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ADY., P. "BULK PURCHASING AND THE COLONIAL PRODUCER." Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 9, no. 10 (May 1, 2009): 321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1947.mp9010001.x.
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Griffith, Rachel, Ephraim Leibtag, Andrew Leicester, and Aviv Nevo. "Consumer Shopping Behavior: How Much Do Consumers Save?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 23, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.23.2.99.
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This paper documents the potential and actual savings that consumers realize from four particular types of purchasing behavior: purchasing on sale; buying in bulk (at a lower per unit price); buying generic brands; and choosing outlets. How much can and do households save through each of these behaviors? How do these patterns vary with consumer demographics? We use data collected by a marketing firm on all food purchases brought into the home for a large, nationally representative sample of U.K. households in 2006. We are interested in how consumer choice affects the measurement of price changes. In particular, a standard price index based on a fixed basket of goods will overstate the rise in the true cost of living because it does not properly consider sales and bulk purchasing. According to our measures, the extent of this bias might be of the same or even greater magnitude than the better-known substitution and outlet biases.
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Zakia, Farah, Safrida Safrida, and Zakiah Zakiah. "FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERILAKU KONSUMEN DALAM PEMBELIAN MINYAK GORENG CURAH DAN MINYAK GORENG KEMASAN ( Studi Kasus Pasar Peunayong Kota Banda Aceh)." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v2i1.2251.
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Abstrak.Minyak goreng merupakan salah satu kebutuhan pokok masyarakat dalam rangka pemenuhan kebutuhan sehari-hari, berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku konsumen dalam pembelian minyak goreng curah dan minyak goreng kemasan adalah produk, harga dan promosi.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku konsumen dalam pembelian minyak goreng curah dan minyak goreng kemasan di Banda Aceh.Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Studi Kasus dengan metode pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan Accidental Sampling yaitu Pengambilan sampel didasarkan pada kenyataan bahwa mereka kebetulan muncul.Hasil penelitian ini diketahui bahwa produk, harga dan promosi minyak goreng curah dan minyak goreng kemasan berpengaruh nyata terhadap perilaku konsumen minyak goreng curah dan minyak goreng kemasan di pasar Peunayong Kota Banda Aceh.Kata Kunci: Minyak Goreng Curah, Minyak Goreng Kemasan, Perilaku Konsumen, Produk, Harga, PromosiAbstract. Oil meal is one of the basic needs of people in order to meet daily needs, a variety of factors that influence consumer behavior in purchasing bulk meal oil and meal oil packaging are product, price and promotion. This study aims to determine the factors that influence consumer behavior in purchasing bulk meal oil and meal oil packaging in Banda Aceh. The method used in this research is a case study with the sampling method accidental sampling is done by sampling was based on the fact that they happen to appear. The results of this research note that the product, price and promotion of bulk meal oil and meal oil packaging significantly affect consumer behavior meal oil, bulk and packaged meal oil in the Peunayong market Banda Aceh.Keywords: Bulk Meal Oil, Meal Oil Packaging, Consumer Behavior, Product, Price, Promotion
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Anglou, Fiorentia Zoi, Stavros Ponis, and Athanasios Spanos. "A machine learning approach to enable bulk orders of critical spare-parts in the shipping industry." Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 14, no. 3 (July 19, 2021): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jiem.3446.
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Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to propose a methodological approach and a decision support tool, based on prescriptive analytics, to enable bulk ordering of spare parts for shipping companies operating fleets of vessels. The developed tool utilises machine learning and operations research algorithms, to forecast and optimize bulk spare parts orders needed to cover planned maintenance requirements on an annual basis and optimize the company’s purchasing decisions.Design/methodology/approach: The proposed approach consists of three discrete methodological steps, each one supported by a decision support tool based on clustering and machine learning algorithms. In the first step, clustering is applied in order to identify high interest items. Next, a forecasting tool is developed for estimating the expected needs of the fleet and to test whether the needed quantity is influenced by the source of purchase. Finally, the selected items are cost-effectively allocated to a group of vendors. The performance of the tool is assessed by running a simulation of a bulk order process on a mixed fleet totaling 75 vessels.Findings: The overall findings and approach are quite promising Indicatively, shifting demand planning focus to critical spares, via clustering, can reduce administrative workload. Furthermore, the proposed forecasting approach results in a Mean Absolute Percentage Error of 10% for specific components, with a potential for further reduction, as data availability increases. Finally, the cost optimizer can prescribe spare part acquisition scenarios that yield a 9% overall cost reduction over the span of two years.Originality/value: By adopting the proposed approach, shipping companies have the potential to produce meaningful results ranging from soft benefits, such as the rationalization of the workload of the purchasing department and its third party collaborators to hard, quantitative benefits, such as reducing the cost of the bulk ordering process, directly affecting a company’s bottom line.
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Erdey, L., and P. Földvári. "Do Purchasing Power and Interest Rate Parities hold for the EUR/HUF exchange rate?" Acta Oeconomica 59, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 289–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.59.2009.3.2.
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In this article we carry out a time-series analysis on monthly HUF-EUR exchange rate data using both the Engle-Granger and Johansen methodology in order to find evidence for Purchasing Power and Uncovered Interest Rate Parities. Our results confirm that the producer price indices and the exchange rates are co-integrated with two co-integration vectors. Unlike the bulk of empirical literature that finds a quite sluggish adjustment of exchange rates, our estimate of the half-life from the Hungarian data is around 5 months only. Additionally, we find that when both PPP and UIP are included in the model, we cannot reject the hypotheses of proportionality and symmetry at 10%, while rejection is possible at 5%.
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Gao, Zhen, and Lixin Tang. "A multi-objective model for purchasing of bulk raw materials of a large-scale integrated steel plant." International Journal of Production Economics 83, no. 3 (March 2003): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-5273(02)00373-0.
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Soule, Eric K., Shannon Mayne, William Snipes, Mignonne C. Guy, Alison Breland, and Pebbles Fagan. "Impacts of COVID-19 on Electronic Cigarette Purchasing, Use and Related Behaviors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 6762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186762.
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Background: COVID-19 has caused health impacts and disruptions globally. Electronic cigarette (ECIG) users may face additional impacts. This study examined impacts of COVID-19 on ECIG users. Methods: Concept mapping, a mixed-methods approach, was used to identify COVID-19 impacts on adult ECIG users. ECIG users (n = 93) provided statements completing a prompt: “A specific way Coronavirus/COVID-19 has affected my vaping/e-cigarette use, my vaping/e-cigarette related purchasing, or other vaping/e-cigarette related behaviors or issues is…”. Participants generated 85 unique statements, sorted statements into groups of similar content and rated each statement on how true they were. Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis identified thematic clusters. Mean cluster ratings were compared between sample subgroups. Results: Ten clusters were identified: Stocking up and Bulk Purchasing, Challenges in Obtaining ECIG Supplies, Alternative Purchasing Procedures, Increased ECIG use, Disruption of Routine and ECIG Use, Efforts to Decrease ECIG Use, Improving ECIG Skills, COVID-19 Health Concerns, Perceptions of ECIG Use and COVID-19, and COVID-19 Protection. More dependent ECIG users and dual users of ECIGs and cigarettes rated clusters higher than less dependent ECIG users and non-dual users. Conclusions: ECIG users may experience or perceive they face additional COVID-19 impacts, such as increased exposure, financial burdens, stress, and health risks.
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Mandal, S., B. C. Giri, and K. S. Chaudhuri. "Optimal batch production strategies under continuous price decrease and time discounting." Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research 17, no. 2 (2007): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/yjor0702165m.
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Single price discount in unit cost for bulk purchasing is quite common in reality as well as in inventory literature. However, in today's high-tech industries such as personal computers and mobile industries, continuous decrease in unit cost is a regular phenomenon. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the effects of continuous price decrease and time-value of money on optimal decisions for inventoried goods having time-dependent demand and production rates. The proposed models are developed over a finite time horizon considering both shortages and without shortages in inventory. Numerical examples are taken to illustrate the developed models and to examine the sensitivity of model parameters.
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Rafiei Darani, Hadi, and Hadi Asghari. "Study of international tourism demand in Middle East by panel data model." International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 12, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcthr-03-2017-0030.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study determining factors of international tourism demand in Middle Eastern countries. Design/methodology/approach Panel data pattern is used for data analysis of 1995 to 2013. Findings Results indicate variables like trade freedom index and gross domestic product (GDP) have positive and significant impact upon tourism demand of the countries of the region. Purchasing power parity (PPP) and GDP per capita are indicators which affect the tourism demand rate in Middle East negatively. Originality/value It is estimated that Middle East region will claim for the bulk of tourist arrivals in following years. Therefore, this study is vital for destination managers to plan for demand in future.
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LIN, TIEN-YU. "A TWO-WAREHOUSE INVENTORY MODEL FOR ITEMS WITH IMPERFECT QUALITY AND QUANTITY DISCOUNTS." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 28, no. 02 (April 2011): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595911003107.
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In this paper, a two-warehouse inventory model for items with imperfect quality and all-unit quantity discounts was developed. In practice, the supplier usually offers quantity discounts to encourage the retailer ordering larger lot sizes and thus, extra storage space is needed for the retailer. Two levels of storages, owned-warehouse and rented warehouse, are considered in this study to store bulk quantities. We develop two algorithms to determine the optimal lot size and purchasing cost: one is based on the work of Render et al. (2003) and the other is similar to the method proposed by Goyal (1995). Two numerical examples are provided for illustration, in which we show that our algorithms require fewer iterations than that of the modified procedures based on the work of Render et al. (2003).
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Lynas, Kathie. "Provinces and territories agree to work together to purchase generic drugs and to expand use of bulk purchasing for brand-name drugs." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 145, no. 5 (September 2012): 202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3821/145.5.cpj202.
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Ramel, Melissa, Denise Wilfley, and Rachel Tabak. "86185 Food Cost and Perceptions: through the lens of coaches providing family-based childhood obesity treatment." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 5, s1 (March 2021): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2021.552.
