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1

Lee, Loyd E., and Lothar Gall. "Burgertum in Deutschland." American Historical Review 96, no. 2 (April 1991): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163317.

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2

Reiss, Hans, and Lothar Gall. "Burgertum in Deutschland." Modern Language Review 87, no. 1 (January 1992): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3732415.

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3

Follmer, M. "Burgertum nach 1945." German History 26, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): 449–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghn040.

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4

Ledford, Kenneth F., and Lothar Gall. "Burgertum in Deutschland." German Studies Review 14, no. 3 (October 1991): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1430975.

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5

Ledford, Kenneth F., and Lothar Gall. "Stadt und Burgertum im 19. Jahrhundert." German Studies Review 16, no. 1 (February 1993): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1430252.

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6

Ford, James Thomas, and Berndt Hamm. "Burgertum und Glaube; Konturen der stadtischen Reformation." Sixteenth Century Journal 28, no. 3 (1997): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2543124.

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7

Hohendahl, Peter Uwe. "Burgerlichkeit und Burgertum als Problem der Literatursoziologie." German Quarterly 61, no. 2 (1988): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/406849.

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8

Halley, Jeffrey, and David Sciulli. "Professions and Burgertum: Etymological Ships Passing, Night into Day." Comparative Sociology 8, no. 2 (2009): 202–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913309x421646.

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AbstractNone of the continental languages, either historically or during postwar decades, developed indigenously synonyms for professions or roughly equivalent terms. Even today, instead of studying professions in particular, continental sociologists typically study much broader socio-economic and socio-cultural formations. Thus, when Anglo-American sociologists were developing the sociology of professions before and after World War II, European sociologists had difficulty envisaging the point of the exercise. We review the evolution of the Anglo-American sociology of professions, the etymological divide just noted, and how the Continent's received Burgertum approach to middle class occupations differs from a professions approach.
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9

Tokei, Eva, and Jurgen Kocka. "Burgertum im 19. Jahrhundert. Deutschland im europaischen Vergleich." German Quarterly 65, no. 1 (1992): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/406816.

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10

McClelland, Charles E., and Jurgen Kocka. "Burgertum im 19. Jahrhundert: Deutschland im europaischen Vergleich." German Studies Review 12, no. 3 (October 1989): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1430664.

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11

Rosenhaft, E. "Frauen und Manner des Burgertums: Eine Familiengeschichte (1750-1850)." English Historical Review 118, no. 478 (September 1, 2003): 1066–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/118.478.1066.

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12

Smith, Helmut Walser, and Andreas Biefang. "Politisches Burgertum in Deutschland 1857-1868: Nationale Organisationen und Eliten." American Historical Review 100, no. 5 (December 1995): 1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2169990.

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13

Smith, Helmut Walser, and Thomas Mergel. "Zwischen Klasse und Konfession: Katholisches Burgertum im Rheinland 1794-1914." American Historical Review 101, no. 2 (April 1996): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2170487.

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14

Beller, S. "Adel und Burgertum in der Habsburgermonarchie 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert." English Historical Review CXXI, no. 491 (April 1, 2006): 619–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cel076.

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15

White, Dan S., and Shilomo Na'aman. "Der Deutsche Nationalverein: Die politische Konstituierung des deutschen Burgertums 1859-1867." American Historical Review 93, no. 5 (December 1988): 1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1873630.

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16

Aaslestad, Katherine B., and Stephan Pielhoff. "Paternalismus und Stadtarmut. Armutswahrnehmung und Privatwohltatigkeit in Hamburger Burgertum 1830-1914." German Studies Review 24, no. 3 (October 2001): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1433429.

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17

Eley, Geoff, and Franz J. Bauer. "Burgerwege und Burgerwelten: Familienbiographische Untersuchungen zum Deutschen Burgertum im 19. Jahrhundert." American Historical Review 97, no. 5 (December 1992): 1553. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2166037.

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18

Wyrwa, U. "Book Review: Das Familiengedachtnis. Erinnerung im deutsch-judischen Burgertum 1890-1932." German History 19, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 615–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635540101900417.

