Academic literature on the topic 'Bungalow Book Publishing Company'

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Journal articles on the topic "Bungalow Book Publishing Company"

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Yezhyzhanska, Tetiana, Tetiana Krainikova, and Larysa Masimova. "Book PR: do readers influence on the communication of publishing company?" Innovative Marketing 15, no. 4 (2019): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.15(4).2019.06.

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The impact of readers as target audiences of publishing houses in Ukraine on PR communication is not clearly understood. The goal of this research is to examine the role of readers in the communication process between publishing houses and customers. The readers become an important source of information about the events of the book publishing market and book novelties. The article shows the results of the poll of visitors of the largest book festivals in Ukraine – Book Arsenal Festival in Kyiv and Book Forum in Lviv for 2017–2019. These respondents (200 interviews per event) are not only the main consumers of book products publishing houses, but also they are the source of information about new books and activities of Ukrainian publishing houses themselves. According to the results of the poll, visitors of book fairs pay attention to the advice of their colleagues and friends, which are an important source of information about the events of the book publishing market and book novelties. Almost 50% of respondents create and distribute user-generated content about the events of the book publishing market. This activity is explained by the lack of information about the book market news of more than half of visitors. The results of the research confirm that readers are important publishing communications subjects, consumers are active advocates of the publisher’s brand, friends and colleagues actively create the content about the events of the book publishing market in Ukraine.
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Alshevskaya, Ol’ga N. "Publishing, Book Trade and Local History Activities of the Company “Apex”." Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)], no. 5 (October 28, 2015): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2015-0-5-64-69.

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The article is devoted to the reconstruction of the history of the most northern Russian Publishing House “Apex”. There is described step by step diversification of the activities: from the book trade and issue of the newspaper - to local history research, publishing books on local history, local history almanac, organizing annual scientific conference on local history, creation of regional public organization.
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Anisimov, Alex O. "Commercial Activity of the I. Ladyzhnikov Publishing Company in Berlin (1905—1931)." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 69, no. 6 (2021): 643–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2020-69-6-643-654.

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The author reveals the commercial aspects of activity of the I. Ladyzhnikov publishing company in Berlin in the first decades of the twentieth century. This paper clarifies the company’s concept and fills in a number of gaps in the study of Russian-language foreign book publishing in the first decades of the twentieth century, due to the small number of comprehensive studies in this area. Getting acquainted with Russian-language emigrant book publishing is of great interest, since it reflects the large-scale processes of the post-revolutionary breakdown of the cultural life of Russia. The source base of the research is the documents of a number of Russian archives, as well as the archive of the I. Ladyzhnikov publishing company, discovered by the author at the International Institute of Social History (IISH) in Amsterdam (Netherlands). The author introduces into scientific circulation a number of new, previously unpublished data about the I. Ladyzhnikov publishing company. The article reveals the circle of people who stood at its origins: on the one hand, these are the leaders of early Bolshevism (V.I. Lenin, L.B. Krasin, V.D. Bonch-Bruevich), on the other — the central figures of the writing group “Znanye” [Knowledge] (M. Gorky, К.P. Pyatnitsky). The author presents all the names under which the publishing company operated in different years, accurately dates the stages of its existence from the moment of its origin (5th August, 1905) to the beginning of the 1930s and proposes periodization. The archive of the publishing company preserved 40 contracts with the authors; therefore it was possible to determine the circle of writers and playwrights who collaborated with it: M. Gorky, S.S. Yushkevich, S.G. Petrov (Skitalets), A.N. Kuropatkin, S.N. Rabinovich (Sholom Aleichem), Sh. Ash and other writers. The author notes that among other tasks, the publishing house defended the copyright of Russian writers abroad. The article analyses the total annual circulation of publications, the number of authors, as well as the total annual turnover of the company. For the first time, the author considers the role and place of the “Novaya Russkaya Kniga” [New Russian Book] magazine in the activities of the I. Ladyzhnikov publishing company. The author established that the 1920s were the most successful in terms of commercial activity for the publishing company. Thus, from February to March 1924, the company “absorbed” three of the major competitors: “Helikon” publishing company, “Russian Universal Publishing Company” and “Epoch” publisher. The article presents the exact dates of the contracts for the purchase of publishers, the data on the sales value and the features of the agreements concluded. In particular, I. Ladyzhnikov company bought the publishers with the preservation of their trademarks, purchased their warehouses with commodity stocks, contracts concluded with authors, as well as debt obligations to banks. The author concludes that for almost the entire first third of the twentieth century, the I. Ladyzhnikov publishing company was the most powerful commercial enterprise among all the publishing companies of “Russian Berlin”.
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Mitra, Suddhachit. "Book Review: Suhayl Abidi and Manoj Joshi, The VUCA Company." Global Business Review 18, no. 1 (2017): 270–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150916666970.

