Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bulk purchasing

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Bulk purchasing'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Bulk purchasing"

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ADY., P. "BULK PURCHASING AND THE COLONIAL PRODUCER." Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 9, no. 10 (May 1, 2009): 321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1947.mp9010001.x.

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Griffith, Rachel, Ephraim Leibtag, Andrew Leicester, and Aviv Nevo. "Consumer Shopping Behavior: How Much Do Consumers Save?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 23, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.23.2.99.

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This paper documents the potential and actual savings that consumers realize from four particular types of purchasing behavior: purchasing on sale; buying in bulk (at a lower per unit price); buying generic brands; and choosing outlets. How much can and do households save through each of these behaviors? How do these patterns vary with consumer demographics? We use data collected by a marketing firm on all food purchases brought into the home for a large, nationally representative sample of U.K. households in 2006. We are interested in how consumer choice affects the measurement of price changes. In particular, a standard price index based on a fixed basket of goods will overstate the rise in the true cost of living because it does not properly consider sales and bulk purchasing. According to our measures, the extent of this bias might be of the same or even greater magnitude than the better-known substitution and outlet biases.
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Zakia, Farah, Safrida Safrida, and Zakiah Zakiah. "FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERILAKU KONSUMEN DALAM PEMBELIAN MINYAK GORENG CURAH DAN MINYAK GORENG KEMASAN ( Studi Kasus Pasar Peunayong Kota Banda Aceh)." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v2i1.2251.

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Abstrak.Minyak goreng merupakan salah satu kebutuhan pokok masyarakat dalam rangka pemenuhan kebutuhan sehari-hari, berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku konsumen dalam pembelian minyak goreng curah dan minyak goreng kemasan adalah produk, harga dan promosi.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku konsumen dalam pembelian minyak goreng curah dan minyak goreng kemasan di Banda Aceh.Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Studi Kasus dengan metode pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan Accidental Sampling yaitu Pengambilan sampel didasarkan pada kenyataan bahwa mereka kebetulan muncul.Hasil penelitian ini diketahui bahwa produk, harga dan promosi minyak goreng curah dan minyak goreng kemasan berpengaruh nyata terhadap perilaku konsumen minyak goreng curah dan minyak goreng kemasan di pasar Peunayong Kota Banda Aceh.Kata Kunci: Minyak Goreng Curah, Minyak Goreng Kemasan, Perilaku Konsumen, Produk, Harga, PromosiAbstract. Oil meal is one of the basic needs of people in order to meet daily needs, a variety of factors that influence consumer behavior in purchasing bulk meal oil and meal oil packaging are product, price and promotion. This study aims to determine the factors that influence consumer behavior in purchasing bulk meal oil and meal oil packaging in Banda Aceh. The method used in this research is a case study with the sampling method accidental sampling is done by sampling was based on the fact that they happen to appear. The results of this research note that the product, price and promotion of bulk meal oil and meal oil packaging significantly affect consumer behavior meal oil, bulk and packaged meal oil in the Peunayong market Banda Aceh.Keywords: Bulk Meal Oil, Meal Oil Packaging, Consumer Behavior, Product, Price, Promotion
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Anglou, Fiorentia Zoi, Stavros Ponis, and Athanasios Spanos. "A machine learning approach to enable bulk orders of critical spare-parts in the shipping industry." Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 14, no. 3 (July 19, 2021): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jiem.3446.

