Romanian Relations in the Interpretation of the Magazine “Dilo” (Lviv)." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 37-38 (December 20, 2018): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2018.37-38.198-207.
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The Lviv daily “Dilo”, as well as the Ukrainian press in Galicia, Bukovina, Volyn and Transcarpathia in the interwar period, could not keep a way from the numerous and systematic facts of Ukrainophobia and immediately responded to the form available to it, mainly as digest and translations of foreign publications about Ukrainians and Ukrainian ethnic land.
Thirties of the Twentieth century entered the Ukrainian history under the sign of Polish “pacification” in Eastern Galicia (there were also the petitions of Ukrainian and British representations to the League of Nations), artificially created famine and genocide in Soviet Ukraine, the Bolshevik terror (not only against the national Ukrainian intellectuals, but also against the Ukrainian leadership of the Communist Party of the Bolsheviks), the German propaganda concerning the prospects of independent Ukraine and other significant phenomena, which formed together the basis of the "Ukrainian problem". All this in general was reflected by the European press (Great Britain, Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, Austria, Italy) and the US press, Canada, Japan. At the same time, from the standpoint of advocacy and sympathy, there was hardly any publication in the press of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania (except for Ukrainian-language editions), in the Soviet periodicals, however the governments of these countries were interested in further weakening and leveling of Ukrainian ethnic, mental, religious, historical and other factors that could cement Ukrainians nationally.
Keywords: magazine “Dilo” (Lviv), interethnic relations, Bukovyna, Galychyna, interwar period
2
Surovtsev, Oleg. "Bukovynian Jews during the Holocaust: The problem of preserving historical memory." Науковий вісник Чернівецького національного університету імені Юрія Федьковича. Історія 1, no. 49 (June 30, 2019): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2019.49.93-100.
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In the article, based on archival materials, published memoirs, a retrospective analysis of events and contemporary reflections of the Holocaust on the territory of Bukovina during the Second World War is carried out. During the Soviet, German-Romanian occupation of the region, the Bukovinian Jewish community suffered severe suffering and trials, huge human and material losses, which greatly undermined the social, economic and cultural positions of the Jewish population in Bukovina. In fact, the socio-cultural face of Chernivtsi and the region changed, entire generations of Bukovinian Jews were erased from historical memory, forever disappeared into the darkness of history.
From the late 80’s – early 90’s XX century. in the conditions of the collapse of the USSR and the emergence of an independent Ukraine, it became possible to study the events of the Holocaust in the Chernivtsi region, to study the fate of Bukovynian Jews during the Second World War. Despite the mass emigration, in 1990-1995 the Jewish community of Chernivtsi published five collections of memories of Holocaust survivors of the Holocaust in Bukovina, erected a memorial sign at the scene of the shootings in the summer of 1941 and a memorial plaque on the Chernivtsi ghetto (in 2016 the efforts of the Jewish community of Chernivtsi to create a full memorial in the territory of the former ghetto).
Since 2010, the Museum of Jewish History and Culture of Bukovina has been established in Chernivtsi, and at the Chernivtsi National University there is a Center of Jewish studies, which is actively engaged in the study and promotion of Bukovina Jewish history, including the topic of the Holocaust.
Since 2017, work has begun on the creation of the Holocaust Museum in Chernivtsi in the building of the former memorial synagogue «Beit Kadish» on the territory of a Jewish cemetery, which aims to commemorate the memory of Bukovinian Jews who died during the Second World War.
Over the past 30 years, more than 65 monuments (memorials, plaques) have appeared in the Chernivtsi region to commemorate those killed in the Holocaust. However, around the Holocaust events in Bukovina, a memory conflict has arisen – it is about different interpretations of events (Ukrainian, Romanian, Jewish, post-Soviet narratives) and commemorative practices related to it. An example of the post-Soviet memory of the Holocaust is the recently opened memorial in one of the districts of Chernivtsi (Sadgora), on the so-called “Kozak Hill”, in memory of the executed Jews in the summer of 1941. The Soviet term “Great Patriotic War” is used in the inscription on the monument.
Keywords: Holocaust, Transnistria, ghetto, «autorization», deportation, primar
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Fisanov, Volodymyr. "Facing Europe: Regional Aspects of Paradiplomatics in Chernivtsi Oblast (Current Challenges and Possible Solutions)." Mediaforum : Analytics, Forecasts, Information Management, no. 7 (December 23, 2019): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2019.7.81-96.
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The article analyzes the phenomenon of paradiplomacy as a factor of fragmentation in a globalized world, which reflects the complex processes of reducing the role of the state as an actor and a foreign policy instrument in the post-Westphalian era. Different and real processes of regionalization and transregional interaction are investigated, using paradigm diplomacy in the Chernivtsi region. The author explores the factor of increasing the role of regional elites in order to increase their own legitimacy in the context of transregional interaction in the Upper Region Euroregion. Complexities and contradictions of transregional cooperation are considered. It’s concluded that the narrowing of this Euroregion should be avoided for ineffective communication between the managers and representatives of the bureaucracy of the three countries. The article noted that the granting of dual citizenship to representatives of the Romanian and Moldovan communities of Chernivtsi region is a certain critical milestone holding back highquality economic and social cooperation within the Upper Prut Euroregion. The author’s proposal is to launch a joint international educational and cultural project of Ukraine and Romania «History of Bukovina of the Twentieth сentury: without stereotypes and layers». The implementation of such project will help to overcome the old stereotypes in contemporary Ukrainian-Romanian relations, being a reliable tool for a more effective cultural paradigm over the next decade. We are facing the construction of European tradition in Ukraine, as well as in Romania and Moldova, which should be worthy of puzzle. Only then will the citizens of our three countries residing in the Upper Prut Euroregion become truly status citizens of United Europe, feeling the positive effects of the development of regional paradiplomacy.
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Elias, Carol Simon. "The Search for Politanky." European Judaism 52, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ej.2019.520114.
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As the child of Holocaust survivors, I had thought that after more than seventy-five years little else could be learnt. But I was wrong. After my second journey to Ukraine and Transnistria in order to discover how my family had survived when hundreds of thousands of Jews had perished, I realized just how much so. Bukovina’s Jews from Romania, Ukraine and Bessarabia had faced horrific pogroms, forced evacuations and death marches, and had then crossed the Dniester River into Transnistria. These are lesser known topics in Holocaust history. Of the 450,000 Jews sent there, approximately 250,000 died, not by guns, gas or ovens but through thirst, starvation, disease and bullet-free mass murders carried out by the Nazis and their Romanian allies. Transnistria’s Holocaust history must be visited and revised. We owe it to the survivors, ourselves, our children and to history itself, before altering what has been written, or not, becomes impossible.
5
Fisher, Gaëlle, and Maren Röger. "Bukovina: A Borderland Region in (Trans-)national Historiographies after 1945 and 1989–1991." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 33, no. 1 (November 20, 2018): 176–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325418791019.
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This article is part of the special cluster titled Bukovina and Bukovinians after the Second World War: (Re)shaping and (re)thinking a region after genocide and ‘ethnic unmixing’, guest edited by Gaëlle Fisher and Maren Röger. This introductory essay provides an overview of the historiography of the borderland region of Bukovina after 1945 and 1989–1991. Presenting the approaches adopted in different national contexts after the end of the Second World War, it points to the methodological nationalism which characterized research on the region during the Cold War. We show that while the historiography of Bukovina on the ground, in Romania and the Soviet Union, refracted wider national ideologies, abroad, particularly in West Germany and Israel, it remained for a long time the prerogative of small groups of “Bukovinians,” who saw it as their “lost home.” We explore both the similarities and differences between these narratives and stakeholders as well as the changes that took place after 1989–1991, especially in Romania and Ukraine. We show that while divided, the actors behind the narratives and thereby the narratives themselves have been connected in complex ways over the decades and particularly since the collapse of communism. Indeed, while for a long time the study of Bukovina resisted transnationalism, it nevertheless constituted and constitutes an ultimately transnational research object. Today, Bukovina remains a space of contest but it is also a space of opportunity, not least for researchers interested in the contested histories of borderland regions. This essay therefore contextualizes the themes and issues addressed in the following cluster of articles and identifies avenues for future research in this field.
6
Becciu, Sorin. "Political Pressure Methods Used for Imposing the Bolshevik Regime in Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 37-38 (December 12, 2018): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2018.37-38.190-197.
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The XX-th century had a decisive role in shaping the societies of Eastern Europe. In a short period of time several political ideologies influenced the people causing deep woundsand the effects we face even today.
The Republic of Moldova, The Ukraine and Romania have all fallen under the influence of the soviet ideology. To impose such a drastic change regarding the way of life, social institutions such as the Church, the family and private propriety, special methods had to be used. The Bolshevik ideology did not have any regard for the price of individual life and did not refrain from using violent methods. According to the main communist ideologues famine, torture, propriety nationalization and killings were justified.
The effects of this societal change still affect the region. Romania, The Republic of Moldova and Ukraine must find the understanding for the past and create solutions for the common problems.
Keywords: political pressure, communism, intellectuals, violence, famine
7
Melnychuk, Liubov. "Chernivtsi National University during the Romanian period in Bukovina’s history (1918-1940)." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 33-34 (August 25, 2017): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2016.33-34.118-125.