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ABSTRACT IMPACT: This work will help to identify ways to adapt family-based obesity treatment based on families’ food purchasing behaviors and beliefs. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Families in obesity treatment are encouraged to make dietary changes. Dietary changes are impacted by food choices, which can be influenced by food cost. The objective of this research is to explore families’ food purchase behaviors and beliefs from the perspective of their health coach, and to assess how health coaches adapt treatment to address these. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Semi- structured telephone interviews were conducted with 10 health coaches in the Effectiveness of Family-Based Weight Loss Treatment Implementation in Primary Care (PLAN) study across four geographic locations in MO, NY, and OH. Topics covered were professional background, perspectives on working with families, and discussions with families regarding cost perception and food choice. Conventional content analysis was used through ‘open-coding’ of transcribed text by reading the transcripts and assigning labels. Codes were then organized into themes. In addition to the interviews, coaches were asked to complete a FRAME checklist to identify adaptations or modifications that were made to the treatment. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The coaches reported that cost is a barrier to making healthier food choices for some but not all of their FBT families. Themes for cost as a barrier include: fast food is cheaper; justification to choose old food choices; sales on foods high in calories and sugar; bulk buying; and fewer sales on healthier options. Themes for what families consider when purchasing healthier items include: perishable foods, increased waste, picky kids, lack of knowledge about healthy eating on a budget, afraid of including new foods, and no money for new foods. The final stage of content analysis for the FRAME schematic checklist is ongoing. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: The results exemplify that families’ have different food purchasing behaviors and beliefs and consider a variety of factors when making food choices. The data gathered from the FRAME checklists will help in characterizing the adaptations or modifications made by coaches and allow for better understanding of the impact on the families.
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Summers, Michael P., and George Verikios. "Assistive technology pricing in Australia: is it efficient and equitable?" Australian Health Review 42, no. 1 (2018): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah16042.
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Objective To examine available systematically collected evidence regarding prices for assistive technology (AT; e.g. disability aids and equipment) in Australia with other comparable countries. Issues of appropriate AT pricing are coming to the fore as a consequence of efforts to move to consumer-centric purchasing decisions with the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) and also in the recent aged care reforms. Methods We identified and present three sets of AT price comparisons. Two comparisons were based solely on the lowest prices advertised on the internet, and one comparison examined recommended retail prices. Variables essential to ensuring accurate comparisons, as well as significant supply-chain issues were also examined and considered in the analyses. Results The first internet-only price comparison found that overall AT prices were 38% higher in Australia compared to other countries, but did not factor in shipping and other related costs that are essential to include given that most AT is imported. The second internet-only price comparison found that overall Australian prices were 24% lower when shipping and related costs were included. The recommended retail price comparisons found that Australian prices were between 14% and 27% lower. Prices for internet-only retailers (those with no bricks-and-mortar presence) are consistently lower for all products than those sold by retailers with actual shop-fronts. Further, there is no evidence of suppliers earning supranormal profits in Australia. Conclusions The results indicate that AT prices in Australia are efficient and equitable, with no significant indicators of market failure which would require government intervention. Efforts to reduce prices through the excessive use of large-scale government procurement programs are likely to reduce diversity and innovation in AT and raise AT prices over time. Open markets and competition with centralised tracking of purchases and providers to minimise possible over-servicing/over-charging align well with the original intention of the NDIS, and are likely to yield the best outcomes for consumers at the lowest costs. What is known about the topic? Government-funded programs are used extensively to purchase AT because it is a primary enabler for people of all ages with disabilities. Perceptions of unreasonably high prices for AT in Australia are resulting in the widespread adoption of bulk purchasing and related strategies by governments. What does this paper add? Carefully undertaken systematic price comparisons between Australia and comparable Organization For Economic Cooperation and Development countries indicate that, on average, Australian prices are lower than elsewhere when delivery to Australia is taken into account. It was also found that prices at brick-and-mortar shops, with all the services they provide to ensure the appropriateness of the products provided to meet the consumers’ needs and goals, are substantially higher than Internet purchases in which the consumer bears all the risks and responsibilities for outcomes. What are the implications? Overuse of government bulk purchasing and similar arrangements will lead to less diversity in the available AT products, related services and retail outlets, resulting in less choice for consumers and higher risks of poor outcomes through less focus on matching consumers with the ‘right’ products for their needs and goals, and ultimately higher AT prices over time as competition is reduced to a few major suppliers.
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Denham, Bryan E. "Anabolic Steroid Cases in United States District Courts (2013–2017): Defendant Characteristics, Geographical Dispersion, and Substance Origins." Contemporary Drug Problems 46, no. 1 (September 24, 2018): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091450918800823.
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This study examined contextual factors associated with 63 anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) cases involving 184 defendants in 41 United States District Courts. Information came from press releases distributed electronically by the U.S. Department of Justice across a 5-year period, January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2017. In addition to the demographic characteristics of defendants and the regions in which cases took place, the study considered the number of defendants per case, the nations from which AAS or raw materials had been imported, the presence of illicit substances beyond AAS, allegations of additional crimes, and whether a case involved public safety personnel. Courts in the South Atlantic division, and especially courts in Florida, heard the most cases involving the most defendants. Additionally, in 27 of 63 cases, defendants had obtained AAS or raw materials used to manufacture AAS from China; and in 12 of 63 cases, former police officers appeared as defendants. The study observes that more AAS sellers appear to be purchasing raw powders and liquids in bulk, using “homebrewing” techniques to increase profits and reduce counterfeiting. The relatively large number of cases in Florida may have reflected crackdowns on “pill mills” and the high-profile Biogenesis case.
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Khasnabis, Snehamay, Joseph Bartus, and Richard Darin Ellis. "Asset Management Framework for State Departments of Transportation to Meet Transit Fleet Requirements." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1835, no. 1 (January 2003): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1835-10.
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State departments of transportation that provide the bulk of matching funds to local transit agencies for the purchase of new buses are duly concerned about the escalating costs of new buses and the lack of sufficient funds to keep up with their replacement costs. An asset management framework is presented that can be used by state departments of transportation to ( a) allocate capital dollars for the dual purpose of purchasing new buses and rebuilding existing buses within the constraints of a fixed budget when the needs of all constituent agencies in a peer group are considered and ( b) distribute funds among the agencies equitably. The proposed framework includes two optimization models. Model 1 attempts to maximize the weighted fleet life of all the buses being purchased and rebuilt for a given peer group within the constraints of a fixed budget. Model 2 is designed to maximize the remaining life of the entire peer group, including the existing buses and those being replaced or rebuilt. Case studies presented to demonstrate the application of the models show that the framework is viable and can be used for the designated purpose with fleet data currently available from transit agencies. Further research on testing the framework is recommended to ensure its applicability under different sets of circumstances.
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Kučerová, R. "Factors of the attractiveness of Slovak wine market and their influence on the Czech wine export to Slovakia." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 60, No. 9 (September 30, 2014): 430–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/130/2013-agricecon.
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The contribution follows the development of Czech wine exports to Slovakia, depending on the development of the wine industry attractiveness in Slovakia. Wine export from the Czech Republic to Slovakia in the terms of volume and value of exports, both globally and in the division of export bulk and bottled wine, is confronted with the development of factors influencing the wine sector attractiveness in Slovakia. The Slovak wine market is a market in the phase of growth, the wine consumption per capita in 2011 reached 14.7 Lt.; the domestic production covered only 46% of the domestic consumption. The level of the industry concentration is high, the 6 largest companies produce more than 18.5 mill. Lt. of wine – 50% of the total domestic production. Wine legislation is comparable to the Czech legislation, the purchasing power of the customers shows a positive development, but the cheap table wine imports still represent more than 50% of the total domestic consumption. The opportunity for Czech exporters is the factor represented by the size and growth of the market and the legislation, too. The situation is rather more positive for the re-export of cheap wine from other countries than the direct export of Czech wine to Slovakia in case of other analyzed factors.
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Fulcher, Amy, Sarah A. White, Juang-Horng (JC) Chong, Joseph C. Neal, Jean L. Williams-Woodward, Craig R. Adkins, S. Kristine Braman, et al. "Testing, Promoting, and Launching a Mobile Application as an Extension Tool: A Case Study with IPMPro." HortTechnology 23, no. 4 (August 2013): 407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.4.407.
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Mobile device applications (apps) have the potential to become a mainstream delivery method, providing services, information, and tools to extension clientele. Testing, promoting, and launching an app are key components supporting the successful development of this new technology. This article summarizes the considerations and steps that must be taken to successfully test, promote, and launch an app and is based on the authors’ experience developing two horticulture apps, IPMPro and IPMLite. These apps provide information for major pests and plant care tasks and prompt users to take action on time-sensitive tasks with push notifications scheduled specifically for their location. App testing and evaluation is a continual process. Effective tactics for app testing and evaluation include garnering focus group input throughout app development and postlaunch, in-house testing with simulators, beta testing and the advantages of services that enhance information gained during beta testing, and postlaunch evaluations. Differences in promotional and bulk purchasing options available among the two main device platforms, Android and iOS, are explored as are general preparations for marketing the launch of a new app. Finally, navigating the app submission process is discussed. Creating an app is an involved process, but one that can be rewarding and lead to a unique portal for extension clientele to access information, assistance, and tools.
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Firmansyah, Muhammad Anang, and Titin Apung Atikah. "Pengaruh Kompos Limbah Sagu Terhadap Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.), dan Karakteristik Sifat Fisik Tanah Serta Populasi Cacing Tanah (Lumbriscus terestris) Dilahan Kering Musim Kemarau." Daun: Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian dan Kehutanan 6, no. 1 (June 11, 2019): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/daun.v6i1.917.
