Academic literature on the topic 'Bureau of Corporations'
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Journal articles on the topic "Bureau of Corporations"
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Chausovsky, Jonathan. "From Bureau to Trade Commission: Agency Reputation in the Statebuilding Enterprise." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 12, no. 3 (June 18, 2013): 343–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781413000200.
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When studying the formation of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in 1914, scholars have usually focused on interest groups and electoral politics. This essay, by contrast, suggests that the reputation and network influences of an existing federal agency, the Bureau of Corporations, also shaped the creation of its successor, the FTC. Building on the concept of bureaucratic autonomy, the essay examines the structure of the bureau, its connections, and its preferences. The bureau's leaders favored a clear separation from the Department of Justice and argued for a quasi-judicial process for antitrust, which they felt would be more effective than the courts. They advocated discretion in covering small firms and mandatory annual reports, while seeking to avoid being assigned authority to clear business agreements in advance. Well before the 1914 debates, leaders at the bureau directed substantial funds toward influencing trust legislation. They contacted academics and civic leaders, tracked existing legislative proposals, and analyzed key legal terms. Internal studies examined major questions, such as how to define and regulate unfair trade practices. Bureau officials came to argue Congress could never define these in legislation. Instead a bureaucracy with appropriate authority could adapt definitions of unfair practices to changes in business. When the bureau became the nucleus of the FTC, it received much of the discretionary power it sought.
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Weru, Jane Muthoni, Dr Hazel Gachunga, Prof Romano Odhiambo, and Dr Robert Arasa. "INFLUENCE OF COMPETENCE MANAGEMENT IN ADOPTION OF QMS IN KENYA’S ISO CERTIFIED STATE CORPORATIONS." Human Resource and Leadership Journal 2, no. 2 (May 19, 2017): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/hrlj.162.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of competence management in adoption of QMS in Kenya ISO certified state corporations.Methodology: The proposed research consisted of a descriptive survey. The population comprised of fifty nine state corporations that were ISO certified on 9001:2008 series by the Kenya Bureau of Statistics. The study applied a stratified random sampling technique to select a sample size of twenty one state corporations. Purposive sampling technique was further applied to select a total of four respondents in each of the twenty one selected state corporations. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments and a pilot study was undertaken to pretest the questionnaires for validity and reliability. The gathered data was analyzed by use of Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 20. The analysis involved factor analysis; descriptive statistics where the means Standard Deviations and variances were established for all the factors tested in the questionnaires; Correlation analysis was done between the independent sub variables and the dependent variable; Linear regression analysis was also done; and t-test was used for the test of significance of individual coefficients. R-squared was used for the explanatory power of the model. The analysis was presented using tables and charts. The interpretations of data were also given as per the research objectives of the studies.Results: Results indicate that the organization does not carry out competence management base assessment regularly. Further findings indicate that Kenya’s state corporation lack best hiring practices as a result competence is not emphasized in the organizations. Additional results indicate that employees in State owned corporations in Kenya are not well motivated thus there is no drive to achieve organizational goals and in adoption of organizational motivation. Inferential statistics indicate that competence management has a strong positive influence on the adoption of quality management systems.Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Hiring should be done in line with the competence required to fill in a particular vacancy. Managing competence may be costly to any organization but through proper planning and budgeting organizations are able to achieve this.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of competence management in adoption of QMS in Kenya ISO certified state corporations.Methodology: The proposed research consisted of a descriptive survey. The population comprised of fifty nine state corporations that were ISO certified on 9001:2008 series by the Kenya Bureau of Statistics. The study applied a stratified random sampling technique to select a sample size of twenty one state corporations. Purposive sampling technique was further applied to select a total of four respondents in each of the twenty one selected state corporations. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments and a pilot study was undertaken to pretest the questionnaires for validity and reliability. The gathered data was analyzed by use of Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 20. The analysis involved factor analysis; descriptive statistics where the means Standard Deviations and variances were established for all the factors tested in the questionnaires; Correlation analysis was done between the independent sub variables and the dependent variable; Linear regression analysis was also done; and t-test was used for the test of significance of individual coefficients. R-squared was used for the explanatory power of the model. The analysis was presented using tables and charts. The interpretations of data were also given as per the research objectives of the studies.Results: Results indicate that the organization does not carry out competence management base assessment regularly. Further findings indicate that Kenya’s state corporation lack best hiring practices as a result competence is not emphasized in the organizations. Additional results indicate that employees in State owned corporations in Kenya are not well motivated thus there is no drive to achieve organizational goals and in adoption of organizational motivation. Inferential statistics indicate that competence management has a strong positive influence on the adoption of quality management systems.Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Hiring should be done in line with the competence required to fill in a particular vacancy. Managing competence may be costly to any organization but through proper planning and budgeting organizations are able to achieve this.
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Feinberg, Susan E., and Michael P. Keane. "Accounting for the Growth of MNC-Based Trade Using a Structural Model of U.S. MNCs." American Economic Review 96, no. 5 (November 1, 2006): 1515–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.5.1515.
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In recent decades, U.S. foreign trade grew much faster than GDP, but there is no consensus why. Notably lacking is an understanding of the role of multinational corporations (MNCs), which mediate over half of world trade. We use Bureau of Economic Analysis data on U.S. MNCs to study the rapid growth of MNC-based trade from 1983 to 1996. Using a model of U.S. MNCs and Canadian affiliates, we decompose this growth by source. Tariff reductions can largely explain increases in arms-length MNC-based trade. But intra-firm trade growth is attributed mostly to “technical change.” We present additional evidence suggesting just-in-time production facilitated intra-firm trade. (JEL F13, F14, F23)
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Huang, Min. "Study on System for Monitoring Mine Belt Conveyor Fire." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 734–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.734.
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According to the statistical data offered by US Bureau of Mines, belt conveyor fires account for about 20 percent of the mine fires Technologies on belt conveyor fire-monitoring system have drawn the attention from both scientific research institutions and manufacturing corporations. However, most methods and techniques available for monitoring the belt conveyor fire in mines are still not satisfactory. This paper presents a set of new methods and techniques for monitoring and forecasting the mine belt conveyor fire, and introduces a new practical system which is developed on the basis of them, including the design and installation of transducers, the design of conversion circuits, the design of monitoring and fault diagnosis software. Industrial applications as well as laboratory experiments have proved that this system is characterized by its simplicity in structure, convenience in installation, reliability in performance and strong environment adaptability, etc.