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The author investigates and analyzes the state Chernivtsi National University during the Romanian period in Bukovina’s history. During that period in the field of education was held a radical change in the direction of intensive Romanization. In period of rigid occupation regime in the province, the government of Romania laid its hopes on the University. The Chernivtsi National University had become a hotbed of Romanization ideas, to ongoing training for church and state apparatus, to educate students in the spirit of devotion Romania.
Keywords: Chernivtsi National University, Romania, Romanization, higher education, Bukovina
8
Stryamets, Nataliya, Giulia Mattalia, Andrea Pieroni, Ihor Khomyn, and Renata Sõukand. "Dining Tables Divided by a Border: The Effect of Socio-Political Scenarios on Local Ecological Knowledge of Romanians Living in Ukrainian and Romanian Bukovina." Foods 10, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010126.
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Local cuisine is an important reservoir of local ecological knowledge shaped by a variety of socio-cultural, economic, and ecological factors. The aim was to document and compare the current use of wild and semi-cultivated plant food taxa by Romanians living in Romania and Ukraine. These two groups share similar ecological conditions and historically belonged to the same province, but were divided in the 1940s by the creation of a state border. We conducted 60 semi-structured interviews with rural residents. The contemporary use of 46 taxa (plus 5 cultivated taxa with uncommon uses), belonging to 20 families, for food consumption were recorded. Romanians in Romanian Bukovina used 27 taxa belonging to 15 families, while in Ukraine they used 40 taxa belonging to 18 families. Jams, sarmale, homemade beer, and the homemade alcoholic drink “socată” are used more by Romanians in Southern Bukovina, while tea, soups, and birch sap are used more in Northern Bukovina. We discuss the strong influence of socio-political scenarios on the use of wild food plants. Cross-ethnic marriages, as well as markets and women’s networks, i.e., “neighbors do so”, may have had a great impact on changes in wild food use. In addition, rapid changes in lifestyle (open work market and social migration) are other explanations for the abandonment of wild edible plants.
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Stryamets, Nataliya, Giulia Mattalia, Andrea Pieroni, Ihor Khomyn, and Renata Sõukand. "Dining Tables Divided by a Border: The Effect of Socio-Political Scenarios on Local Ecological Knowledge of Romanians Living in Ukrainian and Romanian Bukovina." Foods 10, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010126.
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Local cuisine is an important reservoir of local ecological knowledge shaped by a variety of socio-cultural, economic, and ecological factors. The aim was to document and compare the current use of wild and semi-cultivated plant food taxa by Romanians living in Romania and Ukraine. These two groups share similar ecological conditions and historically belonged to the same province, but were divided in the 1940s by the creation of a state border. We conducted 60 semi-structured interviews with rural residents. The contemporary use of 46 taxa (plus 5 cultivated taxa with uncommon uses), belonging to 20 families, for food consumption were recorded. Romanians in Romanian Bukovina used 27 taxa belonging to 15 families, while in Ukraine they used 40 taxa belonging to 18 families. Jams, sarmale, homemade beer, and the homemade alcoholic drink “socată” are used more by Romanians in Southern Bukovina, while tea, soups, and birch sap are used more in Northern Bukovina. We discuss the strong influence of socio-political scenarios on the use of wild food plants. Cross-ethnic marriages, as well as markets and women’s networks, i.e., “neighbors do so”, may have had a great impact on changes in wild food use. In addition, rapid changes in lifestyle (open work market and social migration) are other explanations for the abandonment of wild edible plants.
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Fisher, Gaëlle. "Looking Forwards through the Past: Bukovina’s “Return to Europe” after 1989–1991." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 33, no. 1 (November 20, 2018): 196–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325418780479.
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This article is part of the special cluster titled Bukovina and Bukovinians after the Second World War: (Re)shaping and (re)thinking a region after genocide and ‘ethnic unmixing’, guest edited by Gaëlle Fisher and Maren Röger. Over the course of the 1990s, the region of Bukovina, once the easternmost province of the Austrian half of the Habsburg Empire, gained unprecedented visibility abroad. This was the case in German-language space in particular. There, Bukovina became the subject of newspaper articles, books, films, and exhibitions; travel and tourism to the area developed; political agreements and partnerships were even established between German or Austrian and “Bukovinian” regions. These initiatives, across “East and West,” across the former Iron Curtain, were meant to bridge the former divide. But many were based on proclaimed historical and cultural connections: as the widespread slogan read, Bukovina “returned to Europe.” In the process, historical Bukovina, by then split between Romania and a newly independent Ukraine, was not so much rediscovered as resurrected, reconstructed, and reinvented on the basis of existing ideas and assumptions. This raises a range of questions: why Bukovina, why in these countries, and why then? In this article, I identify different groups of actors, trends, and phases in the popular resurgence of Bukovina after 1989–1991 and highlight their origins, differences, and interactions. By tracing the activities and narratives of some of the key actors of the reinvention of the region after 1989–1991, this article explores the tensions between visions of the past and visions of the future in Germany, Austria, and Europe after 1989. It thereby also contributes to a critical reflection on the meaning of the wider “return to Europe” of Central and Eastern Europe after the end of the Cold War.
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Borzęcka, Monika. "Kilka słów na marginesie Dziennika z getta Miriam Korber-Bercovici." Studia Judaica, no. 2 (46) (2021): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/10.4467/24500100stj.20.020.13663.
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A Few Words on the Margin of the Diary Written in the Djurin Ghetto by Miriam Korber-Bercovici The purpose of the article is to present fragments of the diary of Miriam Korber-Bercovici, a young Jewish woman deported with her whole family from Southern Bukovina to the Transnistria Governorate under the Antonescu regime. The excerpts translated from the original Romanian into Polish mainly concern the author’s experiences of deportation and everyday life in the Djurin ghetto. They were selected in order to acquaint Polish readers with the situation of the Jews of Bukovina and Bessarabia displaced to the Transnistria Governorate during World War II. The diary was first published in Romania in 1995 as Jurnal de ghetou. The presented translation is based on the second edition of the diary published in 2017 by Curtea Veche Publishing House and Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania.
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Solonari, Vladimir. "From Silence to Justification?: Moldovan Historians on the Holocaust of Bessarabian and Transnistrian Jews." Nationalities Papers 30, no. 3 (September 2002): 435–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0090599022000011705.
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The Holocaust was one of the major experiences of the populations, both Jewish and non-Jewish, of those European countries that were either part of the Axis or occupied by Nazi Germany. This was certainly the case for the inhabitants of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and Transnistria. These regions remained under Romanian administration from June/July 1941 to spring/summer 1944. The Soviets had seized Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina from Romania in June 1940 under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. These territories were then reoccupied (“liberated”) by the Romanian and German armies after the German attack against the Soviet Union in June 1941. From 1941 to 1944 they were Romanian provinces ruled by separate highly centralized administrations. Transnistria (meaning literally “territory across the Dniester” in Romanian), which lies between the Dniester and Bug rivers, though never formally incorporated into Romania, was ruled by the Romanians during this period under the agreement with Hitler. Romanian authorities deported practically all Jews from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to Transnistria, accusing them of both treason and collaboration with the Soviets in 1940–1941 during the Soviet occupation and hostility towards the Romanian state in general. Some Roma, together with other “hostile elements” from other Romanian provinces, were also deported to Transnistria.
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Stambrook, Fred. "National and Other Identities in Bukovina in Late Austrian Times." Austrian History Yearbook 35 (January 2004): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800020981.
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Many years ago, Arthur J. May wrote, “Only the Bucovina provided a patch of blue in the beclouded nationality sky of Austria.” Without going into the comparative aspect of this assertion, the object of this study is to ascertain to what extent May's statement correctly reflects the complex relationships of the ethnoculrural or national groups in Bukovina. How blue was the sky really?Acquired by Austria in 1774–75, Bukovina prior to 1918 was a small Crownland in the northeastern corner of the Austrian Empire. It bordered on Hungary, Romania, the Russian Empire, and the Austrian province of Galicia. Its area was about 410,000 square kilometers, and its population in 1910 was just over 800,000. Some of the land was rolling and fairly fertile countryside, especially in the north and east, merging into the foothills that in turn gave way to the Carpathian Mountains in the south and west. Much of Bukovina was forested. The estates of the large landowners, sometimes with a palace or large manor house, stood in glaring contrast to the small landholdings of the peasantry and their cramped housing. The capital, Czernowitz (Chernivtsi), with a population in 1910 of around 87,000, was the only sizable city.
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Nestertsova-Sobakar, Oleksandra. "History of spread of Austrian civil procedural legislation the west of Ukraine." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 1, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2021-1-77-82.
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In the article is being investigated the history of the spread of Austrian legal acts regulating civil legal relations in the Ukrainian lands that were part of the Austrian, and later the AustroHungarian Empire. It is reported that after the accession of Galicia and Bukovina, there is still a long time there were regional differences in the use of sources of law, for example, used Polish law or customary law. It is stated that the implementation of the Austrian judiciary in the region coincided with the era of significant reforms in the country, including in the field of civil proceedings, as considerable work was done on codification of law. The first in Galicia, Transcarpathia and Bukovina was the General Court Order of 1781, which governed the civil process. The article discusses the main provisions of the General Court Order (settled issues of disputes between gentlemen and peasants, one judge had to complete the case, all stages of the process should occur in one court, the ban on the delegation of authority of a judge, court decisions should be based solely on the law), the basis on which the code (availability, written nature of submission of materials, free presentation of evidence, enforcement of the procedure for the bidding of movable and immovable property, possibility of appeal to the court of the second instance. The study refers to the introduction of "general judicial order for Western Galicia." reveals the importance of development issues and the Civil Procedure Code 1895, which is considered one of the best attractions right of the nineteenth century
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Deletant, Dennis. "Ion Antonescu and the Holocaust in Romania." East Central Europe 39, no. 1 (2012): 61–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633012x635627.
