Journal articles on the topic 'Bulldozer blade'

Introduction. The productivity and efficiency of earth-cutting and transport machines (ETM) of the waste type depends on the nature and physical and mechanical properties of soils, i.e. on strength, connectivity, humidity, compactness, climatic conditions and on the region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. According to Professor R.A. Kabashev, the regions of Kazakhstan have mainly clay, sandy, loamy, sandy-gravel, coarse- and semi-rocky soils. Different designs and shapes of cutter blades, and therefore mouldboards, are required to develop these categories of soils to minimise cutting and digging resistance. Improved blade and blade designs result in higher productivity and energy efficiency, and the traction factor of the bulldozer is used effectively.When studying and analyzing literature sources, scientists of CIS and foreign countries came to the conclusion that the theory of interaction of working bodies of earth-moving machines with soils, typical for the middle belt of Russia and Ukraine, which are characterized by some connection between particles of II, III categories of soil strength, was reasonably created. Mechanisms of interaction of such soils with bulldozing equipment differ from the processes occurring when digging unbound and dense loamy soils typical for Kazakhstan.The material of this article represents the establishment of rational forms of the heap and the determination of optimum parameters of the heap depending on the category of the ground being mined, i.e., the creation of an adaptive working organ (WO) of the bulldozer, corresponding to its profile with natural trajectory of ground formation formation.Materials and methods. As materials, different categories of soils were used, widespread in the region of Kazakhstan and the new design of the bulldozer blade, equipped with a variety of sets of knives, i.e. ordinary straight knives - for planning work and the development of I-III categories of soils; with medium protruding knives (MPK) - for the development of dense IV-V categories or with stepped knives - for the development of hard, strong soils, etc. The process of their interaction with the maximum formation of the prism of drawing the soil before the blade, using the graphic-analytical method of research, was investigated.Outcomes. Studying the processes of interaction of WO and bulldozer knives with different categories of soils, rational designs of knives designed for the development of various categories of soils were established. The optimal parameters of the blade with the maximum set of the drawing prism before the blade are determined. Also, the blade is equipped with side knife extenders, upper visors and side bevels. The radius of curvature of the blade in the cross-section corresponds to the natural angle of chip formation of the soil layer, which allows to reduce the resistance of digging the soil.Discussion and conclusion. Until now, scientists of the CIS and foreign countries in the field of WO ETM of the waste type have studied in detail in theoretical terms and experimentally established promising designs of WO and bulldozer knives. Numerous methods for determining the parameters of the WO of the bulldozer depending on the category of the developed soil and taking into account the traction factor of the propulsion system, etc. However, they missed the study, with the maximum set of the prism of drawing the soil in front of the blade, its area of contact from the frontal surface of the blade and at the same time, adapted in the cross-section of the blade (radius of curvature of the blade) with the natural trajectory of chip formation of the soil layer.Taking into account these provisions, we have developed several options for the location of knives on the blade, taking into account the developed categories of soils:- a bulldozer blade with side bevels of the frontal surface for soft (sandy) soils;- bulldozer blade with MPK, side scarves and upper side bevels for strong, clay soils;- bulldozer blade with side bevels and side knives-extenders for loosened soils;- bulldozer blade with MPK, side scarves, side knives-extenders and upper bevels for densely strong soils (medium loam). For all these options (4 types of blade) blade design and knife location, it is recommended to determine the optimal parameters of the blade, taking into account the development of the soil category.

Bulldozer fatalities are usually due to accidental crushing of the body at the workplace. However, severance of the skull cap simulating a chopping injury to head is rare in the literature. Medico-legal investigation may be posed with different challenges when carrying out an autopsy of a victim with this devastating head injury. The police will seek an opinion about the type of weapon responsible for the injuries, the nature of injuries produced and manner of death. In the present case, the victim was hit at dusk by a protruding part of the bulldozer blade as he crossed in front of a bulldozer that was approaching his tractor from the opposite side of the road. His skull cap was severed and he died instantly. This report considers the circumstances of his death, its mechanisms and strategies for preventing such deaths.

The main purpose of the performed works was to develop a concept of a bulldozer blade mounted to the road roller. The paper presents the main assumptions, design stages, results of strength analyses of the blade, which can be used in a road roller. Because the elements that push the components of machines operating on construction sites, in mines and in the agricultural environment, the elaborated element would enable wider use of the roller. Based on the FEM analyses, it has been confirmed that the developed load bearing structure is characterized by full operating strength. The designed blade meets the initial assumptions and can be used as equipment of heavy machines.

