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Journal articles on the topic 'Burnet County'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Tinsley, Clayton, and Tiffany Osburn. "National Register Testing of Site 41BT427, Burnet County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State 2010, no. 1 (2010): Article 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.2010.1.7.

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2

Nelson, E. Charles. "Emily Lawless and Charles Darwin: an Irish mystery." Archives of Natural History 43, no. 1 (2016): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2016.0353.

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While no original autograph letters between the Hon. Miss Emily Lawless and Charles Darwin are known, Darwin was impressed by her observations and encouraged her to submit to Nature a manuscript account of fertilization of plants. This manuscript cannot be traced, nor can her note hypothesizing about the role of the transparent burnet moth in pollination in The Burren, County Clare, which apparently prompted Darwin to make contact with her.

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3

Fletcher, I. N., L. E. O. C. Aragão, A. Lima, Y. Shimabukuro, and P. Friedlingstein. "Fractal properties of forest fires in Amazonia as a basis for modelling pan-tropical burned area." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 8 (2013): 14141–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-14141-2013.

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Abstract. Current methods for modelling burnt area in Dynamic Global Vegetation Models involve complex fire spread calculations, which rely on many inputs, including fuel characteristics, wind speed and countless parameters. They are therefore susceptible to large uncertainties through error propagation. Using observed fractal distributions of fire scars in Brazilian Amazonia, we propose an alternative burnt area model for tropical forests, with fire counts as sole input and few parameters. Several parameterizations of two possible distributions are calibrated at multiple spatial resolutions using a satellite-derived burned area map, and compared. The tapered Pareto model most accurately simulates the total area burnt (only 3.5 km2 larger than the recorded 16 387 km2) and its spatial distribution. When tested pan-tropically using MODIS MCD14ML fire counts, the model accurately predicts temporal and spatial fire trends, but produces generally higher estimates than the GFED3.1 burnt area product, suggesting higher pan-tropical carbon emissions from fires than previously estimated.

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4

Kumari, Roop. "High Burden to High Impact (HBHI) Approaches - Country Perspective for Adoption and Adaptation in India." Journal of Communicable Diseases 52, no. 03 (2020): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202023.

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In India, a National Framework for Malaria Elimination (NFME) has been developed and launched on 11 February 2016 align with the Global Technical Strategy (GTS) for malaria elimination 2016-2030. Malaria elimination will be carried out in a phased manner. In accordance with the NFME, National Strategy Plan for malaria elimination 2017-2022 has been developed by National Vector Borne Disease (NVBDCP), MoH & FW, Govt. of India in collaboration with WHO Country Office India and launched in July 2017. The country has made significant improvement in the malaria situation in recent years. Reported malaria cases were reduced by 49 % and deaths by 50% in 2018 compared to 2017. However, India and ten countries in Africa contribute approximately 70% of the world’s malaria cases and deaths. These countries adopted the “High Burden to High Impact (HBHI) approach”. HBHI has four response elements: (i) Political will to reduce malaria deaths; (ii) Strategic information to drive impact, (iii) Better guidance, policies and strategies, and (iv) A coordinated national malaria response. India has adopted this approach in May 2019 to further accelerate and sustain the progress in the states with high malaria burden. Initially, HBHI approaches are being adopted by NVBDCP with the support of WHO in four high burden states namely Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh. During the first phase, an in-depth situation analysis on malaria in these states have been conducted using the tools provided by WHO. Key features of adaptation of HBHI approaches in India and detail analysis of one state Madhya Pradesh are presented in the article.

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Suresh, Solomen, R. N. Anantharaman, R. Subramanian, and A. Ajitha. "Certain Correlates of Burnout among Police Personnel in a Metropolitan City of a Developing Country." Archives of Business Research 2, no. 6 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.26.608.

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6

Patrick, Tammy. "Administrative Burden: Perspective of a Western County." Public Administration Review 72, no. 5 (2012): 752–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02619.x.