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19

Beck, Hermann, and Albert Tanner. "Arbeitsame Patrioten--Wohlanstandige Damen: Burgertum und Burgerlichkeit in der Schweiz 1830-1914." American Historical Review 101, no. 5 (December 1996): 1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2170260.

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20

Childs, D. "'SED-Diktatur und Gesellschaft': Burgertum, Burgerlichkeit und Entburgerlichung in Magdeburg und Halle." English Historical Review 118, no. 476 (April 1, 2003): 557–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/118.476.557.

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21

Augustine, Dolores L. "Die Familie Mosse: Deutsch-judisches Burgertum im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (review)." Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 19, no. 4 (2001): 162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sho.2001.0086.

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22

Owen, Thomas C., and Manfred Hildermeier. "Burgertum und Stadt in Russland 1760-1870: Rechtliche Lage und soziale Struktur." American Historical Review 92, no. 4 (October 1987): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1864063.

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23

Brophy, James M. "Reviews of Books:Frauen und Manner des Burgertums: Eine Familiengeschichte (1750-1850) Rebekka Habermas." American Historical Review 107, no. 3 (June 2002): 961–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/532625.

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24

Adam, T. "Begrenzte Spielraume: Eine Beziehungsgeschichte von Arbeiterschaft und Burgertum am Beispiel Erfurts 1870-1914." German History 25, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 443–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02663554070250030805.

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25

Albisetti, J. C. "Book Reviews : Auf dem Weg ins Burgerleben: Kindheit und Erziehung in deutschen und englischen Burgerfamilien, 1840-1914. By Gunilla-Friederike Budde. 'Burgertum: Beitrage zur europaischen Gesellschaftsgeschichte', Band 6. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1994. 512 pp. DM 68. Wege zur Geschichte des Burgertums : Vierzehn Beitrage. Edited by Klaus Tenfelde and Hans-Ulrich Wehler. 'Burgertum: Beitrage zur europaischen Gesellschaftsgeschichte', Band 8. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1994. 353 pp. DM 72." German History 14, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635549601400217.

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26

Augustine, Dolores L., and Hartwin Spenkuch. "Das Preubische Herrenhaus: Adel und Burgertum in der Ersten Kammer des Landtages 1854-1918." American Historical Review 105, no. 3 (June 2000): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2651987.

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27

Tebbe, J. "Medizinische Belehrung fur das Burgertum: Medikale Kulturen in der Zeitschrift 'Die Gartenlaube' (1853-1944)." German History 31, no. 4 (July 17, 2013): 593–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ght058.

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28

Fahrmeir, A. "Book Review: Judische Wege ins Burgertum: Kulturelles Kapital und sozialer Aufstieg im 19. Jahrhundert." German History 24, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 486–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635540602400314.

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29

Hartmann, Michael. "Class-Specific Habitus and the Social Reproduction of the Business Elite in Germany and France." Sociological Review 48, no. 2 (May 2000): 241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-954x.00214.

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Based on two empirical studies of senior executives, this article examines key aspects of Bourdieu's theory of the reproduction of social class structures. In the European business elite, to what extent can one find empirical evidence for the central significance accorded to class specific habitus and exclusive educational institutions in this process? To this end, the article presents comprehensive information about the social origin and educational trajectories of the chairpersons of the 100 largest German and French enterprises from 1995, compared to corresponding statistics from the years 1970 to 1972. An analysis of this information shows that in both countries, almost 80% of senior executives are recruited from the social elite: the gehobenes Bürgertum or the classe dominant. In France, the main source for this elite recruiting is located in educational system, with sharp selection mechanisms involved in the granting of exclusive degrees. In contrast, these play only a subordinate role in Germany. The primary criteria here are the personality traits deemed desirable for certain positions. These strongly favour offspring of the gehobenes Burgertum. In the end, class-specific habitus turns out to be decisive in a direct sense (Germany) or indirectly (France) for the reproduction of social relations. Bourdieu's analysis is thus confirmed in its main points.
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30

Allen, Ann Taylor, and Anne-Charlott Trepp. "Sanfte Mannlichkeit und Selbstandige Weiblichkeit: Frauen und Manner im Hamburger Burgertum zwischen 1770 und 1840." American Historical Review 102, no. 4 (October 1997): 1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2170712.