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Ion Antonescu’s obsession with what he saw as the Bolshevik menace drove his policy towards the Jews. The vast majority of those living in the provinces bordering on, and occupied by, the Soviet Union between 1940 and 1941—Bessarabia and Bukovina—were deported to Transnistria, where more than seventy percent of them were murdered or died of disease and starvation. Ukrainian militias and ethnic German Selbstschutz played a major role in the massacres, the former under the direction of Romanian gendarmes in Bogdanovka camp in the winter of 1941/1942, and the latter, independently, in southeastern Transnistria. This paper, based on the author’s research in the archives and library of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington DC and upon primary sources in Romania, seeks to bring into sharper focus Antonescu’s anti-Semitic actions, thereby highlighting the distinctive nature of the Holocaust in Romania and Antonescu’s part in it.
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Pavliuk, Myhailo. "Intensification of Transborder Cooperation in the Context of Chernivtsi Region Participation in «Romania-Ukraine 2014-2020» Common Operational Program." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 37-38 (December 16, 2018): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2018.37-38.102-108.
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Nowadays,cross-border cooperation between Ukraine and its neighbors is becoming increasingly practical and needs to be pragmatic. This is due to the development and implementation of transborder cooperation projects, which is a vivid example of the «Eastern» policy of the European Union.
The Chernivtsi region is an active participant in interregional and cross-border cooperation, which is clearly manifested through the prism of implementation of a variety of projects within the framework of border and territorial cooperation programs.
Within the framework of the program «Romania - Ukraine - Republic of Moldova 2007-2013», grants for the implementation of 29 cross-border cooperation projects worth over 16.5 million euro were signed in Chernivtsi region, 28 of which have been successfully completed. Among them are infrastructure, environment, tourist, cultural and other projects important for the region.
Within the framework of the new «Romania - Ukraine 2014-2020» program, local authorities have prepared plans for major repairs of the road 2 km from the state border to the village. The improvement of the system of vocational education in the field of agriculture in the border zone, the quality of provision of emergency medical care and non-invasive medical services on the territory of Bukovina, the introduction of the provision of medical services for mammographic screening, the improvement of the safety of life of the population of the regions and the revival of ancient crafts.
Key words: transbordercooperation, European Union, executive authority, program, project
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Utevska, O. M., M. I. Chukhraeva, A. T. Agdzhoyan, L. A. Atramentova, E. V. Balanovska, and O. P. Balanovsky. "Populations of Transcarpathia and Bukovina on the genetic landscape of surrounding regions." Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine 6, no. 2 (September 21, 2015): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021524.
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The territory of present-day Ukraine is subdivided into some regions with specific demographic and politic history. Nevertheless, the corresponding subdivision in genetic structure is not revealed in previous investigations: populations of Ukrainians under study were genetically homogeneous on SNP markers of Y chromosome. In the current investigation we studied the Y-chromosomal genetic structure of Transcarpathia and Bukovina populations. Several factors exist to expect the genetic specificity of these populations. Both ones are placed in the Carpathian foothills, at the south-western border of the Ukrainian area. During the last millennium these territories were the parts of different states and were open for ethnically diverse migrations. It was revealed that the major Y chromosomal haplogroups in Transcarpathia population were R1a1a1*(М198), I2a (Р37.2), R1a1a1g (М458), E1b1b1a1 (M78). The major haplogroups in Bukovina population were I2a (Р37.2), R1a1a1*(М198), R1a1a1g (М458), R1b1b2 (М269), E1b1b1a1 (M78), I1 (М253). The Bukovina population differs from the typical Ukrainian population by higher frequency of I2a (Р37.2) and lower frequency of R1a1a1*(М198). Moreover, this is the only population among ones studied in Ukraine where the most frequent haplogroup is I2a (Р37.2) but not R1a1a1*(М198). Such a deviation can be caused by possible mixing with neighbouring southern groups, and Carpathian mountains were not a border for exchange in this case. Interestingly, the haplogroup N1c (M178) is not revealed in Transcarpathia at all, obviously due to the mountain barrier. It was revealed by principal component analysis that Ukrainians from Transcarpathia and Bukovina despite some specific peculiarities are more similar to other Ukrainian populations than to the surrounding ethnic groups such as Poles, Slovaks, Hungarians, Romanians, Moldavians and Gagauzes. Ukrainians of Transcarpathia and Bukovina form the entire genetic continuum with the whole Ukraine on maps of gene distances, confirming the homogeneity of Ukrainian parental gene pool and it’s differentiation from other groups. After performing the analysis of Y-haplogroup spatial distribution, it is supposed that the northern ridges ofCarpathian mountainsare the East-European barrier decreasing the gene flow. It decreases the spreading of haplogroups N1c (М178) and R1a (М198) southward and movement of E1b (М78), R1b (М269), J (М304) and G (М201) northward.
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Dippel, Anne, and Valeska Bopp-Filimonov. "Into the Grey Zone, Or: How to Track Fading Multiculturalism in Southeastern Europe." Südosteuropa 67, no. 4 (February 25, 2020): 534–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2019-0039.
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AbstractThe exhibition ‘“We Live Word to Word.” Banat – Transylvania – Bukovina. Ethno graffiti of Southeastern Europe’ resulted from an interdisciplinary project seminar at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena, based on a team ethnographic journey to Romania and Ukraine. Participants in the seminar, initiated in 2018, investigated how communities and togetherness have been constructed in multiethnic societies. The purpose was to find out what has remained of the region’s multicultural nature after the political changes of 1989. The team made their own observations, recorded interviews, and took notes, the resulting fragments of cultural diversity being later pieced together in the exhibition. Some contributions were colourful—even garish—while others were tender and withdrawn. Combined and linked, the final result seemed like a fleeting picture such as might have been sprayed from the aerosols of a street-artist—a sort of ‘ethnograffiti’. In this article, the authors reflect on how the exhibition was put together.
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Solonari, Vladimir. "“Model Province”: Explaining the Holocaust of Bessarabian and Bukovinian Jewry." Nationalities Papers 34, no. 4 (September 2006): 471–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990600842106.
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Romanian war-time policy towards Jews presents a paradox. In the summer and fall of 1941 Romanian military and police were killing the Jews of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina indiscriminately. In late fall of the same year, those Jews who survived the first wave of killings were forcibly deported further to the east—this time not only from Bessarabia and the northern part of Bukovina but from the whole of the latter's province. In the late fall of 1941, Jews from Odessa were once again murdered en masse and any survivors deported from the city. At this time, i.e. in the summer and fall of 1941, Romanian policy was at least as radical and brutal as the Germans', perhaps surpassing it in its brutality, a fact that elicited Hitler's delight and commendation. But then Romanian policy underwent a gradual but more and more pronounced change. Though Romanian authorities took part in the preparations for the deportation of Romanian Jews to the Nazi concentration camps in the summer and early fall 1942, in October of that year the Romanians abruptly terminated their participation in all preparations. In 1943 and 1944 the Romanian government even took measures to protect Romanian Jewish citizens residing in the German-ruled territories by demanding that those Jews were exempt from deportation to concentration camps and facilitated Jewish emigration to Palestine from Romania. Inside Romania, Jews were still heavily discriminated against, exposed to various vexations and harsh confiscatory taxation, but the majority of them survived the war.
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Zup, Iulia Elena. "Bewahren der deutschen Identitȁt und Sprache in Großrumȁnien. Das Vereinsleben." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 66, no. 3 (September 20, 2021): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2021.3.06.
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"Preserving the German Identity and Language in Romania after 1918. Cultural Associations. The present paper explores some cultural sociological aspects of the economic, leisure-related and professional associations of the German minority living in Romania at the time of the Weimar Republic (1918-1933), in the context of the social-political transformations and the development of the modern, interwar Romanian society. Although German associations existed in the now Romanian territories before 1918 as well, many new associations were founded and the activity of the already existing ones flourished during the interwar period. The associations are analysed in respect to the regions in which the Germans of Romania lived (Transylvania, Banat, Bukovina, the Romanian Old Kingdom and Bessarabia), the type of association, their objectives, publications and activities. The establishment of so many associations at the time of the Weimar Republic and their intense activities reveals, on one hand, the endeavours of the German minority to preserve its language and identity, and on the other hand, the freedom that the German community enjoyed – in other words, quite a liberal cultural politics of the Greater Romania. The associations were a part of the development of a socio-cultural field which granted the Germans a special place in Romania’s cultural history. Keywords: associations, Germans of Romania, Weimar Republic, Greater Romania, German language and identity "
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FEDORIV, IRYNA. "PEDAGOGICAL MILESTONES OF MYRON KORDUBA’S LIFE AND ACTIVITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EPOCH." Scientific Issues of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series: pedagogy 1, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 178–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2415-3605.21.1.22.