AbstrakTeknik hardfacing merupakan pengerasan permukaan dengan menambahkan unsur atau lapisan terertentu agar sifat logam induk menjadi lebih keras. Pada blade buldozer umumnya dikeraskan dengan memberikan lapisan hasil pengelasan dengan elektroda khusus. Elektroda tersebut memiliki sifat kekerasan yang tinggi, sehingga blade pada buldozer tidak cepat aus. Dalam penelitian ini akan dilakukan dua kali proses quenching. Pertama dengan menggunakan air ketika selesai proses pengelasan. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pemanasan kembali dalam tungku kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses quenching dengan dua media yang berbeda yaitu oli dan coolant. Dari hasil yang penelitian didapatkan hasil kesimpulan, media coolant merupakan media yang paling optimal dalam meningkatkan kekerasan dari hasil hardfacing. Nilai kekerasan yang didapatkan dari hasil pencelupan dengan media coolant adalah sebesar 299,73 HV Kata kunci: Hardfacing, HV 350, Quenching dan Kekerasan AbstractHardfacing technique is surface hardening by adding certain elements or layers so that the nature of the parent metal becomes harder. On the bulldozer blade is generally hardened by giving a layer of welding results with special electrodes. The electrode has high hardness properties, so the blade of the bulldozer does not wear out quickly. In this research two quenching processes will be carried out. First by using water when the welding process is complete. Then proceed with reheating in the furnace then proceed with the process of quenching with two different media namely oil and coolant. From the results of the study concluded, coolant media is the most optimal media in increasing the hardness of the results of hardfacing. The hardness value obtained from the dyeing with coolant media is 299.73 HV Keywords: Hardfacing, HV 350, Quenching and Hardness

AbstractWe investigate the bulldozing motion of a granular sandpile driven forwards by a vertical plate. The problem is set up in the laboratory by emplacing the pile on a table rotating underneath a stationary plate; the continual circulation of the bulldozed material allows the dynamics to be explored over relatively long times, and the variation of the velocity with radius permits one to explore the dependence on bulldozing speed within a single experiment. We measure the time-dependent surface shape of the dune for a range of rotation rates, initial volumes and radial positions, for four granular materials, ranging from glass spheres to irregularly shaped sand. The evolution of the dune can be separated into two phases: a rapid initial adjustment to a state of quasi-steady avalanching perpendicular to the blade, followed by a much slower phase of lateral spreading and radial migration. The quasi-steady avalanching sets up a well-defined perpendicular profile with a nearly constant slope. This profile can be scaled by the depth against the bulldozer to collapse data from different times, radial positions and experiments onto common ‘master curves’ that are characteristic of the granular material and depend on the local Froude number. The lateral profile of the dune along the face of the bulldozer varies more gradually with radial position, and evolves by slow lateral spreading. The spreading is asymmetrical, with the inward progress of the dune eventually arrested and its bulk migrating to larger radii. A one-dimensional depth-averaged model recovers the nearly linear perpendicular profile of the dune, but does not capture the finer nonlinear details of the master curves. A two-dimensional version of the model leads to an advection–diffusion equation that reproduces the lateral spreading and radial migration. Simulations using the discrete element method reproduce in more quantitative detail many of the experimental findings and furnish further insight into the flow dynamics.

Abstract Enrichment of regeneration on contemporary hardwood clearcuts was achieved by transplanting large (2-3 m) white ash saplings. One- and 7-year-old clearcuts at Acadia Forest Experiment Station, N.B., were treated by spot scarification with a bulldozer blade, planting the ash saplings, and protecting them from deer with plastic netting. After 4 years, the ash was competitive with the red maple stump sprout regeneration on the older clearcut, and dominated the regeneration on the current clearcut. Seed source (family) height and diameter differences of up to 60 cm and 9 mm, respectively, persisted in 1986. North. J. Appl. For. 5:200-203, Sept. 1988.