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Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to propose a methodological approach and a decision support tool, based on prescriptive analytics, to enable bulk ordering of spare parts for shipping companies operating fleets of vessels. The developed tool utilises machine learning and operations research algorithms, to forecast and optimize bulk spare parts orders needed to cover planned maintenance requirements on an annual basis and optimize the company’s purchasing decisions.Design/methodology/approach: The proposed approach consists of three discrete methodological steps, each one supported by a decision support tool based on clustering and machine learning algorithms. In the first step, clustering is applied in order to identify high interest items. Next, a forecasting tool is developed for estimating the expected needs of the fleet and to test whether the needed quantity is influenced by the source of purchase. Finally, the selected items are cost-effectively allocated to a group of vendors. The performance of the tool is assessed by running a simulation of a bulk order process on a mixed fleet totaling 75 vessels.Findings: The overall findings and approach are quite promising Indicatively, shifting demand planning focus to critical spares, via clustering, can reduce administrative workload. Furthermore, the proposed forecasting approach results in a Mean Absolute Percentage Error of 10% for specific components, with a potential for further reduction, as data availability increases. Finally, the cost optimizer can prescribe spare part acquisition scenarios that yield a 9% overall cost reduction over the span of two years.Originality/value: By adopting the proposed approach, shipping companies have the potential to produce meaningful results ranging from soft benefits, such as the rationalization of the workload of the purchasing department and its third party collaborators to hard, quantitative benefits, such as reducing the cost of the bulk ordering process, directly affecting a company’s bottom line.
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Erdey, L., and P. Földvári. "Do Purchasing Power and Interest Rate Parities hold for the EUR/HUF exchange rate?" Acta Oeconomica 59, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 289–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.59.2009.3.2.

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In this article we carry out a time-series analysis on monthly HUF-EUR exchange rate data using both the Engle-Granger and Johansen methodology in order to find evidence for Purchasing Power and Uncovered Interest Rate Parities. Our results confirm that the producer price indices and the exchange rates are co-integrated with two co-integration vectors. Unlike the bulk of empirical literature that finds a quite sluggish adjustment of exchange rates, our estimate of the half-life from the Hungarian data is around 5 months only. Additionally, we find that when both PPP and UIP are included in the model, we cannot reject the hypotheses of proportionality and symmetry at 10%, while rejection is possible at 5%.
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Gao, Zhen, and Lixin Tang. "A multi-objective model for purchasing of bulk raw materials of a large-scale integrated steel plant." International Journal of Production Economics 83, no. 3 (March 2003): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-5273(02)00373-0.

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Soule, Eric K., Shannon Mayne, William Snipes, Mignonne C. Guy, Alison Breland, and Pebbles Fagan. "Impacts of COVID-19 on Electronic Cigarette Purchasing, Use and Related Behaviors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 6762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186762.

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Background: COVID-19 has caused health impacts and disruptions globally. Electronic cigarette (ECIG) users may face additional impacts. This study examined impacts of COVID-19 on ECIG users. Methods: Concept mapping, a mixed-methods approach, was used to identify COVID-19 impacts on adult ECIG users. ECIG users (n = 93) provided statements completing a prompt: “A specific way Coronavirus/COVID-19 has affected my vaping/e-cigarette use, my vaping/e-cigarette related purchasing, or other vaping/e-cigarette related behaviors or issues is…”. Participants generated 85 unique statements, sorted statements into groups of similar content and rated each statement on how true they were. Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis identified thematic clusters. Mean cluster ratings were compared between sample subgroups. Results: Ten clusters were identified: Stocking up and Bulk Purchasing, Challenges in Obtaining ECIG Supplies, Alternative Purchasing Procedures, Increased ECIG use, Disruption of Routine and ECIG Use, Efforts to Decrease ECIG Use, Improving ECIG Skills, COVID-19 Health Concerns, Perceptions of ECIG Use and COVID-19, and COVID-19 Protection. More dependent ECIG users and dual users of ECIGs and cigarettes rated clusters higher than less dependent ECIG users and non-dual users. Conclusions: ECIG users may experience or perceive they face additional COVID-19 impacts, such as increased exposure, financial burdens, stress, and health risks.
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Mandal, S., B. C. Giri, and K. S. Chaudhuri. "Optimal batch production strategies under continuous price decrease and time discounting." Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research 17, no. 2 (2007): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/yjor0702165m.

