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Petersen, Ann Marie. "Metabolic plasticity in the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeiana)." Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3303857.
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Bee, Mark Allen. "Vocally mediated neighbor recognition in North American bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana : identification, perception, and learning /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3012947.
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Yetman, Caroline Angela. "Conservation biology of the giant bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus (Tschudi, 1838)." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31245.
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The giant bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus, is a large, explosive-breeding anuran from
southern Africa, which spends most of the year buried in a state of torpor. In South Africa
this species is considered to be Near-Threatened by habitat loss and other factors,
especially in the densely human populated Gauteng Province. The aim of this thesis was
to obtain essential outstanding information about the ecology of P. adspersus to
contribute towards improved conservation management of this species.
A model was used to predict the geographic range of P. adspersus in southern Africa, and
recent land cover data were used to determine the amount of suitable habitat remaining
for this species in Gauteng. As a step towards identifying P. adspersus conservation
management units, genetic structure and gene flow for populations from 23 localities in
Gauteng and seven additional localities in the north-eastern interior of South Africa was quantified using 708 base pairs of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b. To investigate
the unpredictable activity and unknown spatial habitat requirements of P. adspersus, a
population’s spawning and non-breeding activity was monitored, and the movements of
70 adult frogs were radio- or spool-tracked during five summers at a site in Diepsloot,
Gauteng. Using skeletohronology, the age distribution of breeding P. adspersus at this
and two other peri-urban sites near Johannesburg, Gauteng, was examined.
Bioclimatic conditions were predicted to be suitable for P. adspersus in the temperate to
semi-arid interior, but not the low-lying eastern subtropical and arid western sides of
southern Africa. Limited genetic data suggested that P. adspersus was common in the
north-eastern interior of South Africa, and that populations in the Free State Province
represent an evolutionary significant unit of this species. In central Gauteng, where P.
adspersus may have declined by > 90%, populations < 20 km apart exhibited significant
genetic differentiation, possibly as a result of genetic drift. At Diepsloot, both annual
numbers of spawning events and numbers of spawning males were positively correlated
with rainfall, although other meteorological variables also affected the activity of P.
adspersus. Radio- or spool-tracked frogs showed high fidelity to their breeding site and
burrows, which were situated up to 1 km away from the water. Male P. adspersus
probably live 20 years in the wild, but at some peri-urban breeding sites adult life
expectancy and body size may be declining.
The geographic range of P. adspersus was predicted to be slightly smaller than that
reported by other authors, and deserves phylogeographic validation. The main conservation priority for P. adspersus in South Africa should be the protection of
terrestrial habitat for adult foraging and aestivation around, and for juvenile dispersal and
gene flow between, breeding sites. In Gauteng, the conservation of a P. adspersus metapopulation
is critical, and could most likely be achieved in the northern region of this
province. Populations in the Free State Province deserve improved protection given their
reported genetic uniqueness. At local spatial scales specific threats (e.g. pollution) should
be ameliorated, and long-term monitoring should be implemented to detect real
population trends.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Zoology and Entomology
Unrestricted
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Adams, Michael J. "Experimental analysis of tadpole mortality factors : effects of bullfrogs and exotic fish in the Puget Lowlands, Washington /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5507.
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Connell, Michael W. (Michael Wayne). "Bullfrog--an extensible, modular toolkit for the construction of NuMesh applications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/41787.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1996.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-83).
by Michael W. Connell.
M.S.
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Lowes, Vicki L. "Molecular and biophysical analysis of the delayed rectifier K+ current in bullfrog atrium." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ34684.pdf.
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Emery, David. "ASSESSING THE GENOTOXICITY OF TRICLOSAN IN TADPOLES OF THE AMERICAN BULLFROG, LITHOBATES CATESBEIANUS." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/345.
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Amphibians are particularly sensitive to environmental degradation and, therefore, serve as effective environmental quality indicators. Research has suggested that amphibian declines are exacerbated by manmade environmental toxicants, especially those found in high concentrations in urban areas. The NIH has pinpointed genotoxicity as a major route of cancer causation, and has since developed stringent testing procedures for potentially hazardous chemicals. One such method, recognized for its simplicity and economy, is the micronucleus assay. A study was conducted assessing the genotoxicity of the widely used antimicrobial agent Triclosan to American Bullfrog tadpoles. Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles were reared in glass aquaria containing ultra-high purity water and were dosed with nominal concentrations of 2.3 µg/L, 23 µg/L, and 230 µg/L Triclosan, reflecting 1x, 10x, and 100x concentrations of the compound as found in US surface waters. Eight replicates of each of the three levels of Triclosan contamination were prepared, as well as eight replicates per control group. Each replicate contained three tadpoles in a glass aquarium, from which one tadpole per tank was sampled after 1, 8, or 15 days following initial exposure to test compounds. Erythrocytes were prepared on slides and scored for micronucleus presence under 1000x magnification. Triclosan induced significant micronucleus formation after only 24 hours in all treatments relative to the negative control and exhibited a maximum of 15 micronuclei per 2,000 erythrocytes scored. Modeling of MN induction dynamics by treatment suggested that the best predictor of micronucleus induction was the acute TCS exposure level, as described by a linear mixed effects model including a binomial term of time exposed. Micronucleus induction was TCS concentration dose-dependent. This study supports that Triclosan induces significant genetic damage at environmentally relevant concentrations. It is clear that the effects of genotoxic agents must be certified so proper regulatory protocols can be developed and enforced, in order to conserve wildlife and promote human health.
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Colósio, Rafael Rodrigues [UNESP]. "Atividade de enzimas relacionadas ao processo de ossificação em girinos de Lithobates catesbeianus." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/126536.
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000841459.pdf: 1087156 bytes, checksum: 876dbf5e07c145d71a408ab1d097865f (MD5)A calcificação biológica é um processo muito bem regulado, no qual os diferentes tipos de tecidos, células, organelas e biomoléculas, participam na coordenação e regulação de eventos metabólicos envolvidos na deposição de fosfato de cálcio, sob a forma de cristais de hidroxiapatita. As alterações morfológicas ocorridas nos anuros, durante a metamorfose, são extremamente acentuadas e perceptíveis, sendo uma delas a remodelação do esqueleto. Os eventos relacionados à ossificação em girinos raramente são descritos na literatura. A fosfatase ácida tartarato resistente tem sido amplamente utilizada como um marcador específico de osteoclastos, células que participam do processo de reabsorção e de remodelação do tecido ósseo, enquanto a fosfatase alcalina tem sido usada como marcador de osteoblastos, células responsáveis pela formação do tecido ósseo. Estudos efetuados por vários pesquisadores, com o objetivo de determinar, principalmente, as enzimas presentes nas vesículas extracelulares dos condrócitos, têm revelado a presença de outras enzimas, além da fosfatase alcalina que são importantes para o processo de calcificação biológica. Assim, no presente trabalho foi avaliada a variação na atividade das fosfatases no processo de ossificação no período de desenvolvimento dos membros de Lithobates catesbeianus, a fim de contribuir na compreensão deste processo não somente em anuros, mas também nos demais vertebrados. Os animais foram dessensibilizados em água com gelo, decapitados, os membros foram removidos, em seguida os ossos foram descarnados e homogeneizados, centrifugados, sendo o sobrenadante aliquotado, congelado em nitrogênio líquido e armazenado a -70ºC para posteriores atividades enzimáticas e dosagem de proteína no extrato. As enzimas, fosfatase ácida e fosfatase alcalina, apresentaram estabilidade em todos os pH de armazenamento estudados...
Biological calcification is a tight regulated process in which different types of tissues, cells, organelles, and biomolecules participate in the coordination and regulation of metabolic events involved in accumulating calcium phosphate, in the form of hidroxiapatite crystals. The morphological changes that occur during anuran metamorphosis are extremely accentuated and perceptible, such as the remodeling of the skeleton. The ossification events are rarely described for tadpoles in the literature. The tartarate resistant acid phosphatase has been widely used as a specific marker of osteoclasts, cells that participate in the process of resorption and remodeling of bone tissue, while the alkaline phosphatase has been used as a marker for osteoblasts, cells responsible for bone tissue formation. Studies conducted by many researchers with the aim of determining, mainly, the enzymes in chondrocyte extracellular vesicles have revealed the presence of other enzymes, in addition to alkaline phosphatase, which are important to the process of biological calcification. Thus, in the present study, the changes in the activity of phosphatases in the ossification process during the development of the limbs of Lithobates catesbeianus was evaluated, with the aim to contribute to the understanding of this process not only in anurans, but also in other vertebrates. The animals were desensitized in water with ice, decapitated and limb bones were removed and homogenized, centrifuged, and the supernatant aliquoted, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70ºC for subsequent enzymatic activities and protein quantification. The enzymes, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, remained stable in all of the studied storage pH, the apparent pH optimum of hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) was of 5.0 and 10.5, respectively, and the enzymes were stable at 45ºC and the t1/2 was 60 minutes at 55ºC for alkaline...
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Colósio, Rafael Rodrigues. "Atividade de enzimas relacionadas ao processo de ossificação em girinos de Lithobates catesbeianus /." Araraquara, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/126536.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: João Martins Pizauro JuniorBanca: Marta Verardino de Stéfani
Banca: Luis Henrique Souza Guimarães
Resumo: A calcificação biológica é um processo muito bem regulado, no qual os diferentes tipos de tecidos, células, organelas e biomoléculas, participam na coordenação e regulação de eventos metabólicos envolvidos na deposição de fosfato de cálcio, sob a forma de cristais de hidroxiapatita. As alterações morfológicas ocorridas nos anuros, durante a metamorfose, são extremamente acentuadas e perceptíveis, sendo uma delas a remodelação do esqueleto. Os eventos relacionados à ossificação em girinos raramente são descritos na literatura. A fosfatase ácida tartarato resistente tem sido amplamente utilizada como um marcador específico de osteoclastos, células que participam do processo de reabsorção e de remodelação do tecido ósseo, enquanto a fosfatase alcalina tem sido usada como marcador de osteoblastos, células responsáveis pela formação do tecido ósseo. Estudos efetuados por vários pesquisadores, com o objetivo de determinar, principalmente, as enzimas presentes nas vesículas extracelulares dos condrócitos, têm revelado a presença de outras enzimas, além da fosfatase alcalina que são importantes para o processo de calcificação biológica. Assim, no presente trabalho foi avaliada a variação na atividade das fosfatases no processo de ossificação no período de desenvolvimento dos membros de Lithobates catesbeianus, a fim de contribuir na compreensão deste processo não somente em anuros, mas também nos demais vertebrados. Os animais foram dessensibilizados em água com gelo, decapitados, os membros foram removidos, em seguida os ossos foram descarnados e homogeneizados, centrifugados, sendo o sobrenadante aliquotado, congelado em nitrogênio líquido e armazenado a -70ºC para posteriores atividades enzimáticas e dosagem de proteína no extrato. As enzimas, fosfatase ácida e fosfatase alcalina, apresentaram estabilidade em todos os pH de armazenamento estudados...