Рассмотрены направления деятельности отечественных предприятий по созданию различных типов и моделей пожарно-спасательных автомобилей (АПС) с начала ХХI века. Показана их доля в общем парке пожарных автомобилей (ПА). Определены приоритетные модели АПС по их главным параметрам: вместимости цистерны, базовому шасси, а также использованию других опций, расширяющих функциональные возможности АПС. Дано описание ряда конструкций АПС, представленных на крупнейшей международной выставке «Интершутц» (г. Ганновер), а также на международных салонах «Комплексная безопасность» (Москва). There are considered directions for creation of various fire and rescue vehicles (FRV) types and models of domestic production from the beginning of this century. An increase in their share in the total fire vehicles fleet is demonstrated. The number of FRV, presented at the largest International Exhibition INTERSCHUTZ (Hanover) as well as at INTEGRATED SAFETY & SECURITY EXHIBITIONs (Moscow), is described. The relevance of creation and production of new FRV models is determined by their multifunctionality during fire and rescue operations. Taking into account the expert survey between fire specialists of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation and based on the main FRV parameter - tank capacity, base chassis, and the use of other options increasing the FRV functionality, there are defined the following priority FRV models: crane-manipulator unit, a device for compression foam supply, a hydroabrasive cutting device, a bulldozer blade device. There is presented a brief description of typical FRVs for the last 15-year period from the beginning of their production taking into account the conceptual proposals for their creation on various basic chassis: Ural (4 x 4), KamAZ (4 x 4), (4 x 4), (8 x 4); MAZ (4 x 2), IVECO AMT (4 x 4), (6 x 6) of foreign production: Mercedec-Benz Sprinter (4 x 2) and Fuso Canter (4 x 2), as well as with additional equipment: a medical module; with armoured elements and a blade; with crane manipulator

ABSTRACT On June 4, 1983, a backhoe operator digging in a Northern Idaho creek ruptured the Yellowstone Pipeline. Approximately 24,000 gallons of unleaded gasoline were released into Wolf Lodge Creek as a result of the spill. Due to the quick response by Yellowstone Pipeline Company personnel, most of the spilled gasoline was recovered prior to entering Lake Coeur d'Alene, located about three miles southwest of the spill site. Initial cleanup methods included deployment of a series of containment and sorbent booms downstream of the spill site and recovery of gasoline by pumping the gasoline from the creek into tank trucks. The effects of the spill on Wolf Lodge Creek were devastating. The creek was an important spawning area, wildlife habitat, and drinking water source. Federal and state officials concluded that additional cleanup of the creek was necessary, primarily because some of the spilled gasoline had been trapped in the stream bed underneath gravel and debris. A stream bed agitation technique was developed in an attempt to release the trapped gasoline without further damaging the creek. Following a month of negotiations, Yellowstone Pipeline Company agreed to conduct the stream bed agitation operation. Three inches of stream bed were turned over by dragging a bulldozer blade over the bed. Released gasoline was collected with sorbent material placed throughout the stream. Initial recovery of fish and invertebrate populations in Wolf Lodge Creek has been significant. Studies are currently being conducted to determine if invertebrate recovery in agitated areas of the the stream is greater than in unagitated areas.

Introduction. External forces from the working implements of tractor units or road construction machines often lead to uncontrollable displacement from a given trajectory. This movement is the sum of controlled movement and uncontrolled displacement (start of moving). The lack of adequate models of displacement (start of movement) is the reason for the insufficient study of uncontrolled movement at the present time. The goal is to build a model of uncontrolled displacement under the action of an external force, which allows obtaining the maximum value of the external force, depending on its direction.Materials and methods. The mathematical model of limiting equilibrium is built on the example of a bulldozer unit with a skewed blade. The force factors of the interaction of the mover with the soil included in the model were formed on the basis of the mathematical theory of friction. The model was improved by introducing different coefficients of adhesion in the longitudinal and transverse directions. This made it possible to take into account the anisotropy of the interaction of the propeller with the ground.Results. The hodograph of the limiting shift force was constructed as a result of a numerical experiment. His analysis showed that the shift force is equal to the adhesion limit only in the case of translational shear. In all other cases (instantaneous rotational shear) the value of the ultimate shift force is less than the adhesion limit. Anisotropy further reduces the value of the limiting external shear force and rotates the hodograph towards the lowest friction coefficient.Conclusion. The hodograph allows calculating the value of the limiting shear force and assessing the possibility of an uncontrolled deviation of the machine from a given trajectory. The resulting model will subsequently be used to build a control system for the operation of an unmanned vehicle, taking into account the external influence from the working tools.