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The presented research provides a comprehensive analysis of the main periods of pedagogical activity of Myron Korduba (1876–1947), the prominent Ukrainian scientist in the fields of History, Geography and Bibliography, as well as a public and political figure in the context of educational and cultural processes that took place in Ukraine in the first half of the twentieth century. The main achievements of the scientist and educator include writing and publishing textbooks and lecture courses, in particular, “Paintings from World History for Folk and Special Schools”, “Methodology of History”, “History of the Western Slavs in the Age of Peremyslid and Piast”, “History of the Galicia-Volyn Principality”, “Lectures on the History of Ukraine, given at the University of Warsaw” and others. The peculiarities of M. Korduba’s pedagogical activity in accordance with the main milestones of his life have been analyzed. As a teacher and organizer of educational activities, the scientist worked in secondary and higher schools of Austria-Hungary, the Second Commonwealth and the USSR, in particular, in the second state gymnasium in Chernivtsi, Ukrainian Secret University, Warsaw University, Ukrainian gymnasium in Kholm, the second and the first Ukrainian gymnasiums in Lviv, and in Lviv University, where he had been the Head of the Department of the Southern and Western Slavs. The contribution of M. Korduba to the teaching of historical disciplines and popularization of Ukrainian-language education among the population of Bukovina and Galicia, as well as his teaching methodology, which was based on interdisciplinary links and source processing, has been clarified. It has been proved that M. Korduba had done a significant contribution to the development of modern Ukrainian schooling; and his role in the cultural and educational processes of Bukovina and Galicia in the first half of the twentieth century, especially that of an organizer of higher education in those regions has been outlined.
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Janowski, Maciej, Constantin Iordachi, and Balázs Trencsényi. "WHY BOTHER ABOUT HISTORICAL REGIONS?: DEBATES OVER CENTRAL EUROPE IN HUNGARY, POLAND AND ROMANIA." East Central Europe 32, no. 1-2 (2005): 5–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-90001031.
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The article analyzes the ways in which the concept of Central Europe and related regional classifications were instrumentalized in historical research in Hungary, Poland and Romania. While Hungarian and Polish historians employed the discourse of Central Europe as a central means to contextualize and often relativize established national historical narratives, their geographical frameworks of comparison were nevertheless fairly divergent. the Hungarian one relating to the former Habsburg and Austro-Hungarian lands while the Polish one revolving around the tradition of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth. Romanian historians approached the issue from the perspective of local history, debating two alternative regional frameworks: the Old Kingdom, treated as part ofthe Byzantine and Ottoman legacies, and Transylvania, Bukovina and the Banat that were shaped by the Habsburg project of modemity. In the Romanian context the debate on Central Europe reached its peak at a time when it lost re1evance in the Polish and Hungarian contexts. While conceding to recent critiques on the constructed and often exclusivist nature of symbolic geographical catcgories, the authors maintain the heuristic valuc of regional frameworks of interpretation as models of historical explanation transcending the nation-state at sub-national or trans-national level.
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JANOWSKI, MACIEJ, CONSTANTIN IORDACHI, and BALÁZS TRENCSÉNYI. "WHY BOTHER ABOUT HISTORICAL REGIONS?: DEBATES OVER CENTRAL EUROPE IN HUNGARY, POLAND AND ROMANIA." East Central Europe 32, no. 1 (2005): 5–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1876330805x00027.
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Abstract: The article analyzes the ways in which the concept of Central Europe and related regional classifications were instrumentalized in historical research in Hungary, Poland and Romania. While Hungarian and Polish historians employed the discourse of Central Europe as a central means to contextualize and often relativize established national historical narratives, their geographical frameworks of comparison were nevertheless fairly divergent, the Hungarian one relating to the former Habsburg and Austro-Hungarian lands while the Polish one revolving around the tradition of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth. Romanian historians approached the issue from the perspective of local history, debating two alternative regional frameworks: the Old Kingdom, treated as part of the Byzantine and Ottoman legacies, and Transylvania, Bukovina and the Banat that were shaped by the Habsburg project of modernity. In the Romanian context the debate on Central Europe reached its peak at a time when it lost relevance in the Polish and Hungarian contexts. While conceding to recent critiques on the constructed and often exclusivist nature of symbolic geographical categories, the authors maintain the heuristic value of regional frameworks of interpretation as models of historical explanation transcending the nation-state at sub-national or trans-national level.
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Stan, Ana-Maria. "De la separatism regional la centralizare: două proiecte legislative ale universitarilor clujeni privind reforma învățământului superior românesc după 1918." PLURAL. History, Culture, Society 9, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37710/plural.v9i1_7.
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After the Great War and the union of Bessarabia, Bukovina, Transylvania, and the Banat with the Old Kingdom, the reform of higher education and, implicitly, its transformation into a unitary and efficient system required a lot of efforts. A significant number of initiatives and projects were discussed by the Romanian academic circles, politicians, and by the broader public before the first law for the organization of universities in Greater Romania was adopted and implemented, in April 1932. This article is a case study, which focuses on two proposals put forward in the 1920s by some prominent professors of the University of Cluj. My research tries to clarify and enrich our knowledge regarding the various stages that preceded and shaped the 1932 higher education law. It highlights the similarities and differences between these projects, looking, in particular, at their most relevant and modern elements. The article could equally provide points of comparison for future analysis regarding the reconstruction of the educational systems in other Central or Eastern European countries, in the first half of the 20th century.
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Ciuciura, Theodore. "Provincial Politics in the Habsburg Empire: The Case of Galicia and Bukovina." Nationalities Papers 13, no. 2 (1985): 247–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905998508408024.
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The creation of an Austrian province, titled “The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria” (“with the Grand Duchy of Cracow” added later) was the result of the first partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772. The addition of this territory to the already imposing number of Habsburg's realms was ostensibly based on the dubious claim of the Hungarian kings to sovereignty over the medieval Ruthenian (Ukrainian) realm of Galicia and Volhynia. Under the subsequent Polish rule, the southern part of this duchy was organized as thewojewództwo ruskie(Ruthenian [Ukrainian] Province), which was one of the several provinces in the so-calledZiemie Ruskie(Ruthenian Lands) of the Commonwealth, or rather of theKorona(Kingdom of Poland),vis-à-visthe Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Galicia as an Austrian creation included small parts of the adjacent Ruthenian provinces of Podilia (Podole), Volhynia and Belz, (i.e. Galicia proper), and in the west also the province of Cracow, with territorial enclaves, really medieval relics, such as the “Duchy of Oświȩcim [Auschwitz]” and “Duchy of Zator” (i.e. the non-historical “Western Galicia”). Under Austrian rule, Galicia became a common home for Ukrainians (officially called Ruthenians) in the eastern counties and Poles in the western counties. Many Poles lived in Galicia proper. The Polish or Latin-Polish culture deeply influenced the Ukrainian population. However, it stubbornly, though inarticulately, maintained a sense of ethnic community with the Ukrainians who lived under the Russian imperial rule. A prominent Polish historian (and for more than a decade President of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow), Stanislaw Smolka, ascertains the “common features” of the “ethno-historical indivudiuality” known in Polish history as Ruś (Ruthenia) which had been “dormant through the centuries but never moribund [obumarla].” This Ruthenia “at the present attempts to find for herself a new distinguishing name and wants it to be ‘Ukraine'.” He also determines “the historical continuity” in the past of the old Ruthenia of Yaroslav and Monomakh and the “Ruthenian Lands” of the Commonwealth.
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Ploscariu, Iemima D. "Institutions for survival: The Shargorod ghetto during the Holocaust in Romanian Transnistria." Nationalities Papers 47, no. 1 (November 6, 2018): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2018.16.
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AbstractIn 1941, thousands of Jews from the regions of Bukovina and Bessarabia were deported to ghettos and camps in Romanian-occupied Transnistria to join local Ukranian Jews and other deportees. This article is a case study of the Shargorod ghetto, one of the largest ghettos in Transnistria, that reveals how individuals interned there, and in similar ghettos, survived despite their different social, economic, and cultural backgrounds. An examination based on regions allows for a better understanding of the diverse Jewish communities in Romania and how these differences influenced the lives of local Jews and deportees during the formidable years in Shargorod. Their major successes, as well as their failures, present a picture of entangled community identity in the face of disease, starvation, and forced labor. The survival of the Jewish population of Shargorod from 1941 to 1944 is analyzed through the selection of leadership by the ghetto inhabitants (specifically, Meier Teich’s role as ghetto leader), the entrepreneurial actions and aid that arose, and the format and agenda adopted by the ghetto’s cultural institutions.
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Godun, Cristina. "THE IMAGE OF UKRAINIANS IN POLES’ MENTALITY. A CASE STUDY BASED ON JOURNALIST PIOTR POGORZHELSKI’S BOOK “UKRAINIAN BORSCH”." Studia Linguistica, no. 14 (2019): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2019.14.91-106.
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The article aims at presenting the geopolitical, social and cultural image of Ukraine, seen through the eyes of the author, the Polish journalist Piotr Pogorzhelski, former Kiev correspondent of the National Radio Polonia. This imagological portrait, which carries us through the history and national stereotypes, means to bring Ukraine closer to Romanian readers. Despite the neighborhood and the presence of the Ukrainian community in Romania, Romanians don’t know their northern neighbours very well, older generations show preconceived ideas and a distorted historical memory. Piotr Pogorzhelski’s book, translated into Romanian and published in 2015 shortly after the dramatic events on the Maidan Nezalezhnosti, aims to raise public awareness and draw attention to the political and socio-cultural potential of Ukraine and the Ukrainians. The same goal pursues «The Ukrainian Borsch» in Poland, a country where Ukraine is a frequent topic of discussion in the press, because the connection between Poland and Ukraine has always been very strong, despite some historical difficulties. The majority of Poles treat Ukraine with a sense of deep affection due to family roots or nostalgia for the western territories of Ukraine, which once belonged to Poland. And yet, among the Poles who manifest openness and an increased interest in Ukraine, the image of this country and its inhabitants is due to narrow negative stereotypes. On the background of current political events and taking into the account the lack of knowledge about Ukraine in Romania, «The Ukrainian Borsch» seems to be an indispensable and appropriate tool for shaping the collective portrait of Ukrainians and contemporary Ukrainian society.
