Relevant bibliographies by topics / Burn Rate Modifier

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Burn Rate Modifier'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Burn Rate Modifier"

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Rao, D. Chaitanya Kumar, Narendra Yadav, and Puran Chandra Joshi. "Cu–Co–O nano-catalysts as a burn rate modifier for composite solid propellants." Defence Technology 12, no. 4 (August 2016): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2016.01.001.

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Sabatini, Jesse J., Jay C. Poret, and Russell N. Broad. "Boron Carbide as a Barium-Free Green Light Emitter and Burn-Rate Modifier in Pyrotechnics." Angewandte Chemie 123, no. 20 (April 6, 2011): 4720–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201007827.

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Sabatini, Jesse J., Jay C. Poret, and Russell N. Broad. "Boron Carbide as a Barium-Free Green Light Emitter and Burn-Rate Modifier in Pyrotechnics." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 50, no. 20 (April 6, 2011): 4624–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201007827.

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Ishitha, Kumar, and P. A. Ramakrishna. "Activated charcoal: as burn rate modifier and its mechanism of action in non-metalized composite solid propellants." International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics 6, no. 1-2 (June 2014): 76–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12572-014-0112-z.

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Sathiskumar, P. S., C. R. Thomas, and Giridhar Madras. "Solution Combustion Synthesis of Nanosized Copper Chromite and Its Use as a Burn Rate Modifier in Solid Propellants." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 51, no. 30 (July 17, 2012): 10108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie301435r.

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Houschyar, Madeline, Mimi R. Borrelli, Christian Tapking, Zeshaan N. Maan, Susanne Rein, Malcolm P. Chelliah, Clifford C. Sheckter, et al. "Burns: modified metabolism and the nuances of nutrition therapy." Journal of Wound Care 29, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2020.29.3.184.

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Objective: To review the effects of burn injury on nutritional requirements and how this can best be supported in a healthcare setting. Method: A literature search for articles discussing nutrition and/or metabolism following burn injury was carried out. PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched using the key search terms ‘nutrition’ OR ‘metabolism’ AND ‘burn injury’ OR ‘burns’. There was no limitation on the year of publication. Results: A total of nine articles met the inclusion criteria, the contents of which are discussed in this manuscript. Conclusion: Thermal injury elicits the greatest metabolic response, among all traumatic events, in critically ill patients. In order to ensure burn patients can meet the demands of their increased metabolic rate and energy expenditure, adequate nutritional support is essential. Burn injury results in a unique pathophysiology, involving alterations in endocrine, inflammatory, metabolic and immune pathways and nutritional support needed during the inpatient stay varies depending on burn severity and idiosyncratic patient physiologic parameters.
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Munasinghe, Namal, Jason Wasiak, Andrew Ives, Heather Cleland, and Cheng Hean Lo. "Retrospective review of a tertiary adult burn centre’s experience with modified Meek grafting." Burns & Trauma 4 (February 26, 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41038-016-0031-2.

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Abstract Background Autologous split skin grafting is the gold standard in treating patients with massive burns. However, the limited availability of donor sites remains a problem. The aim of this study is to present our experience with the modified Meek technique of grafting, outcomes achieved and recommendations for optimized outcomes. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patient records from our tertiary referral burn centre and the Bi-National Burns Registry to identify all patients who had modified Meek grafting between 2010 and 2013. Patient records were reviewed individually and information regarding patient demographics, mechanism of injury and surgical management was recorded. Outcome measures including graft take rate, requirement for further surgery and complications were also recorded. Results Eleven patients had modified Meek grafting procedures. The average age of patients was 46 years old (range 23 – 64). The average total body surface area (TBSA) burnt was 56.75 % (range 20–80 %). On average, 87 % of the grafted areas healed well and did not require regrafting. In the regrafted areas, infection was the leading cause of graft failure. Conclusions Modified Meek grafting is a useful method of skin expansion. Similar to any other grafting technique, infection needs to be sought and treated promptly. It is recommended for larger burns where donor sites are not adequate or where it is desirable to limit their extent.
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Stewart, J., and A. Clarke. "A Three-Zone Heat-Release Rate Model for Dual-Fuel Combustion." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 224, no. 11 (May 14, 2010): 2423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1955.