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Botha, Martin, and Rossouw von Solms. "The utilization of trend analysis in the effective monitoring of information security. Part 2: the model." Information Management & Computer Security 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09685220210417454.
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A survey recently completed by the Computer Security Institute (CSI) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) revealed that corporations, banks, and governments all face a growing threat from computer crime, and in particular computer hacking. Computer hacking activities caused well over US$100 million in losses last year in the USA and the trend toward professional computer crime, such as computer hacking, is on the rise. Different methods are currently used to control the computer crime problem, for example, by controling access to and from a network by implementing a firewall. As the survey highlighted, most of these methods are insufficient. New means and ways which will minimise and control the hacking problem must therefore continuously be researched and defined. Proposes a method, using trend analysis, that could be utilized to minimise and control the hacking problem in an organisation.
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Blouin, Jennifer L., Linda K. Krull, and Leslie A. Robinson. "Is U.S. Multinational Dividend Repatriation Policy Influenced by Reporting Incentives?" Accounting Review 87, no. 5 (April 1, 2012): 1463–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-50193.
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ABSTRACT This study finds evidence that public-company reporting by U.S. multinational corporations (MNCs) creates disincentives to repatriate foreign earnings to the U.S. and contributes to the accumulation of cash abroad. MNCs operate under U.S. international tax laws and financial reporting rules and face two potential consequences when they repatriate foreign earnings: a cash payment for repatriation taxes and a reduction in reported accounting earnings. Using a confidential dataset of financial and operating characteristics of foreign affiliates of MNCs combined with public-company data, we examine how repatriation amounts vary across firms that face relatively strong reporting incentives to defer an accounting expense. Our results suggest that reporting incentives reduce repatriations by about 17 to 21 percent annually. Data Availability: Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) data were made available to the authors under a legal confidentiality arrangement; all non-BEA data are available from public sources.
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Mosca, Joseph B., and Steven Pressman. "Unions in the 21st Century." Public Personnel Management 24, no. 2 (June 1995): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102609502400205.
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There have been no specific causes as to why declines in unionization have occurred over the past 20 or 30 years. The Bureau of Labor Statistics' Surveys indicate that between 1961 and 1984, a significant number of employees in unions declined to 51 % from 73%. This decline was among production employees within metropolitan areas, and dipped to 12% from 17% for non-supervisory clerical workers. It has been found that declines in union membership can be attributed to employment shifts, and that job change has different affects depending on if the shift entails an employee change. Unions have been fighting to maintain both membership and public approval. Although union approval declined until 1981, people's attitudes toward organized labor never became negative. This study has found that the percentage of the general public that approves of unions has increased recently in many important areas. The key to success of unions in the 21st Century seems to lie in the creation of a cooperative atmosphere between organized labor and management. In order to do so, unions must realize and address issues of importance to the changing work force and give voice to the skill demands of workers, more women in the work force, and the current health care crisis. The 21st Century holds in store for unions an image of reduced health care costs, greater participation by previously unorganized segments of the work force, and better understanding and an adaption to technological changes. All of these things will help corporations keep their costs lower and retain more employees, leading to greater job security, improved relations between labor and management, and more satisfied workers.
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Posner, Michael. "Business & human rights: a commentary from the inside." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 29, no. 4 (May 16, 2016): 705–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-03-2016-2454.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to first, provide an overview of the genesis of the business and human rights agenda; second, to identify key areas of focus in the emerging business and human rights agenda; and, finally, to argue for an approach to engaging business in the human rights agenda that is both challenging and practically orientated. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on the author’s ethnographic experiences both as a human rights advocate with Human Rights First (1978-2009) and as Assistant Secretary of State for the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor at the US State Department (2009-2013). Findings – The paper links the business and human rights agenda to the growth in size and power of corporations. It identifies six key areas of focus in this emerging agenda, specifically, supply chains and labor rights, the extractive industries especially relating to security, information technology and issues of freedom of expression, agriculture and issues of child and forced labor, and investment and socially responsible investors. The paper contends that business schools have a crucial role to play in engaging businesses in a challenging and practical way to provide them with workable solutions to these challenges. Research limitations/implications – The paper contends that we have come to the end of the beginning of the discussion of business and human rights and are now in the phase of defining what the rules are in this twenty-first century global economy. The paper provides important considerations for taking this phase forward. Originality/value – This paper provides original insights into the emergence of the business and human rights agenda. It identifies key areas of focus along with a valuable approach to making progress in these areas.
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Raimi, Lukman, Innocent Akhuemonkhan, and Olakunle Dare Ogunjirin. "Corporate Social Responsibility and Entrepreneurship (CSRE): antidotes to poverty, insecurity and underdevelopment in Nigeria." Social Responsibility Journal 11, no. 1 (March 2, 2015): 56–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-11-2012-0138.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine the prospect of utilising corporate social responsibility and entrepreneurship (CSRE) as antidotes for mitigating the incidences of poverty, insecurity and underdevelopment in Nigeria. The paper derives its theoretical foundation from the stakeholder, instrumental and legitimacy theories, which all justify the use of CSRE for actualisation of Triple Bottom Line (i.e. the social, economic and environmental concerns of business organisations). Design/methodology/approach – The study used the quantitative research method relying on the use of secondary data published by institutional bodies. The quantitative method entail a systematic extraction of reliable data on corporate social responsibility (CSR), insecurity, poverty and development from the publications of Office of the Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria, CLEEN Foundation, National Bureau of Statistics and Central Bank of Nigeria, respectively. For missing years, the authors improvised using projections as well as proxies. The extracted data, which spanned a period of 13 years, were subjected to econometric tests using SPSS, on the basis of which informed conclusions were drawn. Findings – The first econometric result indicates a negative relationship between gross domestic product and poverty. The second result indicates that there is a positive significant relationship between gross domestic product and total crime rate. The third result indicates that there exists a positive relationship between gross domestic product and unemployment rate. The fourth result indicates that there is a negative relationship between gross domestic product and industrial growth rate. The last result indicates that there is a significant positive relationship between gross domestic product and CSR. Research limitations/implications – The results of this research have macro-level application, hence the outcomes cannot be narrowed to any particular sector of the economy. A micro-level analysis across diverse sectors of the economy is recommended in future studies. The implication of this empirical research is that policymakers in the Nigerian private sector need to reinvent their CSR programmes as mechanisms for poverty eradication, entrepreneurship development (CSRE), dousing tension of restive youth, empowerment/support for security agencies for better crime prevention and for impacting on sustainable development. Practical implications – In the face of dwindling financial resources in the treasury of governments, the reinvention of CSRE by private sector organisations as complementary mechanisms for combating social problems is becoming acceptable in both developed and developing nations. This paper therefore boldly recommends that policymakers reinvent CSRE as development mechanisms through a sound partnership between government, advocacy groups and business corporations in Nigeria. Social implications – The paper explicates that CSR can indeed be reinvented by corporations as part of their social concerns to their operating environment instead of leaving all social problems to governments. Originality/value – The research lends credence to stakeholder, instrumental and legitimacy theories of CSR. It also justifies the plausibility of CSRE, a novel concept being promoted in this research.