Existing caterpillar dump trucks, including foreign ones, with relatively small amounts of work carried out seasonally, for example, when building roads in logging areas, are not effective enough. It is proposed to use trail equipment available for logging needs for road construction. LLC «Plant of Caterpillar Machines» developed a schematic solution for a caterpillar tractor wagon obtained by equipping the serial rubber trail tractor TGL-4.04 with a large-capacity dump truck and using bulldozer equipment with a turning blade. In order to assist the customer using the caterpillar dump truck based on the trail tractor TGL-4.04 in determining the loading parameters corresponding to the modes of the most efficient use of the machine under specific operating conditions, the tasks of developing fairly simple nomograms graphically linking the main load parameters of a caterpillar tractor wagon characteristics with typical operating conditions. The technique of calculation of dynamic characteristics of a caterpillar tractor wagon is stated. Variants of a dynamic passport are proposed, including a nomogram of the regular-route load. Each version of the dynamic passport contains two quadrants: in the right quadrant, the dynamic characteristic «on the engine»; in the left quadrant, the dependences of the dynamic factor on the elevation angle of the terrain and the drag coefficients for medium and heavy conditions are presented (dynamic characteristic «according to traffic conditions»). Examples of the analysis of the nature of the movement of a caterpillar tractor wagon at a given speed under given conditions are given. The proposed improved version of the dynamic passport with the nomogram of the regular-route load makes it possible to formulate practical recommendations on the values of the regular-route loads and the speeds of the caterpillar tractor wagon when transporting goods under specific operating conditions.

Small agricultural machinery with forward and reverse-rotational rotary blades was proposed for solving the problem of cultivation with compacted soil. Lagrangian smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) based models of forward and reverse-rotational rotary blades were carried out using the LS-DYNA software. SPH is a mesh free method, thus large material distortions that occur in the soil cutting problem are easily managed. In most earth moving machinery, such as bulldozers or tillage tools, the working tool is a blade. Hence for tillage systems, accurately predicting the forces acting on the blade is of prime importance in helping to enhance productivity. Structural parameters of reverse-rotational rotary blade were studied and optimized with orthogonal test and numerical simulating technology. Results show that forward and reverse-rotational rotary tool can independently work for the cutting of compacted soil with different operating resistance. It is perfectly feasible to apply the proposed composite rotary tiller to compacted soil deep-tilling with low power motor. Proper structural parameters of forward and reverse-rotational rotary blades can reduce the power consumption. This method provides theoretical basis for the design of tools.

The work is devoted to ways to improve the efficiency of preparatory and excavation works in road construction using bulldozers equipped with universal working equipment. Studying the state of the bulldozer Park of road construction organizations of the city of Bryansk and the Bryansk region, it was revealed that the Park contains obsolete bulldozers. In this paper, the authors proposed options for improving the university of the working equipment of the bulldozer with the addition of a controlled knife system or controlled lower sections. At the equipment-driven knife system, the working equipment of the bulldozer is characterized in that the edges of the bottom of the blade of the inserted knife system imposed on the surface of the blade, consisting of metal sheets with cutting edges, stiffeners and connected to gidrol linkami their management by means of brackets , and with a blade – with the help of duosonics, hydraulic cylinders control the cutter systems, BAP-pyatsya the edges on the back side of the blade with eyes limited to residing their turn to increase the rigidity of the structure. If necessary, the cutting knives can be replaced with a cargo fork to effectively pick up the goods. When the equipment controlled the lower sections of the working equipment is characterized in that the push bars have cutouts for the installation of cross beam and pivotally connected via axles to the main building-som of the blade, which has a pivotally mounted visor with snarling face and eyes with hydraulic cylinder control. The lower sections are connected to the lever by means of hinge rods. The expansion of technological capabilities is achieved through the installation of an additional module-a loosening tooth with a tip or a cargo fork.

The low-level modeling and control of mobile robots that interact forcibly with their environment, such as robotic excavation machinery, is a challenging problem that has not been adequately addressed in prior research. This paper investigates the low-level modeling of robotic bulldozing. The proposed model characterizes the three primary degrees-of-freedom (DOF) of the bulldozer, the blade position, the material accumulation on the blade, and the material distribution in the environment. It includes discrete operation modes contained within a hybrid dynamic model framework. The dynamics of the individual modes are represented by a set of linear and nonlinear differential equations. An instrumented scaled-down bulldozer and environment are developed to emulate the full scale operation. Model parameter estimation and validation are completed using experimental data from this system. The model is refined based on a global sensitivity analysis. The refined model is suitable for simulation and design of robotic bulldozing control strategies.