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Dual-fuel engines are modified compression ignition engines, where the primary source of fuel is a gaseous fuel, and ignition is provided by a ‘pilot’ injection of a reduced quantity of diesel. The generally accepted understanding of the dual-fuel engine describes its combustion process as proceeding in three stages. Initially, around half of the pilot will burn and entrain some gaseous fuel into an overall fuel-rich process. Subsequently, the remaining pilot fuel burns and entrains an increasing amount of the primary fuel into its reaction zone. In the final stage, a flame propagation process engulfs the remaining gaseous fuel. In this article, a three-zone model for the analysis of heat-release rate during the dual-fuel combustion process will be derived. This model will be tested against data obtained for diesel combustion and then applied to experimental data from a dual-fuel test program. It will be shown that there is little evidence to support the generally accepted description of the dual-fuel combustion process in a direct injection engine. The conclusion of this work is that dual-fuel combustion may be better considered as a diesel combustion process, where the gaseous fuel modifies the reaction zone surrounding each igniting droplet of the pilot fuel.
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Hewes, Philip D., and Derek Bell. "22 16-year State-wide Population-based Analysis of Burn and Inhalation Injury – Demographics, Injury Characteristics, Management, and One-year Outcomes." Journal of Burn Care & Research 41, Supplement_1 (March 2020): S17—S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/iraa024.026.

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Abstract Introduction Estimates on frequency and outcomes of burn or inhalation injury in the United States are limited since reported databases are confined to specific phases of care, included facilities, length of follow-up, facility/provider/patient identification and/or lack of longitudinal tracking. A population-based database addresses these issues. Methods We queried a statewide mandated-reporting database for the years from 2000 through 2015 at the time of injury using a set of ICD9-CM codes for second degree or deeper burns, inhalation injury, and chemical and electrical burns. Burn total body surface area percentage by anatomical region was assigned as appropriate using modified and age-stratified Lund and Browder charts. Records for each patient were extracted out to one year pre- and post-injury, as available. Provider and facility burn volume and survival was stratified into quartiles. We applied the Committee on Trauma/American Burn Association referral criteria to the index presentation. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to 1-year post injury for testing combinations of burn percent total body surface area of 20% and inhalation injury for age ranges < 15, 15 - 60, and >60 years. Regression models were developed to model the probabilities of in-patient, 90-day, and 365-day mortality and readmission. Results 56,712 patients were included. Overall, 22% of patients meeting referral criteria were never seen at a burn center within 1-year post-injury. The greatest positive predictors of in-patient mortality were facility case volume and burn percent total body surface area. The greatest negative predictors were high provider burn case volume (for highest quartile, adjusted odds ratio 0.08, 95% confidence intervals 0.06 – 0.12). The highest risk of unscheduled 30-day readmission was associated with index presentation to a non-burn care facility (p < 0.001). For all groups, the first 100 days had the greatest mortality rate, the most severe being among patients of age greater than 60 with >20% burn percent total body surface area and inhalation injury, with a 40% survival rate. Conclusions This study is the first to be able to simultaneously evaluate in-patient, post-discharge, and facility-based parameters for outcomes. A significant number of patients are not accounted with current databases. Applicability of Research to Practice A population-based approach with longitudinal tracking allows for greater realization of the outcomes of all patients following burn injury. Existing association-supported or government databases fail to account for a significant portion of burn victims, motivating further evaluation of burn care efforts.
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Stamatis, Demitrios, Xianjin Jiang, Ervin Beloni, and Edward L Dreizin. "Aluminum Burn Rate Modifiers Based on Reactive Nanocomposite Powders." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 35, no. 3 (June 2, 2010): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.200900009.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Burn Rate Modifier"

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Lundell, Carl. "RESEARCH STUDY: REACTING METAL BIS(TRIMETHYL)AMIDES WITH DOUBLE-BASE PROPELLANT STABILIZERS." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/437570.