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Siegel, David S., Gary Schiller, Kevin Song, Richy Agajanian, Keith Stockerl-Goldstein, Hakan Kaya, Michael Sebag, et al. "Investigating Efficacy, Safety, and Biomarkers in a Phase 2 Trial of Pomalidomide + Low-Dose Dexamethasone (POM + LoDEX) Following Second-Line Lenalidomide-Based Therapy (Tx) in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM)." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 1853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.1853.1853.
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Abstract Background: Preclinical studies indicate that lenalidomide (LEN) and POM are not cross-resistant (Ocio et al Leukemia, 2015) and that POM remains active in LEN-resistant myeloma cells (Lopez-Girona et al Leukemia, 2012). Likewise, POM + LoDEX showed comparable efficacy in patients (pts) refractory to LEN administered as last prior Tx vs the full population in subanalyses of the clinical trials MM-002 and MM-003 (San Miguel et al Lancet Oncol, 2013; Richardson et al Blood, 2014). To confirm these observations, we initiated a single-arm, phase 2 trial evaluating POM + LoDEX immediately following second-line LEN-based Tx in advanced RRMM (MM-014; NCT01946477). Methods: Eligible pts (aged ≥ 18 yrs) had received 2 prior lines of Tx, with ≥ 2 cycles of LEN-based Tx in the second line. Pts must have had documented progressive disease (PD) during or after their last antimyeloma Tx and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ≤ 2. POM was administered 4 mg/day on days 1-21 of a 28-day cycle with LoDEX 40 mg/day (20 mg/day for pts aged > 75 yrs) on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 until PD or discontinuation for any reason. Pts received mandatory thromboprophylaxis. The primary end point was overall response rate by modified International Myeloma Working Group criteria (including minor response). Secondary end points included progression-free survival, overall survival, time to progression, safety, and duration of response. Exploratory end points were included to identify molecular, immune, and cellular biomarkers that might inform POM + LoDEX response, resistance, or mechanism of action. Results: As of March 20, 2015, 27 of the 85 planned pts were enrolled and received POM + LoDEX. Twelve pts remain on Tx, whereas 15 have discontinued, due to PD (n = 7) and withdrawal (n = 5), but not adverse events (n = 0). Males comprised 59% of pts; 85% were white and the median age was 69 yrs (range, 44-85 yrs), with 67% of pts aged ≥ 65 yrs. The median time since diagnosis was 3.9 yrs (range, 1.3-13.3 yrs), and 59% of pts received prior stem cell transplant. Most pts (81%) were refractory to the most recent prior LEN-containing Tx, and the median duration of the most recent prior LEN Tx was 8.3 mos (range, 0.3-56.3 mos). The 19% of pts who were not refractory to the most recent prior LEN-containing Tx remain on Tx. Pts predominantly had ECOG performance status 0 or 1 (30% and 63%, respectively) vs 2 (7%). Of the 19 pts with International Staging System assessment reported, most were stage I (n = 7) or II (n = 11) vs III (n = 1). Efficacy and safety data will be presented. Conclusions: The MM-014 study is assessing the efficacy and safety of POM + LoDEX in pts with RRMM who have received second-line LEN-based Tx. MM-014 is designed to confirm and expand the results from MM-002 and MM-003 with translational data. Clonality and biomarkers, including Aiolos, Ikaros, IRF-4, and c-Myc, will be evaluated to determine association with POM + LoDEX synergy, high-risk MM-associated genetic aberrations, clonal evolution, and minimal residual disease. Disclosures Siegel: Celgene Corporation: Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Speakers Bureau; Merck: Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Speakers Bureau. Schiller:Celgene Corporation: Research Funding. Song:Celgene Canada: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Stockerl-Goldstein:Celgene Corporation: Speakers Bureau; Onyx: Speakers Bureau. Kaya:Novartis: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Millennium: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Onyx: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Sebag:Amgen: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria. Reu:Takeda/Millennium: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding. Mouro:Celgene Corporation: Employment, Equity Ownership. Sturniolo:Celgene Corporation: Employment. Srinivasan:Celgene Corporation: Employment, Equity Ownership. Thakurta:Celgene Corporation: Employment, Equity Ownership. Nagarwala:Celgene Corporation: Employment, Equity Ownership. Bahlis:Johnson & Johnson: Speakers Bureau; Johnson & Johnson: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Johnson & Johnson: Research Funding.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bureau of Corporations"
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Costa, Juliana Rodrigues da. "Comunica??o na capta??o de eventos corporativos: um estudo nos Convention & Visitors Bureaus do Brasil." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM TURISMO, 2016. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/21730.