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7

Clérigo, Vera, Teresa Mourato, Conceição Gomes, and Ana Castro. "Impact of HIV Status, CD4 Count and Antiretroviral Treatment on Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes in a Low-Burden Country." Journal of Tuberculosis Research 06, no. 04 (2018): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jtr.2018.64025.

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8

Kolden, Crystal. "Wildfires: count lives and homes, not hectares burnt." Nature 586, no. 7827 (2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02740-4.

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9

CALLABY, R., O. HANOTTE, I. CONRADIE VAN WYK, et al. "Variation and covariation in strongyle infection in East African shorthorn zebu calves." Parasitology 142, no. 3 (2014): 499–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014001498.

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SUMMARYParasite burden varies widely between individuals within a population, and can covary with multiple aspects of individual phenotype. Here we investigate the sources of variation in faecal strongyle eggs counts, and its association with body weight and a suite of haematological measures, in a cohort of indigenous zebu calves in Western Kenya, using relatedness matrices reconstructed from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes. Strongyle egg count was heritable (h2 = 23·9%,s.e. = 11·8%) and we also found heritability of white blood cell counts (WBC) (h2 = 27·6%,s.e. = 10·6%). All the traits investigated showed negative phenotypic covariances with strongyle egg count throughout the first year: high worm counts were associated with low values of WBC, red blood cell count, total serum protein and absolute eosinophil count. Furthermore, calf body weight at 1 week old was a significant predictor of strongyle EPG at 16–51 weeks, with smaller calves having a higher strongyle egg count later in life. Our results indicate a genetic basis to strongyle EPG in this population, and also reveal consistently strong negative associations between strongyle infection and other important aspects of the multivariate phenotype.

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10

Chambers, Iain. "Lessons from the South." CounterText 1, no. 1 (2015): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/count.2015.0008.

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Iain Chambers' essay challenges explanations of the Arab Spring emerging from the Occidental media, arguing that the terms of engagement set by the Arab revolts can no longer be unilaterally defined by the West. Chambers stresses the centrality of the Mediterranean as an increasingly evident site of confluence between East and West and between North and South. He goes on to argue that the events of the Arab Spring reopen the Western cultural and political lexicon, and put into question the historical alliance between Christianity and the universalising discourses of modernity. Ideas regarding the individual, the public sphere, political agency, religion, secularism and the state are necessarily being renegotiated in the context of the uprisings. The lived experiences of the Arab Spring slip beyond Western constructions of the events to expose the political and cultural burden of a modernity that may no longer be determined or managed single-handedly by the West. The Arab uprisings have occurred in the same time frame as protests in several European capitals, particularly since the fiscal collapse of 2008, and while there are distinct differences in these social unrests there is also, Chambers observes, a common factor: the rejection of the hypocrisies of the modern state. The new perspectives emerging from this confluence of experience around the shores of the Mediterranean may yield a more radical humanism within social, cultural, and political formations that are not automatically circumscribed by the global dictates of neoliberalism.

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Veliki, Martina Domines. "The Capital and the Romantic Sublime: The Case of Thomas De Quincey." CounterText 2, no. 1 (2016): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/count.2016.0039.

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This paper aims to explore the idea that the formulation of the modern discipline of economics involved a discourse on the romantic sublime. By using the example of Thomas De Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821), it will address the issue of money and knowledge as two formative experiences in De Quincey's life. Unlike his literary model, William Wordsworth, who is eager to build up his ‘egotistical sublime’ (Keats's phrase), De Quincey is intent on registering his traumatic memories and resultant disorders and neuroses. Thus, he builds up a new type of romantic subjectivity where his personal accumulation of debt can be read as an encounter with the sublime, and it runs parallel to Britain's ever-increasing national debt. The sublime in De Quincey's Confessions carries an ideological burden as it affirms the subsistence of a middle-class individual and his right to participate in the discourse of the sublime. However, De Quincey falls from his middle-class position and becomes one of the poor where his access to the sublime experience is utterly denied. De Quincey's London experience is measured against Wordsworth's London experience in The Prelude (1805) and by experiencing the ‘negative sublime’ (Weiskel), he puts Wordsworthian ethics into practice. Thus, De Quincey's Confessions shows the tensions inherent in the romantic discourse of the sublime in a manner which connects romantic modes of subjectivity to the rising capitalist society.