PT Arutmin Indonesia Site Asam-Asam memiliki sistem conveyor satu jalur untuk transportasi batubara jenis ecocoal yang dirancang untuk dapat mengangkut batubara dengan kapasitas maksimum ssebesar 2.700 ton/jam. Dalam praktiknya hanya dimanfatkan rata-rata sebesar 2.000 ton/jam artinya dalam sehari menghasilkan 40000 ton. Dalam penjualan batubara di lokasi Asam–Asam tidak optimal, kendala-kendalanya yaitu produktivitas belt conveyor tidak mencapai 2000 ton/jam, terbuangnya waktu sekitar 25 menit saat pergantian tongkang, dan faktor lainya.Metode yang dipergunakan dalam pengolahan data belt conveyor adalah dengan menganalisis luas penampang belt, kecepatan masing-masing belt pada rangkaian, koefisien kemiringan belt, kondisi aktual lapangan dan spesifikasi teknis peralatan yang mendukung kegiatan pemuatan ke belt conveyor , serta working time belt conveyor. Untuk pengolahan data bulldozer adalah dengan menganalisis produksi per siklus, faktor blade, waktu suklus dan effesiensi kerja.Hasil Analisis belt conveyor didapatkan data waktu kotor diperoleh produktivitas maksimum 1863,08 ton/jam, produktivitas minimum 731,68 ton/jam dan produktivitas rata-rata 1339,05 ton/jam. Untuk data waktu bersih diperoleh produktivitas aktual maksimum 1882,11 ton/jam, produktivitas minimum 1388,13 ton/jam dan produktivitas rata-rata 1616,52 ton/jam. Hasil Analisis bulldozer didapatkan produktivitas 419,82 ton/jam. Kendala utama yang dihadapi dalam pencapaian target produksi diakibatkan banyaknya faktor-faktor saat proses pemuatan batubara berlangsung seperti produktivitas belt conveyor tidak tercapai, stock material, shifting barge, waiting barge, kondisi cuaca dan maintenance.

The archaeological site of Camas Daraich (on the peninsula of the Point of Sleat, in south-west Skye) was revealed in November 1999 when stone tools were discovered in the upcast from a newly bulldozed track. Excavation took place in May 2000, directed by the authors and under the auspices of Historic Scotland, the Centre for Field Archaeology and the Department of Archaeology, University of Edinburgh. The excavations were small-scale and brief, but they demonstrated the survival of stratified features (scoops and a possible hearth) as well as an assemblage of nearly 5000 flaked lithics, comprising both tools and debris. There was no organic preservation, with the exception of burnt hazelnut shell. The composition of the lithic assemblage suggested that the excavated site was Mesolithic and this was confirmed by the radiocarbon determinations, which place it securely in the mid 7th millennium BC. Surface material suggested that there was evidence for more recent prehistoric (stone-tool-using) activity in the vicinity. Although the archaeological work at Camas Daraich was limited, the site is interesting for several reasons. First, it is one of a growing number of sites in the area with early dates for human settlement (until the mid 1980s dated Mesolithic evidence was lacking in the north of Scotland). Second, the lithic raw materials in use at Camas Daraich connect it firmly to a wider network of sites and provide conclusive evidence for human mobility. Third, further Mesolithic material is likely to survive at Camas Daraich so that the future well-being of the site is an important issue. Fourth, though there was no organic preservation, used pumice was recovered and this is rare on Mesolithic sites. Fifth, the lithics include both narrow-blade tools and conventionally broader/larger pieces and the relationship between these two traditions is still poorly understood in Scottish archaeology. Camas Daraich suggests that they may not be as clearly separated as previously thought.