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O turismo de eventos corporativos acelera o fen?meno e diminui a sazonalidade, al?m de impulsionar diversas formas de comunica??o, seja ela voltada para capta??o de eventos ou n?o. Nessa expectativa, o objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar as tipologias da comunica??o utilizadas para a capta??o de eventos corporativos no Convention & Visitors Bureaus do Brasil. O estudo teve como universo, os diretores executivos e comerciais das associa??es que captam eventos corporativos, por meio de pesquisa qualitativa e natureza descritivo-explorat?ria, vi?s funcionalista e amostra n?o probabil?stica. A coleta dos dados foi realizada por meio de question?rio semiestruturado, enviado por meio eletr?nico, por interm?dio da ferramenta Google Docs e avaliado a partir da t?cnica de an?lise de conte?do. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que o processo de capta??o ? voltado para o perfil dos setores: atacadistas, servi?os, organizadoras e promotoras de eventos, agroneg?cio, tecnol?gico, industrial, minera??o, l?deres e m?dicos. Tendo como quesitos que impactam a comunica??o os seguintes elementos: avalia??o dos dados e fontes, recebimento de informa??es atualizadas, feedback, trabalhos com a demanda e oferta da capta??o. Assim como, comunica??o multi-ferramentas, avalia??es constantes, v?cios de linguagem, clareza comunicativa, limita??o vocabular, experi?ncias anteriores e vis?o de amigos ou familiares. J? os que corroboram est?o voltados para atitude ao se comunicar, a responsabilidade e propriedade que gera transpar?ncia e fidelidade ? comunica??o, o contato direto, por meio da fala, apresenta??o da proposta, contato com o promotor ou l?der. No cen?rio, foi apontada a dificuldade de avalia??o, quanto ? frequ?ncia e retroalimenta??o dos dados, a fim de manter uma sintonia de informa??es e poss?vel desenvolvimento, haja vista que o termo avalia??o ponto a ponto foi citado por quatro destinos (Natal, S?o Paulo, Bel?m e Po?os de Caldas). Conclui-se que, para se construir uma comunica??o captadora de eventos corporativos que descentralize os resultados pelo pa?s de forma integral, ? preciso conhecer os principais nichos de contratantes, as suas peculiaridades e particularidades, pois cada capta??o de evento ? ?nica e, para esse contratante, a vontade dos participantes est? sempre em primeiro lugar, ou seja, a fidelidade da comunica??o impacta no feedback final.
The corporate events tourism accelerates the tourism phenomenon and reduces seasonality, besides it boosts various forms of communication, whether it is focused on attracting events or otherwise. Based on this expectation, the objective of the research was to evaluate the types of communication used for the attraction of corporate events in Convention & Visitors Bureaus of Brazil. The study had as its universe executives and trade directors of associations that attract corporate events, through qualitative research and descriptive and exploratory nature, functionalist bias and non-probabilistic sample. Data collection was conducted through a semi-structured questionnaire sent by electronic means through the Google Docs tool and evaluated by the content analysis technique. The research results show that the process of attracting is focused on the profile of the sectors: wholesale, services, events organizers, promoters, agribusiness, technological, industrial, mining, leaders and medical. The questions that impact communication are: evaluate the data and sources, have updated information, ask for and offer feedback, work with the demand and supply of the attraction. Communication should be multi-tools, make assessments constantly, language vices, communicative clarity, limited vocabulary, previous experiences and vision of friends or family. Those which corroborate are focused on an attitude while communicating, responsibility and ownership that creates transparency and fidelity to communication, direct contact through speech, proposal submission, contact with the promoter or leader. In the research was pointed out the difficulty of evaluation, regarding the frequency and feedback of data in order to maintain a line of information and possible development, given that the evaluation point to point was cited by four destinations (Natal, S?o Paulo, Bel?m and Po?os de Caldas). In conclusion, to build a communication to attract corporate events that decentralize the results through the country integrally, it is needed to know the main contractors niches, their quirks and peculiarities, because each event attraction is unique and for that contractor the will of the participants is always in first place, in other words, the communication fidelity impacts on the final feedback.
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Thomson, Belinda. "A cost effective grassland management strategy to reduce the number of bird strikes at the Brisbane airport." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16576/.
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In an era of acute concern about airline safety, bird strikes are still one of the major hazards to aviation worldwide. The severity of the problem is such that it is mandatory in all developed countries to include bird management as part of airport safety management programs. In Australia, there are approximately 500 bird aircraft strikes per year (Bailey 2000). Brisbane airport has a relatively high occurrence of strikes, with an average of 77 recorded every year (2002-2004). Given the severity of the problem, a variety of techniques have been employed by airports to reduce bird strikes. Scare devices, repellents, continuous patrols for bird hazing, use of raptors to clear airspace of birds and depredation are used by many airports. Even given the diversity of control methods available, it is accepted that habitat management is the most effective long term way to control birds in and around the airport space. Experimental studies have shown that habitat manipulation and active scaring measures (shooting, scaring etc), can reduce bird numbers to an acceptable level. The current study investigated bird populations in six major vegetation habitat types identified within the operational and surrounding areas of Brisbane airport. In order to determine areas where greater bird control and management should be focused, bird abundance, distribution, and activity were recorded and habitats that pose the greatest bird strike risk to aircraft were identified. Secondly, species with high hazard potential were identified and ranked according to their hazard potential to aircraft. This study also investigated the effectiveness of different vegetation management options to reduce bird species abundance within operational areas of Brisbane airport. Four different management options were compared. Each management option was assessed for grass structural complexity and potential food resources available to hazardous bird species. Analysis of recorded data showed that of the habitats compared within the Brisbane airport boundaries, grasslands surrounding runways, taxiways and aprons possess the greatest richness and abundance of bird species that pose the greatest potential hazard to aircraft. Ibis and the Australian kestrel were identified as the bird species that pose the greatest risk to aircraft at Brisbane airport, and both were found in greatest numbers within the managed grasslands surrounding operational areas at the airport. An improved reporting process that allows correct identification of all individual bird species involved in bird strikes will not only increase the accuracy of risk assessments, but will also allow implementation of more effective control strategies at Brisbane airport. Compared with current grassland management practice, a vegetation management option of maintaining grass height at 30-50cm reduced total bird utilisation by 89% while utilisation of grassland by potentially hazardous birds was also reduced by 85%. Maintaining grass height within the 30-50cm range also resulted in a 45% reduction in the number of manipulations required per year (11 to 6), when compared with current management practices, and a 64% reduction in annual maintenance cost per hectare. When extrapolated to the entire maintained grass area at Brisbane airport, this resulted in a saving of over $60 000 annually. Optimisation of potential hazard reduction will rely on future studies that investigate the effect of particular vegetation species that could replace the existing mix of grasses used at Brisbane airport and an understanding of the relative importance of vegetation structure and food supply in determining utilisation by potentially hazardous bird species.