Abstract: Biological calcification is a tight regulated process in which different types of tissues, cells, organelles, and biomolecules participate in the coordination and regulation of metabolic events involved in accumulating calcium phosphate, in the form of hidroxiapatite crystals. The morphological changes that occur during anuran metamorphosis are extremely accentuated and perceptible, such as the remodeling of the skeleton. The ossification events are rarely described for tadpoles in the literature. The tartarate resistant acid phosphatase has been widely used as a specific marker of osteoclasts, cells that participate in the process of resorption and remodeling of bone tissue, while the alkaline phosphatase has been used as a marker for osteoblasts, cells responsible for bone tissue formation. Studies conducted by many researchers with the aim of determining, mainly, the enzymes in chondrocyte extracellular vesicles have revealed the presence of other enzymes, in addition to alkaline phosphatase, which are important to the process of biological calcification. Thus, in the present study, the changes in the activity of phosphatases in the ossification process during the development of the limbs of Lithobates catesbeianus was evaluated, with the aim to contribute to the understanding of this process not only in anurans, but also in other vertebrates. The animals were desensitized in water with ice, decapitated and limb bones were removed and homogenized, centrifuged, and the supernatant aliquoted, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70ºC for subsequent enzymatic activities and protein quantification. The enzymes, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, remained stable in all of the studied storage pH, the apparent pH optimum of hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) was of 5.0 and 10.5, respectively, and the enzymes were stable at 45ºC and the t1/2 was 60 minutes at 55ºC for alkaline...
Mestre
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Rodriquez-Contreras, Adrian. "PERMEATION AND GATING PROPERTIES OF PRESYNAPTIC CALCIUM CHANNELS IN HAIR CELLS OF RANA CATESBEIANA." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin991400738.
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Khamesian, Mahvand. "Mechanisms of High Sensitivity and Active Amplification in Sensory Hair Cells." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou153243238506078.
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Sturgeon, Candace Faith. "Changes in red blood cell carbonic anhydrase activity during metamorphosis of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63374.pdf.
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MacDonald, John Cameron. "Reproductive success, mating strategies, and long-term population trends in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, Anura, ranidae." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ27520.pdf.
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Santin, Joseph M. "CO2/pH Signaling of Respiratory Control Neurons in the Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus: Development of a Comparative Model." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1369304052.
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Teixeira, Patrícia Coelho [UNESP]. "Perfil de cortisol, glicemia e de parâmetros sanguineos de girinos de rã-touro, Rana catesbeiana, em diferentes densidades e após exposição aérea." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86720.
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teixeira_pc_me_jabo.pdf: 886510 bytes, checksum: 7e701e9c09d806beb2b0ac2590cbdfaa (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Estudar o sangue significa monitorar a saúde dos animais reduzindo, desta forma, as perdas por doenças ou injúrias, seja frente a um determinado tipo de estressor, por sistemas de criação não apropriados, por manejos inadequados ou ainda por alterações ambientais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta fisiológica de girinos de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana) em diferentes densidades e após exposição aérea. O experimento foi realizado em duas etapas utilizando-se de animais entre os estágios 31 a 39, na fase de pró-metamorfose; na primeira etapa, realizada no CAUNESP - UNESP/SP, avaliou-se somente a exposição aérea nos tempos de 0, 15, 30,45,60 e 90 minutos. Na segunda etapa, realizada no Instituto de Pesca – APTA/ SP foi avaliada a densidade de estocagem sendo testados 1 girino/L (Tratamento I), 5 girinos/L (Tratamento 2) e 10 girinos/L (Tratamento 3), conduzidos em 3 réplicas simultâneas, e a exposição aérea nos dias 0,14(6 horas), 4, 8 e 12 dias. O sangue foi retirado por rompimento do vaso caudal na condição de Normóxia - N (tempo zero) e Hipóxia - H (tempo de 15 minutos de exposição ao ar). Avaliou¬se, na primeira etapa, somente o cortisol plasmático e na segunda etapa, cortisol plasmático, glicemia, hematócrito, hemoglobina, número de eritrócitos, os índices hematimétricos absolutos ¬VCM, HCM e CHCM, contagem diferencial de leucócitos e contagem total de leucócitos e trombócitos. Foi observado um aumento nos valores de cortisol, aos 4 e 8 dias de exposição aérea retomando aos valores basais ao final do experimento, apesar de não haver diferenças significativas. A glicemia foi influenciada no tratamento com 10 girinos/L mostrando forte correlação com a hipóxia. Os parâmetros hematológicos, principalmente, o número de linfócitos, neutrófilos e eosinófilos mostraram diferença significativa aos 12 dias de experimentação...
Studying blood means monitoring animals health reducing, losses by disease or injury caused by certain kinds of stress related to improper rearing systems, handling or alterations in the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate bullfrog's tadpole physiological answer (Rana catesbeiana) to different densities and air exposition. The experiment was carried out in two parts using animals, at the pro-metamorphosis phase, on the first part carried out at CAUNESP - Aquaculture Center, São Paulo State University was evaluated only air exposition, which animals were sampled on zero, fifteen, thirty, forty five, sixty and ninety minutes and on second part, carried out at Fisheries Institute – APTA/SP was evaluated different densities and air exposition, which stocking densities was 1 tadpole/L (treatment one), 5 tadpoles/L (treatment two) and 10 tadpoleslL (treatment three) with three simultaneous replicates and animals were sampled on zero, 114 (six hours), four, eight and twelve experimental days. Blood was collected by breaking tail blood vessel at norrnoxic (zero time) and hipoxic (fifteen minutes by air exposition) conditions. Only cortisol was evaluate on the first part and on second, cortisol, glicemy, hematocryts, haemoglobin tax, couting of erytrocyte's number, absolute hematimetrycs indices -MCV, MCH and MCHC, differenctial couting of leucocytes, total counting of leucocytes and trombocytes were evaluated. An increase in plasmatic cortisol was observed at four and eight days of the experiment, retuming to initial values after 12 days. Glicemy values increased at treatrnent. three, showing strong correlation with hypoxia. Hematological parameters as linphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils numbers at the 12th day of the experiment showed differences comparing to zero day; concluding that stocking densities until 10 tadpoles/L and air exposition ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
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Salgueiro, Fernanda Menezes França. "Avaliação da toxicidade de agrotóxicos utilizados na cultura do arroz irrigado para girinos de Lithobates catesbeianus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97131/tde-07102013-092237/.
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Os girinos de rã-touro, Lithobates catesbeianus, podem ser bons bioindicadores de condições ambientais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar o potencial de toxicidade para L. catesbeianus de alguns dos principais agrotóxicos utilizados no cultivo de arroz irrigado. Foram realizados testes de toxicidade aguda para a determinação da CL50-96h do bentazon, penoxsulam, óleo vegetal, permetrina e carbofuran, separadamente, e da mistura desses agrotóxicos. Com esses resultados foram estimados os índices de segurança dos produtos. Girinos em fase pré-metamorfose foram expostos aos agrotóxicos na própria lavoura de arroz e em laboratório por 21 dias, para avaliar os possíveis efeitos crônicos destas substâncias, separadamente e da mistura, sobre o quadro hematológico, metamorfose (regulada pelo eixo tiroideano), e também o possível potencial mutagênico através do teste do micronúcleo. A CL50-96h para girinos foi de 4530 mg/L para o bentazon; 7,52 mg/L para o penoxsulam + 145,66 mg/L do óleo vegetal; 81,57 mg/L para o óleo vegetal, 0,10 mg/L para a permetrina, 29,90 mg/L para o carbofuran (ingredientes ativos) e, 38,79 vezes a dose utilizada no campo para a mistura desses produtos. Foi determinado risco ambiental apenas para o inseticida permetrina. Nos testes in situ, as águas de irrigação não apresentaram toxicidade aguda para os girinos. A taxa de metamorfose não diferiu entre os tratamentos, demonstrando que os agrotóxicos utilizados nas doses indicadas não tem ação desreguladora do eixo tiroideano. As análises do micronúcleo mostraram aumento significativo de eritrócitos micronúcleoados para os testes in situ e, no laboratório, para o herbicida bentazon e para a mistura dos agrotóxicos. As análises hematológias mostraram diminuição da hemoglobina e número de eritrócitos no teste de campo, retornado aos padrões normais na semana seguinte. No laboratório houve queda na contagem de eritrócitos para o bentazon, aumento do VCM e HCM para o bentazon e penoxsulam; aumento do CHCM para o penoxsulam e para a mistura dos agrotóxicos. Para a série branca não houve diferenças no teste in situ, mas obtivemos aumento dos números de neutrófilos dos girinos tratados com o bentazon.American bullfrogs, Lithobates catesbeianus could be good environmental indicators. The aim of this study was evaluate the potential toxicity of some principal pesticides used in irrigated rice crops to L. catesbeianus tadpoles. The pesticides Bentazon, Penoxsulam, Vegetable oil, Permetrina, Carbofuran and the mixture of them were assessed. Pre-metamorphose tadpoles were exposed to all of these agrochemicals in the laboratory to determinate de LC50-96h and so estimate the index of security by each product. Animals in the same phase were exposed to these pesticides on the rice crops, in situ and in laboratory per 21 days to evaluate the possible chronic effects of the substances, separated and in the mixture of them. The hematological results, red and white series, the mutagenic potential (micronucleous test), and the metamorphose rate (regulated by thyroid axis) were evaluated. The LC50-96h to tadpoles was 4530 mg/L to Bentazon; 7.52 + 145.66 mg/L to Penoxsulam + vegetable oil; 81.57 mg/L to vegetable oil; 0.10 mg/L to Permetrina; 29.90 mg/L to Carbofuran (active ingredients) and 38.79 times to the dose used in the field to the mixture of the products. Only to Permetrina insecticide was observed environmental risk. The metamorphose rate showed no difference between the treatments suggesting that these pesticides, used on indicated doses did not promote deregulated action on the thyroid axis. In situ tests the irrigated waters showed low mortality to the animals. The red series showed in situ, a decrease in the haemoglobin tax and in the counting of erytrocyte\'s number however return to the normal values in the follow week. In laboratory tests showed a decrease in the counting of erytrocyte\'s number to the animals exposed to Bentazon, an increase in the MCV and MCH to the animals exposed to Bentazon and Penoxsulam, an increase in the MCHC to those exposed to Penoxsulam and to the \"mixture\". The white series showed no difference in situ test however an increase in the neutrophils number was observed to the animals exposed to Bentazon in laboratory. The micronucleous analyze showed significant increase in the erytrocyte\'s micronucleated number in situ and in laboratorial tests to animals exposed to Bentazon and to the \"mixture\".