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Krasowska, Helena. "From individual to collective identity: the case of autobiographical accounts from the Ukrainian‑Russian and Ukrainian-Romanian borderlands." Acta Baltico-Slavica 41 (December 29, 2017): 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2017.001.
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From individual to collective identity: the case of autobiographical accounts from the Ukrainian‑Russian and Ukrainian-Romanian borderlandsThe article presents the problem of cultural memory of Poles from two different regions of Ukraine, the south-east of the country and Carpathian Bukovina. It examines the following five main topic areas: the Second World War, life after the war (including the problem of the Russians), the issue of the Roman Catholic religion, the language question, and the problem of declaration of Polishness today. The accounts of the everyday life of Poles in the Ukrainian-Russian and Ukrainian-Romanian borderlands show important differences concerning their experience of war. In Bukovina, which used to be part of Romania, Poles display a much more consolidated sense of national identity. Despite the restrictions imposed by Soviet authorities, they gathered around the Roman Catholic Church as well as the institution of family, and taught the Polish language in private homes. This explains a continuity of their traditions, language, culture, and memory.On the other hand, throughout the Soviet period the Poles in Eastern Ukraine were cut off from contacts with Poland, the Roman Catholic Church and Polish organisations. Geographically dispersed and living in fear in their social environment, Polish families experienced a loss of their loved ones and faced severe punishment for declaring identity other than ‘Soviet’. Another factor at play was a relatively high rate of mixed marriages.The memory of contact with the Soviets is similar in both borderlands. The conduct of the new authorities was the same everywhere, and the examples quoted in the article represent a broader issue which would merit a separate study. Od tożsamości indywidualnej do tożsamości zbiorowej. Na przykładzie narracji z pogranicza ukraińsko-rosyjskiego i ukraińsko-rumuńskiegoW artykule przedstawiono problem tożsamości kulturowej Polaków z dwóch różnych obszarów Ukrainy: Ukrainy południowo-wschodniej oraz Bukowiny Karpackiej. Omówieniu podlega pięć kręgów tematycznych: II wojna światowa, życie po II wojnie światowej i problem Rosjan, kwestia religii katolickiej, zagadnienie języka oraz problem współczesnej deklaracji polskości. W narracjach na temat codzienności u Polaków na pograniczu ukraińsko-rosyjskim i ukraińsko-rumuńskim pojawiają się istotne różnice. Polegają one między innymi na tym, że w innej sytuacji znajdowali się podczas II wojny światowej Polacy w Doniecku, a w innej Polacy na Bukowinie, będącej częścią państwa rumuńskiego. Ponadto stopień poczucia tożsamości narodowej u Polaków na Bukowinie jest znacznie wyższy. Pomimo zakazów ze strony władz sowieckich, Polacy skupiali się wokół Kościoła i rodziny, w domach prywatnych uczono języka polskiego. Na Bukowinie istnieje zatem ciągłość tradycji, języka, kultury i pamięci.Polacy na Ukrainie Wschodniej przeżyli okres władzy sowieckiej w oddaleniu od Polski, od Kościoła katolickiego i od polskich organizacji. Żyli w dużym rozproszeniu, obawiając się społeczności, wśród której mieszkali. Rodziny przeżywały utratę bliskich, za przyznawanie się do narodowości innej niż „sowiecka” groziły srogie kary dla całej rodziny. Wchodzili też w związki małżeńskie z osobami niepolskiego pochodzenia.Pamięć o styczności z władzą sowiecką jest podobna na obu pograniczach, a przytoczone przykłady stanowią szerszy problem, któremu warto by poświęcić osobne opracowanie.
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Frunchak, Svetlana. "Commemorating the Future in Post-War Chernivtsi." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 24, no. 3 (April 13, 2010): 435–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325410364673.
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Throughout the Second World War and the post-war period, the city of Chernivtsi was transformed from a multiethnic and borderland urban microcosm into a culturally uniform Soviet socialist city. As the Soviets finally took power in this onetime capital of a Hapsburg province in 1944, they not only sponsored further large-scale population transfers but also “repopulated” its history, creating a new urban myth of cultural uniformity. This article examines the connection between war commemoration in Chernivtsi in the era of post-war, state-sponsored anti-Semitism and the formation of collective memory and identities of the city’s post-war population. The images of homogeneously Ukrainian Chernivtsi and Bukovina were created through the art of monumental propaganda, promoting public remembrance of certain events and personalities while making sure that others were doomed to oblivion. Selective commemoration of the wartime events was an important tool of drawing the borders of Ukrainian national identity, making it exclusivist and ethnic-based. Through an investigation of the origins of the post-war collective memory in the region, this article addresses the problem of perceived discontinuity between all things Soviet and post-Soviet in Ukraine. It demonstrates that it is, on the contrary, the continuity between Soviet and post-Soviet eras that defines today’s dominant culture and state ideology in Ukraine and particularly in its borderlands.
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Colăcel, Onoriu. "Suceava On Camera: The County Council And Local Self-Identification In 21st Century Romania." Messages, Sages and Ages 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msas-2015-0008.
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Abstract In post-communist Romania, regional self-identification has undergone significant change. Particularly, a paradigm shift occurred in relation to 20th century Romanian historiography (I have in mind the national communist as well as inter-war historic narratives). The literature and the promotional films of Suceava County Council (i.e., the local government branch) are a case in point. They are designed to advertise tourism products in travel marts and various media outlets. Next to the story of a multi-faith/ethnic community, particular images and symbols are employed in order to craft the public identity of the county. A regional iconography gradually emerges on screen as more video content about Suceava is being produced. Capturing the essence of Romanian Bucovina on camera is a challenge steeped both in the history of the Habsburg Duchy and in that of the Moldavian principality (whose northernmost part was incorporated into the Habsburg Empire in 1775). Next comes the attempt to ‘touristify’ natural sites of environmental interest. History and nature are narrative tropes that amount to a coherent story delivered to natives and visitors alike. Despite the industrial scarring of the landscape well known to the natives, areas of woodland and countryside are on display. City life is largely ignored for the sake of a multicultural history of Bukovina mainly located in a rural setting. Screening Suceava has everything to do with identity-building. The rhetoric of regional self-designation seems to rank high on the local political agenda. The cosmopolitan Austro-Hungarian Bukovinian identity is obviously at odds with the ethno-national legacy celebrated in the so-called ‘Northern monasteries’ of Moldavia or in the Suceava fortress of Stephen the Great (who was built into an icon of Romanian historiography). The recreational opportunities of Suceava County are marketed to tourist boards, hotel chains, etc. as the retention of a Mitteleuropean distinctiveness. Explicitly, it is ‘something’ that has stayed with the indigenous population ever since the Austrian state set out to instruct the natives in the arts of life. There is a video side effect to the story. The mountainous countryside of Suceava is sold to the public as being peopled by men and women in national dress, a community dramatically different from all other surrounding areas of 21st century Romania.
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Antipova, Olha P., Iryna O. Dmytryk, Vita M. Surzhenko, Igor G. Kudrya, and Larysa S. Tarasiuk. "Modernization of the Paradigm of the Social State on the Example of the Countries of Eastern Europe During 2010-2019." European Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n1p612.
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The study covers the countries of Eastern Europe: Ukraine, Poland, Romania and Lithuania, which have common borders, similar history, mentality and are characterized by the dominance of the social democratic model of the welfare state, which is essentially aimed to undertake primary responsibility for financing basic social standards from the state budget. The study focuses on the basic indicators that show the state’s approach to education, health care and employment. In order to establish and analyze the changes that have taken place in the social state standards of the studied countries, the ten-year period from 2010 to 2019 was covered. The statistical data that reflect the expenditures on education and medicine from the volume of GDP of each state budget as well as the unemployment rate are analyzed. Positive dynamics has been established for all studied countries during the ten-year period in the financing of such areas as education and medicine. Optimistic indicators of the reduced number of unemployed in Poland, Romania and Lithuania were revealed. It has been established that the governments of Ukraine, Poland, Romania and Lithuania have similar approach to financing basic social needs. The role of civil society in the development of the welfare state and the new trends of nations’ movement towards the construction of a rational economy, social standards and political stability are considered.
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Corbea-Hoisie, Andrei. "„Wie die Juden Gewalt schreien“: Aurel Onciul und die antisemitische Wende in der Bukowiner Öffentlichkeit nach 1907." East Central Europe 39, no. 1 (2012): 13–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633012x635645.