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Cerletti, F. "Engaging with the Total oil corporation in Myanmar : the impact of dialogue as a tool for change towards greater conflict sensitivity." Thesis, Coventry University, 2013. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/150fa304-132f-411b-9d3b-4c078c949d59/1.
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This thesis explores whether dialogue between a company and a non-profit organisation (NPO) can influence a company’s way of working towards being more conflict sensitive. As a case-study I analysed the dialogue between the French oil and gas company, Total S.A. (Total), and the US based NPO, CDA Collaborative Learning Projects (CDA) relating to the company’s operations in Myanmar/Burma. The objectives of the research were to ascertain if dialogue had a positive impact, and if so, what it was about the dialogue that enabled change, what was the process of change that could be observed and how embedded such change was. Drawing on post-modernism, systems thinking and complexity thinking, I have built on organisational change, conflict transformation, dialogue and cross-sector partnership literature to examine the role of dialogue as an enabler of change. While highlighting parallels in the discourses, I analyse the process and degree of change within the company through two conflict transformation models, one by Lederach (1997) and the other by Lederach, Neufeld and Culbertson (2007), which I feel best synthesise these parallels. The research is a longitudinal case-study (2002-2012), based on semi-structured interviews and document analysis. The study adds to the limited academic research on conflict sensitivity in general, and on the implications for a company’s way of working in particular. Although I find that within the business sector, the notion of conflict sensitivity is assumed in the wider concept of corporate social responsibility, noteworthy is the relevance of dialogue in change processes. Dialogue is an essential enabler as it sparks transformational levers also recognised in the literature reviewed. However it is not sufficient. The research illustrates that the dialogue between CDA and Total has played a critical role in facilitating a shift in the company’s way of working, with the contribution of other influences at play. As such, I draw attention to the complexity of the change process and discuss the current nature of the drivers of change within Total.
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Liang, Chou Chuan, and 周傳良. "The feasible study for port authority transforming into public section corporation-Kaohsiung Harbor Bureau." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46288210657827277978.
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碩士義守大學
管理科學研究所
91
The purpose of this research was to explore, from administrative, political, financial, economic, and legal perspectives, the feasibility of reorganizing the Kaohsiung Harbor Bureau (KHB) as an incorporated administration. Concrete proposals were then drawn up, and then refined and strengthened through the use of questionnaires, public hearings, and negotiations aimed at understanding and incorporating the ideas and priorities of shippers, academics, relevant experts, elected representatives, the MOTC, local government, and the administration and staff of the KHB. This research was conducted using documentary and comparative analyses, in-depth interviews, and authentication methodologies. Statistical analysis of questionnaire results sought to identify whether significant differences in opinion were present between staff (Kaohsiung Harbor employee) categories. The following three conclusions are suggested, based on the results of the above-mentioned questionnaire, public hearings, and in-depth interviews.
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Peng, Kuo-Jui, and 彭國瑞. "The Study of Corporatization of Taiwan International Ports Corporation: The case of Taichung Harbor Bureau." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/eyz6bs.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
國家政策與公共事務研究所
102
In recent years the world''s advanced countries in shipping, trend of port management system reform to enhance the competitiveness of ports. That is the public authority of shipping administration responsibility of government, and service management towards the corporation. "Taiwan International Ports Corporation" was formally established in our country on March 1, 2012, for the government-owned business of state-owned enterprises and company operated. But, is the best option for a port authority to change the company''s policy objectives? How does the staff to think these strategies? In addition, split the work of supervision of shipping administration, has clearly divided with the port boundaries? Also affect the company''s labor and business, to cause the port company improper allocation of human resources and management. Those subjects are worthy to depth study and discussion. This research is the hope that, through governance and other related review, by in-depth interviews with the Taichung branch staffs to understand about: the change in law and institution of management after Harbor Bureau corporatization; the different about effectiveness and control between company before and after; the adjustment in staff''s attitude to face organizational change. In according to, this research proposes to reduce the administrative work flow, improve operation efficiency, the staff recruitment and training more flexible, operation flexible, diversification operation and management, cooperation with the private sector and speed up the port resource integration, to company for operating strategy.
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Chen, Yu-Chiung, and 陳瑜瓊. "The Transforming of Port Authority into Public Corporation－A Case Study of Keelung Harbor Bureau." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94926099504971834293.
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碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
航運管理學系
93
Abstract There are several models of harbor management and organization. Such as public utility as current, which is one of the government administrative organizations, supervised by government or a private individual corporation to exempt from government’s supervision or a public corporation to assist in governmental administration. To get rid of the inefficiency, inflexibility and dull atmosphere in government organizations, which caused by the limitations in human resources and budgets from Legislation Yuan, a public corporation shows up as the solution. A public corporation provides an alternative model of organization, which combines efficiency and low enforcement. It can help our government to get out of the bottleneck of broking and development. The new public corporation approach satisfies people’s need of efficiency and public interest. In this paper a full survey has been studied, not only the harbor itself but also the Keelung city and the management council of the harbor base on the scheme provided by government’s representative and the legal appointee from the private sector. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and provide proper suggestions in the issue of Keelung Harbor Bureau transforming into a public corporation, through systematically summarize the reference literature, issues research of a public corporation and case study.
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Fu-Cheh, Yang, and 楊福珍. "The Research of State-Owned Enterprise Employees’ Turnover Intention－A Case Study of Kaohsiung Harbor Bureau after Public Corporation." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20492700802564494609.