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31

Eley, G. "Burgertum in Deutschland. By Lothar Gall (Berlin, Germany: Wolf Jobst Siedler Verlag, 1989. 635 pp.)." Journal of Social History 26, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 634–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/26.3.634.

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32

Fahrmeir, A. "Book Review: Preu en und Wir. Wirtschaft, Burgertum und Alltag im sudlichen Westfalen 1800-1918." German History 17, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 592–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635549901700416.

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33

Ross, Corey. "Reviews of Books:SED-Diktatur und Gesellschaft: Burgertum, Burgerlichkeit und Entburgerlichung in Magdeburg and Halle Thomas Grossbolting." American Historical Review 108, no. 4 (October 2003): 1239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/529939.

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34

Fahrmeir, A. "Book Review: Burgertum in der Krise. Stadtische Mittelklassen in Edinburgh und Leipzig von 1880 bis 1930." German History 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 651–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635540402200413.

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35

Stargardt, N. "Die Feuchtwangers: Familie, Tradition und judisches Selbstverstandnis im deutsch-judischen Burgertum des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts." German History 25, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 659–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02663554070250041014.

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36

Jensen, U. "Into the Spiral of Problematic Perceptions: Modern Anti-Semitism and gebildetes Burgertum in Nineteenth-Century Germany." German History 25, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 348–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266355407079908.

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37

Lees, Andrew, and Alexander Schmidt. "Reisen in die Moderne: Der Amerika-Diskurs des deutschen Burgertums vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg im europaischen Vergleich." German Studies Review 21, no. 2 (May 1998): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1432224.

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38

Hardach-Pinke, I. "Book Review: Sanfte Mannlichkeit und selbstandige Weiblichkeit. Frauen und Manner im Hamburger Burgertum zwischen 1770 und 1840." German History 16, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635549801600117.

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39

Whaley, J. "Book Review: Die Biographie des Burgers. Lebensformen und Denkweisen in der formativen Phase des deutschen Burgertums (1680-1815)." German History 16, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 252–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635549801600216.

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40

Beachy, Robert, and Ralf Roth. "Stadt und Burgertum in Frankfurt am Main: Ein besonderer Weg von der standischen zur modernen Burgergesellschaft 1760-1914." German Studies Review 22, no. 1 (February 1999): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1431600.

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41

Augustine, Dolores L., and Ralf Roth. "Stadt und Burgertum in Frankfurt am Main: Ein besonderer Weg von der standischen zur modernen Burgergesellschaft 1760-1914." American Historical Review 104, no. 1 (February 1999): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2650325.

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42

Meyer, Michael A., and Wolfgang Heinrichs. "Das Judenbild im Protestantismus des Deutschen Kaiserreichs: Ein Beitrag zur Mentalitatsgeschichte des deutschen Burgertums in der Krise der Moderne." American Historical Review 106, no. 3 (June 2001): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2692491.

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43

Marshall, Sherrin, Heinz Schilling, and Herman Diederiks. "Burgerliche Eliten in den Niederlanden und in Nordwestdeutschland: Studien zur Sozialgeschichte des europaischen Burgertums im Mittelalter und in der Neuzeit." American Historical Review 93, no. 5 (December 1988): 1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1873579.

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44

Hsia, R. Po-chia, Heinz Schilling, and Herman Diederiks. "Burgerliche Eliten in den Niederlanden und in Nordwestdeutschland. Studien zur Sozialgeschichte des europaischen Burgertums im Mittelalter und in der Neuzeit." Sixteenth Century Journal 18, no. 3 (1987): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2540737.

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45

Russell, M. A. "Book Review: Stadt, Burgertum und Kultur: Kulturelle Entwicklung und Kulturpolitik in Hamburg von 1839 bis 1933 am Beispiel des Museumswesens." German History 20, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 536–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635540202000417.