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The utilization of sago waste as a source of organic material, namely compost will provide positive values for both plants and soil productivity and reduce the cost of purchasing chicken manure which is increasingly expensive. Research conductedon dry land in the dry seasonat a land plot of header/ tajuk varieties red onionusing the treatment of sago waste compost dosage. The treatment of sago waste compost doses, among others KS 0 = control, KS 1 = 35 t/ha, KS 2 = 70 t/ha dan KS 3 = 105 t/ha. The results showed no significant differences between treatments on the growth parameters of red onion aged 2 MST and 4 MST. However, the dry production parameters show that KS treatment differs only with KS 0. Respectively 11,56 t/ha compared to 9,61 t/ha. The treatment of sago waste compost dosage also has a good effect on decreasing the value of soil bulk density, increasing soil water content and also soil porosity. It is associated with the increased dose of sago waste compost then further increase the number of earthworm populations at different depths in the soil. At a depth of 0-15 cm the highest population of earthworms at KS 3 reached 1,077/ 2m2while KS 0 is only 309/2m2.
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Mohanty, Dipana Jyoti, Ravi Shankar Kumar, and Adrijit Goswami. "Vendor-buyer integrated production-inventory system for imperfect quality item under trade credit finance and variable setup cost." RAIRO - Operations Research 52, no. 4-5 (October 2018): 1277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2018014.
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This paper model a vendor-buyer integrated production-inventory system by considering issues of imperfect quality of the item, trade credit finance, setup cost reduction and shortages including partial backlogging and lost sale. The vendor produces a lot in one production setup and sends to the buyer in multiple shipments to fulfill customers’ demand. Due to imperfect production and/or unsafe transportation, the received lot of the buyer contains the imperfect quality of the item, which is detected through the screening process, and is sold at a discounted price in a single batch at the end of the process. To accelerate bulk purchasing, the vendor offers a trade credit period to the buyer to settle the amount. In this regard, we develop a methodology to account the opportunity cost and opportunity gain. Depending upon the screening period μ, trade credit period M, shortage beginning time t and the buyer’s scheduling period T, we consider four cases: (1) M < μ < t < T, (2) μ < M < t < T, (3) μ < t < M < T and (4) μ < t < T < M. The proposed integrated model is testified with numerical experiment and sensitivity analysis by changing the value of key parameters.
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Zimon, Grzegorz, and Hossein Tarighi. "Effects of the COVID-19 Global Crisis on the Working Capital Management Policy: Evidence from Poland." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14040169.
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The paper aims to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on working capital management policies among Polish small and medium-sized enterprises operating in Group Purchasing Organizations (GPOs). The results show that the firms adopted a moderate–conservative strategy for their working capital management. Moreover, the evidence confirms that the COVID-19 pandemic crisis did not change Working Capital Management (WCM) strategies significantly. The companies that have high financial security as a result of the high ratio of Liquidity, Quick, and cash conversion cycle (CCC) have tried to attract more new customers in the market by increasing the due date of accounts receivable so they can improve their sales performance, and also reduce the liabilities turnover to be able to work with more suppliers in the market. Moreover, among the various WCM strategies, the companies with a higher CCC ratio, along with those whose bulk of current assets consisted of accounts receivable and short-term investments, managed to have higher sales returns. Finally, our outcomes indicate that the firms operating in large cities have lower sales returns, meaning even Polish small and medium-sized enterprises’ ability within GPOs with the aid of the central unit can also get high return on sales (ROS) results.
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BORODUSKE, A., J. TROFIMOVA, J. KIBILDS, U. PAPULE, M. SERGEJEVA, I. RODZE, and L. GRANTINA-IEVINA. "Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) infection in dairy cattle and associated risk factors in Latvia." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 10 (May 2, 2017): 2011–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817000838.
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SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to describe prevalence and spatial distribution of Coxiella burnetii infections in dairy cow sheds in Latvia and to investigate risk factors contributing to C. burnetii infections. Blood serum samples from abortion cases from 1010 sheds have been tested by ELISA for the presence of C. burnetii antibodies and bulk tank milk (BTM) samples from 252 sheds have been tested by real time polymerase chain reaction and ELISA for the presence of C. burnetii DNA and antibodies. Prevalence of C. burnetii antibody-positive sheds in cases of abortion was 13·4%. A total of 10·7% and 13·2% of dairy cow sheds tested positive for the presence of C. burnetii DNA and antibodies in BTM, respectively. Two distinct areas of clustering of test-positive dairy cattle sheds were identified by spatial scan statistics of abortion cases and randomly sampled BTM samples. Three factors were identified as significantly contributing to the risk of C. burnetii DNA presence in BTM – number of cattle in shed (>200 animals/shed) (OR 3·93), location of the shed within risk area in Northern Latvia (OR 8·29) and for the first time, purchasing cattle from abroad has been shown to significantly increase risk (OR 2·68) of C. burnetii infection in dairy cows in Latvia.
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Chui, Timothy C. Y., David Siuta, Gregory West, Henryk Modzelewski, Roland Schigas, and Roland Stull. "On Producing Reliable and Affordable Numerical Weather Forecasts on Public Cloud-Computing Infrastructure." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 3 (March 2019): 491–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0142.1.
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AbstractCloud-computing resources are increasingly used in atmospheric research and real-time weather forecasting. The aim of this study is to explore new ways to reduce cloud-computing costs for real-time numerical weather prediction (NWP). One way is to compress output files to reduce data egress costs. File compression techniques can reduce data egress costs by over 50%. Data egress costs can be further minimized by postprocessing in the cloud and then exporting the smaller resulting files while discarding the bulk of the raw NWP output. Another way to reduce costs is to use preemptible resources, which are virtual machines (VMs) on the Google Cloud Platform (GCP) that clients can use at an 80% discount (compared to nonpreemptible VMs), but which can be turned off by the GCP without warning. By leveraging the restart functionality in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, preemptible resources can be used to save 60%–70% in weather simulation costs without compromising output reliability. The potential cost savings are demonstrated in forecasts over the Canadian Arctic and in a case study of NWP runs for the West African monsoon (WAM) of 2017. The choice in model physics, VM specification, and use of the aforementioned cost-saving measures enable simulation costs to be low enough such that the cloud can be a viable platform for running short-range ensemble forecasts when compared to the cost of purchasing new computer hardware.
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Lyon, Sarah. "The GoodGuide to “Good” Coffee." Gastronomica 14, no. 4 (2014): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2014.14.4.60.
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Political empowerment, social justice, and environmental resilience are increasingly upheld alongside flavor and quality as criteria of “good” foods. However, these criteria cannot be simply assessed through taste tests—one cannot determine from a bite of chocolate whether the cacao it contains was tended by child slaves in the Ivory Coast or fairtrade farmers in Ghana. In order to reinvent these global commodities, to rediscover the small farmers hidden behind bulk purchasing and corporate branding, consumers today increasingly rely on a variety of twenty-first-century tools, technologies, and labels. This article explores one of these instruments, questioning the relative merits of the product rating system provided by GoodGuide, an internet-based tool designed to help consumers with product research, and comparing it to the fairtrade labels that are more familiar to most coffee drinkers. GoodGuide’s greatest strength is how it assesses a product from crop to cup, capturing multiple and diverse factors within global supply chains. However, in comparison to fairtrade labeling, GoodGuide employs quantitative metrics and opaque rating criteria that inadequately capture the complexity of smallholder coffee production in places like Guatemala. It also fails to promote food citizenship in a meaningful way. One key part of reinventing foods is intentionally placing people at the heart of the provisioning system. Therefore, it is important to question the extent to which new tools and technologies for assessing the relative “goodness” of foods promote food citizenship and food-related behaviors that support, rather than threaten, the development of a democratic, economically just, and environmentally sustainable food system.
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Alekseeva, T. V., E. N. Artemova, E. V. Belokurova, D. I. Potapova, O. A. Guseva, and I. A. Sherstyaniyh. "Research of consumer preferences in the production of bioactive pates for nutrition of pregnant women." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 82, no. 3 (October 19, 2020): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2020-3-164-169.
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The article discusses the demand for product lines for pregnant women in the consumer market. The objects of research were pregnant women and women planning to become pregnant. The socio-demographic data of the respondents included: age; employment; physical activity. In the process of work, a one-stage cross-sectional study was carried out. The first block included questions about the respondents' diet. The second block contained questions about the volume and composition of food. The answers to the questions of the third block made it possible to give a tentative assessment of the demand for enriched products of a therapeutic and prophylactic orientation. The authors have developed a recipe and technology for the production of an enrichment additive. An assortment of pates for nutrition of women during pregnancy, enriched with a bioactive additive, was obtained. The paper presents information on satisfying the daily needs of the body in accordance with the norms of physiological needs for energy and nutrients. In the course of the work, the marketing potential of products with bioactive additives was consistently analyzed. As a result of the work, the following information was established. The bulk of the respondents do not receive additional vital nutrients in their daily diets and are ready to purchase them additionally. The offered product line of pates of a therapeutic and prophylactic orientation will correct disorders of the body's homeostasis and will be in demand among women during pregnancy. The increase in the price of developed finished products does not go beyond the purchasing power of the target audience. The conducted research allows us to conclude that the use of an enrichment additive for the production of bioactive meat products for the nutrition of pregnant women is cost effective.
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Ahmad, Faheem, and Syeda Iqra Iqbal. "PHACOEMULSIFICATION." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 03 (March 10, 2018): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.03.397.