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Single price discount in unit cost for bulk purchasing is quite common in reality as well as in inventory literature. However, in today's high-tech industries such as personal computers and mobile industries, continuous decrease in unit cost is a regular phenomenon. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the effects of continuous price decrease and time-value of money on optimal decisions for inventoried goods having time-dependent demand and production rates. The proposed models are developed over a finite time horizon considering both shortages and without shortages in inventory. Numerical examples are taken to illustrate the developed models and to examine the sensitivity of model parameters.
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Rafiei Darani, Hadi, and Hadi Asghari. "Study of international tourism demand in Middle East by panel data model." International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 12, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcthr-03-2017-0030.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study determining factors of international tourism demand in Middle Eastern countries. Design/methodology/approach Panel data pattern is used for data analysis of 1995 to 2013. Findings Results indicate variables like trade freedom index and gross domestic product (GDP) have positive and significant impact upon tourism demand of the countries of the region. Purchasing power parity (PPP) and GDP per capita are indicators which affect the tourism demand rate in Middle East negatively. Originality/value It is estimated that Middle East region will claim for the bulk of tourist arrivals in following years. Therefore, this study is vital for destination managers to plan for demand in future.
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LIN, TIEN-YU. "A TWO-WAREHOUSE INVENTORY MODEL FOR ITEMS WITH IMPERFECT QUALITY AND QUANTITY DISCOUNTS." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 28, no. 02 (April 2011): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595911003107.

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In this paper, a two-warehouse inventory model for items with imperfect quality and all-unit quantity discounts was developed. In practice, the supplier usually offers quantity discounts to encourage the retailer ordering larger lot sizes and thus, extra storage space is needed for the retailer. Two levels of storages, owned-warehouse and rented warehouse, are considered in this study to store bulk quantities. We develop two algorithms to determine the optimal lot size and purchasing cost: one is based on the work of Render et al. (2003) and the other is similar to the method proposed by Goyal (1995). Two numerical examples are provided for illustration, in which we show that our algorithms require fewer iterations than that of the modified procedures based on the work of Render et al. (2003).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bulk purchasing"

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Dabergerová, Dana. "Podniktelský záměr." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-223743.

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This thesis is proposal of the business plan to expand business of the internet trade with underwear and for profit. The thesis is based on knowledge learned during studies, provided information, analysis of the current industry.
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Abahamye, Aloysius. "Cost comparison between repackaging bulk oral solid medicines and purchasing manufacturer-prepared patient-ready packs in the public sector in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020596.

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In an attempt to have medicines available in patient-ready packs (PRPs) prior to the dispensing process, the provincial medicine depots in South Africa have, for many years, been repackaging bulk medicines into PRPs. Notwithstanding the fact that bulk medicine packages may have been the only packages available from the manufacturers to service the Primary Health Care (PHC) sector, the main aim of this process was to ensure that medicines were available in PRPs for dispensing to patients, thus, minimising the time spent on each prescription by the pharmacist, pharmacist’s assistant or Nurse. Currently, some medicines are being procured in PRPs from the manufacturers, whereas others are still procured in bulk packs which must be repackaged into PRPs. After a thorough literature search, it was established that, up until this point in time, no studies have been performed to compare costs of repackaged medicines from bulk packs with costs of medicines procured from manufacturers in PRPs. There was very scanty literature comparing the use of medicines procured either in PRPs or bulk packs. However, literature on cost comparison between repackaging and purchasing of commercially available manufacturer-prepared PRPs was not identified.
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廖秀慧. "Analyzing Influence Factors Of Purchasing and Chartering Vessels In Bulk Shipping Corporations." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27690734592703978097.

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碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
航運管理學系
101
In recent years, the bulk shipping market is extremely variable. It is a challenge for bulk shipping companies making a decision on buying or chartering in ships to run their business. A bulk shipping company’s operational performance is influenced deeply by purchasing vessels with such a great price. To implement this research on the basis of international bulk shipping corporations, we plan to evaluate purchasing and chartering decision of vessels. Based on this standpoint, this study focused on analyzing the influence factors on purchasing and chartering vessels in dry bulk shipping corporations. In the previous researches, most of them focused on market factors or only discussed the internal parts which influence the vessel purchasing decision separately. Thus, we use the ratio of amount of owned vessels divided by amount of chartered vessels as a dependent variable. Adopt the related independent variables including external and internal aspects of the latest five years from Clarkson and quarterly financial report from shipping companies, set up this data as a panel data and apply seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) to analyze the relations of dependent variables and independent variables. We find out that the external variables, BDI, LIBOR, Secondhand price, new-building price and world fleet and internal variables, current asset of company, operation income and owned fleet size of company are the most significant features. Due to the delivery time of vessel, the present owned fleet and chartered fleet also be affected by six month and two month ago factors. Since previous studies rarely established of this type of information as an analysis in dry bulk shipping company, so this study is precedent. Others can expand or create another research model and focus on one vessel type market.
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Yuan-Jung, Lo, and 羅苑容. "The cognition analysis of the dry bulk secondhand ship-:purchasing key influence factors." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85932654413063191288.