Full textAbstract:
碩士樹德科技大學
經營管理研究所
94
For coping with the fierce competition of the world economy and the globalization of the marine market, and refine the management system of the ports in Taiwan region, the government plans to change the organizations of four international harbors into “Public Corporation” and looks forward to enhancing efficiency by releasing strategic burdens and budget constraints of harbor business as well as makes the most of the resource in order to enhance national competitiveness. Based on the project of “Public Corporation”, the aim of this research is to probe into the Kaohsiung Harbor Bureau (KHB) employees’ organizational culture, perception of organizational change, attitude toward organizational change and the turnover intention before the organization has changed into “Public Corporation”. The research analysis is based on the questionnaire survey. The 430 questionnaires were distributed and 344 of them are valid (valid rate: 80%). The research found that the participations have a high degree of identification with the organizational culture, whilst have a low degree of the perception of organizational change. It might for the reason that the changes of the security of work rights may affect their family life in the future and it made the participations doubt about the policy of “Public Corporation”; thus, they were not sure whether they will support this change and tended to retain their jobs. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, we suggest that the managers of KHB should not only take account of the security of employees’ rights at work but also the importance of the elaboration of “Public Corporation” and the communication between the staffs and the managers in order to resolve staffs’ negative attitude toward the organizational changes and make the process of organizational changes run perfectly. Besides, how to make a reasonable strategy for retaining staffs as well as encourage staffs to resign without excessive protection in order to achieve the goal of reducing manpower is a crucial challenge to the managers who are responsible for organizational changes.
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Lin, Wu-Jui, and 林武瑞. "A Study of Measures to Deal with the Satisfaction of Key Accounts, after Taiwan Tobacco & Liquor Monopoly Bureau Transformed to Corporation." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62693678202412971016.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
企業管理學系碩士在職專班
90
Abstract A Study of Measures to Deal with the Satisfaction of Key Accounts, after Taiwan Tobacco & Liquor Monopoly Bureau Transformed to Corporation After Taiwan joined World Trade Organization (WTO), Taiwan Tobacco & Liquor Monopoly Bureau facing the local market opening of tobacco & liquor should adjust its traditional business model-production orientation to cope with the threat from current and potential competitors and fortify its accumulated resources to propose the appropriate competitive strategies in order to maintain its strength. At the present time, the most important issue is how to invest its resources on the key accounts who contribute most of revenue to Taiwan Tobacco & Liquor Monopoly Bureau. The study focuses on the following issues (1)identify the small number of Taiwan Tobacco & Liquor Monopoly Bureau’s key accounts within all its accounts,(2)try to find out the gap between the expectation and perception of key accounts,(3)aiming at those gaps propose improving ways to deal with, (4)to establish long-term firm relationship with them by continuous improving measures. This text includes six main chapters： introduction, literature reviews, research methods, case exploration, develop propositions and conclusion & suggestions. The research process is divided into four sections, namely constructing stage, research planning, data collection and data analysis. As far as literature reviews concerned, it includes customer value, customer relationship management, customer service and customer satisfaction to construct the text scheme. Concerning about research methods, this study adopts case study in exploratory research. Preliminarily via proceeding focus group interview to find out basic complaints Then to develop questionnaire to find gap between expectation and perception of key accounts with annual revenue above NT$5 million. Finally through expert opinion methods to narrow down those gaps. As for case exploration we find out there are several issues that key accounts feel quite unsatisfied while compared to those of importers. The significant issues include gross profit, return of goods, promotion measures for retails and end consumers, style of ordering, current distribution system, paying condition and helping key accounts facilitate channels. According to consequence of case research the study develops five important propositions:(1)establishing the individual key account´s credit rank to avoid risk of bad debt and credit ceiling of three hundred thousands for each account,(2)designing the perfect system of return/change of goods to retain key accounts who might shift to competitive camp in the free market where similar products have little entry barrier, (3)profit gaining is quite intimate relation with royalty of customer,(4)currently TTLMB distribution system is quite rigid and should join venture with private wholesalers to accelerate its channel flow .in the future,(5)TTLMB should help its retailers to develop the channels and favors its end customers directly. Finally, the text proposes some suggestions to will-be Taiwan Tobacco & Liquor Ltd. Company, (1)establishing social linkage of customer orientation, it can strengthen relationship marketing with its customers,(2)customizing linkage to rank its customers (3)establishing constructive linkage, integrated information system can improve relation of its customers,(4)there are quite intimate relation between customer satisfaction and employees’ attitude and should create the system for delegation and performance evaluation. Key words：key account，customer value，customer relation management，customer satisfaction.
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Hsiao, Feng-chang, and 蕭豐章. "An Investigation on the Performance of Property-liability Industry under Financial Holding Corporation by Financial and Operational Data Listed on Taiwan Insurance Bureau." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65eukb.
Full textAbstract:
碩士靜宜大學
會計學系研究所
94
There are four property-liability insurance companies accede to Financial Holding Corporations. Their performances are similarities and dissimilarities or whether they have persistence is an important factor that the property-liability insurance industries which want accede to Financial Holding Corporations, investors, customers and government organizations must to be concerned. This paper selects the financial and operational performance data provided by Taiwan Insurance Bureau and applies grey relation analysis to investigate the performances of four property-liability insurance companies. The major Empirical results we can find as follows: (a)Cathay Century insurance corporation is the first on operation indicator, profit indicator, the whole administration indicator and the comprehensive performances in the whole period when it is computed as basis as a season, half a year or a year. As a whole, the performance of property-liability insurance company is better in the system of life insurance. (b)As a whole, when it is considered with steady, the performance persistence with half a year and the performance persistence with a year of property-liability insurance company is better in the systen of life insurance.
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Cournier, Marine. "Sociétés minières canadiennes et violations des droits de l’homme à l’étranger : le Canada respecte-t-il les prescriptions internationales en la matière?" Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10446.
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La présente étude a pour objectif de vérifier si le Canada respecte les prescriptions internationales en matière de droits de l’homme et d’entreprises vis-à-vis de l’encadrement qu’il exerce sur les sociétés minières canadiennes évoluant à l’étranger.
En 2011, le Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’ONU a adopté des «Principes directeurs» afin de mettre en oeuvre le cadre de référence « Protéger, Respecter, Réparer » du Représentant spécial chargé de la question des droits de l’homme et des sociétés transnationales et autres entreprises. Selon ce cadre de référence, les États ont des obligations de protection et de réparation alors que les entreprises ont seulement la responsabilité de respecter les droits humains. Après six années de travail, le Représentant spécial John Ruggie, a fait le choix de formuler dans ses «Principes directeurs» des directives non contraignantes à l’égard des États et des entreprises afin de les aider à remplir leurs obligations et responsabilités vis-à-vis des droits de l’homme. Selon, l’ONU, cet instrument de portée universelle est le plus élaboré en la matière, si bien qu’il est recommandé aux entreprises et plus particulièrement aux États de s’y conformer lors de l’élaboration de leurs politiques respectives en
matière d'activité économique et de droits humains.