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Introduction: Objectives: To find out improvement in visual acuity andcomplications in low socioeconomic status patients that underwent phacoemulsification withlow price IOL in a teaching hospital. Study Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Departmentof Ophthalmology Independent University Hospital, Faisalabad. Period: One year from 01-04-2016 to 31-03-2017. Material and Methods: Composed of 100 patients. In this study Inclusioncriteria was poor old aged patients of both gender having grade one to grade three nuclearsclerosis with or without posterior sub capsular cataract. However patients having history ofuncontrolled hypertension or diabetes mellitus, inadequate dilated pupil, subluxated lens orhaving previous history ocular surgery were excluded. Results: In this study 100 eyes withcataract operated by phacoemulsification with low cost rigid IOL under peribulbar anesthesia.The mean age of patients was 67.50 years (range 50-85 years). Male patients in this studywere fifty Two (52%) While 48% were female Patients. Regarding the visual acuity in operatedeyes with or without glasses, 80 eyes (80 %) had visual acuity of 6/6-6/12, visual acuity of 6/18to 6/36 in 12 eyes and 6 eyes (6 %) had a best corrected visual acuity of 6/60 to CF. Whilevisual acuity less than counting finger (CF) was percent in only 2 percent patients. Discussion:Un-operated cataract can induced severe visual impairment or blindness in cataract patients.In a study conducted in Pakistan reported that in about 76% cases of poor socioeconomicstatus most important barrier to cataract surgery was cost of surgery. According to this studydifferent methods that can be adopted to reduce the cost of surgery by improving efficiencyby conducting high volume cataract surgery and bulk purchasing of consumables surgicalitems especially cheaper intraocular lenses thus allowing even the poorest patients to haveophthalmic care. So it was observed that in patients of poor socioeconomic status numbersof barriers are being faced by such community in which cost is frequently mentioned andproviding low cost phaco surgery with good postoperative vision allow to underwent cataractsurgery who would not otherwise have it. Conclusion: In this study it was concluded that indeveloping countries like Pakistan in which majority of population belong to low socioeconomicstatus phacoemulsification with low cost rigid IOL not only yield good post-operative visualacuity but also reduced cataract induced blindness.
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Hadler, Nicole, Ione Locher, Marika Waselewski, Charlie Hoffs, Tammy Chang, and Eric Brandt. "Youth Perspectives and Experiences With In-Person and Online Grocery Shopping During the COVID-19 Pandemic." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab029_025.
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Abstract Objectives During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recommended limiting in-person grocery store visits by using online delivery and pick-up. We sought to understand how the pandemic has impacted grocery shopping patterns among adolescents and young adults, including the shopping mediums (i.e., in-person, pick-up, or delivery) and types of goods purchased. Methods This research is part of MyVoice, a national text message survey of US adolescents and young adults between 14 and 24 years old. In November 2020, this cohort was asked these open-ended questions: 1) During the pandemic, how have you or your family been getting groceries (in-person, pick-up, delivery)? Why? 2) If you or your family have shopped for groceries online during the pandemic, was it pick-up or delivery? How did it go? 3) During the pandemic, have you or your family changed the types of food you are buying? Tell us about it. Responses were assessed using thematic analysis. Quantitative data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Results Among 889 responses (RR = 77.6%), 47% were female, 56% were White, 13% were Hispanic, and median age was 18 (interquartile range 17, 21). Since the pandemic began, 86% of respondents reported at least use of in-person grocery shopping. Meanwhile, 46% indicated they had used a form of online grocery shopping; 26% reported use of delivery and 27% reported use of pick-up. Over half of participants using online shopping had a positive experience. Half of respondents changed their grocery purchase choices since the pandemic began, among whom 33% reported healthier purchases, 27% bought more snack foods, 24% bought in bulk and/or more non-perishable foods, and 10% bought more foods to cook at home. Conclusions Among young people, online grocery shopping is widely utilized with generally positive perceptions, although in-person shopping remains most prevalent. While many young people reported healthier purchases, there was a tendency toward more snack and non-perishable foods. Further investigation is needed to understand reasons behind changes in purchasing habits of adolescents and young adults and the impact of these changes on diet quality during the pandemic. Funding Sources Michigan Institute for Clinical & Health Research, University of Michigan MCubed program, University of Michigan Department of Family Medicine
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Alty, Abigail. "Seed Libraries Can Be a Promising but Challenging Way to Support Community Engagement and Social Innovation in Public Libraries." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 16, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 154–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/eblip29954.
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A Review of: Peekhaus, W. (2018). Seed libraries: Sowing the seeds for community and public library resilience. Library Quarterly, 88(3), 271-285. https://doi.org/10.1086/697706 Abstract Objective – To describe and investigate the establishment, operation, function, purpose, and benefit of seed libraries within public libraries and local communities. Design – Exploratory study. Setting – Public seed libraries in Arizona, California, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. Subjects – 10 librarians actively involved in creating or maintaining seed libraries. Methods – 60-75 minute interviews, primarily over the phone, with subjects selected by means of purposive sampling. Main Results – According to the participants interviewed, starting and operating a seed library requires front-end effort from the “host” library, active participation by a dedicated librarian and community members, as well as ongoing funding, usually on an annual basis (estimated by one participant to be $2,500/year, mostly for the purchase of seeds). Participant descriptions of their seed library operations differed, but most had a dedicated seed librarian. Participants noted that primary activities included deciding what seeds to put in the collection, arrangement of the seed collection, development of checkout and return procedures, and ongoing education. Several participants noted that such operational work was seasonal and not steady. None of the libraries included in this study had enough seeds donated to sustain their collections, but rather they relied on purchasing seeds in bulk or asking for donations from seed companies. Cataloging procedures varied in terms of complexity, and participants from one library system reported the use of a seed library cataloging template as being helpful. All participants noted they gave patrons containers to return seeds. While educating patrons in formal sessions is often difficult for reasons such as resource limitations, the interview informants agreed that seed libraries fit into the missions of public libraries by furthering information sharing, access to resources, and knowledge development. Conclusion – Seed libraries are an active service that assist public libraries in responding to social challenges and in engaging with their local communities as a type of knowledge commons. Seed libraries align with public libraries’ shift in priorities from increasing physical collections to enriching lives by providing knowledge and tools to support food autonomy, self-sufficiency, civic engagement, and community education. These libraries are a novel service that engage and attract patrons and support libraries’ positions as community hubs.
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Randle, W. M., D. A. Kopsell, D. E. Kopsell, R. L. Snyder, and R. Torrance. "Field Sampling Short-day Onions for Bulb Pungency." HortTechnology 8, no. 3 (July 1998): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.8.3.329.
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The marketing of onions (Allium cepa L.) based on bulb pungency as a measure of overall flavor intensity is being considered by the onion industry. Pungency is highly variable within and among fields due to genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, a study was undertaken to develop a sampling procedure to estimate onion pungency means and variances from field-grown onions with predetermined degrees of accuracy and confidence. Two shortday onion cultivars, commonly grown in the Vidalia, Ga., area, were each randomly sampled from four different fields. The sampled bulbs were analyzed for enzymatically formed pyruvic acid (EPY) and soluble solids content (SSC) to assess pungency and sugars, respectively. EPY concentration and SSC varied between the two cultivars, among the four fields within cultivars, and among the fifty samples within each field. In a combined analysis of all eight fields, at least 1.3 ten-bulb samples would be needed per acre to come within ±0.5 μmol EPY of a field's true EPY mean with 95% confidence. If the accuracy of the estimation was lowered to ±1.0 μmol EPY of a field's true mean, then at least 0.4 ten-bulb samples would be needed per acre. Because SSC was less variable than EPY, the number of ten-bulb samples needed per acre to estimate a field's true mean was lower than the number required to estimate EPY. Establishing a sampling method to estimate an onion field's EPY and SSC will provide the mechanism to standardize onion flavor in the market place and instill greater consumer confidence in purchasing onions.
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Gavish, Iris, Abraham Haim, and Doron Kliger. "‘To LED or Not to LED?’: Using Color Priming for Influencing Consumers’ Preferences of Light Bulbs." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031401.
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Recently, we have seen energy-efficient light-emitting diode (LED) light bulbs rapidly replace incandescent ones. However, results of new research are indicative of adverse health impacts of LED lighting, which is characterized by enriched blue light. Our study aims to reveal whether using color priming by attaching red/green traffic-light icons on light bulbs influences consumers’ preferences of light bulbs. We conducted a field study simulating the buying process, in which participants (N = 572) were presented with LED and carbon incandescent bulbs. We alternately displayed two pairs of bulbs: (1) in their original packaging and (2) in packages marked with traffic light icons (red = LED). Our results confirm that traffic light icons significantly (p < 0.01) increase the odds of choosing the healthier carbon bulb. The results highlight the benefits of attaching traffic light icons to light bulb packaging, helping consumers to make more health-conscientious purchasing decisions. Nowadays, this study’s contribution is more significant due to COVID-19 restrictions and stay-at-home policies, since people work or study remotely, which increases their exposure to household lighting. These results may incentivize policymakers to enforce adding traffic light icons to light bulb packaging, thus encouraging LED light bulb manufacturers to reduce the blue light component in order to improve the health aspect of their bulbs.
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Segers, Jacob R., Jason Duggin, Lawton Stewart, and Jacob Nyhuis. "138 The Tifton Bull Evaluation Program: A 5-year review." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (July 2019): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.015.
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Abstract The Tifton Bull Evaluation Program is an educational program that utilizes an investment and reward system to convey livestock selection, nutrition, and data management education to beef cattle producers. The program is held annually at the Tifton Bull Evaluation Center in Irwinville GA. Consignors are required to pay nomination and testing fees to cover the cost of bull development. At 28 d intervals, BW is collected and used to calculate ADG, and weight per day of age (WDA). Carcass ultrasound data, scrotal circumference and beginning and ending hip height are also collected. At the end of the 112-d test, bulls in approximately the top two-thirds of each breed based on an index of ADG and WDA, and meet all standards for health and breeding soundness, are eligible for the sale. In the last 5 years, 769 bulls have been tested at Tifton. The respective sales resulted in 847 people having registered to bid with 329 actual buyers from 7 states purchasing 504 bulls for a total of $1,672,800. As expected, Angus accounted for most bulls tested (48.7%) and sold (49.2%) with the average Angus bull worth $3,508, $195 more than the 5-yr average. Breeds with less than 5 entries per year were assigned to a single breed group (AOB). Bulls in the AOB group were the least valuable (average = $2,482) averaging $831 below the 5-yr average price. Lower feed costs have helped the program reduce test fees from $940 per bull in 2014 to a low of $760 and $765 per bull in 2017 and 2018; however, sale fees have risen from 3.39% in 2015 to 7.29% in 2018. No large changes have been noted in bull performance or carcass ultrasound parameters across years. Consignors have reported positive experiences with the program overall
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Bullock, Darrh, Katherine VanValin, Jeffery Lehmkuhler, Leslie Anderson, Benjamin Crites, Kevin Laurent, Matthew L. Spangler, and Robert Weaber. "90 Effectiveness of an Educational Program on Beef Bull Selection that Incorporates Classroom Instruction and a Mock Auction." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.133.