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Lin, Cheng-Yi, and 林承逸. "Analyzing Secondhand Ship-purchasing Key Influence Factors and Service Factors in Bulk Shipping Sectors." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43887922222599118178.

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碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
航運管理學系
96
In the past few years, bulk shipping market operation has faced the most significant prosperity within the shipping industries. The manner of bulk shipping operation and decision making is different from liner shipping. This research mainly analyzes key influence factors of secondhand ship-purchasing decisions and secondhand ship-purchasing service factors from a standpoint of bulk shipping corporations. However, the lengthy process of sale and purchase secondhand ships, severe fluctuation of ship price, and low liquidity of ship make ship-purchasing opportune time difficult to catch. For this reason, ship-purchasing is the most important risk-measuring point for shipping corporations. First, this research analyzes the key influence factors of secondhand ship-purchasing decisions and uses analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to discuss the key influence factors of ship-purchasing decisions from bulk shipping corporations’ viewpoint. we construct analytic hierarchy framework by means of market, finance, ship and broker perspectives to analyze the influence factors and rankings of ship-purchasing decisions on bulk shipping corporations’ viewpoint. In respect in secondhand ship-purchasing service factors, this research uses importance-performance analysis (IPA) and importance-performance and tolerance analysis (IPTA) to discuss the degree of importance, performance, and tolerance of shipbrokers’ service factors in different ship-purchasing alternatives. Results demonstrate as follows: 1. “Market forecast” is the most important object of ship-purchasing decisions and the weight of other objects are as followed by, “consideration of finance management,” “condition and specification of ship,” and “shipbroker.” “Prediction and price of market” is the most important criterion of ship-purchasing decision and the weight of other criteria is as followed by, “market freight and hire,” “obtaining ship-purchasing fund,” “ship asset play,” and “delivery schedule of new building.” However, ship corporations of different attribute and background has significant discrepancy in the rankings of particular factors. 2. In four ship-purchasing alternatives, “ship price” factor locates in the “primarily keep up good work” area and “historical ship information” factor locates in the “fourth low priority” area. In supramax ship-purchasing alternatives, both “obtaining ship-purchasing fund” and “ship asset play” factors locate in the “concentrate here area”. It is expected that the above findings of this research can serve as a good reference for ship corporations in making secondhand ship-purchasing decesions and for shipbroker corporations in secondhand ship-purchasing service quality improvements .
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Lin, Che-Yi, and 林哲毅. "Analyzing Influence Factors of Purchasing New Building and Secondhand Vessels in Bulk Shipping Corporations." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90447554160839788866.