Il convient donc de vérifier d’une part si l’encadrement exercé par l’appareil législatif et
gouvernemental vis-à-vis des sociétés minières canadiennes évoluant à l’étranger est conforme au principe directeur «Protéger». D’autres part, il convient de vérifier si les recours judiciaires et extrajudiciaires disponibles au Canada remplissent les exigences du principe directeur «Réparer». Cette double analyse permettra de conclure que le Canada respecte dans les grandes lignes ces «Principes directeurs» mais qu’il pourrait faire bien plus notamment en terme d’accès à des réparations effectives pour les victimes étrangères de minières canadiennes.This study propose to assess whether Canada meets the international requirements of business and human rights in relation to the supervision it has on Canadian mining companies operating abroad. In 2011, the Human rights Council adopted the Special Representative’s Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights in order to implement the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework. According to this framework, States have obligations to protect and remedy while companies only have responsibilities to respect human rights. After six years of work, the Special Representative on Business and Human rights, John Ruggie, has chosen to give in its Guiding Principles non- binding recommendations in order to help States and businesses to encounter their obligations and responsibilities towards human rights. According to the UN, this universal instrument is the most developed in the field. Thus, it is strongly recommended that companies and especially States, comply those «guiding principles» when they elaborate their respective policies on economic activity and human rights. It is therefore necessary to check first if the supervision exercised by the legislature and the government on Canadian mining companies operating abroad succeeds to comply with the "Protect" principles. On the other hand, it must be checked whether the judicial and extrajudicial remedies available in Canada meet the requirements of the «Remedy" principles. This dual analysis will led to conclude that Canada meets broadly the "Guiding Principles" but could do much more, especially in terms of access to effective remedies for foreign victims of Canadian mining companies.
Books on the topic "Bureau of Corporations"
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Yi, Sang-bin. Hoesachʻae parhaeng chedo ŭi kaesŏn kwa sinyong pʻyŏngka chedo ŭi hwaryong. Sŏul Tʻŭkpyŏlsi: Hanʼguk Sinyong Pʻyŏngka (Chu), 1988.
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2
Michigan. Dept. of Labor. An assessment of the effectiveness of the Bureau of Community Services, Michigan Economic and Social Opportunity Commission, and community action agencies. [Lansing, Mich.]: The Department, 1986.
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3
Canada. Directeur des enquêtes et recherches. Notes pour une allocution prononcée par Howard I. Wetston, c.r. Directeur des enquêtes et recherches, Bureau de la politique de concurrence, Consommation et Corporations Canada devant l'Association des conseillers juridiques d'entreprises Calgary, le 19 août 1991. [s.l: s.n.], 1991.
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Canada. Bill: An act to amend an act intituled, "An act respecting the Bureau of Agriculture and agricultural societies". Ottawa: Hunter, Rose, 2001.
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5
Gawsewitch, Jean-Claude. Yanacocha: Comment déposséder l'Etat français d'un milliard de dollars sans que personne ne dise rien. Neuilly-sur-Seine: Lafon, 2003.
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Michigan. Office of the Auditor General. Audit report: Corporation and Securities Bureau, Department of Commerce, December 1, 1985 through October 31, 1989. [Lansing, Mich.]: The Office, 1990.
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Oversight of the antitrust enforcement agencies: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Competition, and the Internet of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, first session, December 7, 2011. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.
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Wappenschmidt, Christian. Ratinganalyse durch internationale Ratingagenturen: Empirische Untersuchung für Deutschland, Österreich und die Schweiz. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2009.
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9
Thomas, Walton. Architecture and the corporation: The creative intersection. New York: Macmillan, 1988.
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Area, United States Bureau of Land Management White River Resource. Wolf Ridge Corporation mine plan for a nahcolite solution mine: Record of decision. Meeker, Colo: The Resource Area, 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Bureau of Corporations"
1
Alexander, Colin R. "Radio Broadcasting in Colonial India." In Administering Colonialism and War, 89–126. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199493739.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses the preparations for World War II in relation to advances in radio broadcasting to the Indian public. Responsibility for radio broadcasting in British India became part of the portfolio of the Labour Bureau and thus one of the state’s apparatus surrounding the maintenance of colonial power. The arrangement in India was different from that of radio broadcasting in the UK during the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s where the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) had been created under Royal Charter with editorial independence from government and commercial interests. In contrast, the British Government of India, and several of Britain’s other colonial territories set up public communications departments that were attached to central government bureaus primarily because the notion of public service broadcasting sat awkwardly against colonial power structures.
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Osorio, Diana Benito. "The Benefits of Home-Based Working's Flexibility." In Encyclopedia of Human Resources Information Systems, 102–9. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-883-3.ch015.
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The history of home working in Western economies can only be understood by means of changes in the systems of production in Europe and North America and through changes in the general sphere of women’s responsibilities, which typically include family work as well as paid work (Johnson, 2003). Both new situations produce the most important change: the change in work venue. The development in industrial production has been an uneven and changing pattern, beginning with artisanal guilds of the middle ages and continuing through to industrial production in the 19th and 20th centuries (Boris, 1996). Mistakenly, the process of industrialization has often been characterized as a unidirectional shift of production from home to factory (Johnson, 2003), but the reality has been very different. The earliest forms of industrialization first appeared within the home setting (Albrecht, 1982). One of the initial impetuses for the use of home-based working arrangements among such employees was provided by the oil crisis of the 1970s which, in conjunction with advances in computer technology, led to a surge of interest in “telecommuting” among white collar workers (Niles, Carlson, Gray, & Hanneman, 1976). However, it was not until the development of personal computers and networked systems in the 1980s that home-based working arrangements experienced significant growth, growth that has been particularly pronounced among executives, managers, scientists, and engineers in large corporations (Bureau of National Affairs, 1991). This home-based working’s revival, on the early 1980s, was linked to the shift in the structure of employment and production in post-industrial economies of North America and Western Europe (Lipsig-Mummé, 1983). Years later, in the 1990s, this subject was treated again but with a new vision. While adoption of telework was slow during the 1980´s, the subsequent decade’s information revolution resulted in considerable growth in new work forms (Moss, Whitfield, Johnson, & Andrey, 2006; Robertson, 2005) The “renaissance” was interpreted as a symptom of economic restructuring that put increased pressure on domestic industries from off-shore producers (Leach, 1998).