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Abstract An educational program was developed to assist beef producers with making informed bull purchasing decisions. There are two core pieces to this decision: targeting the bull’s genetics to the producer’s management and resources, and paying a price that maximizes the return on investment. This was a two-part educational program; the first session was classroom instruction with topics related to proper bull selection. At the conclusion of this session producers were assigned one of five management scenarios and received a sale catalogue with 60 bulls. Videos of all bulls were made available, along with all production information, including adjusted measurements, EPD and indices. The producers were tasked with returning the next week to attend the mock auction and purchase the best valued bull for their assigned scenario. At the conclusion of the auction, each scenario was discussed and the individual that purchased the best value bull in each scenario was recognized. Value was determined as the price paid for the bull compared to a price determined through an “economic selection index” equation. Beef producers (n = 322) participated in the program over 9 locations; in locations with less attendance, a reduced sale catalogue was used. Of the post-program survey respondents (n = 155), 71% were commercial beef producers, 27% were seedstock producers and 5% were Extension agents (n = 10, were cross classified). When asked how much time they spent reviewing the materials before the mock sale 8% said they made their decision at the sale, 16% spent 30 minutes or less, 58% spent 30 minutes to 2 hours and 18% spent over 2 hours preparing. When asked if the program would help with their next bull purchase, 88% said it would probably or definitely help. The conclusion was that this was a valuable educational program.
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Peterson, Katie, Tracy Schohr, Kasey DeAtley, and Zach D. McFarlane. "PSI-34 Factors influencing bull selection and management in extensive rangeland production systems of California." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 475–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.830.
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Abstract California’s 660,000 head of beef cattle are highly dependent on bulls used to produce offspring that can perform across the state’s diverse ecological regions. Bulls need to be functional on rugged coastal landscapes, rolling foothills, deserts and in high-elevation terrain. Few data exist that indicate factors related to selection, maintenance and longevity of bulls used in rangeland landscapes. Objectives herein, were to assess factors influencing bull purchasing, management, and culling decisions of California beef producers. Surveys were mailed to the California Cattlemen’s Association membership (n = 1,410) with ~ 12% response rate (n = 171). Data were analyzed for 56% of respondents (n = 95). Mean age and years of bull selection experience of respondents was 61 ± 1 years and 27 ± 2 years, respectively. Respondents managed cattle on a total of 694,949 ha of owned, private leased, and leased public rangelands in California and surrounding states. Cow-calf herd size was 378 ± 92 head and bull battery averaged 18 ± 3 head with average bull longevity of 5 ± 0.8 years. The average price paid for bulls in the last 2 years was $5166 ± 298, while the highest price paid in the last 5 years was $6958 ± 445. Survey responses were used to define current factors driving management after purchase and for subsequent breeding seasons. Methodology for bull turnout management (i.e. high-energy diet, pasture, supplemental hay) had no impact (P = 0.13) on average age of bulls when culled. After bull purchase, 46% of producers turned bulls out directly with females, while 49% held bulls until the following breeding season. Additionally, most producers (75%) did not manage bulls to reduce condition after purchase. Average bull longevity was moderately correlated (P = 0.01; r2 = 0.30) with average bull price a producer was willing to pay. The average age of bulls when culled was not influenced (P = 0.42) by the frequency of semen quality evaluation. Semen quality was evaluated annually by 45% of respondents, while 20% of respondents never evaluated semen quality. Respondents indicated bull age (35%) and structural soundness (29%) as the most common factors for culling bulls. This research suggests the need for additional research focused on bull selection and management to maximize producer investment in reproduction.
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Zgoba, Kristen M., Richard Tewksbury, and Elizabeth Mustaine. "Who gets the biggest bang for the buck? A review of minimum wage and purchasing power in prison commissaries versus superstores." Journal of Crime and Justice 43, no. 1 (May 23, 2019): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0735648x.2019.1619614.
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Walker, Stephanie. "Purchase of Journal Portfolios by Research Libraries is not Cost-Effective and May Lead to Normalization of Collections." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 4, no. 1 (March 8, 2009): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b81g8x.
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A Review of:
Murphy, Sarah Ann. “The Effects of Portfolio Purchasing on Scientific Subject Collections.” College & Research Libraries July 2008: 332-40.
Objectives – To determine whether the purchase of journal portfolios (i.e., packages of journals purchased as a group from publishers, such as Elsevier’s ScienceDirect) from publishers is an effective means of meeting research needs for faculty in the life, medical, physical, and applied sciences, and to determine the effects of such purchases on research library collections.
Design – Citation analysis.
Setting – Ohio State University libraries in the life, medical, physical, and applied sciences.
Subjects – A total of 253,604 citations from 6,815 articles published between the years 2003 and 2005 by Ohio State University faculty in the life, medical, physical, and applied sciences were analyzed using the Bradford distribution (an explanation of the Bradford Distribution is provided later in this review).
Methods – Using ISI’s Science Citation Index, the author generated a list of articles published by Ohio State University (OSU) faculty in the life, medical, physical, and applied sciences between the years 2003 and 2005. The author then assigned each article to a specific discipline, according to the OSU College of the first OSU author listed. For example, if an article was written by several co-authors, and the first OSU author listed was a faculty member in OSU’s College of Dentistry, the article would be designated a Dentistry article. Multidisciplinary works were assigned to the college of the first OSU author listed. (The OSU Colleges considered to be part of the study were the College of Biological Sciences; the College of Dentistry; the College of Engineering; Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Sciences; the College of Mathematical and Physical Sciences; the College of Medicine; the College of Optometry; the College of Pharmacy; and the College of Veterinary Medicine.) Books, conference proceedings, theses, and other non-journal materials were excluded from the set of citations considered.
Next, the author pulled journal citations from each article, again utilizing Science Citation Index. The references were analyzed to determine the number of times each individual journal had been cited. The author then created a list of journals which had been cited in articles by OSU faculty in the various colleges, grouped by college. The journals were arranged in descending order, according to the number of times each journal had been cited. Thus there would be, for example, a list of all journals cited in articles published by faculty members in the OSU College of Dentistry between 2003 and 2005.
Most journals had been cited only once over the three-year period. A total of 2,407 journal titles were cited 10 or more times. In total, the author analyzed 253,604 citations from 6,815 articles.
A Bradford distribution of journal citations was calculated, and journals were divided into three categories. The three categories were called Zones 1, 2, and 3, with Zone 1 being core journals for the faculty, Zone 2 being more secondary titles, and Zone 3 being those cited least frequently. For those not familiar with this type of analysis, a definition of Bradford’s law is available on the U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technology website. It is included here for ease of reference: “Journals in a field can be divided into three parts, each with about one-third of all articles: 1) a core of a few journals; 2) a second zone, with more journals; and 3) a third zone, with the bulk of journals. The number of journals is 1:n:n². Note thatBradford formulated his law after studying a bibliography of geophysics, covering 326 journals in the field. He discovered that 9 journals contained 429 articles, 59 contained 499 articles, and 258 contained 404 articles. Although Bradford's Law is not statistically accurate, librarians commonly use it as a guideline” (Black).
The author then determined how the OSU Libraries purchased access to each title. The three options analyzed were:
1) through OHIOLink (through which OSU Libraries purchase the bulk of the journal portfolios to which they subscribe),
2) through the independent purchase of an electronic subscription, or
3) through the independent purchase of a print subscription.
The cost for each title was calculated by taking the amount paid for OHIOLink subscriptions and removing the cost of non-scientific journals from the total amount. Pricing for the non-scientific journals was obtained using EBSCO’s Librarian’s Handbook 2006-2007 and Ulrich’s Periodical Directory. To account for inflation, any 2007 prices were adjusted by 6.
The above activities were designed to calculate both the cost of each title as purchased through OHIOLink, and what the OSU Libraries would have paid for each individual title if it had been purchased separately.
Main Results – Of all journals cited by OSU faculty in the life, medical, physical, and applied sciences during the years studied, only 7% were available in print format only. The percentage of cited journal titles that were included in portfolio purchases varied considerably across the colleges. The college for which the greatest percentage of cited journals were obtained via OHIOLink was the College of Mathematical and Physical Sciences; 85.7% of journals cited by this College were purchased via OHIOLink. Overall figures for the cited journals analyzed were as follows: 52.0% were purchased via OHIOLink portfolio purchases, and 26.3% were purchased individually in electronic format by the OSU Libraries.
Of all journals listed in Zone 1 (those designated as “core journals” for the fields in question), 100% had electronic versions, though OSU Libraries continued to subscribe to the print version in addition to the electronic version for five titles, due to embargoes of 4-12 months in the electronic subscriptions. In terms of how the Zone 1 journals were acquired, 35.5% were purchased via OHIOLink as part of a portfolio purchase, and 62.2% were individually purchased.
For the College of Biological Sciences; the College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences; the College of Medicine; the College of Nursing; the College of Pharmacy; and the College of Veterinary Medicine, fewer than 40% of the Zone 1 (core, most highly cited) titles for their disciplines were purchased via OHIOLink. For the College of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 75.5% of Zone 1 titles were purchased via OHIOLink. This figure was 60.5% in the College of Engineering. By contrast, over 50% of the titles in Zone 1 for the Colleges of Dentistry, Nursing, Pharmacy, and Veterinary Medicine were purchased individually, and not via portfolio purchases from OHIOLink. The author notes that in these fields, the majority of research is published in journals from professional societies or smaller publishers, which have neither the high profile nor the market that some journals in other fields have, and thus are frequently not included in portfolios available via consortia such as OHIOLink.