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This paper explores the dissemination of anti-Semitic themes, motives, and clichés in the k. & k. province of Bukovina, around 1900. It is argued that the abrupt unleashing of brutally anti-Jewish discourses in this most eastern province of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, after the anti-Semitic wave which had reached its peak in Vienna and in the center of Austria in the last decades of the 19th century, goes back to local social and national conflicts deeply rooted in the contradictions of the modernization process. The fact that the Romanian politician Aurel Onciul—originally involved in the liberal opposition to the political domination of the large estate-owners—posed as one of the beacons of this ideological approach, does not only reveal an opportunistic alignment of Romanian political groupings with the Christian Socialists under Karl Lueger after the 1907 imperial elections, but also illustrates the radically anti-modern trend in the political thinking of the emerging middle class that was to have serious consequences for the political development in post-World War Romania. This multi-layered deconstruction of this episode of Bukovina’s history, under-researched in the academic literature to date, is based on a meticulous study of the printed press in the urban center of Czernowitz prior to 1914, which depicts the co-existence of linguistically- and nationally-diverse cultural spaces but also the “impossibility” of their inter-cultural integration.
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Bohatyrets, Valentyna, and Liubov Melnychuk. "Chernivtsi’s Squares and Monuments in the Context of Distinctive Buko- vinian Identity, Cultural Heritages and Urban Historical Memory." Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Historica 24, no. 1 (October 15, 2020): 45–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/auash.2020.24.1.3.
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Since the twentieth century, the interdisciplinary field of ‘memory studies’ has become especially topical and drawn upon a variety of theoretical perspectives, while offering a plethora of empirical case studies exploring the politics of memory and urban space, cultural heritage and cultural identity that mould a space’s distinctiveness. This study draws on a comparative analysis to theoretically prove and develop a multifaceted memory of Chernivtsi’s significantly transformed and enriched urban landscape through an interdisciplinary approach involving various methods and instruments for handling the essential societal resources of history, memory and identity. The city of Chernivtsi and the region of Bukovina, historically part of Central Eastern Europe and geo-strategically the heart of Europe, has recently strengthened its voice in becoming culturally and economically bound to the European Union. As a well-preserved city ruled, at different times, by the Habsburg Empire (1900-1918), Romania (1918-1939) and the USSR (1940/41-1991), Chernivtsi (Czernowitz, Cernăuţi, Chernovtsy) serves as a case study for exploring the human fingerprints of every epoch. The city’s architectural diversity offers testimony as to how Chernivtsi’s urban society preserved its unique landscape of identity, embodied in a patchwork of ethnic, linguistic and confessional affiliations, while integrating representational claims and moderating its space. This study analyses the policies and practices of these three epochs in Chernivtsi’s history, in terms of how the city attempted to promote, develop and preserve its cultural heritage, while preserving the collective memory and shaping supranational identity.
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Nedelcu, Octavia. "THE STUDY OF THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST: HISTORY AND PERSPECTIVES." Studia Linguistica, no. 14 (2019): 118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2019.14.118-132.
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The article presents an analysis of the status of the Ukrainian language studies at the University of Bucharest from a diachronic and synchronic perspective. The Romanian-Ukrainian relations (political, administrative or economic), were founded and developed on the basis and in the context of cultural relations. For more than three decades, in Romania, international scientific events have been organized by the academic institutions in the partnership with governmental and local ones in order to maintain the Romanian-Ukrainian relations. Education has always been a basic component of people’s culture, regardless of the social world order or the level of education: primary school, secondary school, high school or university, the latter being the topic of our paper. Apart from the University of Bucharest, which has a rich tradition, in Romania, the undergraduate studies of the Ukrainian language and literature together with modern language and literature study (the Romanian language and literature) are currently provided by the “Stefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, within the Department of the Romanian Language and Literature of the Faculty of Letters and Communication Sciences, as well as by the “Babeș-Bolyai” University of Cluj-Napoca, within the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures of the Faculty of Letters. Ukrainian studies at the university level in Romania have emerged since the very foundation of the Romanian philology in the 19th century, more precisely since forming the Slavic studies as a scientific discipline. Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, one of the greatest personalities in the Romanian culture, (linguist, folklorist and philologist) played a big role in this sense, studying the way Romanian history had been reflected in the Ukrainian folklore. The Ukrainian folklore and the works of Taras Shevchenko were studied by the translator Grigore N. Lazu and the literary critic Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea. P. P. Panaitescu, Șt. Ciobanu, Zamfir Arbore and other researchers also wrote about the Romanian-Ukrainian literary relations. In the institutional framework, i.e. in primary schools, secondary schools, high schools and universities, the Ukrainian language and literature had been taught since 1948, after the Education Reform. The Department of Ukrainian Language and Literature of the University of Bucharest was established within the Department of Slavic Languages of the Faculty of Philology in 1952. Since founding of the Department by Professor Constantin Drapaca, such specialists as Nicolae Pavliuc, Magdalena Laszlo-Kuțiuk, Stelian Gruia, Dan Horia Mazilu, Ioan Rebușapcă, Micola Corsiuc, Roman Petrașuc, Maria Hoșciuc and Aliona Bivolaru made their contribution into promoting and increasing the prestige of the Ukrainian studies in Romania, as well as to strengthening relations between Romania and Ukraine.
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KRASIVSKYI, Orest, and Nadiia PIDBEREZHNYK. "PROBLEMS OF NATION-BUILDING PROCESSES IN UKRAINE AT THE PRESENT STAGE." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 33 (2020): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2020-33-214-221.
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The article deals with the problematic aspects of nation-building processes in Ukraine at the present stage. A methodological basis is a comprehensive approach to problem analysis. The categories «nation», «Ukrainian nation», «Ukrainian people» are characterized. The main markers of national identity are identified among which: national consciousness, national interest, national territory, national idea, culture, language, history, common origin, religion. The nation was found to contain both ethnic, cultural and political components. From the dominance of one of these characteristics is formed in essence, an ethnic or political nation. The basic internal and external factors that negatively effecting nation-building processes in Ukraine are investigated. The internal ones include: lack of clear legislative criteria for inclusion in the ethnic community and real indicators of the ethnic composition of the Ukrainian people; loss of title ethnic identity based on linguistic marker; political speculation about the ethno-cultural features of the regions of Ukraine, linguistic and mental differences of the citizens of Ukraine; lack of an effective system of national-patriotic education and formation of national consciousness. External factors include: hybrid war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, aimed at loss of territorial integrity and state sovereignty of Ukraine, aggravation of interethnic relations; intensive globalization processes that require new approaches to public policy on preserving and developing national identity; negative impact of information flows of foreign countries on the formation of information and cultural space of Ukraine; political and cultural expansion of neighboring countries (Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia) into Ukraine, which goes beyond the support of their national minorities and poses a direct threat to Ukraine's national security. Keywords: ethnicity,nation, national identity, nationalization, Ukraine, Ukrainian nation, hybrid war.
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Pater, Ivan. "OLGERD BOCHKOVSKYI: THE ATTITUDE OF THE CZECHS AND TOMÁŠ GARRIGUE MASARYK TO THE UKRAINIAN ISSUE." Contemporary era 7 (2019): 178–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/nd.2019-7-178-216.
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The author analyzes works of Olgerd Ipolyt Bochkovskyi about such "awakeners" of the Czech national revival as František Palacký, František Ladislav Rieger, Jan Koubek, Karel Havlíček Borovský, Karel Havík Janophiles who were Slavophiles and in individual actions Russophiles, but at the same time really and correctly assessed the Ukrainian issue, for the first time brought it to an international forum. They supported the Ukrainians' language and rights in 1849 in the Austrian post-revolutionary parliament against Polish and Russian fraud, the independence of the Ukrainian people among the Slavs. The "awakeners" were against Russian claims to the Ukrainian Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia, the anti-Ukrainian policy of tsarism, and defended the leading role of Ukraine in the final settlement of inter-Slavic relations. O. Bochkovskyi's journalistic activity in different European magazines is revealed. Special attention is paid to the coverage of the Ukrainian issue, the situation of Galician-Bukovynian Ukrainians, the national development of the Slavic peoples. The ideological influence of the notable Czech scientist, public and political figure Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk on the scientific way of Olgerd Bochkovskyi as a sociologist and nationalist is highlighted. In the works of O. Bochkovskyi, it was emphasized that T. Masaryk, before the war interpreted the Ukrainian question, based primarily on the real content and vitality of the Ukrainian movement. He emphasized the absolute undoubted right of Ukrainians to self-determination and political independence. It is noted that concerning the Ukrainian issue T. Masaryk had mainly political reasons. It is stated that O. Bochkovskyi proved T. Masaryk's warnings against Ukraine's independence during the war by recent history and the adjustment of life. The author singled out tactics and methods of the Czechoslovak liberation action as the top of T. Masaryk's nation-building art, a perfect example for Ukraine in further liberation directions, the guarantee of the future triumph of Ukrainian independence. Keywords: Olgerd Bochkovskyi, Tomáš Masaryk, Ukraine, Ukrainian issue, Ukrainians, Czechs, independence, statehood.