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Meadows, Rena Marie. "Substance P Receptor Activation and Desensitization as Monitored By M Current Inhibition." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1219192543.
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Santos, Anderson Aparecido Dias. "Criação de rãs-touro em baias flutuantes e tanques-rede com automação do manejo alimentar." Botucatu, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/180267.
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Orientador: Claudio Angelo AgostinhoResumo: O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar novos sistemas de criação de rãs-touro em tanques de grande volume com o fornecimento automático de ração em diferentes períodos ao longo do ano. Foram realizados dois trabalhos, o primeiro objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo de rãs-touro (Lithobates catesbeianus), em três classes de peso inicial (14,06g ± 1,14; 19,10g ± 1,33; 24,60g ± 2,45) mantidas em baias flutuantes com automação do fornecimento de ração e ajuste diario da oferta de ração. O experimento teve duração de 180 dias e as rãs foram alimentadas por meio de alimentadores automáticos controlados por um Controlador Lógico Programável (CLP) a cada meia hora durante o dia (06:00 as 18:00) e taxa de alimentação de 1% do peso vivo durante o outono, inverno (120 dias) e 3% do peso vivo durante a primavera (60 dias). Os animais com maior peso inicial (24,60g) apresentaram melhor ganho de peso (59,67Kg) e ganho de peso individual (251,12g), a sobrevivência não teve diferença entre o maior peso e o intermediário (80.93 e 76,61%), já a conversão alimentar não variou entre os tratamentos. Recomenda-se que o peso de entrada dos animais na baia flutuante seja de 24,60 g para iniciar a recria durante os períodos frios. O segundo trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar três tipos distintos de piso na criação de rãs touro em tanques-rede, sendo uma plataforma fixa feita de fibra de vidro, mantendo durante todo o período experimental uma parte fora da água, uma plataforma móvel, feita de cha... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Doutor
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Santana, Caroline Carla [UNESP]. "Atividade de fosfomonohidrolases presentes em fígado de girino de rã-touro (Lithobates catesbeianus) durante a metamorfose." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/124411.
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000835916.pdf: 520048 bytes, checksum: 1a74fa0bb8c7b95416b6bed3ddeb0ca5 (MD5)O fígado é um órgão importante no metabolismo animal, sendo responsável pelo processamento e distribuição dos nutrientes, por meio da corrente sanguínea, para os outros órgãos e tecidos do organismo. Como o fígado é responsável pela realização de vários processos de síntese e tendo em vista a escassez de informação acerca das funções das fosfatases ácida e alcalina hepáticas, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar as atividades dessas enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo de fósforo de girinos de rã-touro (L. catesbeianus) durante a metamorfose, visando gerar maiores informações sobre esse período da vida do animal e obtenção de imagos sadios. A metamorfose é uma etapa crucial no desenvolvimento dos anfíbios, sendo caracterizada por uma série de eventos que possibilitam aos girinos ocuparem o ambiente terrestre. Durante a metamorfose e fase adulta terrestre, a fosfatase ácida presente no fígado atua como um indicador da atividade lisossomal, o que pode ser observado pelo aumento de sua atividade no fim do clímax metamórfico, sugerindo aumento da morte celular devido ao reaproveitamento dos nutrientes. A fosfatase alcalina hepática, uma enzima de membrana, atua como fosfomonohidrolase e na detoxificação, principalmente ésteres de fosfato gerados durante o metabolismo animal. A diminuição da atividade da fosfatase alcalina quando utilizado um substrato artificial, demonstra a queda na geração de compostos secundários, devido a não ingestão de alimentos nessa fase de vida, enquanto que a utilização de um substrato fisiológico sugere um importante papel da mesma na proteção do organismo animal.
The liver is an important organ in animal metabolism, being responsible for the processing and distribution of nutrients through the blood system to other organs and tissues. Since the liver is responsible for various processes of synthesis and concerning the lack of information about the functions of liver acid and alkaline phosphatases, the aim of the study was to analyze the activities of these enzymes involved in phosphorus metabolism of bullfrog's tadpoles (L. catesbeianus) during metamorphosis, aiming to a better understanding about this period of life of the animal and to produce healthy juveniles. Metamorphosis is a crucial stage in amphibian's development, it is characterized by a series of events that enable tadpoles to occupy the terrestrial environment. During metamorphosis and terrestrial adult stage, the acid phosphatase present in the liver acts as an indicator of lysosomal activity, it can be observed by the increase in its activity at the end of the metamorphic climax, suggesting increased cell death due to recycling of nutrients. The liver alkaline phosphatase, a membrane bound enzyme, acts as a phosphomonohydrolase and in the detoxification of compounds, especially phosphate esters generated in animal metabolism. The decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity when an artificial substrate is used demonstrates a reduction in the generation of secondary metabolites because there is no food intake at this stage of life, on the other hand the use of a physiological substrate suggests an important role in protecting the organism.
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Santana, Caroline Carla. "Atividade de fosfomonohidrolases presentes em fígado de girino de rã-touro (Lithobates catesbeianus) durante a metamorfose /." Araraquara, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/124411.
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Orientador: João Martins Pizauro JuniorBanca: Saulo Santesso Garrido
Banca: Claudinei da Cruz
Resumo: O fígado é um órgão importante no metabolismo animal, sendo responsável pelo processamento e distribuição dos nutrientes, por meio da corrente sanguínea, para os outros órgãos e tecidos do organismo. Como o fígado é responsável pela realização de vários processos de síntese e tendo em vista a escassez de informação acerca das funções das fosfatases ácida e alcalina hepáticas, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar as atividades dessas enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo de fósforo de girinos de rã-touro (L. catesbeianus) durante a metamorfose, visando gerar maiores informações sobre esse período da vida do animal e obtenção de imagos sadios. A metamorfose é uma etapa crucial no desenvolvimento dos anfíbios, sendo caracterizada por uma série de eventos que possibilitam aos girinos ocuparem o ambiente terrestre. Durante a metamorfose e fase adulta terrestre, a fosfatase ácida presente no fígado atua como um indicador da atividade lisossomal, o que pode ser observado pelo aumento de sua atividade no fim do clímax metamórfico, sugerindo aumento da morte celular devido ao reaproveitamento dos nutrientes. A fosfatase alcalina hepática, uma enzima de membrana, atua como fosfomonohidrolase e na detoxificação, principalmente ésteres de fosfato gerados durante o metabolismo animal. A diminuição da atividade da fosfatase alcalina quando utilizado um substrato artificial, demonstra a queda na geração de compostos secundários, devido a não ingestão de alimentos nessa fase de vida, enquanto que a utilização de um substrato fisiológico sugere um importante papel da mesma na proteção do organismo animal.
Abstract: The liver is an important organ in animal metabolism, being responsible for the processing and distribution of nutrients through the blood system to other organs and tissues. Since the liver is responsible for various processes of synthesis and concerning the lack of information about the functions of liver acid and alkaline phosphatases, the aim of the study was to analyze the activities of these enzymes involved in phosphorus metabolism of bullfrog's tadpoles (L. catesbeianus) during metamorphosis, aiming to a better understanding about this period of life of the animal and to produce healthy juveniles. Metamorphosis is a crucial stage in amphibian's development, it is characterized by a series of events that enable tadpoles to occupy the terrestrial environment. During metamorphosis and terrestrial adult stage, the acid phosphatase present in the liver acts as an indicator of lysosomal activity, it can be observed by the increase in its activity at the end of the metamorphic climax, suggesting increased cell death due to recycling of nutrients. The liver alkaline phosphatase, a membrane bound enzyme, acts as a phosphomonohydrolase and in the detoxification of compounds, especially phosphate esters generated in animal metabolism. The decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity when an artificial substrate is used demonstrates a reduction in the generation of secondary metabolites because there is no food intake at this stage of life, on the other hand the use of a physiological substrate suggests an important role in protecting the organism.
Mestre
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Teixeira, Patrícia Coelho. "Perfil de cortisol, glicemia e de parâmetros sanguineos de girinos de rã-touro, Rana catesbeiana, em diferentes densidades e após exposição aérea /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86720.
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Resumo: Estudar o sangue significa monitorar a saúde dos animais reduzindo, desta forma, as perdas por doenças ou injúrias, seja frente a um determinado tipo de estressor, por sistemas de criação não apropriados, por manejos inadequados ou ainda por alterações ambientais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta fisiológica de girinos de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana) em diferentes densidades e após exposição aérea. O experimento foi realizado em duas etapas utilizando-se de animais entre os estágios 31 a 39, na fase de pró-metamorfose; na primeira etapa, realizada no CAUNESP - UNESP/SP, avaliou-se somente a exposição aérea nos tempos de 0, 15, 30,45,60 e 90 minutos. Na segunda etapa, realizada no Instituto de Pesca - APTA/ SP foi avaliada a densidade de estocagem sendo testados 1 girino/L (Tratamento I), 5 girinos/L (Tratamento 2) e 10 girinos/L (Tratamento 3), conduzidos em 3 réplicas simultâneas, e a exposição aérea nos dias 0,14(6 horas), 4, 8 e 12 dias. O sangue foi retirado por rompimento do vaso caudal na condição de Normóxia - N (tempo zero) e Hipóxia - H (tempo de 15 minutos de exposição ao ar). Avaliou¬se, na primeira etapa, somente o cortisol plasmático e na segunda etapa, cortisol plasmático, glicemia, hematócrito, hemoglobina, número de eritrócitos, os índices hematimétricos absolutos ¬VCM, HCM e CHCM, contagem diferencial de leucócitos e contagem total de leucócitos e trombócitos. Foi observado um aumento nos valores de cortisol, aos 4 e 8 dias de exposição aérea retomando aos valores basais ao final do experimento, apesar de não haver diferenças significativas. A glicemia foi influenciada no tratamento com 10 girinos/L mostrando forte correlação com a hipóxia. Os parâmetros hematológicos, principalmente, o número de linfócitos, neutrófilos e eosinófilos mostraram diferença significativa aos 12 dias de experimentação ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)Abstract: Studying blood means monitoring animals health reducing, losses by disease or injury caused by certain kinds of stress related to improper rearing systems, handling or alterations in the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate bullfrog's tadpole physiological answer (Rana catesbeiana) to different densities and air exposition. The experiment was carried out in two parts using animals, at the pro-metamorphosis phase, on the first part carried out at CAUNESP - Aquaculture Center, São Paulo State University was evaluated only air exposition, which animals were sampled on zero, fifteen, thirty, forty five, sixty and ninety minutes and on second part, carried out at Fisheries Institute - APTA/SP was evaluated different densities and air exposition, which stocking densities was 1 tadpole/L (treatment one), 5 tadpoles/L (treatment two) and 10 tadpoleslL (treatment three) with three simultaneous replicates and animals were sampled on zero, 114 (six hours), four, eight and twelve experimental days. Blood was collected by breaking tail blood vessel at norrnoxic (zero time) and hipoxic (fifteen minutes by air exposition) conditions. Only cortisol was evaluate on the first part and on second, cortisol, glicemy, hematocryts, haemoglobin tax, couting of erytrocyte's number, absolute hematimetrycs indices -MCV, MCH and MCHC, differenctial couting of leucocytes, total counting of leucocytes and trombocytes were evaluated. An increase in plasmatic cortisol was observed at four and eight days of the experiment, retuming to initial values after 12 days. Glicemy values increased at treatrnent. three, showing strong correlation with hypoxia. Hematological parameters as linphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils numbers at the 12th day of the experiment showed differences comparing to zero day; concluding that stocking densities until 10 tadpoles/L and air exposition ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Orientadora: Maria José Tavares Ranzani de Paiva
Coorientadora: Claudia Maria Ferreira
Banca: Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
Banca: Maria Isabel Mataqueiro
Mestre
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Duerr, Jeffrey Mark. "An analysis of the pH tolerance and substrate preference of isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria from Bufo marinus and Rana catesbeiana." PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4201.