The author also provides a numerical breakdown, showing exactly how many titles in each of Zones 1, 2, and 3 were purchased via OHIOLink, how many were purchased directly by OSU in electronic form, and how many were purchased in print form, for each college and for all colleges combined. For all colleges combined, the overall results are as follows:
• Zone 1 included 45 cited journal titles. Of these, 16 were purchased via OHIOLink, 28 were purchased in electronic format directly by OSU, none were purchased in print, and one was considered “Other” (not at OSU, ceased, or cancelled).
• Zone 2 included 299 cited journal titles. Of these, 167 were purchased via OHIOLink, 109 were purchased in electronic format directly by OSU, 13 were purchased in print, and 10 fell under “Other”.
• Zone 3 included 2,063 cited journal titles. Of these, 1,068 were purchased via OHIOLink, 497 were purchased in electronic format directly by OSU, 155 were purchased in print, and 343 fell under “Other”.
The author also provides a list of the top 50 journals cited, including the number of citations linked to each title and how the title was purchased. Of the top 50 journals, 32 were purchased directly by OSU Libraries in electronic format, and only 18 were purchased via OHIOLink.
Interestingly, however, 70% of OSU Libraries’ total expenditures on titles in the life, medical, physical, and allied sciences are devoted to OHIOLink. The author notes that if OSU had not had OHIOLink, they would have paid 61.4% more to directly purchase the journals cited in this analysis which they currently obtain by portfolio purchases. However, if they purchased only those titles which the faculty in question
had cited 10 or more times, the cost would be 30% more. If they purchased only the titles which had been cited 15 or more times, OSU would only have paid an 8.9% premium to buy the titles directly from the publisher rather than through OHIOLink.
Conclusion – As the author points out, her findings raise the question as to whether the large amount of content provided by buying into the “Big Deal” portfolio purchases (as they are frequently called) is really worth it for OSU Libraries. The author notes that other articles have asserted that portfolio purchases form a significant barrier to libraries wishing to purchase individual titles, as the amount spent on portfolio purchases can limit a library’s financial flexibility. Even when other individual titles may more closely meet faculty needs, it can be difficult to justify cancelling portfolio purchases that offer a larger number of journals in the field.
The advantages and disadvantages of portfolio purchasing at Ohio State University Libraries are clear from the author’s research: while some fields are well-served by portfolio purchases, others are not, with large percentages of the journals which are most important in their fields not being available through such portfolios.
Furthermore, due to the percentage of the OSU Libraries’ budget dedicated to OHIOLink portfolio purchases, flexibility to purchase titles not in portfolios is indeed limited. The author’s pricing calculations lead to the conclusion that OSU Libraries pay between an 8.9%-30.0% premium to maintain access to 3,813 titles (75.4%) which were cited fewer than 10 times over the three year period between 2003 and 2005.
The author concludes that the premium paid to access over three-quarters of the journals available in portfolios should be reconsidered, as they are relatively infrequently used and thus may not be meeting faculty research needs. The author recommends that large research libraries (including OSU Libraries) consider a return to à la carte purchasing. Additionally, the author notes that purchase of portfolios by a large percentage of research libraries may lead to normalization of library collections and loss of the ability to support non-commercial publishers who publish strong research in specialized fields.
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Kang, Yun-Im, Hyang Young Joung, Dae Hoe Goo, Youn Jung Choi, Mok Pil Choi, Hye Ryun An, Jae-Young Ko, Kang-Joon Choi, Ki Hwan Lee, and Kye Wan Hong. "A Survey on Cut Flower Cultivar Trends and Horticultural Status of Lilies (Lilium Hybrids) in South Korea." HortTechnology 23, no. 5 (October 2013): 629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.5.629.
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This study investigated trends in lily (Lilium hybrids) cultivars and challenges for growing cut lily flowers using a survey of producers in the South Korean lily industry. A questionnaire requested information on various topics including the total growing area, length of farming experience, cultivars grown, factors considered when purchasing bulbs, cultivation systems, horticultural practices, disease and pest problems, and horticultural problems. The survey targeted the membership of the Korea Lily Producer Association and the number of respondents corresponded to 43% of all lily farmers in the country. Oriental-Trumpet (OT) hybrid ‘Yelloween’ and Oriental hybrids ‘Siberia’, ‘Medusa’, and ‘Sorbonne’ were mainly cultivated in South Korea. The main flower colors were yellow, white, and pink. Factors considered in choosing cultivars were the prices of bulbs and cut flowers affecting income of the farm. More than 90% of respondents used soil culture in a greenhouse to grow cut flowers. There were various horticultural practices used from planting to harvest. The main pests harming bulb and flower productivity were fungus gnat (Bradysia difformis) and bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus robini), and the most common horticultural problem was leaf scorch. Overall, the survey suggested that the stable production of lily bulb with low cost and high quality was required and practical techniques should be developed for increasing the cut lily production efficiency. In addition, the pests, diseases, and horticultural problems in the given local environmental conditions should be considered when breeding new cultivars and developing production technology.
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Shaikh, Abdul Rehman, and Asad Ali Qazi. "Modern Public School – technical procurement." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 9, no. 3 (November 29, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-09-2019-0246.
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Learning outcomes Understand the process of purchasing and procurement in a commercial organization; describe the process of tendering, evaluation of bids, and the selection of the supplier; describe the commercial, technical and financial bids; understand the importance of vendor selection criteria and develop the same; and identify the parameters for the procurement of assets. Case overview/synopsis Mr Shaikh, working as Procurement Manager at Modern Public School Sukkur (MPSS), is facing the challenge of procuring the bunk beds for recently inducted students. He was asked by the management of the school and his financiers to procure the best quality bunk beds. These beds shall be used at hostels for the students of Class VI. Director academics had already rejected his initial proposal and requested him to source out some cheaper solution keeping in view the budgets. Mr Shaikh then arranged a sample, which was well within the budget, however, this sample was rejected by the owner of the school on the basis of quality. Mr Shaikh now had to source out not only the best quality product but also a budget-friendly solution. He visited the markets and finalized the best quality of pipes to be used for bunk beds. With limited funds, and very short time, shall he be able to select the vendor of his choice and arrange the best quality products? Shall he be able to motivate his key stakeholders and gain procurement committee approval this time? Complexity academic level Bachelor of Business Administration and Master of Business Administration. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy
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Hasty, J. D., M. M. Pfeifer, L. C. Eastwood, D. A. Gredell, C. L. Gifford, J. R. Levey, C. M. Cashman, et al. "National Beef Quality Audit-2016: Phase 1, Face-to-face interviews." Translational Animal Science 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 320–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/tas2017.0039.
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Abstract The National Beef Quality Audit (NBQA) is conducted every 5 yr and was most recently again conducted in 2016. Face-to-face interviews gauged progress in quality associated with live cattle production using procedures first utilized in NBQA 2011. The 2016 NBQA was the first in which interviews concerning fed steers and heifers were combined with an audit of market cow and bull beef. Face-to-face interviews were designed to illicit definitions for beef quality, estimate willingness to pay (WTP) for quality attributes, establish relative importance rankings for important quality factors, and assess images, strengths, weaknesses, potential threats, and shifting trends in the beef industry since the 2011 audit. Individuals making purchasing decisions in 5 market sectors of the steer/heifer and cow/bull beef supply chain were interviewed, including packers (n = 36), retailers (including large and small supermarket companies and warehouse food sales companies; n = 35), food service operators (including quick-serve, full-service, and institutional establishments; n = 29), further processors (n = 64), and peripherally-related government and trade organizations (GTO; n = 30). Face-to-face interviews were conducted between January and November of 2016 using a designed dynamic routing system. Definitions (as described by interviewees) for 7 pre-determined quality factors, including: (1) How and where the cattle were raised, (2) Lean, fat, and bone, (3) Weight and size, (4) Visual characteristics, (5) Food safety, (6) Eating satisfaction, and (7) Cattle genetics were recorded verbatim and categorized into similar responses for analysis. Compared to NBQA-2011, a higher percentage of companies were willing to pay premiums for guaranteed quality attributes, but overall were willing to pay lower average premiums than the companies interviewed in 2011. Food safety had the highest share of preference among all interviewees, generating a double-digit advantage over any other quality factor. The 2 beef industries have an overall positive image among interviewees, and despite lingering weaknesses, product quality continued to be at the forefront of the strengths category for both steer and heifer beef and market cow and bull beef.
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Gherheș, Vasile, and Marcela Alina Fărcașiu. "Sustainable Behavior among Romanian Students: A Perspective on Electricity Consumption in Households." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 20, 2021): 9357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169357.
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The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) estimates that the environmental pressure from households will increase significantly by 2030. Sustainable consumption means making consumers aware of the social and environmental impacts of the goods and services they use. In this respect, special attention must be paid to electricity consumption since its generation affects the environment. The present research aims at capturing electricity consumption behaviors among students, after having applied an online questionnaire between March and April 2021, recording 816 responses. The results of this research highlighted the fact that for seven out of fourteen statements, percentages of over 50% for the “always” and “often” answer variants were recorded, but cases when the highest percentages were for the “rarely” and “never” answer variants (e.g., “You read the hours on the light bulb packs before purchasing them”, “You put your mobile phone in the power saving mode so that you don’t have to charge it so often” and “You unplug the electrical and electronic equipment that you do not use”) were also observed. Decrypting consumer behaviors is a key point for building strategies that will lead to consumers’ awareness of conserving electricity in households and, thus, to a reduction in their environmental impact.
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Adiyoga, Witono, Mathias Prathama, and Rini Rosliani. "Analisis Anggaran Parsial dan Usahatani Teknik Semai pada Budidaya Bawang Merah True Shallot Seed (Partial and Farm Budget Analysis of Some Sowing Techniques in TSS Cultivation)." Jurnal Hortikultura 30, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jhort.v30n1.2020.p97-106.