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Jameson, Marc J., and Timothy A. Robards. "Coast Redwood Regeneration Survival and Growth in Mendocino County, California." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 3 (2007): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/22.3.171.

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Abstract Three stands of second-growth redwood forest were clearcut, and the logging slash in two of the units was broadcast burned following logging. Three types of redwood seedlings (plug, plug-one, and 2-year bareroot) were planted following logging and burning. Seedling survival rates were high, and there were no significant differences between survival and growth of stock types after 9 years. The native redwood sprouts were substantially larger than the planted seedlings, in both height and diameter, which could affect future growth of some seedlings. The status and dimensions of seedlings and native regeneration were periodically checked. The burned units were fully occupied by a dense, tall growth of brush within a few years, and the brush became re-established after a successful initial herbicide treatment.

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13

Lu, Difei, Xiaohui Guo, Yun Li, Bo Zheng, and Junqing Zhang. "Insoles Treated with Bacteria-Killing Nanotechnology Bio-Kil Reduce Bacterial Burden in Diabetic Patients and Healthy Controls." Journal of Diabetes Research 2018 (June 28, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7678310.

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Our study investigated the effectiveness of bacteria-killing nanotechnology Bio-Kil socks on bacterial burden reduction in diabetic patients and healthy individuals. Four strains of S. aureus and four strains of E. coli were cultured and dropped on Bio-Kil socks and control socks for 0 h, 8 h, and 48 h of incubation. Diluted samples were inoculated and bacterial counts were recorded. Additionally, 31 patients with type 2 diabetes and 31 healthy controls were assigned to wear one Bio-Kil sock on one foot and a control sock on the other for four hours, and then they were told to exchange socks from one foot to the other for four hours. The socks were sampled and diluted and then inoculated to record bacterial counts. Bacterial counts were reduced in Bio-Kil socks compared with control socks in all S. aureus strains after 0 h, 8 h, and 48 h of incubation. In E. coli strains, bacterial counts declined in Bio-Kil socks comparing with control socks in most of the experiments with ESBL-negative E. coli and ATCC35218 at 0 h and 48 h of incubation. In all participants, the mean bacterial counts significantly decreased in Bio-Kil socks in comparison with control socks both at 0 h and at 40 h of incubation (p=0.003 at 0 h and p=0.006 at 40 h). Bio-Kil socks from diabetic patients showed significantly lessened bacterial count at 40 h of incubation (p=0.003). In healthy individuals, Bio-Kil socks reflected a significantly smaller mean bacterial count than control socks (p=0.016). Socks using Bio-Kil nanotechnology efficiently reduce bacterial counts in both diabetic patients and healthy individuals and might exert stronger efficacy in Gram-positive bacteria.

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Kittur, J., R. A. Knudson, T. L. Lasho, et al. "Clinical correlates of JAK2V617F allele burden in essential thrombocythemia." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (2007): 7030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.7030.

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7030 Background: JAK2V617F occurs in approximately 50% of patients with essential thrombocythemia. Qualitative studies of mutation analysis have previously reported an association between JAK2V617F and advanced age, higher hemoglobin level, higher leukocyte count, and lower platelet count. A possible association with thrombotic complication has also been considered. Methods: Allele-specific, quantitative PCR analysis for JAK2V617F was performed on 176 patients with ET, using genomic DNA from archived bone marrow, which was collected within one year (n=72), between 1 and 5 years (n=64), or after 5 years (n=40) of diagnosis. Results: JAK2V617F was detected in 96 patients (55%), in whom mutant allele burden ranged from 1% to 100% (median 6.3%). Neither mutational frequency (p=0.37) nor mutant allele burden (p=0.62) was affected by the timing of bone marrow sample collection. Presence of JAK2V617F was significantly associated with higher hemoglobin level (p<0.0001), lower platelet count (p=0.001), higher leukocyte count (p=0.008), increased incidence of venous thrombosis occurring after diagnosis (p=0.02), and older age at diagnosis (p=0.03). All but age retained significance in multivariable analysis. In mutation-positive patients (n=96), JAK2V617F allele burden clustered between 1% and 22% in 94 cases, in whom it correlated directly and significantly with platelet and leukocyte counts, palpable splenomegaly at diagnosis, and venous thrombosis occurring after diagnosis. Conclusions: JAK2V617F allele burden imparts additional phenotypic effects in ET. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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15