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The concept of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) implies that there is a limit to the amount of oxygen that can be consumed by an organism in a given time. Many attempts have been made to delineate exactly what factor or factors are limiting to VO2 max. Current models focus on the steps over which oxygen must traverse in order to get from the ambient air to the mitochondria. However, no model has addressed the issue of whether or not carbon dioxide flux may impose a limit to VO2 max. Impedance of carbon dioxide flux may have a deleterious effect on intracellular pH, which in turn, may effect mitochondrial oxidative performance.
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Borges, Fernanda de Freitas [UNESP]. "Avaliação da qualidade de efluentes na criação de rã-touro (Lithobates catesbeianus)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86683.
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borges_ff_me_jabo.pdf: 2088766 bytes, checksum: 5403ba70f285528d3490e9444e9af9fd (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O estudo foi realizado no Setor de Ranicultura do Centro de Aquicultura da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Câmpus Jaboticabal/SP em dois períodos distintos, compreendendo uma fase de girinagem e uma fase de engorda no ciclo de criação de rã-touro. Os objetivos foram verificar as características físicas, químicas e microbiológicas da água de entrada e de saída dos tanques em cada fase do ciclo. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com a legislação ambiental CONAMA 357 de 2005, para verificar se o manejo utilizado em cada fase causa alterações na qualidade da água. Foram analisadas as variáveis temperatura, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica, turbidez, nitrogênio amoniacal, nitrato, fósforo total, DBO5, DQO e Escherichia coli em cada etapa do ciclo. O delineamento experimental foi o Inteiramente Casualizado, com dois tratamentos, água de abastecimento e efluente e seis repetições (tanques) em um esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as sub-parcelas as coletas no tempo. As coletas das amostras foram realizadas a cada quinze dias no período da manhã. Na fase de girino o experimento foi realizado entre novembro de 2008 e janeiro de 2009 e teve duração de 76 dias, até os animais completarem a metamorfose. Não foi observada diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos para temperatura, condutividade, turbidez, DQO e E. coli. Entretanto, esses parâmetros variaram nas diferentes coletas. As variáveis pH, oxigênio dissolvido, fósforo total, amônia, nitrato e DBO5 tiveram diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos. Porém, somente as concentrações de fósforo total e DBO5 encontraram-se acima da recomendada pela legislação. A fase de recria teve duração de 77 dias, compreendendo o período de novembro de 2009 a janeiro de 2010, até os animais atingirem o peso de abate. Todas as análises apresentaram diferença significativa...
The study was performed at the frog culture Sector, Aquaculture Center, Sao Paulo State University, Campus Jaboticabal, SP in two different periods, including a tadpole and growout phase in the cycle of creation of the bullfrog. The objectives were to verify the physical, chemical and microbiological water inlet and outlet of the tanks at each stage of the cycle. The results were compared with environmental legislation CONAMA 357, by 2005, to verify whether management used at each stage cause changes in water quality. The variables temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, turbidity, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate, total phosphorus, BOD5, COD and E. coli at each stage of the cycle. The experimental design was completely random, with two treatments, water supply and sewage and six repetitions (tanks) in a split plot, and the sub-plots samples collected over time. The collections of samples were taken fortnightly during the morning. At tadpole phase, the experiment was conducted between November 2008 and January 2009 and lasted 76 days until the animals complete metamorphosis. There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) among treatments for temperature, conductivity, turbidity, COD and E. coli. However, these parameters varied in different samples. The pH, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, ammonia, nitrate and BOD5 were significantly different (p<0.05) among treatments. But, only the concentrations of total phosphorus and BOD5 were found above the recommended legislation. The growing phase lasted 77 days, including the period November 2009 to January 2010, until the animals reach slaughter weight. All analysis showed significant differences (p<0.05) among treatments and between collections. The variables, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, ammonia, BOD5 and E. coli had their values above those permitted by law... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Tidwell, Kyle Scott. "Quantifying the Impacts of a Novel Predator: the Distinctive Case of the Oregon Spotted Frog (Rana pretiosa) and the Invasive American Bullfrog (Rana (Aquarana) catesbeiana)." Thesis, Portland State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10259428.
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The decline of the Oregon Spotted Frog (Rana pretiosa), a Pacific Northwest endemic now federally listed as threatened, has been attributed to several aspects of ecosystem alteration, primarily habitat degradation and loss. The introduced American Bullfrog (Rana (Aquarana) catesbeiana ) has been widely implicated in those declines, but the basis of that contention has been difficult to characterize. The bullfrog occurring at every site of recent Oregon Spotted Frog extirpation has focused concern about its impact.
Here, I present a suite of interconnected studies that examine the behavioral ecology of both species to better understand the potential for bullfrog-mediated Oregon Spotted Frog extirpation. I quantified Oregon Spotted Frog anti-predator behavior from the only known population successfully co-occurring with bullfrogs (Conboy Lake) and a population devoid of bullfrog impact (Big Marsh), and compared these behaviors to the predatory traits of the bullfrog. The initial study revealed that captive-reared individuals from the Oregon Spotted Frog population that has successfully co-occurred with bullfrogs respond faster to a predatory stimulus (measured as latency to response) than Oregon Spotted Frogs from a population not to exposed to bullfrogs. Subsequent field investigations of the approach distance allowed by a predator stimulus before taking evasive action (termed the flight initiation distance: FID) conducted with the Oregon Spotted Frog population co-occurring with bullfrogs first demonstrated that FID of recently metamorphosed bullfrogs is consistently greater than that of recently metamorphosed Oregon Spotted Frogs. Further, examination of FID across all post-metamorphic age classes of Oregon Spotted Frogs revealed that older frogs do not allow as close approach as recently metamorphosed Oregon Spotted Frogs. This age class shift in FID did not occur in the Oregon Spotted Frog population not exposed to bullfrogs. In the latter population, FID did not differ among age classes.
Since the bullfrog might be driving this age-based change in anti-predator behavior, I explored the variation in strike distance of bullfrogs from the site of co-occurrence in both the field and laboratory to determine the extent of overlap with Oregon Spotted Frog FID. I found that the bullfrog strike distance significantly overlaps the FID of all ages of Oregon Spotted Frogs from the bullfrog-free site but only that of youngest (recently metamorphosed) frogs at the site of co-occurrence. Older Oregon Spotted Frogs from the site of co-occurrence generally escaped at distances greater than the strike distance of bullfrogs.
I also collected > 880 bullfrogs from the site of co-occurrence and analyzed the stomach contents to assess their dietary trends. I found that bullfrogs consume Oregon Spotted Frogs at the site, but do not eat the larger (older) frogs. Moreover, the body size ratio between Oregon Spotted Frogs as prey and bullfrogs as predators suggests that nearly all of the adult size distribution of bullfrogs at Conboy would be incapable of preying on adult Oregon Spotted Frogs.
Collectively, these studies strongly suggest that bullfrogs have altered the escape behavior of Oregon Spotted Frogs at Conboy Lake and that most adult Oregon Spotted Frogs at Conboy may have a size-based release from predation by bullfrogs. Implicit in this finding is that bullfrogs may pose a real threat via predation to other Oregon Spotted Frog populations with which they might come into contact where the distribution of bullfrog body sizes differ substantially from that at Conboy Lake.
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Casali, Alex Poeta. "Atividades comportamentais e comportamento alimentar de r? touro, Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802), de pigmenta??o normal e albina em cativeiro." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17212.