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<p>Penelitian ini diarahkan untuk mendapatkan informasi kelayakan ekonomis berbagai cara semai serta melakukan analisis usahatani budidaya true shallot seed (TSS). Percobaan dilakukan di Brebes, Jawa Tengah, April–September 2017. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan enam kombinasi perlakuan metode semai (sebar, garit, dan soil-block) dan umur semai (30 dan 45 hari). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cara semai soil-block umur 30 hari menghasilkan bobot umbi tertinggi. Produksi per hektar semai soil-block umur 30 hari adalah 29,3 ton/ha (bobot segar) atau 17,7 ton/ha (bobot kering). Indikator B/C ratio tertinggi (0,75) dan tingkat pengembalian marjinal tertinggi (27,769%) mengindikasikan bahwa cara soil-block umur 45 hari merupakan perlakuan yang paling ekonomis. Harga per semaian berkisar antara Rp37,6 – 42,6 sehingga biaya total semaian adalah Rp24,4 – 27,7 juta per hektar. Biaya sebesar ini berpotensi menghapus salah satu advantage penggunaan TSS karena tidak lebih murah dibanding biaya benih umbi per hektar. Walaupun menunjukkan potensi hasil cukup tinggi (18–29 ton/ha), namun karena efisiensi lahan rendah (54%) serta susut bobot tinggi (56%) maka probabilitas mengalami kerugian masih cukup tinggi. Hasil studi menyarankan penelitian lanjutan yang diarahkan untuk menekan biaya produksi semaian, meningkatkan produktivitas, meningkatkan efisiensi lahan, dan menurunkan susut bobot umbi.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p>Benih biji botani; Cara semai; Kelayakan ekonomis; Analisis anggaran parsial </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The study aimed to assess the economic feasibility of sowing methods and farm-budget of TSS cultivation. A trial was conducted in Brebes, Central Java (April–September 2017). RCBD with six treatment combinations of sowing method and sowing age, and four replications was employed. Results indicate that seedlings from soil block (30 days) produce the highest tuber weight. The fresh yield of using soil-block (30 days) is 29.3 tons/ha, while the dry yield is 17.7 tons/ha. Based on the highest B/C ratio and highest marginal rate of return, the soil-block (45 days) is assessed as the most feasible sowing method. The cost per seedling ranges from IDR 37.6 – 42.6, thus the total seedling cost is IDR 24.4 – 27.7 millions/ha. This may potentially eliminate one advantage of using TSS because the seedling cost is not lower than the cost of purchasing seed bulbs. Producing high fresh yield (18 – 29 tons/ha) could not compensate low land efficiency (54%) and high weight loss (56%), so that the loss probability is still quite high. The study recommends further works needed to lower seedling cost, increase yield, increase land efficiency, and reduce the bulb weight loss.</p>
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Kruglyak, O. V., and I. S. Martynyuk. "ECONOMIC BASES OF GENE POOL OF LOCAL AND ENDANGERED BREEDS OF FARM ANIMALS SPECIES PRESERVATION IN UKRAINE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 52 (November 1, 2016): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.52.28.
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The aim was to determine the amount of state financial support for the full gene pool preservation of local and endangered breeds of farm animals in Ukraine for 2016-2020.
Given the great strategic and economic importance of the problem of gene pool preservation and rational use to enhance food security, the level of state financial support for preservation of the gene pool of local and endangered breeds of farm animals was determined for using two methods of conservation: in situ (live animals) and ex situ (cryoconservation of their genetic materials).
The level of budget support to preserve gene pool objects involves calculating the minimum (normative) amount of genetic resources (livestock females, bull semen, embryos) and rational choice of methodical approach to determining the level of budget support for the preservation of each type of genetic resources.
The level of budget support for in situ maintenance of gene pool objects was determined based on level of budget subsidy per head and livestock number of each species, recommended to preserve (normative). The basis of the level of budget subsidies was determined as compensation amount of normative costs for feed produced at cost. Normative costs of feed were determined on the basis of scientifically grounded rations for species and breeds of animals taking into account their productivity.
The full in situ preservation of dairy and dual-purpose breeds of cattle requires the holding herds of each breed which include animals of all main bloodlines, where at least 3 live bulls and 60 cows should be kept per bloodline. In gene pool subjects of beef breeds at least 3 bulls and 20 cows should be kept per bloodline. Breeding cattle of all breeds should be performed by linear purebred breeding and randomized fixing of bulls in lines. Under these conditions, it is possible to preserve purebred livestock number for 5-6 generations, or 20 years. To preserve in situ the gene pool of local and endangered breeds of pigs, sheep and poultry it is necessary to provide herd size not less than 25 boars and 100 sows, 20 rams and 200 ewes, 10 stallions and 50 mares, 50 geese and 200 fowl, 50 drakes and 250 ducks, 50 cocks and 250 hens.
The constancy of gene pool of local and endangered breeds is fully possible to provide only by ex situ method, providing measures to preserve genetic fund of breeds, types, lines in an artificial environment (cryoconservation of gametes, somatic cells, zygotes, tissues).
Ex situ preservation of the gene pool of local and endangered breeds is expedient as a "virtual" cryo-herds. For their expansion annually 1-3 thousand doses of bull semen of dairy, dual-purpose and beef breeds per each farm or genealogical line (depending on the number of bulls in a line) must be collected and stored in cryo-depositories in over 3 thousand doses of bull semen for each line. Annual accumulation and storage of semen of rams should be accordingly 1.2 and 2.4 thousand doses, boars – 2 thousand doses and stallions – 300 doses in both cases. The annual need for purchasing sires’ semen of farm animals is 35.7 thousand doses. For implementation of programs for preserving the gene pool of local breeds it is necessary to pass 10% of annual purchased semen to the Bank of Animal Genetic Resources of Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS.
The normative costs for an annual storage of sires’ semen in 2015 have been determined, which amount is UAH 4.54 and UAH 2.98 according to normative capacity of cryo-depositories (5 thousand doses and 20 thousand doses).
The project of preserving populations of local and endangered breeds of cattle as "cryo-herds" (cryopreserved bovine embryos) during 2016-2020 requires the state support for obtaining 250 bovine embryos, prepared for long-term storage, of each breed and storing them in Bank of Animal Genetic Resources of Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS.
To provide the full preservation of the gene pool of local and endangered breeds of farm animals in Ukraine using two methods of conservation: in situ (live animals) and ex situ (“virtual cryo-herds”) during the next five years it is necessary to finance UAH 75,137.5 thousand from the State Budget. The implementation of the developed economic mechanism ensures the gene pool preservation of domestic autochthonous and local breeds of farm animals and their further use for breeding animals of specialized and dual-purpose breeds, the execution of commitments laid down by international agreements of Ukraine for the biodiversity preservation. These research results have been used in the development of the Programme of preservation of local and endangered breeds of farm animals in Ukraine for 2016-2020.
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Amin, MR, MA Siddiki, AKMA Kabir, MO Faruque, and ZH Khandaker. "Status of buffalo farmers and buffaloes at Subornochar upozila of Noakhali district in Bangladesh." Progressive Agriculture 26, no. 1 (August 12, 2015): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v26i1.24519.
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The aim of the study was designed to investigate the socio-economic status of buffalo farmers, productive and reproductive performances and management practices of buffaloes at different villages of Subornochar upozila of Noakhali district in Bangladesh. For this investigation total one hundred buffalo farmers were selected from ten villages. Ten farmers who have at least five buffaloes were randomly selected from each village. The investigation revealed that majority of the buffalo farmers age was ranged from 41 to 50 years followed by 51 to 55 years and less than 40 years. Hundred percent farmers were educated but no farmers were found who completed graduation. More than half of the farmers have primary educated followed by SSC or above and rest of them could sign only. In the study area, sixty eight percent of the buffalo farmers were engaged with agriculture along with buffalo rearing and rests of them were engaged with other business. More than half of the respondents were holding land above ten acres, followed by seven to ten acres and rest of them below three acres. Sixty five percent of the farmers took bank loan and rest of them used own capital and/or NGOs loan for rearing buffaloes. There were no farmers found who got training on buffalo rearing. More than two third of the respondents practiced buffalo rearing as their family profession and rest of them were influenced by the neighboring farmers. The buffalo breed of this area was mostly indigenous types. The highest numbers of buffaloes found were heifer followed by milking buffalo and buffalo bull calves. About half of the farmers kept their buffaloes at least two years followed by three and one years and rest of them was more than three years.The average milk production of indigenous buffalo was 2.7 liter/day. Birth weight, weaning weight, weaning and slaughter age of indigenous buffalo in the selected areas were 27.5 kg, 56.5 kg and 14 and 55 months, respectively. The average age at first heat that was puberty of buffaloes was 3.4 years. The gestation period, number of service per conception, post partum hear period and inter calving period was 10 months, 3.1times, 4.5 and 15.8 months, respectively. Most of the farmers maintain their buffaloes mainly in extensive system and bathan (80%). Majority of the farmers (70%) expressed availability of the feeds and fodder as the major problem for buffalo rearing. Out of locally available feeds and fodders rice straw, pasture grasses and Uri grass were the main source of feeds for buffaloes in selected areas. Uri grasses was very soft, very high in CP content and were commonly available in the bank of river or see shore. Buffalo farmers were not practicing to supply concentrate feeds to their buffaloes. Four major diseases of buffaloes were found where the incidence of foot and mouth diseases was high (63%). Farmers of the selected area were totally unaware about vaccination and de-worming and they did not follow any vaccination and de-warming programme. They sale their buffaloes to the farmers or butcher and average cost of a pair of buffalo was Tk. 80,000.00 to Tk. 180,000.00. The annual cost of production per buffalo was Tk. 6350.00 while a gross return per buffalo was Tk. 13932.00. The annual food purchasing capacity of the buffalo farmers was increased 58%. The educational, social status, health care and housing cost of the buffalo farmers were also increased through buffalo rearing. Considering all this parameters related to livelihood, it was clearly found that the socio-economic status of the buffalo farmers was improved through buffalo rearing.Progressive Agriculture 26:71-78, 2015
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Dillon, Brian, Joachim De Weerdt, and Ted O’Donoghue. "Paying More for Less: Why Don’t Households in Tanzania Take Advantage of Bulk Discounts?" World Bank Economic Review, January 10, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhz020.