Fernández Rodríguez, Carmen María. "ANNE ELLIOT’S AFTERLIFE IN SARAH HARRIET BURNEY’S COUNTRY NEIGHBOURS (1820)." RAUDEM. Revista de Estudios de las Mujeres 4 (December 18, 2017): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/raudem.v4i0.1758.

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Resumen:Sarah Harriet Burney sigue siendo una escritora menos conocida que su hermanastra, la famosa Frances Burney, aunque alcanzó la fama en su época y produjo bastantes obras de ficción. Este trabajo analiza Country Neighbours, Or the Secret (1820) de Sarah Harriet Burney como una reescritura muy personal de Persuasion (1818) de Jane Austen tomando como base las diferencias y paralelismos a nivel de técnica narrativa y temas. Veremos cómo ambas escritoras usaron la figura de la mujer soltera para mostrar su preocupación por la marginación de la mujer en la Inglaterra del siglo diecinueve.

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16

King, Jonathan D., Jeremiah Ngondi, Gideon Gatpan, Ben Lopidia, Steve Becknell, and Paul M. Emerson. "The Burden of Trachoma in Ayod County of Southern Sudan." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2, no. 9 (2008): e299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000299.

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17

Skov, Vibe, Marc JB Dam, Rasmus K. Pedersen, et al. "Superiority of IFN Versus HU Using a Novel Biomarker-Based Tool for Assessment of Disease Burden in MPNs." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (2019): 2972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-126819.

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Background: Treatment of polycythemia vera (PV) patients with hydroxyurea (HU) normalizes elevated blood cell counts within weeks in the large majority of patients. Studies on the impact of HU upon the kinetics of the JAK2V617F allele burden, leukocyte and platelets over time are scarce, and results have been reported highly heterogeneous. Purpose: Using data driven analysis as a novel tool to model the kinetics of the JAK2V617F allele burden and blood cell counts over time during treatment with HU. Material and Methods: Using serial measurements of JAK2V617F and correlation analyzes of routine hematological values (Hb-concentration, leukocyte count, platelet count, lactic dehydrogenase), we present a detailed description and analysis of the kinetics of the JAK2V617F, leukocyte and platelet counts and lactic dehydrogenase in 29 PV patients who were followed in the Danish randomized trial (DALIAH) comparing the efficacy of pegylated interferon-alpha2 (IFN) versus HU in patients older than 60 years. Results: Response patterns were highly heterogeneous. In the large majority of patients, HU treatment was initially associated with a modest decline in the JAK2V617F allele burden in concert with a decline in leukocyte and platelet counts. However, HU did not induce a sustained and continuous decrease in the JAK2V617F allele burden in any patient as previously reported in patients being treated with IFN. Importantly, HU treatment was neither able to induce a sustained normalization of elevated leukocyte and platelet counts, although counts were temporarily normalized in most patients during the first months of therapy. The fluctuating leukocyte and platelet counts contrast the sustained normalization of cell counts in the large majority of patients during long term treatment with IFN. Discussion and Conclusions: Using data-driven analysis of the JAK2V617F allele burden, leukocyte and platelet kinetics during treatment with HU, we have shown that HU does not induce a sustained decrease in the JAK2V617F allele burden and neither induces sustained normalization of elevated cell counts in PV patients. Our results may explain why PV patients during treatment with HU still have a substantially increased risk of thrombosis. Based upon our previous and present findings, obtained by mathematical modelling and data driven analysis studies, a rational and cost-effective treatment might be a combination therapy of HU and IFN, both being used for decades in the treatment of PV but according to the findings in our studies now being proposed to be combined in the initial treatment period, since their combined effects might be highly efficacious and are foreseen to have the potential to minimize the risk of thrombosis and bleeding. By these studies, we have also proven mathematical modelling and data driven analysis to be highly important tools to decipher novel treatment modalities for patients suffering from MPN cancers but likely other cancers as well. Disclosures Hasselbalch: Novartis: Research Funding; AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals: Other: Data monitoring board. OffLabel Disclosure: Interferon-alpha2 for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms.