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Sundara Raj T. "Book review: Margaret Khalakdina, Parenting Styles in India." Sociological Bulletin 68, no. 1 (2019): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022918819650.

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Mishan, Freda. "Book review "English Language Learning and Technology"." EuroCALL Review 6 (December 15, 2004): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/eurocall.2004.16460.

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Jacob, Jabin T. "Book Review: Alok Datta, United States and Contemporary World." Social Change 47, no. 2 (2017): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085717696205.

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Tandon, Neelam. "Book Review: B.V.R. Subbu, Santro: The Car that Built a Company." Global Business Review 20, no. 1 (2019): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150918802697.

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Kaur, Manjit. "Book Review: G. Palanithurai and R. Ramesh, Integral Rural Development." Sociological Bulletin 66, no. 1 (2017): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022916687185.

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Dixit, Gayettri. "Book review: Gennet Zewide, Resistance, Freedom and Empowerment: The Ethiopian Women’s Struggle." Insight on Africa 12, no. 2 (2020): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975087820924173.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bungalow Book Publishing Company"

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Lin, Su-Hsing. "Feng Zikai's Art and the Kaiming Book Company: art for the people in early twentieth century China." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1079634774.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxxiii, 445 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Julia F. Andrews, Dept. of History of Art. Includes bibliographical references (p. 317-251).
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Pinsky, Luciana. "Do papel ao digital: como as novas tecnologias desafiam a função do editor de livros de história." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27152/tde-06052014-122311/.

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Os livros digitais estão trazendo mudanças ao mercado editorial, ao circuito do livro e à edição em si. Novos protagonistas entram em cena e o editor de livros, que ganhou destaque a partir do século XIX, vê sua função desafiada. O objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar o papel do editor de livros. Para isso, apresenta o conceito de livro ao longo da história e a sua função na sociedade. Procura demarcar os contornos do livro de história e fornece uma dimensão geral do mercado de livros no Brasil e no mundo. O trabalho de campo consiste em entrevistas não diretivas com 12 profissionais do livro brasileiros e estrangeiros. As conclusões indicam que estamos vivendo na era do incunábulo digital, em que há alguns experimentos, mas ainda pouca certeza de como será o livro do futuro<br>Digital books are bringing changes to the publishing marketplace, to the book circuit and to publishing itself. New leading actors are entering the scene, and the publisher, who became preeminent as of the 19th century, faces a challenge to his role. The objective of this research is to study the book publisher\'s role. To this end, it presents the conception of a book along history and its role in society. It makes an attempt to define the contours of the History book and provides a general dimension of the book market in Brazil and in the world. The field work consists of non-oriented interviews with 12 Brazilian and foreign book professionals. The conclusions show that we are currently living in the era of the digital incunables, in which there are some experiments but little certainty as to how the book of the future will be.
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Esbjörnson, Alfred. "En hel roman för en femma : Utgivningspolitik inom En bok för alla 1976–1979." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Idéhistoria, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-37439.