Introduction Ngarrindjeri futures depend on the survival of the land, waters, and other interconnected living things. The Murray-Darling Basin is recognised nationally and internationally as a system under stress. Ngarrindjeri have long understood the profound and intricate connection of land, water, humans, and non-humans (Trevorrow and Hemming). In an effort to secure environmental sustainability the Ngarrindjeri Regional Authority (NRA) have engaged in political negotiations with the State, primarily with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), to transform natural resource management arrangements that engage with an ethics of justice, redistribution, and recognition (Hattam, Rigney and Hemming). In 1987, prior to the formation of the NRA, Camp Coorong: Race Relations and Cultural Education Centre was established by the Ngarrindjeri Lands and Progress Association in partnership with the South Australian Museum and the South Australian Education Department (Hemming) as a place for all citizens to engage with the values of a land ethic of care. The complex includes a cultural museum, accommodation, conference facilities, and workshop facilities for primary, secondary, and tertiary education students; it also serves as a base for research and course development on Indigenous and Ngarrindjeri culture and history (Hattam, Rigney and Hemming). Camp Coorong seeks to share Ngarrindjeri cultural values, knowledges, and histories with students and visitors in order to “improve relations between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people with a broader strategy aimed at securing a future for themselves in their own ‘Country’” (Hemming 37). The Centre is adjacent to the Coorong National Park and 200 km South-East of Adelaide. The establishment of Camp Coorong on Ngarrindjeri Ruwe/Ruwar (land/body/spirit) occurred when Ngarrindjeri Elders negotiated with the Department of Education and Children’s Services (DECS) to establish the race relations and cultural education centre. This negotiation was the beginning of many subsequent negotiations between Ngarrindjeri, local, State, and Federal governments about reclaiming ownership, management, and control of Ngarrindjeri lands, waters, and knowledge systems for a healthy Country and by implication healthy people (Hemming, Trevorrow and Rigney). As Elder Tom Trevorrow states: The waters and the seas, the waters of the Kurangh (Coorong), the waters of the rivers and lakes are all spiritual waters…The land and waters is a living body…We the Ngarrindjeri people are a part of its existence…The land and waters must be healthy for the Ngarrindjeri people to be healthy…We say that if Yarluwar-Ruwe dies, the water dies, our Ngartjis die, the Ngarrindjeri will surely die (Ngarrindjeri Nation Yarluwar-Ruwe Plan 13). Ruwe/Ruwar is an important aspect of the public pedagogy practiced at Camp Coorong and by the Ngarrindjeri Regional Authority (NRA). The NRA’s nation building activities arise from negotiated contractual agreements called KNYs: Kungan Ngarrindjeri Yunnan (Listen to Ngarrindjeri people talking). KNYs establish a vital aspect of the NRA’s strategic platform for political negotiations. However, the focus of this paper is concerned with local Indigenous experience of teaching and experience with the education system rather than the broader Ngarrindjeri educational objectives in the area. The specific concerns of this paper are the performance of storytelling and the dialectic relationship between the listener/learner (Tur and Tur). The pedagogy and place of Camp Coorong seeks to engage non-Indigenous people with Indigenous epistemologies through storytelling as a pedagogy of experience and a “pedagogy of discomfort” (Boler and Zembylas). Before detailing the relationship of these with one another, it is necessary to grasp the importance of the interconnectedness of Ruwe/Ruwar articulated in the opening statement of Ngarrindjeri Nations Yarluwar-Ruwe Plan: Caring for Ngarrindjeri Sea, Country and Culture: Our Lands, Our Waters, Our People, All Living Things are connected. We implore people to respect our Ruwe (Country) as it was created in the Kaldowinyeri (the Creation). We long for sparkling, clean waters, healthy land and people and all living things. We long for the Yarluwar-Ruwe (Sea Country) of our ancestors. Our vision is all people Caring, Sharing, Knowing and Respecting the lands, the waters, and all living things. Caring for Country The Lakes and the Coorong are dying as irrigation, over grazing, and pollution have left their toll on the Murray-Darling Basin. Camp Coorong delivers a key message (Hemming, 38) concerning the on-going obligation of Ngarrindjeri’s Ruwe/Ruwar to heal damaged sites both emotionally and environmentally. Couched as a civic responsibility, caring for County augments environmental action. However, there are epistemological distinctions between Natural Resources Management and Ngarrindjeri Ruwe/Ruwar. Ngarrindjeri conceive of the River Murray as one system that cannot be demarcated along state lines. Ngarrrindjeri Elder Uncle Matt Rigney, who recently passed away, argued that the River Murray and the Darling is embodied and that when the river is sick it impacts directly on Ngarrindjeri personhood and wellbeing (Hemming, Trevorrow and Rigney). Therefore, Ngarrindjeri have a responsibility to care for Ngarrindjeri Country and Ngarrindjeri governance systems are informed by cultural and ethical obligations to Ruwe/Ruwar of the lower Murray River, Lakes and Coorong. Transmitting knowledge of Country is imperative as Aunty Ellen Trevorrow states: We have to keep our culture alive. We want access to our special places, our lands and our waters. We need to be able to protect our places, our ngatji [totems], our Old