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Olarieta, José Ramón, Gerardo Besga, and Ana Aizpurua. "Present soils and past land use: the “bracken economy” in Lea-Artibai County (Basque Country, northern Spain) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries." Historia Agraria Revista de agricultura e historia rural, no. 79 (June 14, 2019): 105–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26882/histagrar.079e05o.

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Soils in Lea-Artibai County (northern Spain) show three significant features: frequent absence of A horizons, higher nutrient concentrations in the surface mineral horizon of past or present arable fields compared to those in forest or shrubland, and the common presence of calcareous horizons in arable fields which is out of character with the region’s humid climate. Farmers stopped applying lime around 1950, so the third feature is interpreted as the result of over-liming since the eighteenth century. The “maize revolution” that began in the mid-seventeenth century relied upon a three-crop rotation system using bracken as a primary fertilizer along with animal manure and lime obtained from local kilns that burned gorse. Extraction of these plant materials resulted in a negative phosphorus balance of phosphorus and the acidification of shrubland soils. The county could not accommodate these various land uses in the early twentieth century, and extraction of leaf litter from forests and shrublands became necessary. In the “concentrational agriculture” of the maize revolution, organic matter and nutrients accumulated in arable fields and diverted ecological pressure onto shrubland and forest soils, creating a “metabolic rift” that is still evident in the soils of Lea-Artibai County.

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Tsuda, Mayuko, Kaichi Nishiwaki, Kei-ji Sugimoto, et al. "Impact of Ph+ Stem Cell Burden on Clinical Findings and Molecular Responses to First-Line Nilotinib in Newly Diagnosed Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: The Results from the Interim Analysis of N-Road, Multi-Center a Phase II Study." Blood 124, no. 21 (2014): 3159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.3159.3159.