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Previous issue date: 2010-06-07Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
The behavior of bullfrogs reared in captivity must be well understood to support management practices that use efficient feeding regimes. In general, bullfrogs reared in captivity have normal pigmentation, but to develop an enhanced product, some studies have investigated the introduction of albino individuals in frog farms. The present study characterized the behavior of both pigmented and albino bullfrogs reared in captivity. In an initial experiment, 48 bullfrogs (70.5 ? 25.6 g) housed in small stalls were fed once a day at random times. Frogs were filmed and the images showed that both the pigmented and albino varieties behaved similarly: food intake was more frequent at dawn followed by light periods; moving and resting in dry areas may be associated to feeding events; frogs appeared to anticipate feeding time and to rest in the water more frequently in periods other than feeding time; daylight is the recommended period for feeding both pigmented and albino frogs. In a second experiment, 72 albino bullfrogs were fed at fixed times (10 a.m. or 4 p.m.) in small stalls. An initial weight of 23.8 ? 7.6 g was considered to evaluate frog performance, and after the animals reached 60.0 ? 20.0 g, they were filmed for behavior analyses. Food intake varied as a function of feeding time, and frogs were more likely to eat during the early hours of the day and immediately after receiving fresh food. Frogs fed only in the afternoon changed their behavior. Food supplied twice a day stimulated the albino frogs to eat at different times, but did not increase growth. Although fresh food stimulated feeding behavior, food intake was more frequent at dawn. Food supplied at this time of day should therefore be further investigated. The results did not indicate a more suitable feeding time (10 a.m. or 4 p.m.) for albino bullfrogs, or any advantage in using two feedings per day. The results provide xvi important information about bullfrogs in terms of food supply regime and activity preferences throughout the day. This novel information will contribute to future studies in this area
O entendimento das atividades comportamentais de r?s-touro em cativeiro ? de grande import?ncia para a indica??o de caminhos adequados no manejo da esp?cie, visando o uso racional do alimento fornecido. A r? de pigmenta??o normal ? atualmente usada nos ran?rios, mas a introdu??o de animais albinos vem sendo pesquisada com o objetivo de se obter um produto diferenciado. Assim, esse estudo objetivou caracterizar as atividades comportamentais de r?s-touro de pigmenta??o normal e albinas em cativeiro. No primeiro experimento foram utilizadas 48 r?s-touro (70,5 ? 25,6 g) alimentadas uma vez ao dia, em hor?rios aleat?rios em minibaias. As atividades comportamentais, obtidas atrav?s de filmagens dos animais, foram semelhantes entre os de pigmenta??o normal e albinos, sendo destacados os seguintes comportamentos: a atividade de ingest?o que foi mais frequentemente observada no amanhecer, seguido dos hor?rios da fase de claro; o deslocamento e o descanso no seco mostraram haver uma rela??o com a alimenta??o; houve ind?cios de antecipa??o do hor?rio de alimenta??o e que o descanso na ?gua acontece com maior frequ?ncia em fase oposta ao da alimenta??o; e a fase de claro pode ser recomendada para a oferta de alimentos aos animais pigmentados e albinos. J? no segundo experimento, foram fixados os hor?rios de alimenta??o (10 h ou 16 h), sendo utilizadas 72 r?s-touro albinas em minibaias. Para a an?lise de desempenho, o peso inicial foi de 23,8 ? 7,6 g, e quando os animais atingiram 60,0 ? 20,0 g foram feitas as filmagens das atividades comportamentais. Foram encontradas diferen?as significantes entre os diferentes hor?rios de oferta de alimento testados, para a atividade de ingest?o, havendo uma tend?ncia dos animais se alimentarem no amanhecer e logo ap?s a oferta de alimento fresco. Ficou evidenciado que os animais, que recebiam alimento somente pela tarde, tiveram xiv suas atividades comportamentais alteradas. O uso de dois parcelamentos di?rios estimula a r?-touro albina a consumir alimento em diferentes hor?rios do dia, mas isso n?o resultou em maior crescimento do animal. O alimento fresco ? um est?mulo para os animais se alimentarem, mas a ingest?o ocorreu com maior frequ?ncia ao amanhecer, portanto recomendam-se estudos sobre o fornecimento de alimentos nesse hor?rio. N?o foram constatadas evid?ncias de um hor?rio (10 h ou 16 h) mais adequado para o manejo alimentar dos animais albinos, nem vantagens de se usar duas ofertas di?rias de alimento. Os resultados aqui apresentados trazem importantes informa??es sobre o manejo de oferta de alimento e a prefer?ncia de hor?rios das atividades dos animais, ajudando, com informa??es in?ditas, as futuras pesquisas direcionadas nessa ?rea
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Borges, Fernanda de Freitas. "Avaliação da qualidade de efluentes na criação de rã-touro (Lithobates catesbeianus) /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86683.
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Resumo: O estudo foi realizado no Setor de Ranicultura do Centro de Aquicultura da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Câmpus Jaboticabal/SP em dois períodos distintos, compreendendo uma fase de girinagem e uma fase de engorda no ciclo de criação de rã-touro. Os objetivos foram verificar as características físicas, químicas e microbiológicas da água de entrada e de saída dos tanques em cada fase do ciclo. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com a legislação ambiental CONAMA 357 de 2005, para verificar se o manejo utilizado em cada fase causa alterações na qualidade da água. Foram analisadas as variáveis temperatura, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica, turbidez, nitrogênio amoniacal, nitrato, fósforo total, DBO5, DQO e Escherichia coli em cada etapa do ciclo. O delineamento experimental foi o Inteiramente Casualizado, com dois tratamentos, água de abastecimento e efluente e seis repetições (tanques) em um esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as sub-parcelas as coletas no tempo. As coletas das amostras foram realizadas a cada quinze dias no período da manhã. Na fase de girino o experimento foi realizado entre novembro de 2008 e janeiro de 2009 e teve duração de 76 dias, até os animais completarem a metamorfose. Não foi observada diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos para temperatura, condutividade, turbidez, DQO e E. coli. Entretanto, esses parâmetros variaram nas diferentes coletas. As variáveis pH, oxigênio dissolvido, fósforo total, amônia, nitrato e DBO5 tiveram diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos. Porém, somente as concentrações de fósforo total e DBO5 encontraram-se acima da recomendada pela legislação. A fase de recria teve duração de 77 dias, compreendendo o período de novembro de 2009 a janeiro de 2010, até os animais atingirem o peso de abate. Todas as análises apresentaram diferença significativa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)Abstract: The study was performed at the frog culture Sector, Aquaculture Center, Sao Paulo State University, Campus Jaboticabal, SP in two different periods, including a tadpole and growout phase in the cycle of creation of the bullfrog. The objectives were to verify the physical, chemical and microbiological water inlet and outlet of the tanks at each stage of the cycle. The results were compared with environmental legislation CONAMA 357, by 2005, to verify whether management used at each stage cause changes in water quality. The variables temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, turbidity, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate, total phosphorus, BOD5, COD and E. coli at each stage of the cycle. The experimental design was completely random, with two treatments, water supply and sewage and six repetitions (tanks) in a split plot, and the sub-plots samples collected over time. The collections of samples were taken fortnightly during the morning. At tadpole phase, the experiment was conducted between November 2008 and January 2009 and lasted 76 days until the animals complete metamorphosis. There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) among treatments for temperature, conductivity, turbidity, COD and E. coli. However, these parameters varied in different samples. The pH, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, ammonia, nitrate and BOD5 were significantly different (p<0.05) among treatments. But, only the concentrations of total phosphorus and BOD5 were found above the recommended legislation. The growing phase lasted 77 days, including the period November 2009 to January 2010, until the animals reach slaughter weight. All analysis showed significant differences (p<0.05) among treatments and between collections. The variables, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, ammonia, BOD5 and E. coli had their values above those permitted by law... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Marta Verardino de Stéfani
Coorientador: Luiz Augusto do Amaral
Banca: Laudicéia Giacometti Lopes
Banca: Lúcia Helena Sipaúba Tavares
Mestre
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Boelter, Ruben Alexandre. "PREDAÇÃO DE ANUROS NATIVOS PELA RÃ-TOURO (Rana catesbeiana: Ranidae) NO SUL DO BRASIL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2005. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5274.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorBullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) have been introduced in many continents causing impact on native species. We have studied the influence of bullfrogs on the native anuran fauna through the diet analysis of 291 specimens, collected between May 2002 and June 2003, in an area in the South of Brazil. In order to check the feeding importance of the food items, the Pinkas index was used, classifying them by their relative importance (IRI). To analyze ontogenetic changes in the diet, we compared the variation among weigh classes. The most important item found in the bullfrog diet was the anuran (IRI=2157.71) from the Leptodactylidae, Hylidae, Microhylidae and Ranidae families, totalizing nine preyed species. Anurans were found in all weight classes. These results show a potentially strong predation pressure on the native anuran fauna. A control program for this invasive species in natural environments in the South of Brazil is suggested to be undertaken urgently.
A rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana) vem sendo introduzida em vários continentes causando impactos nas espécies nativas. Em uma área no sul do Brasil, com altas densidades de rã-touro, estudamos a predação desta espécie sobre a anurofauna nativa através da análise da dieta alimentar de 291 espécimes, coletados entre maio de 2002 e junho de 2003. Para verificar a importância alimentar dos itens encontrados utilizou-se o índice de Pinkas, classificando os itens através da sua importância relativa (IIR). Para avaliar a mudança ontogenética na dieta, comparamos a variação entre classes de pesos. O item mais importante encontrado na dieta da rã-touro foi Anura (IIR=2157.71), das famílias Leptodactylidae, Hylidae, Microhylidae e Ranidae, totalizando nove espécies predadas. O item Anura foi encontrado em todas as classes de peso. Estes resultados demonstram uma forte pressão de predação sobre a anurofauna nativa. Um programa de controle desta espécie, em ambientes naturais no sul do Brasil demanda urgência.
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Dejean, Tony. "Déclin et inventaire de la biodiversité : les maladies des amphibiens et la méthode de l'ADN environnemental." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENV072.
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Depuis plusieurs décennies, un déclin important de la biodiversité est observé à l'échelle mondiale. Les amphibiens constituent aujourd'hui le groupe le plus vulnérable sur la planète. Près d'un tiers des espèces recensées dans le monde est à ce jour menacé d'extinction. Dans le cadre de ce doctorat, nous nous sommes intéressés dans un premier temps à l'émergence d'une maladie infectieuse des amphibiens, la chytridiomycose, provoquée par le champignon pathogène Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Nous avons étudié la répartition actuelle de ce champignon en France, démontré son impact sur la batrachofaune locale et mis en évidence le rôle de la Grenouille taureau (Lithobates catesbeianus) comme vecteur de transmission du pathogène. Afin de limiter la dissémination de Bd, nous avons également élaboré deux protocoles d'hygiène à mettre en oeuvre lors d'interventions sur le terrain ou lors d'utilisations d'amphibiens en laboratoire. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode d'inventaire de la biodiversité basée sur la détection de l'ADN environnemental (ADNe). Nous avons mis en évidence que la persistance de l'ADNe dans un écosystème d'eau douce était d'environ 15 jours et que cette méthode innovante permettait d'améliorer la détection d'espèces exotiques envahissantes, comme la Grenouille taureau. Nous avons ensuite développé cette approche pour le suivi d'autres groupes taxonomiques (poissons, macro-invertébrés, chiroptères, etc.), dans des milieux différents et en utilisant notamment les technologies de séquençage nouvelle générationSince several decades, a significant decline in biodiversity is observed worldwide. Amphibians are now the most vulnerable group on the planet. Nearly a third of known species in the world is today threatened of extinction. Among many causes, diseases appear as an emerging threat worldwide. As part of this PhD, we were interested at first to the emergence of an infectious disease of amphibians, chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). We studied the current distribution of this fungus mostly in France, showed the impact on local batrachofauna and highlighted the role of the Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) as a vector for transmission of the pathogen. To limit the spread of Bd, we also developed two hygiene protocols to implement during field trips or use of amphibians in the laboratory. In the second part of this thesis, we have developed a new method of biodiversity inventory based on the detection of environmental DNA (eDNA). We have shown that the persistence of vertebrates (fish and amphibian) eDNA in freshwater ecosystems was about 15 days and that this innovative method greatly improves the detection of invasive alien species, such as Bullfrog. We are then developed this approach for monitoring other taxonomic groups (fish, macro-invertebrates, bats, etc...), in various environments, taking advantage of bio-technological developments such as next generation DNA sequencing
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Amro, Rami M. A. "Nonlinear Stochastic Dynamics and Signal Amplifications in Sensory Hair Cells." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1438694373.
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Alencar, Everton do Nascimento. "Avalia??o da atividade antimicrobiana de sistemas emulsionados contendo ?leos naturais para o tratamento de infec??es cut?neas." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13490.