People and restore damaged sites. We want respect for our land and our water and we want to pass down knowledge (cited in Bell, Women and Indigenous Religions 3). Ruwe/Ruwar is an ethic of care where men and women hold distinctive cultural and environmental knowledge and are responsible for passing knowledge to future generations. Knowledge is not codified into a “canon” but is “living knowledge” connected to how to live and how to understand the connection between material, spiritual, human, and non-human realms. Elders at Camp Coorong facilitate understandings of this ontology by sharing stories that evoke questions in children and adults alike. For settler Australians, the first phase of this understanding begins with an engagement with the discomfort of the colonial history of Indigenous dispossession. It also requires learning new modes of “re/inhabition” through a pedagogy informed by “place-consciousness” that centralises Indigenous connection to Country (Gruenewald Both Worlds). Many settler communities embody a dualist western epistemology that is necessarily disrupted when there is acknowledgment from whence one came (Carter 2009). The activities and stories at Camp Coorong provide a positive transformative pedagogy that transforms a possessive white logic (Moreton-Robinson) to one of shared cultural heritage. Ngarrindjeri epistemologies of connection to Country are expressed through a pedagogy of storytelling at Camp Coorong. This often occurs during weaving, making feather flowers, or walking on Ngarrindjeri Country with visitors and students. Enactments such as weaving are not simply occupational or functional. Weaving has deep cultural and metaphorical significance as Aunty Ellen Trevorrow states: There is a whole ritual in weaving. From where we actually start, the centre part of a piece, you’re creating loops to weave into, then you move into the circle. You keep going round and round creating the loops and once the children do those stages they’re talking, actually having a conversation, just like our Old People. It’s sharing time. And that’s where our stories were told (cited in Bell, Ngarrindjeri Wurruwarrin 44). At Camp Coorong learning involves listening to stories while engaging with activities such as weaving or walking on Country. The ecological changes and the history of dispossession are woven into narrative on Country and students see the impact of the desecration of the Coorong, Lower Murray and Lakes and lands. In this way the relatively recent history of colonial race relations and contemporary struggles with government bureaucracies and legislation also comprise the warp and weave of Ngarrindjeri knowledge and connection to Country. Pedagogy of Experience A pedagogy of experience involves telling the story of Indigenous peoples’ sense of “placelessness” within the nation (Watson) as a story of survival and resistance. It is through such pedagogies that Ngarrindjeri Elders at Camp Coorong reconstruct their lives and create agency in the face of settler colonialism. The experiences of growing up in Australia during the assimilation era, fighting against the State on policies that endorsed child theft, being forced to live at fringe camps, experiencing violent racisms, and, for some, living as part of a diaspora in one’s own Country is embedded in the stories of survival, resilience and agency. “Camp Coorong began as an experiment in alternative teaching methods developed largely by George Trevorrow, a local Ngarrindjeri man” (Hemming 38). Classroom malaise was experienced by Ngarrindjeri Elders from Camp Coorong, such as Uncle Tom and Aunty Ellen Trevorrow and the late Uncle George Trevorrow, Aunty Alice Abdulla, and others when interacting or employed in schools as Aboriginal Education Workers (AEWs). It was the invisibility of these Elders’ knowledges inside schools that generated the impetus to establish Camp Coorong as a counter-institution. The spatial dimension of situationality, and its attention to social transformation, connects critical pedagogy to a pedagogy of place at Camp Coorong. Both discourses are concerned with the contextual, geographical conditions that shape people, and the actions people take to shape these conditions (Gruenewald, Both Worlds). Place-based education at Camp Coorong advocates a new localism in order to stimulate community revitalisation and resistance to globalisation and commodity capitalism. It provides the space and opportunity to develop the capacity for inventiveness and adaptation to changing environments and resistance to ecological destruction. Of concern to the growing field of place-based education are how to promote care for people and places (Gruenewald and Smith, xix). For Gruenewald and Smith this requires decolonisation and developing sensitivity to forms of thought that injure and exploit people and places, and re/inhabitation by identifying, conserving, and creating knowledge that nurtures and protects people and places. Engaging in a land ethic of care on Country informs the educational paradigm at Camp Coorong that does not begin in front of bulldozers or under police batons at anti-globalisation rallies, but in the contact zones (Somerville 342) where “a material and metaphysical in-between space for the intersection of multiple and contested stories” (Somerville 342) emerge. Ngarrindjeri knowledge, environmental knowledge, scientific knowledge, colonial histories, and media representations all circulate in the contact zone and are held in productive tension (Carter). Decolonising Pedagogy and Pedagogies of Discomfort The critical and transformative aspects of decolonising pedagogies emerge from storytelling and involve the gift of narrative and the enactment of reciprocity that occurs between the listener and the