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Voron, Nataliia. "History and Culture of Ukraine on the Pages of Periodicals of the Ukrainian Historical and Philological Society in Prague (in 1939-1945s)." Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsyiubynskyi State Pedagogical University. Series: History, no. 34 (2020): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2020-34-100-109.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the representation’s report of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic in Prague on the attitude of the president of Czechoslovakia T. G. Masaryk to the Ukrainian question. The research methodology is based on the research principles of historicism, scientificity, objectivity, general scientific methods (source analysis, historical and logical) and special historical methods (narrative and problem-chronological). The scientific novelty of the work is that the article on the basis of archival and published materials, in particular, the letters of the heads of the representation of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic in Prague to the foreign ministers of the state, analyzes the attitude of the first president of Czechoslovakia to the Ukrainian question. Conclusions. Masaryk’s attitude to the Ukrainian question is considered in the context of establishing relations between Czechoslovakia and the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic in late 1918 – early 1919, the desire of ones in 1920-1923 to gain the support of Prague in ensuring the recognition of the Entente countries the independence of this state, discussion of the case of assisting for Ukrainian emigrants in Czechoslovakia. In the article were noted the changes in the position of the Czechoslovak president in the Ukrainian question. In his work «New Europe» (1918), he supported the idea of the uniting of the Dnieper region, Eastern Galicia and Bukovina considering it necessary to preserve it as part of the federal democratic Russian state. In early 1919 president of the Czechoslovak Republic was ready to recognize the independence of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, which was revived during the anti-Hetman uprising. But made the final decision dependent on the position of the Entente states at the peace conference in Paris. The coverage of the perception of the Ukrainian question by T. G. Masaryk in 1920-1921 by the representatives of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic in Prague testifies to his return to the concept set forth in the work «New Europe». Reports from representatives of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic allow a more complete study of the circumstances that made it impossible for it to gain political support from Czechoslovakia. Given this, as well as the issues of the Czechoslovak Republic’s policy in Transcarpathia and on emigration were raised in the reports of the representation, these documents are an important source for studying the history of Czechoslovak-Ukrainian relations.
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Didkivska, Lesia. "Migration of Ukrainians at the pre-industrial stage of social development." Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni 2019, no. 52 (2019): 138–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2019.52.138.
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The subject of the research is the migration history of Ukrainians at the pre-industrial stage of social development. The purpose of the article is the historical and economic analysis of migration trends and the identification of geographical vectors of the first migration flows on Ukrainian lands and the institutional factors and socioeconomic consequences of the spread of migration sentiment among the population during the period. The result of the study is the identification of features of the first migration flows in the Ukrainian territory, the classification of migration according to its causes, the identification of directions of the resettlement of Ukrainians and the consequences of emigration of Ukrainians. It was revealed that the labour migration of Ukrainians was preceded by political migration related to the regular attacks of Tatars and Turks, the fall of Kievan Rus, the loss of national statehood, the colonization of Ukrainian lands by foreign states. In spite of a number of negative consequences, the Ukrainian people received both economic benefits and qualitative progress in state-building. At the same time, labour migration led to the irreversible loss of the economically active working population, above all the peasantry, who were the most important group among Ukrainian emigrants. The main factors contributing to the labour migration of Ukrainians were similar: institutional (abolition of serfdom), demographic (reduction of mortality rate, while maintaining high fertility), socio-economic (low-income Ukrainian peasants, mass impoverishment and low standards of living), innovative infrastructure (development of the newest means of communication and large geographical discoveries) that encouraged intercountry resettlement. However, the vector of migratory flows of Ukrainians was rather diverse: Ukrainians under Austro-Hungary (Galicia, Northern Bukovina and Transcarpathian Ukraine) were covered by intercontinental migration (USA, Canada, Brazil and Argentina), while the peasants of the Left Bank and Central Ukraine migrated to the Northern Caucasus and the Far East.
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Vozyanov, Andrey. "Solution into problem: Ukrainian Marshrutka and Romanian maxi-taxi at the fall of planning paradigms after 1990." Journal of Transport History 39, no. 1 (February 8, 2018): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526618757086.
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Focusing on marshrutka in Ukraine and maxi-taxi in Romania after 1990, I argue that both the idea and the realisation of shared taxis at the peripheries of Europe during the post-socialist years have been implemented as a solution for needed mobility, yet they have shifted to becoming a problem. Marshrutka and maxi-taxi can be considered an area of negotiations, which caused both public support and rejection. More recently, collocated as they are in the peripheries of Europe, a shared taxi service conflicted with images of (European) modernity and was labelled as incompatible with any planning or sustainable policy. Additionally, implementing stricter regulations displayed the state’s power and presence.
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Harding, Anthony, and Attila Szemán. "Evidence for Prehistoric Salt Extraction Rediscovered in the Hungarian Central Mining Museum." Antiquaries Journal 91 (May 31, 2011): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581511000023.
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AbstractThis paper describes a group of wooden objects (a trough, ladder, mallet and other pieces) found in 1817 in a salt mine in north-eastern Austria-Hungary, now Ukraine, which have recently come to light in the Hungarian Central Mining Museum in Sopron. It presents new radiocarbon dates indicating that the objects date to the Bronze Age, except for one that belongs to the early medieval period. Their function is briefly considered in the context of recent excavation and survey work in Romania, and specifically the remarkable discoveries from Băile Figa near Beclean, northern Transylvania, where several similar troughs and other objects have been found. Taken together, the finds shed light on the scale of salt exploitation in central and eastern Europe in prehistoric times.
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Csernicskó, István, and Viktória Ferenc. "Hegemonic, regional, minority and language policy in Subcarpathia: a historical overview and the present-day situation." Nationalities Papers 42, no. 3 (May 2014): 399–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.867933.
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During the twentieth century the region of Subcarpathia belonged to several different states: the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Czechoslovakia, the independent Carpatho-Ukraine, the Hungarian Kingdom, the Soviet Union and finally to Ukraine. Today it borders four member states of the European Union (Poland, the Slovak Republic, Hungary and Romania), and due to its history several ethnicities and languages, religions and cultures live side by side in this region. However, as a consequence of the different language and minority policies in Subcarpathia, we cannot find a common language that everybody knows regardless of age, gender, education, religion or place of residence. The lack of a lingua franca makes dialogue between ethnicities difficult, sometimes even impossible. In this article we outline the main features of the regional, minority and language policies of the different states that existed at the various historical stages. We believe that the in-depth analysis of the history of this region can help find a model that could be useful not only in the region but also in the wider context of similarly multinational, linguistically diverse, culturally colorful territories in the Carpathian Basin and states in East-Central Europe.
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Lukianets, O. I., O. G. Obodovskyi, V. V. Grebin, O. O. Pochaievets, and V. O. Korniienko. "SPATIAL REGULARITIES OF CHANGE IN AVERAGE ANNUAL WATER FLOW OF RIVERs OF UKRAINE." Ukrainian Geographical Journal, no. 1 (2021): 06–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ugz2021.01.006.
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One of the most important ways of broad territorial generalization of hydrological characteristics is isoline maps, which are used in the calculation of average annual, seasonal, maximum and minimum water runoff, sediment runoff, in assessing water resources or water balance of the studied areas and so on. The purpose of this study is to construct with the help of GIS analytical functions a map of isolines of the average annual water runoff of rivers of Ukraine and analysis of spatial patterns of its changes. For this purpose, a bank of average annual water discharge was established from the beginning of observations up to and including 2015, from 389 hydrological posts located in Ukraine and abroad (Belarus, the Russian Federation, Moldova, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania). The map created according to modern data is of great practical importance for various types of water management design: development of a strategy for the rational use and protection of water resources, planning and implementation of water management measures, optimal regulation of river flow, assessment of hydropower potential of rivers and so on.
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Dzyra, Olesya. "THE UKRAINIAN GREEK-ORTHODOX CHURCH OF CANADA (1918-1939): PROBLEMS OF BUILDING." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 23 (2018): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2018.23.15.
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In the article it is done historiographical and sources study analysis of the material concerning to the activity of the Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Church of Canada (hereinafter referred to as UGOCC). The reasons influenced on its creation are shown. The main of them was the desire of the public activists to give possibility to the immigrants to attend their native church with Ukrainian divine service, deprived the influence of Rome and Moscow. The conditions in which Ukrainians consolidated on the basis of Orthodox religion were analyzed. Orthodox were mainly those who moved from Bukovina and Galicians, that past from Greek Catholic faith to Orthodox. The history of origin and further activity of UGOCC in the interwar period, according to valid norms of the Canadian legislation, is described in the research. The most important problems of the building of UGOCC, such as the lack of priests, searching for a bishop by Ukrainian origin, and the struggle for the recognition of the canonization by the Constantinople Patriarchate are defined. Specific peculiarities of functioning the UGOC on Canadian territory, its ties with the same church in Ukraine are characterized. So, UGOC of Canada gave great significance to the spiritual union with the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (hereinafter referred to as UAOC), on it repeatedly stressed in its councils. UGOCC recognized itself as a part of the UAOC, headed by the Metropolitan Vasyl Lypkivsky. Particular attention is paid to internal conflicts in the interior of the Orthodox church. During the interwar period the discussion question of the canonicity of UGOC of Canada is remained, which Ivan Teodorovych and most of the members of the church`s council aspired to, but a part of the public activists led by V. Svystun was against the connection with the Constantinople Patriarchate and resanctifying the Archbishop, because it would mean «treason» of UAOC in Ukraine and the Kyivan canons of 1921. Therefore, the article analyzes the main problems of the building of the Ukrainian Orthodox church in Canada in the interwar period as well as the ways to solve them.
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Curta, Florin. "Pots, Slavs and ‘imagined communities’: Slavic archaeologies and the history of the early Slavs." European Journal of Archaeology 4, no. 3 (2001): 367–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/eja.2001.4.3.367.