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Chemistry
M.A.
During World War II, it was discovered that when lead was added to double-base propellants, it produced beneficial burn rate phenomena. Specifically, the propellant burn rate first increased unexpectedly at low pressures, then the burn rate became independent of pressure, followed lastly by “mesa burning” where the burn rate actually decreased with increasing pressure. This results in a beneficial negative feedback mechanism. Over the past 75 years, researchers have explored different lead complexes to achieve better propellant performance. However, over the last decade, research has shifted to finding an alternative to using lead as an additive to reduce toxicity. Until the attempts detailed herein, researchers had not, to our knowledge attempted to combine double-base propellant stabilizers with various metals to achieve these desired results. In doing so, we prepared two lead complexes, Tetrakis (µ3-(4-methyl-3-nitrophenyl imido lead (II))) 1, and Bis(dinitrophenyl imido lead(II)) 2, that were synthesized by reacting lead bis(trimethylsilyl)amide with a common double-base propellant stabilizer 2-nitrodiphenylamine (NDPA) and 4-methyl-3-nitroaniline. Both complexes formed from protolysis of the trimethylsilylamide ligand by the acidic proton of the amine, and crystallized from tetrahydrofuran (THF). Bomb calorimetry coupled with crystal density structure determined that 1 has a very high energy density of 74.1 MJ/L, more than three times the energy density of conventional nitroamine explosives, whereas 2 was lower at 38.2 MJ/L. The structure, charge and characterization of 1 and 2 are discussed. However, each complex is air sensitive making burn rate experimentation infeasible, so any possible changes to the propellant as an additive remained undetermined. Attempts to use of tin, zinc, or bismuth bis(trimethyl)amides in place of lead, were unsuccessfully characterized, although reactions were likely observed.
Temple University--Theses
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Conference papers on the topic "Burn Rate Modifier"

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Gilbert, Peter, Chris Zaseck, Roberto Nazario, and Steven Son. "An Investigation of Novel Metal Complexes as Composite Propellant Burn Rate Modifiers." In 44th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-5260.

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Hua-Fang, Wang, and Liu Gao-En. "Development Test of a Small Aero-Derived Gas Turbine Combustor for Medium Btu Gaseous Fuel." In ASME 1988 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/88-gt-165.

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WZ-5 engine is a small aero gas turbine engine rated in 1200kw class. A development program was initiated in 1986 to develop the engine with some modifications to accommodate the medium or low Btu gaseous fuel for its industrial application. The test program was accordingly carried out for the modified engine and combustor to evaluate their ability to burn medium Btu gaseous fuel. The present investigation is a part of the program to justify whether or not the modified combustor is capable of burning the medium Btu gaseous fuel with satisfactory combustion performances. The medium Btu gaseous fuel used in the test contains 50% of H2 and 20% of CH4 and the rest of N2 as innert. That is the typical processing gas produced in chemical fertilizer production. The low heating value of the gas is 3002 kcal/nm3. All the test results whowed that when burning the medium Btu gaseous fuel the modified combustor had quite good performances except one combustor which had the injectors with slot-shape opening at the injector end and had unacceptable combustor exit temperature profile, and also showed that the modified combustor had the potential ability to burn low Btu gaseous fuel which has lower calorific value but some amount of H2.
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Shahbakhti, Mahdi, Ahmad Ghazimirsaied, and Charles Robert Koch. "Predicting the Distribution of Combustion Timing Ensemble in an HCCI Engine." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2009-76007.