storyteller. Reciprocity is based on the principles of interconnectedness, balance, and the idea that actions create corresponding action through the gift of story (Stewart-Harawira). Camp Coorong is a place for inter-cultural dialogue through storytelling. Being located on Ngarrindjeri Country the non-Indigenous listener is more able to “hear” and at the same time move along a continuum of a) disbelief and anger about the dispossession of Indigenous peoples; b) emotional confusion about their own sense of belonging in Australia; c) shock at the ways in which liberal western society’s structural privilege is built on Indigenous inequality on the grounds of race and habitus (Bordieu and Passeron); then, d) towards empathy that is framed as race cognisance (Aveling). Stories are not represented through a sanguine vision of the past, but are told of colonisation, dispossession, as well as of hope for the healing of Ngarrinjderi Country. The listener is gifted with stories at Camp Coorong. However, there is an ethical obligation to the gifting that learners may not understand until later and which concern the rights and obligations fundamental to notions of deep connection to Country. It is often in the recount of one’s experience at Camp Coorong, such as in reflective journals or in conversation, that recognition of the importance of history, social justice, and sovereignty are brought to light. In the first phase of learning, non-Indigenous students and teachers may move from uncomfortable silence, to a space where they can hear the stories and thereby become engaged listeners. They may go through a process of grappling with a range of issues and emotions. There is frustration, anger, and blame that knowledge has been omitted from their education, and they routinely ask: “How did we not know this history?” In the second stage learners tend to remain outside of the story until they are hooked by an aspect that draws them into it. They have the choice of engagement and this requires empathy. At this stage learners are grappling with the antithetical feelings of guilt and innocence; these feelings emerge when those advantaged and challenged by their complicity with settler colonialism, racism, and the structural privilege of whiteness start to understand the benefits they gain from Indigenous dispossession and ask “was it my fault?” Thirdly, learners enter a space which may disavow and dismiss the newly encountered knowledge and move back into resistance, silence, and reluctance to hear. However, it is at this point that a choice emerges. The choice to engage in the emotional labour required to acknowledge the gift of the story and thereby unsettle white Australian identity (Bignall; Boler and Zembylas). In this process “inscribed habits of attention,” as described by Boler and Zembylas (127), are challenged. These habits have been enabled by the emotional binaries of “us” and “them”. The colonial legacy of Indigenous dispossession is an emotive subject that disrupts national pride that is built on this binary. At Camp Coorong, discomfort is created during the reiteration of stories and engagement in various activities. Uncertainty and discomfort are necessary parts of restructuring the emotional habitus and reconstructing identity. The primary ethical aim of a pedagogy of discomfort is the creation of contestability. The learner comes to understand the rights and obligations of caring for Country and has to decide how to carry the story. Ngarrindjeri ethics of care inspire the learner to undertake the emotional labour necessary to relocate their understanding of identity. As a zone of cultural contestation, Camp Coorong also enables pedagogies that allow for critical reflection on common educational practices undertaken by educators and students. Conclusion The aim of the camp was to overturn racism and provide employment for Ngarrindjeri on Country (Hemming, 38). Students and teachers from around the state come to Camp Coorong and learn to weave, make feather flowers, and listen to stories about Ngarrindjeri Country whilst walking on Country (Hemming 38). Camp Coorong fosters understanding of Ngarrindjeri Ruwe/Ruwar and at the same time overturns essentialist notions developed by deficit theories that routinely remain embedded in the school curriculum. Camp Coorong’s anti-racist epistemology mobilises an Indigenous pedagogy of storytelling and experience as a decolonising methodology. Learning Ngarrindjeri history, cultural heritage, and land ethic of care deepens students’ understanding of connecting to Country through reflection on situations, histories, and shared spaces of human and non-human actors. Pedagogies of discomfort also inform practice at Camp Coorong and the intersections of theory and practice in this context disrupts identity formations that have been grounded in a white colonial construction of nationhood. Education is a means of social and cultural reproduction, as well as a key site of resistance and vehicle for social change. Although the analysis of domination is a feature of critical pedagogy, what is urgently required is a language of hope and transformation understood from a Ngarrindjeri standpoint; something that is achieved at Camp Coorong. Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the process of collaboration that occurred at Camp Coorong with Aunty Ellen Trevorrow, Aunty Alice Abdulla, and Deborah Rankine. The key ideas were established in conversation and the article was revised on subsequent occasions whilst at Camp Coorong with the aforementioned authors. This paper was produced as part of the Australian Research Council Discovery Project, ‘Negotiating a Space in the Nation: The Case of Ngarrindjeri’ (DP1094869). 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