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Abstract Background: Second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (2G-TKIs) are more potent than imatinib against chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) as a first-line therapy, and the majority of patients (pts) on 2G-TKIs could achieve favorable molecular responces over MR3.0 by 24 M (Saglio G, et al. Blood 2011, Kantarjian HM, et al. Blood 2012). It is also likey that molecular response at 3 M will predict outcome for CML-CP pts on imatinib. Furthermore, Mustjoki S, et al. showed that Ph+ stem cell burden at diagnosis is a prognostic marker of molecular responses at 3-9 M on dasatinib or imatinib (Leukemia 2013). Thus, early prognostic marker of outcome is feasible for CML-CP on TKIs. Methods: We are conducting a phase II study (N-road) for newly diagnosed CML-CP pts, in which nilotinib 300mg BID is given for 24 M and is to be escalated to 400mg BID if no optimal response at any check points. The primary endpoint is CMR rate by 24 M, and secondary endpoints include MR3.0/MR4.0 by 12 M and exploring prognostic factors. In this setting, the impact of initial Ph+ stem cell burden on clinical findings and therapeutic responses has been investigated in a sub-study. By July 2014, 48 pts were enrolled and BM CD34+ cell fractions could be evaluated by FACS-FISH analysis at diagnosis in 43 pts, among those 35 pts passed 3 M, 34 pts 6 M and 15 pts 12 M, respectively. Results: MR3.0 rate was 8/35 at 3M, 23/34 at 6M and 10/15 at 12M. When 43 pts were classified into two groups (higher: H, lower: L) according to the mean CD34+ cell counts at diagnosis (5995/mL of BM aspirates), there were significant differences (p<0.05) in BCR-ABL transcripts indicated as IS (77.66 vs 64.03 %, p=0.030) and WBC count (81.3 vs 22.3 /mL, p=0.012), but no differences in molecular responses at 3, 6 and 12 M between the two groups. There was a positive correlation between CD34+ cell count and WBC count (r=0.328, p=0.035). The median percentage of Ph+ cells, as measured by FISH (~1000 cells analyzed), in CD34+CD38- fraction at diagnosis was 97.1% (range 2-100%) compared to 98.6% (range 28.2-99.8%) in CD34+CD38+ fraction. The proportion of Ph+ cells in CD34+CD38- fraction correlated with PLT count (r=0.394, p=0.014) but inversely with RBC count (r=-0.474, p=0.003), Hb (r=-0.587, p=0.0001) and Ht (r=-0.475, p=0.003), respectively. Between the two groups divided by the median percentage, there were significant differences in RBC count (406 vs 460 x104/mL, p=0.046), Hb (11.7 vs 14.5 g/dL, p=0.009) and Hct (38.8 vs 44.7%, p=0.040). There were no significant differences in molecular responses at any check points. On the other hand, when divided by the mean percentage (81.1%), there was only a significant difference in PLT count (48.1 vs 27.2 /mL, p=0.028). Absolute Ph+ cell counts in CD34+CD38- fraction were estimated in each patient by combining 3 parameters of CD34 cell counts/mL of BM aspirates, proportion of CD38- fraction and percentage of Ph+ cells. Ph+CD34+CD38- cell counts siginificantly correlated with WBC count (r=0.365, p=0.021) and inversely with RBC count (r=-0.361, p=0.002), Hb (r=-0.409, p=0.009) and percentage of lymphocytes (r=-0.339, p=0.032). Between the 2 groups divided by the median cell counts (256/mL), there were significant differences in RBC (406.5 vs 472.0 x104/mL, p=0.005), Hb (11.8 vs 14.3 g/dL, p=0.004), Hct (39.0 vs 44.6 %, p=0.024). Although we could not find significant difference in molecular responses at any check points, patients with lower number of Ph+CD34+CD38- cells tend to achieve MR3.0 faster than those with higher number of cells (p=0.059) (Figure 1). When divided by the mean cell counts (578/mL), there was a significant difference in WBC count (94.45 vs 22.44 /mL, p=0.016). Conclusion: increased Ph+ stem cell burden apparently affects the level of leukocytosis and anemia at diagnosis, but not MR3.0/MR4.0 rate by 12 M on nilotinib, although it is likely to extend time to achieve MR3.0. Figure1. Time to achieve MR3.0 according to initial Ph+ stem cell burden Figure1. Time to achieve MR3.0 according to initial Ph+ stem cell burden Disclosures Nishiwaki: Novartis: Research Funding. Sugimoto:Novartis: Speakers Bureau. Shimizu:Novartis: Speakers Bureau. Wakita:Novartis: Speakers Bureau. Tojo:Novartis: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau.

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Chimwani, D. M., and D. P. Britt. "The efficacy of levamisole administered orally or parenterally against Heligmosomoides polygyrus in mice." Journal of Helminthology 60, no. 2 (1986): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00008324.

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ABSTRACTAlbion mice (Balb c/nut) experimentally infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus were treated with levamisole hydrochloride (‘Nemicide’—ICI Pharmaceutical PLC) by oral drenching or subcutaneous injection at 5, 10 and 20 mg kg −1. Faecal egg counts monitored for two three days after dosing and post-mortem worm counts were used to assess the efficacy of these treatments. The lowest dose rate gave poor clearance of adult worms but at 10 and 20 mg kg−1, 91 and 96% reduction in worm burden were achieved. Reduction in post-dosing faecal egg counts were variable. Neither method of administration offered particular advantage in terms of efficacy. Faecal egg count data gave inconsistent differences and at necropsy, worm counts were lower in mice dosed orally but not significantly so.