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碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
航運管理學系
97
In recent years, among shipping related industries, the variation of bulk shipping market has been the most challenging, and the strategy management in bulk shipping differs from that of liner shipping. Additionally, the fierce fluctuation in prices of newbuilding and second-hand vessels has accelerated the difficulty in making purchasing decisions. In Taiwan, most bulk shipping corporations own small-scale ship deadweight tonnages only; therefore, each ship purchasing decision would have deep and far influence on the shipping corporations. Implementing this research on the basis of bulk shipping corporations, we plan to evaluate purchasing decisions of newbuilding and secondhand vessels. Because of the discrepancy in the influence factors and the lack of an overall evaluation criterion for making purchasing decisions, bulk shipping corporations are exposed to considerable risks. For this reason, in order to discuss the ratio of secondhand price (SP) divided by newbuilding price (NP) and the variations in Capesize, Panamax, Supramax and Handysize as a reference for vessel purchasing decision-making, we not only adopt the related variables of the last decade (January 1997 to December 2008) from Clarkson but also apply the methods of ADF Test, Stepwise Regression and Multiple Regression. Results demonstrate as follows: 1. In secondhand vessel purchasing decisions, secondhand vessel transaction volume, variation of CGT and crude price are the most significantly in Capesize sectors. In Panamax sectors, the influences of secondhand vessel price on variation of new building price, T/C hire, crude price, secondhand vessel transaction volume and demolition of vessel volume. In Supramax sectors, variation of T/C hire and CGT are the most significantly. In Handysize sectors, variation of new building price, T/C hire and demolition of vessel volume are the most significantly. 2. In analyzing purchase new building vessel or secondhand vessel, we use SP/NP ratio as a dependent variable. In Capesize sectors, secondhand vessel transaction volume and crude price are the most significantly. T/C hire is the most important variable in Panamax and Supramax. In Handysize sectors, T/C hire and demolition of vessel volume are the most significantly. The findings in this research can serve as a good reference in making ship purchasing decisions for bulk shipping corporations, and will benefit bulk shipping corporations by helping them use the model for price evaluations.
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Brito, David Coelho. "Sports sponsorship and the impact on a brand's purchasing intention and recommendation: Red Bull, more than wings." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19184.

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Sponsorship has proven to be a fast-flourishing marketing tool. Its main essence is, in the companies' perspective, to effectively promote their products and services. Therefore, over the years, companies have begun to behold and consider this tool as a massive gateway for a successful strategical long-term plan. Previous sponsorship studies, have instigated to examine its concept on multiple situations and the implications they entail, but often lack new effective measures and approaches. Hence, the purpose of this investigation is to better understand and scrutinize the effects of Sports Sponsorship - its Awareness, Perceived Quality and Image - on Brand Equity variables, in particular, on Brand Image, Brand Awareness, Brand Loyalty and Perceived Brand Quality. Consequently, with that in mind, there is an examination of the effect/influence on the consumer's Brand Purchasing Intention and Brand Recommendation. Moreover, Red Bull, is used as a main reference. The energy drinks' company was placed on a Sports Sponsorship context, with 3 main sports highlighted (Football/Soccer, Air Racing and Formula 1). The respondents (from a diverse age range), were asked several questions considering Sponsorship and Brand Equity's variables and, their a-posteriori Brand Purchasing Intention and Recommendation - always heeding the Brand´s Sports Sponsorship they consider to be the most important. The results gathered by the following research propose that the presence of a Sports Sponsorship initiative brings no direct influence on a Brand's Purchasing Intention and Recommendation. In addition, Perceived Brand Quality affects both final variables, whereas Brand Awareness impacts none.
O Patrocínio tem-se revelado uma ferramenta de rápido crescimento, tendo como principal objetivo, do ponto de vista das empresas, a promoção eficaz dos seus produtos e serviços. Com o passar dos anos, as empresas começaram a reconhecer esta ferramenta como um portal sólido para o sucesso estratégico, no longo prazo. Estudos prévios sobre o Patrocínio têm exibido detalhadas análises, sob diversas situações, todavia, sem um fio condutor eficaz. Portanto, o objetivo desta investigação consiste num melhor escrutínio dos efeitos do Patrocínio no Desporto - a sua Consciência, Qualidade Percetível e Imagem - nas variáveis referentes ao Valor da Marca, mais exatamente, a Imagem da Marca, a Consciência da Marca, a Lealdade à Marca e a Qualidade Percetível da Marca. Consequentemente, é examinado o efeito na Intenção de Compra e Recomendação da Marca. Para além disso, Red Bull, é usada como referência principal de estudo. A empresa de bebidas energéticas foi colocada no contexto dos seus patrocínios desportivos, com realce a três (Futebol, "Air Racing" e Formula 1). Os inquiridos foram questionados relativamente às variáveis de Patrocínio e Valor da Marca, como também, à Intenção de Compra e Recomendação da Marca – considerando o Patrocínio de Desporto por eles considerado como o mais importante para a Marca. Os resultados recolhidos da investigação apontam para que as iniciativas de Patrocínio no Desporto não tenham uma influência direta na Intenção de Compra e Recomendação da Marca. Ademais, a Qualidade Percetível da Marca produz um efeito direto nas duas variáveis dependentes, ao invés da Consciência à Marca.
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Books on the topic "Bulk purchasing"

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Maine. Legislature. Commission to Study Bulk Purchasing of Prescription Drugs and Medical Supplies. Final report of the Commission to Study Bulk Purchasing of Prescription Drugs and Medical Supplies to the Joint Standing Committee on Health and Human Services. Augusta, Me: Office of Policy and Legal Analysis, 1999.