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Abstract Do poor households shop in a way that leaves money on the table? A simple way to maximize consumption, conditional on available cash, is to avoid regularly purchasing small amounts of nonperishable goods when bulk discounts are available at modestly larger quantities. Using two-week transaction diaries covering 48,501 purchases by 1,493 households in Tanzania, this article finds that through bulk purchasing the average household could spend 8.7 percent less without reducing purchasing quantities. Several explanations for this pattern are investigated, and the most likely mechanisms are found to be worries about over-consumption of stocks and avoidance of social taxation. Contrary to prior work, there is little indication that liquidity constraints prevent poorer households in the sample from buying in bulk, possibly because the bulk quantities under examination are not very large.
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"What's the big deal? Journal purchasing - bulk buying or cherry-picking?" Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community 16, no. 2 (July 1, 2003): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1629/16199.
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Tripathy, P. K., and Anima Bag. "Replenishment Model with Entropic Order Quantity for Deteriorating Items under Inflation." Asian Journal of Probability and Statistics, August 28, 2021, 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajpas/2021/v14i330331.
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The purpose of the current paper is to determine an optimal order quantity so as to minimize the total cost of the inventory system of a business enterprise. The model is developed for deteriorating items with stock and selling price dependent demand under inflation without permitting shortage. Optimal solution is achieved by cost minimization strategy considering replenishment cost, purchase cost, holding cost and deterioration cost with a special approach to entropy cost for bulk size purchasing units. The effectiveness of the proposed model has been avowed through empirical investigation. Sensitivity analysis has been accomplished to deduce managerial insights. Findings suggest that an increased inflationary effect results in increment in the system total cost. The paper can be extended by allowing shortage. The model can be utilized in the business firms dealing with bulk purchasing units of electric equipments, semiconductor devices, photographic films and many more.
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Ferrell, Jason A., Petere J. Dittmar, Brent A. Sellers, and Pratap Devkota. "Herbicide Residues in Manure, Compost, or Hay." EDIS 2017, no. 3 (June 20, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ag416-2017.
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When purchasing compost, it is important to understand that some manure-based products can contain herbicide residues that can affect the growth of certain plants. Manure from animals that have been fed forage treated with aminopyralid or other closely related herbicides, such as clopyralid or picloram, can be contaminated with these herbicides, which severely restrict the growth of legume and solanaceous crops and other broadleaf plants. This 3-page fact sheet discusses aminopyralid, compost, questions to ask when purchasing bulk compost or mulch, conducting a bioassay, aminopyralid injury symptoms, and steps to consider if contaminated manure or compost has been added to a garden or field site.
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"On the Problem of Operation of Self-Propelled Drilling Rigs in the Harsh Winter Conditions of the Far North." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 4785–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.b3547.129219.
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In the North-East and Arctic regions of the Russian Federation, self-propelled drilling rigs of various modifications are in high demand for drilling of various purpose wells during exploration and engineering works. Due to the geographical inaccessibility of the production sites during the warm season, the bulk of drilling work is carried out in winter. The drilling fleet of exploration companies is becoming obsolete due to the lack of stable production of new generation drilling equipment by domestic plants, so now the process of purchasing imported equipment with higher technological capabilities, but not enough adapted to work in the harsh climatic conditions of the cryolithic zones of the northern and arctic regions, has begun. Besides, the enthusiasm for imported equipment, as we know, leads to constant dependence on foreign companies - suppliers of spare parts, technological means and materials and providing maintenance of drilling rigs.
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Hyams, S. D., A. E. Smith, C. M. Squirrell, G. J. Warren, O. H. Warren, and P. J. Willetts. "Saving for retirement: rules of thumb." British Actuarial Journal 25 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321720000070.
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Abstract Rules of thumb (RoTs) are proposed as a means of promoting higher levels of Defined Contribution (DC) pension saving and to help stimulate debate about the high and uncertain cost of pension provision, leading to the development of solutions. The Lifetime Pension Contribution (LPC) tells young people what pension contribution is required over a full working life to achieve a decent retirement income, calculated as 23% of average UK earnings. Another RoT is that each 1% of earnings provides a pension of 1.5% of earnings. Other RoTs show how costs vary by retirement age and if the saverʼs retirement planning is on track. The current high cost of pensions is partly due to low interest rates and the inefficiencies of the DC market, with inadequate bulk purchasing power and risk sharing. RoTs might help encourage higher employer contributions, either through automatic enrolment or on a voluntary basis.
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Mauro, E., and A. Utari. "Riverbank filtration project at cilandak as a solution of limited water supply in South Jakarta - Indonesia." Water Practice and Technology 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2011.0073.
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Jakarta, capital city of Indonesia, has a population of 9.5 million inhabitants, population that increases significantly during working hours. Jakarta suffers a deficit of clean water supply due to limited raw water availability delivered from Jatiluhur dam, located 70 km away, and the deteriorating water quality of Jakarta's rivers. PALYJA, operator of water services of West Jakarta, manages three WTP producing 75% of distributed water (6 m3/s) and purchasing bulk treated water to complete the supply (2 m3/s). In Cilandak, a 400 l/s WTP fed by the increasingly polluted Krukut River, PALYJA opted by Riverbank Filtration (RBF) as a solution in order to improve raw water quality and quantity reducing the impact of dry season trough aquifer storage. RBF is a cost-effective, natural treatment technology that takes advantage of geological and biological natural filtration, instead of chemicals use, to obtain surface water and groundwater supplies. By mid 2010, the project started with the study and pumping test in two new pilot wells, confirming very good quality and quantity of the leakage from Krukut River. The project is ongoing, drilling and equipping 10 wells to obtain 150 l/s additional water for Cilandak WTP by the 2nd semester of 2011.
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Amoah-Mensah, Aborampah. "Nnoboa and Rotated Susu as Agents of Savings Mobilization: Developing a Theoretical Model Using Grounded Theory." Qualitative Report, January 18, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2021.4318.
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In this study, I investigate nnoboa and rotated susu systems and how they operate as indigenous co-operatives that mobilize savings from its members. The nnoboa system, according to oral tradition, evolved out of the communal way of living in Africa, particularly Ghana. Nnoboa is a form of cooperative society whereby members of the society help to weed one another’s farm on rotational basis. Rotated susu is a group of two or more people who come together to save money and the lump sum (bulk money) is given to each of the group members on rotational basis. Both systems operate like the formal banking savings and loans systems. I employ a qualitative approach, comprising seven focus group meetings in seven communities in the Bibiani-Anhwiaso-Bekwai Municipality in the Western North Region of Ghana. The findings show that the rotated susu concept emanates from the nnoboa concept and the two systems are underpinned by the following values: trust, synergy, flexibility and empathy, commitment, tolerance and punctuality and promptness. Another finding of the study is that the nnoboa and rotated susu systems offer participants a lot of mileage: helping them to generate income, raise capital, increase their savings, providing them with a source of cheap labor (all nnoboa group members provide free labor for each other in turns so that it becomes affordable for each member to weed his/her farm or clear a parcel of land during the farming season since it is expensive to hire farm laborers), increasing their production, offering them opportunities for networking and bulk purchasing, the groups serving as collateral securities or guarantors as well as the display of love and affection. Based on these findings, I develop a theoretical model for nnoboa and rotated susu systems using grounded theory. The theoretical model of nnoboa and rotated susu systems has implications for researchers, practitioners and the unemployed in terms of how the poor can form groups and access cheap labor or raise capital for any venture. Therefore, the significance of this study is that extant literature on nnoboa and rotated susu with emphasis on their values and benefits and a theoretical model that supports such a system seem to be non-existent.
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Waitzberg, R., W. Quentin, N. Gottlieb, R. Busse, and D. Greenberg. "How do managers and physicians reconcile between financial and clinical considerations in hospitals?" European Journal of Public Health 30, Supplement_5 (September 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.652.
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Abstract Background Hospital managers and physicians may face dilemmas due to their role as dual agents, committed both to their hospitals and their patients. We aim to pinpoint situations where economic and clinical considerations are aligned or conflicting; and to explore how managers and physicians reconcile different considerations in their decision-making in Germany and Israel. Methods Qualitative, thematic analysis based on 47 in-depth interviews with managers, ward directors and physicians in five hospitals in Germany and five in Israel. Results Economic and clinical considerations are aligned when gaps between hospital payments and costs are small, and economic incentives do not distort clinical considerations or when good medicine avoids complications while saving costs. Dilemmas arise when procedures are underpriced, resulting in financial losses to the hospital, and represent barriers for adoption of new, costly, medical equipment. In many instances, managers and ward directors choose one of the principals (hospital or patient), yet sometimes they develop reconciliation strategies that include: (1) improving coding of activities and diagnoses to assure higher payments; (2) reducing costs per case by choosing cheaper supplies with the same quality, bulk purchasing or reducing unnecessary lengths-of-stay; (3) providing clear treatment guidelines that support decision-making. Hospitals in Germany increase efficiency through specialization, and try to find alternative, less costly, care settings such as rehabilitation facilities. In Israel, hospitals balance the amount of unprofitable cases with many other profitable cases. Conclusions While sometimes one principal prevails, agents reconcile economic and clinical considerations. In Germany, a high-expenditure hospital market, there is some flexibility to change the character of hospitals activity, while in Israel, a middle-expenditure market, agents balance activities within the existing framework. Key messages Dilemmas exist regardless of the amount of hospitals’ funds. In Germany there is flexibility to change hospitals’ activity, while in Israel agents balance activities within the existing framework.