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The Swedish publishing company En bok för alla (which translates as “A book for everyone”) was established in 1976 following a decision in the Swedish parliament granting the right of the government to sign a cooperative agreement with the non-profit foundation Litteraturfrämjandet. Using state funds, the publishing company would publish books of high literary value to be sold at low prices over a three-year period. The purpose of this was to combat the kind of literature that was sold at supermarkets and corner shops, and which was deemed being of low literary value, but also to reach the wider public and attract non-readers. In this study I argue that the establishment of En bok för alla must be viewed as an expression of Swedish cultural policy which took form in the early years of the 1970s. Two years prior to En bok för alla being established the Swedish parliament passed the first cultural policy act of Sweden, thus laying the groundwork for cultural policy to come. In this act, it is stated that aim of Swedish cultural policy was to contribute to a better social environment and to work for the furtherance of equality. This would be achieved by, among other things, minimizing the negative effects of commercial interests in the cultural sphere and decentralizing the production and distribution of culture. During the 1960s and 1970s, books had become increasingly expensive and books of higher literary quality were both more difficult and more expensive than their lower quality counterparts. I argue that many looked at this as a shortcoming on the part of the above mentioned commercial interests, who valued money more than literature. I will also show how some these ambitions, bold though they may have been, in the end fell short of accomplishing the goal of En bok för alla. Though they did succeed in publishing books at low costs, the question of whether they were of high literary quality or not I can’t say, they did not seem to reach the wider audience they had hoped to attract. Following the Swedish election of 2006 and the subsequent change of government, the state funds for En bok för alla were withdrawn in 2007. The argument given for this was that the book market had changed since 1976. This was of course true, but in my opinion the need for these high-quality dime-store books is perhaps even more acute today than ever before. In a time when smartphones, television and computers all compete for our attention, I believe that it is becoming an increasingly important task for our society to secure the role of books and reading in the world of media.
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Sköld, Elin. "Intersektionalitet i bokbranschen : En analys av mångfald hos huvudkaraktärer i ungdomsböcker, baserad på tre förlags utgivning år 2015." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-37205.

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Syftet med detta arbete har varit att undersöka tre av Sveriges största bokförlag och hur deras utgivning har sett ut när det kommer till mångfald av hudfärg, sexualitet och olika typer av sjukdomar inom ungdomslitteraturen. Till syftet fanns det två frågor som skulle besvaras: Hur har utgivningen av ungdomsböcker (12 år och uppåt) hos tre stora bokförlag sett ut under 2015 när det kommer till mångfald? Hur ser mångfalden ut hos huvudkaraktärerna ut i de utgivna böckerna? För att nå syftet med arbetet användes både kvalitativ och kvantitativ undersökning, vilket medförde att det blev två typer av undersöningar, dels en undersökning kring mångfalden hos huvudkaraktärerna, men även en statistisk undersökning där resultatet visade att mångfalden inte var så stor bland huvudkaraktärerna som man kanske skulle vilja att den var. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att det finns en bit kvar innan mångfald är något normalt, men det är en liten bit på väg.<br>The purpose of this paper has been to look at the publishing done at three of Swedens biggest publishing houses, and how this publishing has looked in terms of adversity, such as skin color, sexuality and different types of illnesses and disabilities in youth literature. There where two questions that needed to be answered and they where: How has the publishing of youth books (age 12 and up) been during 2015 with these three big publishing houses, when it comes to adversity? How has adversity been portrayed in the main characters of the published books? To reach the purpose of this paper it was important to use both qualitative and quantitative research, which lead to it being two different types of research, one which looked at the adversity with the main characters, and one which became a statistical one that showed the lack of adversity amongst the main characters. The results of the research showed that there is still quite a way to go before youth literature has the kind of adversity that todays society needs.
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Chen, Chen Mei, and 陳美貞. "The Transformations of the Taiwanese Children’s Book Publishing Industry Since 1945: A Case Study of the Eastern Publishing Company." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gt7tfp.