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Natural oils have shown a scientific importance due to its pharmacological activity and renewable character. The copaiba (Copaifera langsdorffii) and Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana Shaw) oils are used in folk medicine particularly because the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Emulsion could be eligible systems to improve the palatability and fragrance, enhance the pharmacological activities and reduce the toxicological effects of these oils. The aim of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of emulsions based on copaiba (resin-oil and essential-oil) and bullfrog oils against fungi and bacteria which cause skin diseases. Firstly, the essential oil was extracted from copaiba oil-resin and the oils were characterized by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Secondly, emulsion systems were produced. A microbiological screening test with all products was performed followed (the minimum inhibitory concentration, the bioautography method and the antibiofilm determination). Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. tropicalis American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and clinical samples were used. The emulsions based on copaiba oil-resin and essential oil improved the antimicrobial activity of the pure oils, especially against Staphylococcus e Candida resistant to azoles. The bullfrog oil emulsion and the pure bullfrog oil showed a lower effect on the microorganisms when compared to the copaiba samples. All the emulsions showed a significant antibiofilm activity by inhibiting the cell adhesion. Thus, it may be concluded that emulsions based on copaiba and bullfrog oils are promising candidates to treatment of fungal and bacterial skin infections
Os ?leos naturais v?m chamando aten??o da comunidade cient?fica devido a suas atividades farmacol?gicas e seu car?ter renov?vel. Os ?leos de copa?ba (Copaifera langsdorffii) e de r?-touro (Rana catesbeiana Shaw) ganham destaque, especialmente devido a ampla utiliza??o na medicina popular como anti-inflamat?rios e antimicrobianos. Sistemas emulsionados a base destes ?leos podem ser produzidos com a finalidade de melhorar o odor e a palatabilidade dos mesmos, al?m de potencializar a??o e reduzir toxicidade dos seus componentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a atividade antimicrobiana de emuls?es contendo ?leos de copa?ba (?leo-resina e ?leo essencial) e ?leo de r?-touro frente a cepas de micro-organismos causadores de infec??es cut?neas. Inicialmente, foi realizada a extra??o de ?leo essencial e sua caracteriza??o qu?mica por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectroscopia de massas. Em seguida, foram produzidas emuls?es, ensaios de triagem microbiol?gica, microdilui??o para determina??o de concentra??o inibit?ria m?nima, bioautografia para determina??o dos componentes antimicrobianos e avalia??o da atividade antibiofilme. Foram utilizadas cepas da American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) e cl?nicas de Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. krusei e C. tropicalis. Foi observado que os sistemas emulsionados de ?leo-resina de copa?ba e ?leo essencial de copa?ba contribu?ram na potencializa??o da atividade antimicrobiana, especialmente contra cepas do g?nero Staphylococcus e Candida resistentes aos az?is. A emuls?o de ?leo de r?-touro assim como o ?leo puro, apresentou menor atividade que as amostras de copa?ba, por?m exibiu significativa a??o antibiofilme, demonstrando que este sistema ? um potencial inibidor da ades?o de micro-organismos. Deste modo, pode-se inferir que as emuls?es a base destes ?leos s?o promissores sistemas para o tratamento de infec??es cut?neas f?ngicas e bacterianas
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Judge, Kevin Andrew. "Chorus participation by male bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, a test of the energetic constraint hypothesis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0030/MQ47335.pdf.
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Greenspan, Sasha Eden. "Establishment of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Anuran Epidermis and Experimental Transmission from Bullfrogs to Wood Frogs." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2011. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/GreenspanS2011.pdf.
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Vallejo, Mauricio. "Noradrenergic tuning, not simple rate effects, produces temperature-sensitivity of the respiratory network in bullfrogs." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1527181646566301.
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JIANG, YUN-JIN, and 江運金. "Studies on crystallins of carp and bullfrog." Thesis, 1988. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10199446072003478274.
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Chatburn, Jonathon William. "Respiratory pattern formation in the bullfrog (Rana castebieana)." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/15400.
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This study examined the stability of the bullfrog in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparation
over time, and the influence of the midbrain on fictive breathing, chemosensitivity, and
respiratory pattern formation. Fictive breathing was measured over an 8-hour recording period
from both the in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparation (midbrain intact) and the isolated
medulla preparation (midbrain removed). Preparations were exposed randomly to aCSF
equilibrated at three different pH levels (8.0, 7.8, 7.6) prior to and following removal of the
midbrain. The fictive breathing pattern was analyzed using Poincare pot distributions following
progressive rostro-caudal transections within the midbrain and rostral medulla of the in vitro
brainstem-spinal cord preparation.
Following setup, the fictive breath frequency progressively declined over the first 2-3 hours,
leveled off and stayed constant for the remainder of the recording period in both the in vitro
brainstem-spinal cord and the isolated medulla preparations. Lowering the pH of the aCSF
caused significant increases in breath frequency prior to and following removal of the midbrain,
but elicited a larger chemoresponse in preparations without the midbrain intact.
Following transection at the midbrain medulla border the fictive breath frequency decreased,
the average inter-breath interval (IBI) length increased, and the average breath duration
increased. Fictive episodic breathing was not eliminated following removal of the midbrain,
however, the distances between breaths within episodes, and between episodes dramatically
increased in size. The spatio-temporal coordination of breaths within the breathing pattern
became less precise following removal of the midbrain, resulting in episodes that were less
discrete and inconsistent in size and occurrence.
Preparations that exhibited consistent episodic breathing produced Poincare distributions on
which the inter-breath intervals fell into three distinct size groupings. These groupings
corresponded to the distance between breaths, episodes, and episode clusters within the breathing
pattern. These preparations also produced harmonic distribution patterns on the Poincare plots
where the inter-breath interval groupings that occurred were related to each other in size by
whole number ratios.
These findings suggest that transections through the brainstem-spinal cord initially stimulate
breathing, and that there is a period of time following in which neural activity stabilizes. The
results also suggest that the midbrain contains a site, or sites that moderate the chemoresponse in
vitro, while independently supplying a source of tonic drive that increases the number of breaths
per unit time, and increases the spatio-temporal coordinating of breaths within the breathing pattern. We feel that the central pattern generator (CPG) that is responsible for the anuran
respiratory pattern continuum could consist of a multiple-coupled oscillator network. Two of the
oscillators may lie bilaterally within the medulla, while one lies bilaterally within the caudal
midbrain. We propose that it is the synchronizing interactions of these oscillators that are
responsible for producing discontinuous breathing patterns in which breaths, episodes, and
episode clusters occur with precise regularity.
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Asay, Matthew Jamin. "Characterization of the GABA[subscript B] receptor in the brain of the adult male bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana." 2005. http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-03312005-113647/.
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Lu, Shao Fan, and 呂紹凡. "Characterization of crystallin genes from the eye lens of bullfrog." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84565411813231190764.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
生化科學研究所
83
There are four major classes of crystallins present in frog lenses, i.e. .alpha.-, .beta.-, .gamma.- and .rho.-crystallins.To facilitate the determination of the primary sequences of amphibian crystallins, cDNA mixture was synthesized from poly(A)+mRNA of fresh eyes lenses from the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana).cDNAs encoding each crystallin were then amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on two primers designed according to the relatively conserved N- and C-terminal sequences of known crystallins from other vertebrates. PCR-amplified products corresponding to each crystallin were obtained, which were then subcloned into pUC18 vector and then transformed into E. coli.strain JM109. Plasmids purified from the positive clones were prepared for nucleotide sequencing by manual isotope-labelling or automatic fluorescence-based dideoxynucleotide chain-termination method. Nine complete full-length sequences were obtained including one each of .alpha.A-, .alpha.B- and .rho.-crystallins, two each of .beta.A1-, .beta.A3- and .gamma.M1-crystallins in the lenses of bullfrog. Structural analysis and comparison of two major .alpha.-crystallin subunits from eye lenses of different classes of vertebrates revealed the evolutionary relatedness between this major class of lens protein and small heat-shock proteins induced in most mammalian cells upon various stress. The sequence comparison of various isoforms of bullfrog .beta.- and .gamma.-crystallins indicates that these two classes of lens proteins exist as members of a .beta./.gamma. superfamily. The sequence analysis of .rho.-crystallin shows its relatedness to NADPH-dependent enzymes, including prostaglandin-F synthase and aldo-keto reductase. The structural analysis of these frog crystallins points to a greater sequence diversity of amphibian crystallins than other vertebrate species.
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Kinkead, Richard. "The control of episodic breathing in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/7257.
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Like many lower vertebrates, bullfrogs breathe episodically; i.e. breathing occurs in bouts
that are interrupted by periods of apnea. This breathing pattern contrasts with the continuous
alternation between inspiration and expiration usually seen in mammals. Little is known about
the mechanisms underlying episodic breathing; hence, the objective of this thesis was to
investigate respiratory control in the bullfrog to determine what causes the onset/termination of
the episodes of breathing. A variety of preparations, ranging from the “ta (whole) animal
to the in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparation were used. This reductionist approach made
it possible to assess the contribution of the different components of the respiratory control system
towards pattern formation.
The initial studies focused on the role of afferent feedback from different groups of
peripheral receptors. In these experiments, receptor input was either eliminated by denervation
or manipulated artificially. The results have shown that each receptor group influences pattern
differently, either by affecting the number of breaths in an episode, or the duration of the apneic
(non-ventilatory) period. However, none of the receptor groups investigated were responsible
for clustering the breaths into episodes. These results were subsequently confirmed by recording
the respiratory-related motor output from an in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparation, which
produced a “fictive” breathing pattern that was episodic, and virtually identical to that of intact
frogs. Because this preparation is essentially devoid of afferent feedback (except for central
chemoreceptors) and descending inputs but still can produce breathing episodes, it was concluded
that the episodic breathing pattern of the bullfrog is an intrinsic property of the central nervous
system, and can occur without peripheral feedback.
The final study assessed the role of the nucleus isthmi in breathing pattern formation.
This nucleus is located between the midbrain roof and the base of the cerebellum. Bilateral
microinjections of the neurotoxin kainic acid in the nucleus isthmi area significantly reduced the
breathing frequency, and the breathing pattern consisted mainly of evenly-spaced single breaths.
This suggests that the nucleus isthmi provides the tonic drive to breathe, which is a key element
in the production of breathing episodes of more than one breath. It is concluded that the
mechanisms accounting for the onset/termination of breathing episodes may reflect a property
of the neuronal circuitry responsible for respiratory rhythmogenesis, and/or burst pattern
formation rather than an interaction between afferent inputs and the central nervous system.
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PAN, FU-MING, and 潘扶明. "STUDIES ON PROTEINS AND GENES OF BULLFROG (RANA CATESBEIANA) PITUITARY HORMONES." Thesis, 1990. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77884671463460827799.