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Bailey, Pamela, and Christopher Doern. "1679. Brucellosis in rural Narok County, Kenya: A Retrospective Review." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (2019): S614—S615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1543.

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Abstract Background It is well-documented that the country of Kenya is confronted with a heavy burden of brucellosis, presumably related to consumption of unboiled or fermented milk products (maziwa lala). As a developing country, epidemiologic data defining the prevalence of brucellosis is incomplete and particularly lacking in rural areas of the country. The objective of this study was to establish the rate of brucellosis in patients seen in a rural health clinic in Narok County, an area which has not been previously studied. Methods This study was performed at the Ewaso Ngiro Health Center, Narok County, Kenya, which serves a catchment area of 6,573 citizens. A retrospective chart review was conducted for 241 patients seen in December 2018 for acute visits. Medical records were reviewed for evidence of joint pain and other symptoms of brucellosis at the time of presentation and for brucellosis antigen testing results. Results Of the 241 patient charts reviewed, 78 (71 adult, 7 pediatric) patients had joint pain. Of the 71 adult patients, 21 were male and 49 were female (1 with no gender recorded). 50 patients had Brucella testing performed via serum agglutination, and yielded 14 positive results (13 adult, 1 pediatric). Confirmed brucellosis accounted for 5.8% of all acute visits in December 2018, and 26% of patients presenting with joint pain. In patients with confirmed brucellosis, the average age was 50.2 years (ranging 15–80). There were 8 female cases, 5 male, 1 with gender not recorded. Generalized joint pain was the most common complaint (n = 14), followed by back (n = 6), knee (n = 1), and neck pain (n = 1). Conclusion The prevalence of Brucella disease in rural areas of Kenya, specifically Narok County, is not well studied. This study provides insight into the prevalence of brucellosis and shows that over 25% of patients presenting with joint pain, have brucellosis. Furthermore, 5.8% of all patients seen at the Ewaso Ngiro Health Center during the study period had brucellosis and the overall prevalence of disease in patients who were tested specifically for brucellosis (n = 50), was 28%. This study provides preliminary evidence of a heavy burden of Brucella disease in Narok County and suggests that a follow-up study in this area is warranted to be defined the true prevalence of disease over a longer time frame. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Khajedaluee, Mohammad, Maliheh Dadgarmoghaddam, Reza Saeedi, Zahra Izadi-Mood, and Maryam Abrishami. "The Burden of Diabetes in a Developing Country." Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 04, no. 04 (2014): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojpm.2014.44023.

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Heckscher, Stevens, James F. Thorne, Mike Bertram, and Michael Ward. "Plant Communities of the Burden Hill Forest, Salem County, New Jersey." Northeastern Naturalist 17, no. 1 (2010): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/045.017.0104.

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Nathens, Avery, Gregory Jurkovich, Frederick Rivara, and Ronald Maier. "The trauma patient in an urban county hospital: benefit or burden?" Journal of the American College of Surgeons 191, no. 4 (2000): S82—S83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1072-7515(00)00631-1.

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Blake, Sarah C., David H. Howard, Hilary Eiring, and Scott Tarde. "San Diego's Area Coordinator System: A Disaster Preparedness Model for US Nursing Homes." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 6, no. 4 (2012): 424–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/dmp.2012.65.

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ABSTRACTAlmost 2 million Americans rely on nursing homes for care, and many require daily or near daily contact with the health care system to remain alive and functional. In October 2007, Southern California experienced a series of wildfires that burned over 500 000 acres and caused 14 nursing homes to evacuate more than 1200 residents. In response to this event, nursing home administrators and officials from various health care and emergency management agencies in San Diego County collaborated to form a model for nursing home emergency preparedness. This report describes the model, known as the area coordinator system, and discusses its strengths and limitations, and whether it ought to be replicated in other areas of the country.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2012;6:424-427)

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Ghiţă, Raluca, Ştefan Gavriliu, Ileana Georgescu, et al. "Burnei’s „double X“ osteosynthesis in humeral supracondylar fractures in children." Romanian Medical Journal 63, no. 1 (2016): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rmj.2016.1.10.