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碩士<br>國立臺東大學<br>兒童文學研究所<br>95<br>Taiwanese children’s literature has become much more popular and diversified in recent years. For this reason, this thesis intends to present the transformations of the Taiwanese children’s literature through historical source analysis and in-depth interviews. Established in 1945, right after the Japanese colonial period, the Eastern Publishing Company is the first children’s book publishing company in Taiwan. It has been dedicated to enhancing the children’s language education and opening the door to literature for children. In the analysis of the two monthly magazines, Eastern Youth(東方少年)and Study Friend(學友), it is shown that the foundation stone of the Taiwanese children’s literature was laid by such writers as Chen Ciou-fan(陳秋帆), Hong Yan-ciou(洪炎秋), Huang Shih-de(黃得時), Yang Yun-ping(楊雲萍), Ma Sha-ou(馬沙鷗), Lin Yu-shan(林玉山), Lin Sian-mo(林顯模), Wang Shih-lang(王詩琅), and Syue Syue-guei(薛學規). They all played a vital part in the development of the Taiwanese children’s literature, providing abundant “food for thought” for children. In addition, this thesis analyzes the series books published by the Eastern Publishing Company. It is concluded that there are five phases in its development, each of which has different characteristics. For example, in the foundation phase, such best-sellers as Great People of the World(世界偉人傳記叢書)came off the press. In the transition phase, the publisher not merely started to issue localized science books and picture books, but it also introduced and translated foreign award-winning books, enabling young readers to cultivate a global and diverse world view. All in all, this thesis aims to outline the development and historical orientation of the Eastern Publishing Company. However, in the process it is no easy task to collect complete sources, for a number of documents have been lost, destroyed, or disposed of. Therefore, it is expected that the publisher can cooperate with the academic institutions, striving to preserve these valuable sources.
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Books on the topic "Bungalow Book Publishing Company"

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Associates, Merlin Scott. Book publishers: Report. 2nd ed. Merlin Scott Associates Ltd, 2001.

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Associates, Merlin Scott. Book publishers: Report. 2nd ed. Merlin Scott Associates Ltd, 2004.

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Associates, Merlin Scott. Book publishers: Report. 2nd ed. Merlin Scott Associates Ltd, 2002.

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Reinke, Diane Wilcox. Exploring the community marketplace: The Community Publishing Company : activity book. Edited by McGuire, Margit E. (Margit Elizabeth), 1946-, Reinke Robert W, Gilliard June V, and Joint Council on Economic Education. Joint Council on Economic Education, 1989.

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How to start and run a small book publishing company. HCM Pub., 2002.

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Knowles, Eleanor. Deseret Book Company: 125 years of inspiration, information, and ideas. The Company, 1991.

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Two Park Street: A publishing memoir. Houghton Mifflin, 1986.

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Donnelly, Judy. The archive of Clarke, Irwin & Company Limited. William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections, McMaster University Library, 1992.

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Donnelly, Judy. The archive of Clarke, Irwin & Company Limited. William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections, McMaster University Library, 1992.

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Donnelly, Judy. The archive of Clarke, Irwin & Company Limited. McMaster University Library Press, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bungalow Book Publishing Company"

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"A Trade in Desires: Emigration, A.C. Gunter and the Home Publishing Company." In The Book World. BRILL, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004315884_004.

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"2 The Nicolaische Buchhandlung, 1759–1811: A Publishing Company in the Age of Enlightenment and Revolution." In Everyday Life in the German Book Trade. Penn State University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780271031156-003.

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Fernandes, Ângela. "Iberian Theatre Translated into Portuguese in the Twenty-First Century." In Iberian and Translation Studies. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800856905.003.0017.

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Considering the specificities of theatre translation and its relationship with staging and performance, this chapter deals with the Portuguese publishing market and the editing of Iberian plays in Portuguese translation since the beginning of the twenty-first century. There is special focus on the book series ‘Livrinhos de Teatro’, published in Lisbon by theatre company Artistas Unidos and publishing house Cotovia. It is noted that, from an Iberian point of view, ‘Livrinhos de Teatro’ has been offering translated work from both Spanish and Catalan contemporary playwrights. The series has always counted on institutional support to promote both direct translations and editions of all the plays. Finally, the chapter examines the translation options proposed for the Portuguese title of the play Últimas Palabras de Copito de Nieve by Spanish playwright Juan Mayorga, and argues in favour of the new Iberian ‘contact zone’ that is being built in twenty-first-century theatre translation.
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Comstock, Anna Botsford. "California and Stanford University." In The Comstocks of Cornell-The Definitive Autobiography, edited by Karen Penders St Clair. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501716270.003.0009.