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Despite recent emphasis on the impact of nationalism on archaeology, the discussion has centered more on the ideological framework of the culture-historical school of archaeology, particularly on the concept of archaeological culture. Comparatively little attention has been paid to how archaeologists contributed to the construction of the national past. This article examines Slavic archaeology, a discipline crisscrossing national divisions of archaeological schools, within the broader context of the ‘politics of culture’ which characterizes all nation-states, as ‘imagined communities’ (Anderson 1991). Indeed, the current academic discourse about the early Slavs in Ukraine, Russia, and Romania appears as strikingly tied to political, rather than intellectual, considerations. In eastern Europe, the concept of archaeological culture is still defined in monothetic terms on the basis of the presence or absence of a list of traits or types derived from typical sites or intuitively considered to be representative cultural attributes. Archaeologists thus regarded archaeological cultures as actors on the historical stage, playing the role individuals or groups have in documentary history. Archaeological cultures became ethnic groups, and were used to legitimize claims of modern nation-states to territory and influence.
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Vehesh, Mykola, and Stepan Vidnyanskyj. "Some Aspects of State-Building Processes in Carpathian Ukraine on the Eve of the Second World War." Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni: naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki, no. 29 (November 10, 2020): 201–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mzu2020.29.201.
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Autonomous Subcarpathian Rus’, and subsequently independent Carpathian Ukraine, existed for an extremely short period of time: from October 1938 to the second half of March, 1939. Despite this fact, there was such a rapid development of political events in the country that the attention of the whole world was drawn to Carpathian Ukraine. This also applies to the researchers who, at the end of the 1930s, began to study the history of Carpathian Ukraine. The declaration of independence on March 14, 1939 was explained by the desire of the Ukrainian population of the region for freedom. However, the disintegration of Czechoslovakia and the declaration of independence by Slovakia were also of great importance for this act. Despite some spontaneity and haste, this historical event in the life of not only Transcarpathian Ukrainians, but of the entire Ukrainian people was of great historical importance. After January 21, 1919, it was the second attempt to declare to the whole world that Ukrainian nation is alive and ready for state life. Although this act of declaration of independence, ratified on March 15, 1939 at the Soim of Carpathian Ukraine, was more symbolic than real politics, it played a large role in forming the self-consciousness of the entire Ukrainian nation. It was during the period of Carpathian Ukraine that a kind of transition from consciousness of Transcarpathian Ruthenians to Transcarpathian Ukrainians ended. In the late 1930s, Carpathian Ukraine was the only state where a small branch of the Ukrainian people proclaimed their independence and declared their desire to live a state life. The Ukrainians who were part of the USSR, as well as the Ukrainians under the control of Poland and Romania didn’t have such opportunity. However, they treated Carpathian Ukraine as an area where an attempt was made to restore Ukrainian statehood. On this basis, it is necessary to consider the formation of the Carpatho-Ukrainian state as the second stage – after the liberation contest of 1918–20’s – in the struggle for the creation of Ukrainian state formation on a separate Ukrainian territory
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Azmanova-Rudarska, Elena. "Science and Festivity. The Cult and Idealization towards the Images of St. Cyril and Methodius and Some of their Students in Some Countries in the Black Sea Region during 1945-1990." Balkanistic Forum 29, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 236–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v29i3.12.
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This paper follows the cult towards some of the St. Holy Seven Saints - St. Cyril, St. Methodius, St. Klement and St. Naum. The accent falls on countries like Bulgaria, Russia, Romania, Ukraine, Moldova, Turkeу and others. Scientific, as well as festivе manifestations are being reviewed during the anniversary years 1963, 1966 and 1969, and different scientific meetings, conferences and simposiums, which show the cult in new light. On one hand the article takes into account the scientific achievements from the middle of the 19th century until 1945, and on the other - after the Second World War. Known facts and hypotheses are being ideologized or moved aside, so that the new political landmarks can be emphasized. During these scientific forums Bulgaria was considered as a bridge between the East and the West.
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Bozhuk, T. I., and Z. I. Buchko. "Cross-Border Ukrainian-Hungarian Cooperation in the Sphere of Tourism." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 27, no. 1 (July 10, 2018): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111828.
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The work deals with specificities of Ukrainian/Hungarian cross-border cooperation. To begin with, legislative and regulatory frameworks that permitted functioning of Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Moldova within the Carpathian EuroRegion have been described, and key literature sources related to topicality and efficiency of cross-border tourism development were analyzed. Major focus was thus given to disclosure of trends in Ukrainian -Hungarian cross-border tourism, which presupposed the analysis of statistical data related to tourism flows. The figures of the last-decade Ukrainian and Hungarian outbound and inbound tourism are presented and discussed. As was established, tourism flows from Ukraine to Hungary underwent significant changes in the last 10 years showing a 62% growth from 2006 to 2016 (from 1 790 008 to 2 893 370 people). The greatest departure intensity was observed since 2013 with average annual gain by 200-300 thousand people. Instead, the Hungary-to-Ukraine direction is specific for instability throughout the whole period of observations. It was 1–1,2 million Hungarians who annually visited Ukraine in 2006–2008. In particular, organized tourism shared 8% out of the wholeflow in 2006. Beginning from 2007, this share declined to 1% and stayed unchanged through the next five years. Insignificant decrease in tourist arrivals to Ukraine was in 2009-2014. The last 3 years witness some growth of tourist flows at a rate of 200 thousand people annually on the average. Since all present-day trends observed in the market of cross-border tourism services are connected with realization of programs for cross-border cooperation, the effect of such programs (in particular, those to support implementation and development of recreation/tourism infrastructure in Zakarpattia Oblast in Ukraine and the Megye of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg in Hungary) was assessed. It was established that both regions possess considerable natural, historic-cultural and architectural potentials that are well worth the efforts to develop tourism infrastructure and realize cross-border routes. Perspective directions of cross-bordertourism development were outlined to be as follows: sports/rehabilitative and adventure tourism; green rural tourism; ecotourism; treatment/health-improving tourism; enogastronomy; religious tourism; educational tourism with accentuation on monuments of history, archaeology, culture and ethnography; and event tourism.
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NAIDENKO, Oleksii. "World experience of family business taxation and prospects of its implementation in Ukraine." Naukovi pratsi NDFI 2021, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/npndfi2021.01.036.
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Approaches to defining the essence of family businesses in foreign countries are considered and the main requirements for their creation are determined. It is determined that family business in foreign countries is mostly carried out in farming. The world family business is characterized by two features. First of all, the preservation of a huge number of small and medium enterprises created by family members. The second feature is the presence of huge family corporations and holdings with a world name and age history, which are inherited 3-6 times. Approaches to the regulation of family businesses in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Romania are analyzed. Foreign experience proves that family businesses can be created both in the form of commercial enterprises and in the form of a legal entity, which allows companies to choose the rules of their own activities; an automatic registration procedure is applied, which reduces time costs; the law defines the list of persons who may belong to family members; joint and several liability of family members under the terms of the contract is applied, which strengthens the liability of all family members for the results of activities; There is a distribution of profits depending on the amount of contributions of each family member, which creates the interest of all persons in increasing the profits of the enterprise. Draft legislative acts were considered, which provided for the introduction of family businesses taxation or regulation of their economic activities. The advantages and disadvantages of such bills are substantiated. The existing system of taxation of family farms within the single tax is analyzed (group 4). Recommendations on the possible introduction of family business taxation in Ukraine as part of the simplified taxation system are substantiated. The risks of applying family business taxation for the state and family businesses are highlighted.
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Fekete, Albert. "Late Renaissance Garden Art in the Carpathian Basin." Landscape & Environment 14, no. 2 (September 21, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21120/le/14/2/1.
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The aim of the article was to find, scientifically define and locate the most frequent occurrences of the Late Renaissance garden units of the Carpathian Basin. This article - as partial result of a research work entitled "Castle Garden Inventory in the Carpathian Basin" and conducted by teachers and students of the Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Urbanism of Szent István University, Budapest - aims to identify through historical research, on-site visits and assessments the current status of 148 Late Renaissance residency gardens located in seven different countries of the Carpathian Basin (Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Croatia and Slovenia). Based on the archival and literary sources as well as the field studies carried out, we defined the spatial distribution of Late Renaissance residential gardens, we delineated six very characteristic Late Renaissance garden units and we defined the most typical Late Renaissance garden features for the region. At the same time, we explored and documented still existing values of garden history at some locations from the Renaissance era.
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Lajic-Mihajlovic, Danka. "The history of the three-part bagpipes in the light of migrations." Muzikologija, no. 3 (2003): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/muz0303013l.
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Three-part bagpipes could be designated as multinational musical instruments since they are and were found in Serbia, Croatia, Hungary, Slovakia, the Ukraine and Romania. In order to determine the movement of their circulation in the past, it is important to investigate the influences that the different cultures had on one another. The central area of the vast territory where they were used coincides with the territory of Hungary when it was part of the Austrian Empire. From that fact it can be deduced that the presence of bagpipes as a common cultural element was the result of the influence of the Hungarian conquest. Another interpretation is based on data concerning Serbian migrations. The area where three-part bagpipes are spread significantly coincides with that of Serbian cultural influences. This finding is supported by linguistic research. The instrument related to bag-pipes, the double clarinet ("diple"), a traditional instrument of the Serbs, and the singing "on the bass" (a vocal counterpart of the harmonical structure of three-part bagpipes), mark the musical features that are characteristic only of Serbs and Croats, and are not found among other peoples that use three-part bagpipes. It is a delicate matter to differentiate the roles of those two peoples because of their common origins and centuries of close proximity on the territory that has recently gained the status of the republic of Croatia. However, on the basis of known data it seems that the key-role was played by Serbs. Such research is important for investigating typologies and stylistic stratigraphies of Serbian traditional music.