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Wells, Rob. "Keating’s War with the Press." In The Enforcers, 107–34. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042942.003.0006.
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Like Donald Trump, Keating used his economic power to intimidate reporters and regulators with lawsuits as he pursued his business expansion; Keating and Trump parallels are discussed. The fight between Keating and the press points to a broader tension between capitalism and the press, a central theme in the book. Keating’s lawsuits and legal threats are examined with new archival material from American Continental Corporation Archives and a Federal Bureau of Investigation FOIA request. The chapter shows how early mainstream press coverage missed signs about Keating’s political manipulation of the regulatory process. It also shows how National Thrift News engaged in detailed beat reporting where the New York Times, American Banker, and the Wall Street Journal did not.
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Hayashi, Brian Masaru. "Fighting Like a Man, Special Operations Style." In Asian American Spies, 112–34. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195338850.003.0006.
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Asian Americans also joined Special Operations. Their work for this section involved engaging in guerrilla warfare against the Imperial Japanese forces in Burma. Led by Carl Eifler, they were immensely successful against the enemy who outnumbered their units operating behind the battle lines. While they found their linguistic and cultural skills used far less than imagined, they nevertheless contributed to the defeat of the Imperial Japanese forces in the region. Other Asian Americans planned, trained for, and were about to penetrate Japanese-occupied Korea before the war ended. Two of these missions, known as Eagle and Napko, involved the former contacting the Korean underground movement and the latter planning to use YuHan Corporation pharmaceutical offices as their safe houses while operating covertly inside Korea. Both projects, however, were cancelled once the war ended.
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Rock, Michael T., and David P. Angel. "Implications for Other Industrializing Economies." In Industrial Transformation in the Developing World. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199270040.003.0017.
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In previous chapters we have demonstrated how the practice of policy integration—the linking of environmental regulatory policies with resource pricing policies, trade and investment policies, and technological capabilities building policies—in the East Asian NIEs has driven down the energy and pollution intensity of industrial activity in these economies. As we have shown, each East Asian NIE used a somewhat different strategy for driving down environmental intensities. Singapore did it by effectively linking its tough environmental agency, the Ministry of the Environment, to the country’s premier institutions of industrial policy—the Economic Development Board and the Jurong Town Corporation—charged with attracting OECD multinationals and providing them with factories and OECD-like infrastructure facilities. Taiwan Province of China took a decidedly different path. Following the decision of the central government to create a tough regulatory agency in the face of strong opposition from the country’s institutions of industrial policy, the government, by building a capable regulatory agency and allowing it to get tough with polluters, demonstrated to those who managed the institutions of industrial policy that they would have to adapt to a crackdown on polluters. They did so by using the institutions of industrial policy to craft an approach to industrial environmental improvement that linked Taiwanese firms and the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration to the technology-upgrading policies of the Industrial Development Bureau in the Ministry of Economic Affairs and the technological research activities of the Industrial Technology Research Institute. Where governments had less capable environmental regulatory agencies, they used several other pathways to policy integration. The government of Malaysia followed two different pathways to policy integration. On the one hand, it adopted an industry-specific approach to de-link palm oil production and the export of processed palm oil products from palm oil pollution by integrating palm oil processors with a quasi-public, quasi-private palm oil research institute, the Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia, and the Department of the Environment in a search for a cost-effective palm oil waste treatment technology. Once a viable solution to pollution emerged, the Department of the Environment used its embedded autonomy with producers in this sector to ratchet up emissions standards and de-link palm oil processing from palm oil pollution.
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"trichinae in pork (3); the x-ray machines available at that time were not powerful enough to treat pork in commercially interesting quantities. The food laws of many countries apply also to tobacco products and it is perhaps not too farfetched to mention irradiation of a tobacco product in this contest. Cigars can be attacked and badly damaged by the tobacco beetle, Lasioderma serricorne. This used to be a serious problem for the cigar industry. Many shipments of cigars had to be discarded because the product was criss crossed by the feeding tunnels of the insect. G. A. Runner of USDA’s Bureau of Entomology had demonstrated in 1916 that eggs, larvae, and the adults of the t obacco beetle could be killed in cigars by x-rays (4). At the request of the American Tobacco Company, an x-ray machine with a conveyor system for the irradiation of boxes of cigars was built by American Machine and Foundry Company in New York City and put into operation in 1929. A water-cooled x-ray tube with a maximal power of 30 mA at 200 kV was the radiation source.* Although the treatment effectively prevented damage to the cigars, the machine turned out to be unsuitable for continuous use. Details can no longer be re constructed, but it appears that the x-ray tubes then available were built for intermittent use in medical diagnosis and therapy, not for continuous use on a production line. At any rate, chemical fumigation later replaced this first indus trial application of radiation processing. A French patent was granted in 1930 to O. Wiist for an invention described by the words (in translation): “ Foods of all kinds which are packed in sealed metallic containers are submitted to the action of hard (high-voltage) x-rays to kill all bacteria” (5). However, the patent never led to a practical application. New interest was stimulated in 1947 by a publication ( ) of two expatriate German scientists, Amo Brasch and Wolfgang Huber, coinventors of a pulsed electron accelerator, the Capacitron, and founders of Electronized Chemicals Corporation in Brooklyn, New York. They reported that meats and some other foodstuffs could be sterilized by high-energy electron pulses; that some food stuffs, particularly milk and other dairy products, were susceptible to radiation and developed off-flavors; and that these undesirable radiation effects could be avoided by irradiation in the absence of oxygen and at low temperatures. With regard to cost efficiency they concluded that irradiation “ will not materially increase the final price of the treated product.” At about the same time, J. G. Trump and R. J. van de Graaff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who had developed another type of electron accelerator, also studied effects of irradia tion on foods and other biological materials (7). They collaborated in these studies with MIT’s Department of Food Technology. The foundations of food irradiation research had been laid when B. E. Proctor and S. A. Goldblith reviewed these." In Safety of Irradiated Foods, 20. CRC Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482273168-14.
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