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46

Albisetti, J. C. "Auf dem Weg ins Burgerleben: Kindheit und Erziehung in deutschen und englischen Burgerfamilien, 1840-1914; Wege zur Geschichte des Burgertums: Vierzehn Beitrage." German History 14, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/14.2.246.

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47

Breuilly, J. "Shorter note. Stadt und Burgertum in Frankfurt am Main. Ein besonderer Weg von der standischen zur modernen Burgergesellschaft, 1760-1914. Ralf Roth." English Historical Review 114, no. 457 (June 1, 1999): 751–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/114.457.751.

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48

Brockmann, S. "Reisen in die Moderne: Der Amerika-Diskurs des deutschen Burgertums vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg im europaischen Vergleich. By Alexander Schmidt (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1997. 328pp.)." Journal of Social History 32, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 734–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/32.3.734.

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49

Muir, Stacy L., Lance B. Sheppard, Anne Maika-Wilson, James M. Burgert, Jose Garcia-Blanco, Arthur D. Johnson, and Jennifer L. Coyner. "A Comparison of the Effects of Intraosseous and Intravenous 5% Albumin on Infusion Time and Hemodynamic Measures in a Swine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 31, no. 4 (May 23, 2016): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x16000509.

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AbstractIntroductionObtaining intravenous (IV) access in patients in hemorrhagic shock is often difficult and prolonged. Failed IV attempts delay life-saving treatment. Intraosseous (IO) access may often be obtained faster than IV access. Albumin (5%) is an option for prehospital volume expansion because of the absence of interference with coagulation and platelet function.Hypothesis/ProblemThere are limited data comparing the performance of IO and IV administered 5% albumin. The aims of this study were to compare the effects of tibial IO (TIO) and IV administration of 500 mL of 5% albumin on infusion time and hemodynamic measurements of heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), and stroke volume (SV) in a swine model of hemorrhagic shock.MethodsSixteen male swine were divided into two groups: TIO and IV. All subjects were anesthetized and a Class III hemorrhage was achieved by exsanguination of 31% of estimated blood volume (EBV) from a femoral artery catheter. Following exsanguination, 500 mL of 5% albumin was administered under pressurized infusion (300 mmHg) by the TIO or IV route and infusion time was recorded. Hemodynamic measurements of HR, MAP, CO, and SV were collected before and after exsanguination and every 20 seconds for 180 seconds during 5% albumin infusion.ResultsAn independent t-test determined that IV 5% albumin infusion was significantly faster compared to IO (P=.01). Mean infusion time for TIO was seven minutes 35 seconds (SD=two minutes 44 seconds) compared to four minutes 32 seconds (SD=one minute 08 seconds) in the IV group. Multivariate Analysis of Variance was performed on hemodynamic data collected during the 5% albumin infusion. Analyses indicated there were no significant differences between the TIO and IV groups relative to MAP, CO, HR, or SV (P>.05).ConclusionWhile significantly longer to infuse 5% albumin by the TIO route, the longer TIO infusion time may be negated as IO devices can be placed more quickly compared to repeated IV attempts. The lack of significant difference between the TIO and IV routes relative to hemodynamic measures indicate the TIO route is a viable route for the infusion of 5% albumin in a swine model of Class III hemorrhage.MuirSL, SheppardLB, Maika-WilsonA, BurgertJM, Garcia-BlancoJ, JohnsonAD, CoynerJL. A comparison of the effects of intraosseous and intravenous 5% albumin on infusion time and hemodynamic measures in a swine model of hemorrhagic shock. Prehosp Disaster Med.2016;31(4):436–442.
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50

Simms, B. "Book Reviews : Monarchie in der burgerlichen Gesellschaft. Deutschland und England von 1640 bis 1848. By Monika Wienfort. 'Burgertum: Beitrage zur europaischen Gesellschaftsgeschichte', Band 4. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. 1993. 275 pp. DM 68." German History 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635549501300214.

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