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博士國立臺灣大學
生物化學研究所
79
Prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) were purified from pituitary glands of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) by salt fractionation, chromatography on Sephacryl S-200, DEAE-celluloseion exchange chromatography and HPLC. The frog PRL and GH were found to have a molecular weight of 24000 and 22000 respectively, by using SDS gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric points of the PRL and GH were 6.2, 6.1 and 5.9, 5.8, respectively. Frog PRL was found to be 19% as potent as porcine PRL in pigeon crop sac assay. The bullfrog GH gave a precipitin reaction against monkey antiserum to rat GH, indicating some immunological relatedness between the amphibian and mammalian GHs. High performance liquid chromatography was applied to the purification of a variety of growth hormones from mammailan, amphibian, and fish pituitary glands. The method was based on reversed-phase chromatography using a Radial-PAKTM C18 coulmn and a gradient elution with 0.1% TFA in water and 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile. The method can be applied to analytical or preparative scale separations. The average recovery of growth hormones was 0.3-0.5%. The Nterminal amino acid sequence of HPLC-purified porcine, duck, bullfrog, and fish GH was determined. All mammalian and amphibian GH preparations showed reactions of edentity or near identity by immunodiffusion studies on agar gel. Total mRNA was isolated from the pituitary glands of bullfrog, purified by affinity chromatography with oligo(dT)-cellulose coulmn. The cDNA was synthesized and cloned in Escherichia cole using EcoRI linkers and pBR322 as vector. The cDNA library was screened by hybridization with 32P-labeled duck growth hormone cDNA, salmon prolactin cDNA and mixed oligonucleotides as probe. Positive clones were selected and sequenced. The full-length bullfrog GH cDNA contains 950 nucleotide pairs with an open reading frame coding for the precursor GH of 215 amino acid residues. The partial amino acid sequence from the protein confirms that derived from the cDNA, with Phe as the first residue in the mature bullfrog GH preceded by a 25-residue hydrophobic signal peptide. The bullfrog GH shares sequence homology with those of other vertebrate species in the following order: duck (61% protein homology; 67% cDNA homology), rat (56%,61%), human (47%,57%) and salmon (42%,50%). The full-length bullfrog PRL cDNA contains 899 nucleotide basepairs. The partial amino-acid sequence from the protein completely agrees with that derived from the cDNA, with Gln (probably pyroglutamic acid) as the most probable first residue in mature bullfrog PRL. Bullfrog PRL exhibits a typical structure feature as prolactin, including six cysteine residues to form three disulfide bonds and two tryptophan residues. Amino acid sequence of bullfrog PRL shows homology of approximately 67%, 64.6%, 53% and 32.3% with those of pig, human, rat, and carp prolactin. The full-length bullfrog POMC cDNA contains 1212 nucleotide base pairs coding for 263 amino acid residues including ACTH, LPH, MSH, and endorphin. Bullfrog POMC contains one putative glycosylation site on r-MSH. Amino acid sequence of bullfrog POMC shows homology of approximately 62%, 80%, 60% and 35% with those of human, xenopus, rat, and salmon POMC. 腦下腺前葉所分泌的生長激素（Growth hormone 簡稱 GH）及泌孔激素（Prolactin 簡稱PRL）在分子構造上有相似之處，可能由同一基因複製演化而來。GH約由191 個 胺基酸組成，分子量為21000， 而PRL 約由198 個胺基酸構成，分子量為24000。 GH 在蛋白質、脂肪、及碳水化合物之代謝方面扮演很重要的角色；它刺激除神精細胞以 外的所有組織的生長，尤其是骨骼的組織。PRL 在哺乳類則具有許多代謝功能，主要 在泌乳（lactation） 與乳腺表皮生長，生殖發育及電解質平衡調節均有關聯。POMC （proopiomelanocortin） 為腦啡（β-Endorphin），色素細胞刺激素（Melanocyte -Stimulating Hormone, MSH） 及腎上腺皮質刺激素（Adrenocorticotropin, ACTH ）之前趨分子（precursor）； 它們對於動物有廣泛之生理作用。上述三種激素在兩 棲類動物中研究尚未多見。我們以牛蛙為對象做較有系統的研究。目前已經完成這些 激素蛋白質的萃取，純化，一級結構的定序，蛋白質的特性分析，生物活體內的測試 （Bioassay）以及cDNA的選殖，DNA 序列的決定。以下分述牛蛙 GH，PRL，及POMC之 結構特性。 一、牛蛙GH：牛蛙腦下腺經萃提後經Sephacryl S-200 分子篩選，DEAE-Cellulose離 子交換樹脂和高效層析儀（HPLC）的純化，我們經由SDS-PAGE得一分子量22000， 用 CD（circular dichroism）測知含52％的α-helix。其等電點分別是5.9 和5.8， 由 SDS-PAGE和HPLC，知道它們為一均質物，作胺基酸分析我們知其含有多量的Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid, Leucine, 3對CySSCy，而用老鼠GH在猴子體內產生的抗體做 雙向擴散沈澱法（double diffusion）亦可確定其與哺乳類的生長激素的免疫相似性 。更進一步我們利用遺傳工程方法，先將mRNA作成互補cDNA，接到質體（plasmid） 內作成一個蛙腦下腺的基因庫，我們再用鴨GH cDNA 作探針（probe） ，找到牛蛙生 長激素cNDA，目前其核酸的順序已經被完全決定，一共含有950bp ，其轉譯出來的蛋 白質與我們純化得到的蛋白質作N-端25個胺基酸部份結構完全一樣。與其它種類動物 的GH相似性如下：鴨67％，老鼠61％，人57％，魚50％。 二、牛蛙PRL ：PRL 萃取方法與GH方法相似，它的分子量為24000 ，56％α-helix， pI值分別為6.2，6.1。其胺基酸組成亦含有多量的Glutamic acid，Aspartic acid， Leucine，3對CySSCy，亦具有類似哺乳類PRL 的生物活性，將prolactin 用Trypsin 切割後作peptide mapping 所得的二段peptide 定出其序列以合成對應的 oligonucleotide， 以此作為探針（probe） 我們找到了牛蛙prolactin 的cDNA，其 核酸順序也已被決定，共含899bp。 經轉譯出來的蛋白質序列與部份胺基酸定序所得 順序完全相同，但無法直接由蛋白質的N-端定其序列，配合已知cDNA序列的推測，使 我們懷疑是否蛋白質的N-末端被blocked。 至於牛蛙的prolactin 也和其它動物有很 高的相似性，分別如下：豬67％，人64.6％，老鼠53％，魚32.3％。 三、牛蛙POMC：以Salmon PRL作探針（probe） 在牛蛙的基因庫作雜化反應（hybridization） 時，有二個呈較弱陽性反應的clone ，經核酸定序其全長共含1212bp，經轉譯出來的蛋白質知其為牛蛙的POMC（proopiom elanocortin）， 此多胜激素共有263 氨基酸。分別對應有α-MSH，β-MSH，γ-M SH，γ-LPH，ACTH及β-Endorphin，其中γ-MSH含有一個Glycosylation Signal （N-X-S/T）， 牛蛙的POMC與其它動物的相似性分別如下：人62％，豬62％，老鼠60 ％，Xenopus lavis 80％，鮭魚35％。
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Wu, Win-Hui, and 吳玟慧. "Extraction and application of collagen from bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) fallopian tubes." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95073773971726238489.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
食品科學系所
96
Collagen is the most abundant protein of animal origin, comprising approximately 30% of total protein in most animals, it has been utilized in food, cosmetics and biomedical materials. There are least 27 variants of collagen, and each collagen type has different functions. TypeⅠcollagen is the major protein, comprising approximately 90% of total collagen. The main source of industrial collagen are limited to the mammals (ex. bovine and pig), bird (ex. chicken). Bullfrog is an important commercial meat in Taiwan, especially in Pingtung country. At the same time, a larger amount of fallopian tubes would be dumped as processing waste. The fallopian tubes of bullfrogs contain collagen; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the extraction and characterization of collagen from the fallopian tubes of bullfrogs. Collagen was digested with pepsin in 0.5 M acetic acid solution. The extraction was performed at a temperature of 4℃ for 48 hours. The result showed that the extraction yield of collagen was about 16.35%. SDS-PAGE showed that the collagen from the fallopian tubes of bullfrogs contained two different chains (α1 and α2), the molecular weight were 138 kDa and 115 kDa, and were characterized to be typeⅠ. In order to evaluate the additional value of products, we applied collagen to the collagen moisture mask manufacture. The collagen moisture masks containing 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% collagen have a pH value between 5.25~5.73 similar to the pH of normal human skin. The stability of collagen moisture mask was stable for more than 3 months. In safety experiment, there have no erythema was ovservated based on the Daize score test. It was also observed that the skin applied with mask containing collagen enhances the water holding capacity and elasticity of the skin.
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Meier, Janice T. "Modulation of respiratory rhythm and pattern in rana catesbeiana the bullfrog." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/10296.
Full textAbstract:
The present study examined the role of neurons in the optic tectum in the
formation of the periodic, episodic breathing pattern in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana.
The first objective of the present study was to search for the presence of an "episodic
centre", via progressive transections through the optic tectum of a decerebrate,
artificially-ventilated in situ preparation. The results of these experiments revealed that
the rostral optic tectum provides inhibitory, and the mid-optic tectum excitatory inputs to
medullary centres, with respect to breathing frequency. Furthermore, the latter region
also modulates burst pattern (providing an inhibitory input), as well as respiratory pattern,
in concert with peripheral feedback from the vagus nerve. More specifically, following
transections through the mid-optic tectum, the episodic breathing pattern was converted
to one of evenly-spaced single breaths. In animals with at least one vagus intact, lung
inflation restored the episodes. The caudal optic tectum, like the mid-region, appeared to
influence both breathing pattern, as well as a component of burst pattern. Following
transections at this level, the average burst duration increased significantly, while the
integrated activity was not significantly altered. With respect to breathing pattern, the
episodic breathing pattern was converted to one of evenly-spaced single breaths, although
the overall breathing frequency was not changed significantly. The episodes could not be
restored by lung inflation, suggesting that the vagal input which resulted in the
reappearance of episodes following transections in the mid-optic tectum, acted rostral to
the site of the caudal transection of the optic tectum. The possibility that an "episodic .
centre" was located in the caudal optic tectum was refuted in one preparation in which
episodes were observed following a transection at both the caudal optic tectum and rostral
spinal cord. This suggested the presence of a neuronal input arising caudal to the site of
transection in the spinal cord. Episodes re-occurred when this input was removed with
only the medulla intact. These results implied that the centre(s) responsible for the
formation of episodes exists not within the optic tectum, but rather within the medulla.