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Control of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engines to obtain the desirable operation requires understanding of how different charge variables influence the cyclic variations in HCCI combustion. Combustion timing for consecutive cycles at each operating point makes an ensemble of combustion timing which can exhibit different shapes of probability distributions depending on the random and physical patterns existing in the data. In this paper, a combined physical-statistical control-oriented model is developed to predict the distribution of HCCI combustion timing (CA50, crank angle of 50% fuel mass fraction burnt) for a range of operating conditions. The statistical model is based on the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution and the physical model embodies a modified knock integral model, a fuel burn rate model, a semi-empirical model for the gas exchange process and an empirical model to estimate the combustion timing dispersion. The resulting model is parameterized for the combustion of Primary Reference Fuel (PRF) blends using over 5000 simulations from a detailed thermo-kinetic model. Empirical correlations in the model are parameterized using the experimental data obtained from a single-cylinder engine. Once the model is parameterized it only needs five inputs: intake pressure, intake temperature, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) rate, equivalence ratio and engine speed. The main outputs of the model are CA50 and the Probability Density Function (PDF) metrics of CA50 distribution. Experimental CA50 is compared with predicted CA50 from the model and the results show a total average error of less than 1.5 degrees of crank angle for 213 steady-state operating points with four different PRF fuels at diversified operating conditions. Predicted PDF of the CA50 ensemble is compared with that of the experiments for PRF fuels at different running conditions. The results indicate a good agreement between simulation and the experiment.
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Qin, Xiao, Francois Ntone, Leon LaPointe, and Edward J. Lyford-Pike. "The Effect of Stroke-to-Bore Ratio on Combustion Performance of a Lean Burn Heavy-Duty Gaseous SI Engine." In ASME 2010 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2010-35108.

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This paper presents a numerical investigation into the effect of stroke-to-bore (S/B) ratio on the combustion performance of a lean burn heavy-duty gaseous spark-ignited engine. The S/B ratio was varied from 0.94 to 1.32 by changing the stroke length for a fixed bore and connecting rod length. Identical cylinder head and valve events were used throughout the analysis. The compression ratio was kept unchanged by scaling the volume of the piston bowl while keeping the piston squish areas and head volume constant. FLUENT was used to conduct 3-dimensional transient flow analysis of the intake process. A Cummins modified version of KIVA-3V utilizing a G-Equation combustion model was employed to conduct simulation of the combustion process. The intake processes predicted by FLUENT were mapped to KIVA-3V at the time of intake valve closing. Both FLUENT and KIVA simulations were validated with experimental results at S/B ratio of 1.2. Simulations were also conducted at various engine speeds for different S/B ratios. When ignited at the same spark timing, the most important observations are: (1) The S/B ratio has a significant effect on turbulence intensity during the intake stroke and thus affects the in-cylinder peak pressure, heat release rates, power, and NOx emissions. (2) The gross indicated mean effective pressure and fuel specific NOx emission increase with increase of S/B ratio and decrease with increase of engine speed. (3) The gross indicated specific fuel consumption and burn duration (in crank angle) decrease with increasing S/B ratio and increase with increasing engine speed. (4) In general, a larger S/B ratio leads to higher thermal efficiency through faster combustion, and better fuel economy can be achieved for a long-stroke engine at low engine speeds. The primary influences with S/B ratio observed at constant spark timing are valid also when spark timing is modified to achieve the same centroid of heat release rates.
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Murty, K. K., Y. Zhou, and B. Devarajan. "Rupture and Internal Pressurization Creep of Nb-Modified Zircalloy-4 Tubing: Application to Dry Storage Feasibility." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22153.