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This chapter examines how, on December 23, 1891, Anna Botsford and John Henry Comstock left Ithaca for Stanford University. Henry had very enthusiastic and fine students in all his classes. Meanwhile, Anna gave a lecture on wood engraving, as she had her work with her and plenty of illustrative material. It was her first university lecture and she was gratified at the interest in the art which she aroused. The Comstocks left Stanford at the end of the semester and returned to Cornell University in Ithaca. The chapter then looks at the publication of the Wilder Quarter Century Book in 1893, a memorial to Dr. Burt G. Wilder for his twenty-five years of teaching at Cornell, and the permanent establishment of the Comstock Publishing Company.
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Pérez Isasi, Santiago, and Aiora Sampedro. "Sobre la recepción de Las madres no de Katixa Agirre Maternidad y narración en los sistemas literarios vasco y castellano." In Biblioteca di Rassegna iberistica. Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-594-0/001.

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This article analyses the positive reception of Katixa Agirre’s novel Las madres no. In order to contextualise these considerations, we will briefly present the writer’s career up to this point, and we will offer a brief narrative analysis of the novel. Finally, we will trace some possible explanations for the favourable reception of the book Las madres no among Spanish-speaking readers and critics: the originality of the text and the chosen subgenre (the crime thriller); the recent boom of publications on the topic of motherhood in Spanish and Latin-American recent literatures; and also the role played by the publishing house, Tránsito Libros, an independent and fairly young company with a strong presence in social networks which has attracted some enthusiastic followers within the Spanish readership. The combination of these different elements may explain why Las madres no has received more attention than other works by the same author, and by other Basque writers who have been translated into Spanish.
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Comstock, Anna Botsford. "The 65th Milestone and Retirement." In The Comstocks of Cornell-The Definitive Autobiography, edited by Karen Penders St Clair. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501716270.003.0016.

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This chapter recounts John Henry Comstock's 65th birthday on February 24, 1914, which he willingly celebrated. To him, it symbolized freedom from executive slavery and unfettered opportunity to do the work he loved best. The principal event in the Comstocks' lives that spring were the retirement of Henry and the 40th reunion of his class. He was very busy much of the time with correspondence in connection with the reunion and in making arrangements for the entertainment of the returning members. In addition, he was more or less anxious regarding his part in the exercises in connection with the presentation of the Comstock Memorial Library Fund. Meanwhile, in the fall, Anna Botsford Comstock was busy lecturing at Kalamazoo, Michigan, and at Dayton, Ohio. Her Pet Book, which she had written with the idea of making the lives of all sorts of pets happier, was published on December 2, 1914. She also attended the meetings of the Nature Study Society of America with the American Association for the Advancement of Science. At the same time, the Comstock Publishing Company already had enough books to make a display in the Corner Book Store of Ithaca windows.
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Paś, Monika. "Ponadczasowe piękno stylu Doves Bindery na przykładzie opraw w zbiorach Działu Rzemiosła Artystycznego, Kultury Materialnej i Militariów Muzeum Narodowego w Krakowie." In O miejsce książki w historii sztuki. Część III: Sztuka książki około 1900. W 150. rocznicę urodzin Stanisława Wyspiańskiego. Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788381386548.13.

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The text presents two books in bindings made by a well-known English company The Doves Bindery, established by Thomas Cobden-Sanderson in 1893. The first of these is The Tale of the Emperor Coustans and of over Sea, containing two Old French romances translated by William Morris (1834–1896) and published by his Kelmscott Press in 1894. The second is a text presenting the personal philosophy of Cobden-Sanderson entitled Credo, published by his publishing house, the Doves Press, in 1908. Both books were purchased for the Museum of Science and Industry in Kraków as “museum pieces” and were first items to be listed in the inventory of the new department of book bindings, established as a separate department in the museum structures after 1913. After the dissolution of the museum in 1950, its artistic collections, including the two historic artefacts described, were transferred to the National Museum in Kraków. Both books display outstanding quality of the materials used in their creation and a high level of craftsmanship. They perfectly represent the style of The Doves Bindery and of Cobden-Sanderson, who strove to create the perfect book by harmonising the typeface, graphic design, and binding, thus forming a whole of lasting beauty.
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Rose, Jonathan. "Death to Gradgrind." In Readers' Liberation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723554.003.0011.