A second objective of the present study was to examine the medulla of the
bullfrog brain for the presence of multiple central rhythm generators for breathing. While
recording from both the Vth and Xth cranial nerves, transections were made between the
two, following which all neural activity from both nerves ceased. This suggested the
presence of a centre, at the site of the transections, which is essential for the production of
respiratory rhythm in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana.
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Chen, Jun Yao, and 陳俊堯. "Numerical taxonomy of bacterial flora in the intestine of captive bullfrog (rana catesbeiana)." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56534983868188151538.
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CHU, SHAO-YING, and 褚紹英. "Studies on the classification and pathogenicity of streptocccus isolated from fish and bullfrog." Thesis, 1987. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15288639167991524448.
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Chen, Hsi-Kung, and 陳錫恭. "Economic Efficiency Factor Analysis of Chinese Bullfrog (Rana tigrina rugulosa) Aquaculture in Taiwan." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47105594936197968763.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
水產養殖學系
92
Aquaculture is a multiindustry. The development of aquaculture may be strongly affected by the factors including biology, environment, economics and politics. To evaluate the Rana tigrina rugulosa farming profit, the production cost and revenue were studied under varied culturing techniques. The study indicated that seasonal production and farming location have significant effect on this business cost and revenue. Productions in seasons one and two were more profitable duo to shorter production time and lower cost. The profitability (a ratio of net profit per one-dollar cost) obtained from indoor farming system ware better than that of outdoor’s. the unit production of indoor system was also higher than that of outdoor system because of higher stoking rate but similar survival rate. However, the production cost of outdoor farming was lower than that of indoor one. Generally speaking, the profitability of Rana tigring rugulosa farming was affected by its biological characteristics and feeding cost. The future research should focus on the study of optimal conditions such as growing conditions, stocking density and survival rate. Additionally, a study of proper diet formula will definitely have significant effect on the farming profitability.
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Leu, Ying-Jen, and 呂英震. "Characterizations of enzymatic properties and specificities of cytotoxic ribonucleases from Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog)." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40591917878129040558.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立清華大學
生命科學系
91
Ribonucleases are widely found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and play an important role in RNA metabolism. Several ribonucleases in the RNase A superfamily not only possess ribonucleolytic activity but also exhibit other functions. In our laboratory, eight different ribonucleases were isolated from Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog). They show sequence homology to the RNase A superfamily. A series of biochemical and biophysical analyses have been exploited to characterize these novel ribonucleases. Although these ribonucleases have some characteristics in common, such as high thermo stability and lack of ions in their enzymatic reaction, they are different in catalytic activities, optimal pH values for enzyme activities, substrate specificities and cytotoxicities. To further investigate the mechanisms of substrate recognition, their cDNAs were cloned. Recombinant wild-type and mutant proteins were produced in Escherichia coli and subjected to analyses of enzyme activity, substract specificity and kinetics. Cocrystalization of RC-RNased(ACGA) further revealed the mechanism of substrate specificity determination in more detail. Pyr1 is involved in both enzyme activity and substrate specificity. The residues of Lys9, His10, Lys35 and His103 contribute to the P1 active site. RC-RNase contains two base binding pockets, B1 and B2. In the B1 site, Thr39 directly binds to the substrate, whereas Thr70 influences the substrate specificity through Thr39 and Phe104 works through the hydrophobic reaction with the substrates. In the B2 site, both Lys95 and Glu97 bind to the substrate and Glu97 also supports the side chain of Lys95. With these results, we established the relationship between ribonucleases and their substrates for further investigation.
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CHEN, LI-YUAN, and 陳儷元. "Pancreatic amylase in bullfrog: changes in enzyme activity and RNA level during metamorphosis." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97810422404147614270.
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Shumaker, John Michael. "Conduction in a bullfrog atrial trabeculum: Active and passive properties, and modifications produced by acetylcholine." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/16547.
Full textAbstract:
A model of $\beta$-adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic stimulation of the bullfrog atrial myocyte has been developed that mimics the dose-dependent effects of isoprenaline (ISO) on the action potential duration (APD); i.e., low doses of ISO lengthen the APD, while high doses shorten the ADP. This reduction in APD is modeled as the result of (1) calcium-dependent inactivation of $I\sb{Ca}$ resulting from the enhancement of $I\sb{Ca}$ by ISO and (2) an enhancement of $I\sb{K}$ due to both an ISO-induced increase in the rate of activation of $I\sb{K}$ and an increase in peak action potential height. The effect of acetylcholine (ACh) is to reduce the ISO-induced increase in $I\sb{Ca}$ and $I\sb{K}$ through a reduction in relative (cAMP) as well as to stimulate the ACh-sensitive $K\sp{+}$ current $I\sb{K,ACh}.$ At low (ISO) levels or high (ACh) levels, the muscarinic cholinergic effect dominates over the $\beta$-adrenergic effect. However, for a large (ISO) and a small (ACh), this pattern of changes in transmembrane currents is different; in this case the model predicts that ACh can actually increase APD.
A distributed parameter model of an idealized bullfrog atrial trabeculum is developed. Individual cardiac cells are resistively coupled end to end via intercalated discs to form an idealized cylindrical cardiac strand encased in a resistive-capacitative trabecular sheath which, in turn, is located in a finite cylindrical volume conductor. A second-order implicit finite numerical integration method is used to calculate the time-varying potentials within the intracellular $(V\sp{i}),$ interstitial $(V\sp{e}),$ and the outer volume conductor $(V\sp{o})$ media of the concentric cylindrical structure. 'Reduced' cell membrane models which lack the complete complement of transmembrane currents are compared with regard to their accuracy in representing the foot, upstroke, and plateau regions of the propagated action potential in the complete model. A reduced cell membrane model should contain the sodium current $I\sb{Na},$ the calcium current $I\sb{Ca}$ and the background rectifying $K\sp{+}$ current $I\sb{K1}.$ A cell membrane model which contains a linear background $K\sp{+}$ current $I\sb{L}$ instead of $I\sb{K1}$ produces a poor approximation to the upstroke, plateau and conduction velocity of an action potential. The trabecular sheath reduces the extracellular resistance seen by the cell by shunting current away from highly resistive interstitial medium into the volume conductor medium which is of low resistance, and thereby increases conduction velocity. Finally, the effects of the cholinergic neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh), on both the passive and active properties of the trabeculum are investigated. The addition of ACh to the extracellular medium reduces the space constant and input resistance of the trabeculum, as well as the conduction velocity of electrical activity propagating through it.
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LI, YUAN-QI, and 李元綺. "Purification and bioassay of pituitary lutenizing hormone from the Chinese bullfrog (Rana tigerina rugulosa wiegmann)." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86077973868628118763.
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Tsai, Kuo-Wei, and 蔡國威. "Expression of Bullfrog α-Crystallin in E. coli Enhances Viability of Recombinant Cells under UV Stress." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74905780905506704407.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
生化科學研究所
89
Alpha-crystallins, the major components of lens proteins, contribute to lens proteins stability and confer UV resistance potency to lens epithelial cells. We introduced bullfrog αA and αB-crystallin genes to E.coli and induced their expression, these recombinant cells showed significant UV resistance up to more then 10 times survival ratios relative to control cells, which were consistent with those of previous reports in lens epithelial cells. UV resistance of E.coli transformed by truncated form of alpha-crystallins gene constructs showed that the N-terminal 60 residues also confer significant UV resistance to E.coli. The N-terminal domain showed no molecular chaperone activity in our classic chaperone activity assay. These results suggest that the UV resistance of E.coli was not due to the trivial chaperone activity but rather there might exist conserved cell death pathways in prokaryotics and mammalian cells such that similar experimental outcomes were obtained. Or α-crystallin might interrupted UV triggered E.coli cell death by unknown mechanisms awaiting further study. Our results demonstrated that α-crystallins might be promising tools to unveil the mysterious prokaryotics cell suicide pathways.
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Partovi, Shireen Hanna. "Transcriptomic analysis of thyroid hormone effects on Rana [Lithobates] catesbeiana tadpole tissues with special emphasis on the innate immune system." Thesis, 2017. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/9004.
Full textAbstract:
Amphibian metamorphosis is facilitated solely by thyroid hormones (THs), L-thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine (T3). TH modulates the remodeling of many different organs and systems in the body of developing tadpoles, including the immune system. Previous research found evidence of T4 action on direct-response genes in outer ring deiodinase-poor premetamorphic tadpole tail fin and liver without the required conversion to T3 described by current TH dogma. The mechanisms of environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may be better understood by expanding our understanding of the transcriptomic effects of both forms of THs and how they relate to estrogen signaling. Furthermore, analysis of TH-modulation of the immune system may enable a greater understanding of the devastating effects of amphibian pathogens such as Ranavirus. Premetamorphic Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana tadpoles were exposed to physiological concentrations of T4, T3, or 17-beta-estradiol (E2) through water bath immersion. qPCR analysis was performed to assess the response of canonical TH-responsive genes thra, thrb, and thibz to these hormones in the liver and tail fin tissues of bullfrog tadpoles. E2 treatment did not elicit a response in these gene transcripts in either tissue. T3 treatment in the tail fin elicited an overall stronger response than T4, while T4 treatment in the liver recapitulated results consistent with non-genomic mechanisms of T4 signaling for thrb and thibz transcripts. Illumina Hiseq2500 was used to sequence RNA isolated from hormone-treated premetamorphic tadpole liver and tail fin tissues to assess differential transcriptomic responses and identify TH-responsive immune system-associated transcripts. The impact of TH-treatment on the general immune system in the liver and tail fin transcriptomes was also analyzed using RNA-seq data. We found that E2 modulates at least some shared TH pathways in the liver, but none in the tail fin and that the tail fin transcriptome is more affected by T3, while the liver transcriptome is more affected by T4. Additionally, evidence of immune system modulation by both THs was found in both the liver and tail fin transcriptomes. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an important component of the amphibian immune response. Details regarding the regulation, synthesis, and expression of AMPs remain obscure, although evidence of TH-modulation of specific AMPs has been identified, as well as evidence of increased expression of AMPs throughout metamorphosis. Frog skin is a prolific source of AMPs that may prove useful in the quest for alternative antimicrobial agents in the face of antibiotic resistance. Identification of new AMPs is hindered by the practical limitations of classical protein-based discovery approaches. By using known AMP characteristics and common ¬AMP properties, we developed a high throughput bioinformatics approach predicated on the use of R. catesbeiana genome resources. We mined these resources and identified novel and known AMPs that exhibited verified antimicrobial activity against various bacterial organisms. This thesis sought to elucidate the differential and modulatory effects of both forms of TH on a transcriptomic level and in the context of immunity, and to examine the utility of the bullfrog transcriptome and genomics resources in identifying and characterizing novel bullfrog-derived AMPs and elucidating aspects of AMP expression.Graduate
2018-12-08