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Burst rupture properties of Zircaloy-4 and Nb-Modified Zircaloy-4 are investigated at temperatures ranging from 638K to 843K by internal pressurization of closed-end tubing samples. Various pressurization levels were imposed and rupture times were noted. The data enabled an evaluation of Larson-Miller parameter and the present experimental results on Zircaloy-4 were in excellent agreement with those reported in the literature. The effect of 1% Nb addition to Zircaloy-4 was studied since these materials are now known to resist long-time corrosion in water reactors and are thus considered for high burn-up applications. Negligible differences were noted in the rupture characteristics between the standard Zircaloy-4 and Nb-added Zircaloy-4. In addition, a limited amount of testing was performed to characterize the hoop creep behavior of these materials using a creep tester with hoop strain monitored in-situ by a Laser telemetric extensometer. Both the alloys followed an exponential stress variation of the creep-rate at high (>10−3E) stresses. At very low stresses, viscous creep (n = 1) was noted identifiable with Coble creep corresponding to small grain sized materials. These results have significance on the feasibility of surface storage of spent fuel where the creep deformation of the cladding could be a failure mode because of the residual heat and fission products following exposure to neutron irradiation in commercial nuclear plants. Blind extrapolation of short-term creep results to low stresses encountered during dry storage lead to nonconservative estimates of the creep-rates and creep-strains due to contributions of viscous creep to the total strain.
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Evans, Rich, Bill Dawes, Nabil Meah, Andrey Kudryavtsev, and Matthew Hunt. "A Method for the Simulation of Time-Dependent In-Service Performance Change." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-16320.

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Abstract Most numerical engineering simulation is performed on pristine, as-designed representations of the components and systems in question. Although the rate of through-life performance degradation is hugely important when considering the total cost/benefit of a system, engineers have had profound difficulties in modelling the physical changes that components undergo in service due to the quasi-random and organic nature of the mechanisms such as wear, corrosion, icing and fouling. Typically, the creation of ‘worn’ models is based on a posteriori inspection or scanning of a failing or failed component. This paper presents a novel method for modifying geometry in response to scalar field variables directly accessed from the embedded physical models within physics-based simulation. It uses a distance field, managed as a Level-set, to drive time-dependent changes to the geometry surface, borrowing heavily from technology which has seen widespread use in the computer graphics industry to create and modify items in a natural organic way. A computational mesh can then be constructed around and within the modified geometry so that the simulation can be performed on the now ‘in-service’ version of the components. This greatly improves the predictive power of such simulations and provide a priori predictions of component performance in response to, for example, corrosive environments. The method is robust, can manage and create meshes for arbitrarily complex geometry, is insensitive to large scale topology changes such as hole blockage or passage burn-through, is highly suitable for automated simulation workflows and can represent both additive (fouling, icing) and reductive (erosion, corrosion, burn though) shape change.
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Horner, M. W., P. E. Sabla, and S. G. Kimura. "Coal Fueled Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine: Design Approach." In ASME 1988 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/88-gt-119.

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The direct use of coal as a gas turbine fuel offers the opportunity to burn coal in an environmentally sound manner at a competitive cost of energy. A development program is underway to verify the feasibility of using coal water mixture to fuel an aero-derivative gas turbine. This paper presents the overall program approach, required gas turbine design modifications, and reports the results from small-scale combustor test facilities. The GE LM500 gas turbine was selected for this program because of its high efficiency and size, which is appropriate for transportation and cogeneration markets. The LM500 gas turbine power system design will be modified to accommodate coal fuel and any required emissions control devices. The design for the modified annular combustor is complete and preparations for coal fired tests of a 140 degree annular sector combustor are in progress. The combustor design and test development are being supported by a component test program with a One Nozzle Segment Combustor and a single can combustor LM500 Turbine Simulator. These test facilities are providing results on coal water mixture handling and fuel nozzle design, air staging requirements, component metal temperatures, combustor temperature performance, ash deposition rates, and emissions abatement for NOx, SOx, and particulates.
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George, Prasanth, and Paul E. DesJardin. "Towards a Mechanistic Model for Aluminum Particle Combustion." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47499.