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There has always been a “reading crisis,” at least for the last two hundred years. Up to the end of the nineteenth century critics fretted over the spread of mass literacy, which (they anticipated) would degrade the quality of literature. And then, at various points over the twentieth century, critics warned that the Book-of-the-Month Club, or middlebrow literature, or paperbacks, or the Great Books of the Western World, or Oprah Winfrey would mean the end of serious reading. As documented here, none of these irrational fears had any basis in reality. But even if others frequently cried wolf in the past, there are real and present threats to reading, and often (ironically) they come from the very quarters that warn that reading is in a crisis that must be addressed. Perhaps the most deeply troubling development on the reading instruction front is Common Core, a set of educational standards that promises “career and college readiness.” It has been adopted by most of the fifty states in the US, though several are having second thoughts and pulling back. The Gates Foundation has heavily promoted Common Core, donating a total of $150 million to teachers’ unions, universities, foundations, state departments of education, and think tanks that support the program. What Bill Gates prefers to call “ philanthropy” was in this case more like an investment, given that the Common Core would require much greater use of computers in classrooms. Likewise, publishing giant Pearson stood ready to corral a huge and largely captive market for textbooks oriented to Common Core. (Historians of textbooks know that, because they are usually sold to a government monopsony, opportunities for corruption are enormous.) Championed as well by Education Secretary Arne Duncan and many state governors, Common Core thus involves the takeover of school reading instruction not by capitalism, but by crony capitalism, cutting out both teachers and parents in shaping educational policy. Pearson was awarded contracts that effectively ensured that the company would be the only qualified bidder. In a 28 February 2014 meeting, Pearson CEO John Fallon and CFO Robin Freestone discussed the company’s long-term profitability with eight market analysts.
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"was seen (as he often still is) as characteristically ‘heavy’, boring and lacking in a sense of humour, or at least irony – in fact the kind of playwright he himself deplored in his own, rational theatre. Furthermore, he was a Marxist and thus his ideas were (and are) unlikely to be suited to the mainly bourgeois institution of British theatre and theatregoers. Since Brecht’s ideology has so often been a barrier to a full appreciation of his work in Britain, and consequently appears regularly in this book, it is worth briefly spelling out here the basis and implications of his political beliefs. Brecht’s commitment to the classic Marxist tradition of ‘dialectical materialism’ (the idea that the individual is created by socio-political and economic factors and is, therefore, able to change his circumstances and environment) provided a ‘legitimacy’ (in his view at least) for an interventionist form of theatre. Brecht’s ‘discovery’ of Marxism (in 1928/9) confirmed his already well-developed idea that theatre should have a social function. As he said, he ‘had written a whole pile of Marxist plays without knowing it’ (Völker, 1979, p. 110). His ‘epic theatre’ was based on the concept of the primary importance of production in social life and it was intended to demonstrate socialism as the constant revolutionising of the forces and relations within the processes of production. Brecht often spoke of his form of theatre as one designed to make a contribution to ‘the full unfettering of everybody’s productivity’ (Suvin, 1984, p.20). He would admit, however, that in order for epic theatre to work fully, the actors involved in the production needed to share a Marxist view of the world. Certainly many theatre critics and historians would agree that without a knowledge of Marxist philosophy and aesthetics, it is virtually impossible to grasp the full meaning of Brecht’s plays. For example, Marxist philosophy is fundamental to Brecht’s dramaturgical exploration of the relationship between the individual and society. As a playwright, he builds up a complex framework of social, political, economic, historical and personal factors, which determine the character as an individual; his phrase for this is ‘statistical causality’. This approach to characterisation enables Brecht to demonstrate through his plays a wider range of possibilities for human behaviour than is the case with more ‘naturalistic’, psychologically-based drama. Brecht’s politics have, of course, been used frequently against him – as a reason for rejecting his artistic achievements, and as a ‘stick’ with which to beat him and expose the apparent hypocrisy in his personal behaviour. His detractors often draw attention to the fact that he never actually joined the Communist Party and that, after returning to East Berlin in 1949, he obtained an Austrian passport (1950), gave exclusive publishing rights to his writing to a West German publisher, and maintained a Swiss bank account. Equally notably, Brecht even refused to sign a binding contract with his own company, the Berliner Ensemble, until 1953, when he signed a form of ‘open’ agreement. In extenuation, it might be claimed that after his years in exile, when his artistic ambitions and activities had been inevitably limited,." In Performing Brecht. Routledge, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203129838-8.

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