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Department of Defense bulk fuel--appropriations vs. usage: Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Security, International Affairs, and Criminal Justice of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session, July 30, 1996. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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Office, General Accounting. Postal Service: Improved safety program needed at Los Angeles Bulk Mail Center : briefing report to the chairman, Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1986.

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Western, Jerry. Got gold? Get gold!: The everything gold answer book : your guide to protecting your wealth in the 21st century gold rush while riding the golden bull and the silver stallion. United States?]: [J. Western], 2010.

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Office, General Accounting. Postal service: Labor-management relations and customer services at the Simi Valley, California, post office : report to the Chairman, Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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Office, General Accounting. Postal service: Employee-management relations at the Evansville, Indiana, post office : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1986.

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Office, General Accounting. Postal service: Final report on compliance with the 1988 budget reduction mandate : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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Office, General Accounting. Postal service: Mailings by selected religious organizations : fact sheet for the Chairman, Subcommittee on Postal Operations and Services, Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives. [Washington, D.C.]: The Office, 1988.

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Office, General Accounting. Postal service: Final report on compliance with 1989 budget reduction mandate : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.

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Office, General Accounting. Postal service: Employee-management relations at the Evansville, Indiana, post office : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bulk purchasing"

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Kurbel, Karl. "Enterprise Resource Planning and Integration." In Business Information Systems, 1263–71. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-969-9.ch078.

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Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a state-of-the-art approach to running organizations with the help of comprehensive information systems, providing support for key business processes and more general, for electronic business (e-business). ERP has evolved from earlier approaches, in particular, materials requirement planning (MRP) and manufacturing resource planning (called MRP II) in the 1980s. The focus of MRP and MRP II was on manufacturing firms. The essential problem that MRP attacked was to determine suitable quantities of all parts and materials needed to produce a given master production schedule (also called a “production program”), plus the dates and times when those quantities had to be available. Application packages for MRP have been available from the 1960s on. In the beginning, they were mostly provided by hardware vendors like IBM, Honeywell Bull, Digital Equipment, Siemens, etc. MRP was later expanded to closed-loop MRP to include capacity planning, shop floor control, and purchasing, because as Oliver Wight (1884) puts it: “Knowing what material was needed was fine, but if the capacity wasn’t available, the proper material couldn’t be produced” (p. 48). The next step in the evolution was MRP II (manufacturing resource planning). According to the father of MRP II, Oliver Wight, top management involvement in the planning is indispensable. Therefore, MRP II expands closed-loop MRP “to include the financial numbers that management needs to run the business and a simulation capability” (Wight, 1984, p. 54). Enterprise resource planning (ERP) has its roots in the earlier MRP II concepts, but it extends those concepts substantially into two directions. ERP takes into account that other types of enterprises than those producing physical goods need comprehensive information system (IS) support as well, and even in the manufacturing industry, there are more areas than those directly related to the production of goods that are critical for the success of a business.
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Reports on the topic "Bulk purchasing"

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Abdulla, Sara. China’s Robotics Patent Landscape. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20210002.

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Since 2011, China has dramatically grown its robotics sector as part of its mission to achieve technological leadership. The Chinese government has encouraged this growth through incentives and, in some cases, subsidies. Patents in robotics have surged, particularly at Chinese universities; by contrast, private companies comprise the bulk of robotics patent filers around the world. China has also seen a corresponding growth in robotics purchasing and active robotics stock. This data brief explores the trends in robotics patent families published from China as a measure of robotics advancement and finds that China is on track to emerge as a world leader in robotics.
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