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A relatively simple mechanistic model for the combustion of an aluminum particle in air is presented. The model assumes combustion to occur in two stages. In the first stage, phase transition and heterogeneous surface reactions take place until the melting temperature of the oxide is reached. In the second stage, a quasi-steady state diffusion flame is established allowing for the use of commonly employed flame sheet approximations. Modified Ranz-Marshall and standard drag correlations for a sphere are used to describe the unsteady heating, mass loss rate, and drag of the particle, with the surrounding gas. A system of non-linear ordinary differential equations are formulated and numerically integrated in time for predictions of particle mass, temperature and velocity with, and without, the effects of heterogeneous combustion. Results indicate that, within the assumptions of the current model, the effects of heterogeneous combustion have a significant impact on the overall particle burn time and temperature history for gas temperatures ranging from 1500 to 2500 K. At higher particle Reynolds number, and for temperatures greater than 2500 K, the effects of heterogeneous combustion are not as important and an ignition criterion based on the oxide melting temperature may be sufficient.
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Stuttaford, Peter J., and Khalid Oumejjoud. "Low CO2 Combustion System Retrofits for Existing Heavy Duty Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50814.

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CO2 emissions generated by power plants make up a significant portion of global carbon emissions. Although there has been a great deal of focus on new power sources incorporating state of the art environmental protection systems, there has been little focus on addressing the issues of existing power plants. The purpose of this work is to address the options available to existing gas turbine based power plants to retrofit CO2 reduction measures cost effectively at the source of emissions, the combustor. Pre-combustion decarbonization is a highly efficient method of carbon removal, as only a small fraction of the gas turbine system flow needs to be addressed. This results in the requirement to burn a hydrogen based fuel, which presents challenges due to its highly reactive nature. The properties of hydrogen/syngas combustion are reviewed with emphasis on solutions for premixed combustion systems. Premixed combustion as opposed to diffusion combustion systems are key to retrofit solutions for existing gas turbines. Premixed systems provide the life cycle cost benefit, and heat rate benefit of not requiring the addition of diluent to the cycle to control emissions. Fuel flexibility is critical for retrofit systems, allowing operators to run on high hydrogen fuels as well as back-up standard natural gas to maximize power plant availability. Pre-combustion decarbonization may occur remote from the power plant at a centralized fuel processing facility, or it may be integrated into the combined cycle gas turbine power plant. Existing combined cycle power plants operating on natural gas could be modified to incorporate fuel decarbonization into the cycle, minimizing the parasitic loss of such a system while capturing carbon credits which are likely to become of increasing monetary value. An example cycle to address such integrated systems is presented. The focus of this work is to present a cycle to provide decarbonized fuel, cost effectively, from existing natural gas systems, as well as centralized coal/petcoke based fuel processing facilities. An additional focus is on the combustion system design requirements to burn such fuels, which are retrofitable to existing heavy duty gas turbine based power plants.
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Haq, M. Z., and A. Morshed. "Energy and Exergy Based Analyses of a Multi-Fuelled SI Engine." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98279.

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The paper presents energy and exergy based analyses of a single cylinder, four-stroke, spark ignition engine fuelled by six different fuels namely iso-octane, methane, hydrogen, methanol, ethanol and n-butanol. Wiebe function is used to predict realistic burn rates. Since the Wiebe function parameters are generally optimized for conventional fuels, the current study modifies them for different alternative fuels using available burning velocity data. Heat losses throughout the cycle have been predicted by empirical correlations. Analyses are carried out to quantify energy and exergy of the premixed fuel-air mixture inside the engine cylinder at various phases of the cycle and some results obtained from the study are validated against data available in literature. Both energy and exergy destructions are found to be dependent on the fuels and engine operating parameters. Results show that at 1000 rpm, about 34–39% of energy contained in the fuel is converted into useful work and this quantity is found to increase with engine speed. Exergies associated with exhaust are found significantly lower than the corresponding energy values for all fuels. The present study highlights the necessity of both energy and exergy analyses to probe and identify the sources of work potential losses in SI engines in various phases of the cycle.
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