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Pediatric Orthopaedics Group for Research and Study – 2012 has initiated this retrospective analysis because in Romania, but also in other countries, the therapy procedures, although in great number, do not provide practicing physicians with a clear orientation according to certain therapeutic criteria in the treatment of supracondylar fractures of the humerus. As a consequence, the number of complications and their severity have drawn attention over existing lack of knowledge in the medical or surgical act. To correct complications, valgus and varus elbow, Prof. Al. Pesamosca announced an original operation entitled „Personal method in correction of varus post-traumatic elbow“ in Bacau County Meeting of 24 June 1978. This operation was later popularized by Gh. Burnei & al. with surgical interventions in patients with varus or valgus post-traumatic elbow and then presented at several congresses in the country and abroad. The last work that addressed this subject was presented at the 29th Annual Congress of the European Pediatric Orthopedic Society (EPOS) from 7 to 10 April 2010, Zagreb, Croatia, and is entitled „Distal humeral Z-osteotomy for posttraumatic cubitus varus or valgus“ having authored by Gh. Burnei, Ileana Georgescu, Stefan Gavriliu, Costel Vlad and Daniela Dan. As members of this group, based on studies we made, we want to popularize a new type of osteosynthesis, which ensures a snug fit, avoids complications, and allows rapid recovery after surgery. The best approach to this kind of fractures is orthopedic and must be carried out urgently, in the first 6 hours by reduction and immobilization in a cast, or by closed or open reduction with fixation using multiple methods (Judet, Boehler, Kapandji, San Antonio, San Diego, double-X Burnei). Open treatment is necessary in supracondylar irreducible, reducible and unstable fractures, in supracondylar fractures occurring within multiple accidental trauma, in fractures with vascular complications, in unreasonably delayed, fractures, in orthopaedically managed fractures which have displaced under cast, or in surgically treated fractures where fixation is damaged. We use Burnei technique for about 10 years. Here in Romania, great work has been done in this field by Al. Pesamosca, D. Vereanu, Ionel Ionescu, N. Negus, Pompiliu Parota, T. Zamfir, Gh. Burnei, I. Hutanu, etc. Abroad, important papers on the treatment of supracondylar fractures of the humerus have been published by L. Böhler, A. Kapandji, K. Wilkins, D. Skaggs, E. Edomnds, E. Swanson, etc. Between October 2001 and October 2011 in „Alexandru Pesamosca“ Surgery Clinic, 56 cases have been resolved with the help of Burnei’s „double-x“ osteosynthesis. These patients were operated using Kocher type unique approach, the intervention beeing primarily aimed at providing osteosynthesis that is not followed by immobilization in a cast and also enabling mobilization 24 hours after surgery. Wires placed in „double-X“ should not sit olecranon fossa. Immobilization must be anatomical and olecranon fossa must be free. After surgical intervention, check elbow flexion and extension which should be normal, without providing crackles or limitations. This intervention was done in patients: having secondary displacement in plaster after 10 days of immobilization; with other types of damaged osteosynthesis; with polytrauma with supracondylar fracture; who neglected or unjustifiedly delayed fractures that were not orthopaedically reduced in emergency and had swelling and blistering. Using Burnei’s „double-X“ osteosynthesis in supracondylar humerus fractures, does not require cast immobilization. In oblique trajectory fractures, the stability of the fracture by reduction, with or without wiring, is ensured more difficultly and often followed by joint stiffness and/or ulnar nerve paresis. Burnei’s „double-X“ osteosynthesis provides stability to such fractures and avoids complications. Mobilization of the elbow may begin immediately after surgery. The process provides comfort to the patient and doctor and if multiple injuries require repeated exams, preferred positions or care of extensive lesions of the skin.

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Lieberman, Judy, Paul R. Skolnik, G. Robert Parkerson, et al. "Safety of Autologous, Ex Vivo-Expanded Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Infusion in HIV-Infected Patients." Blood 90, no. 6 (1997): 2196–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v90.6.2196.

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Abstract We infused six human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive subjects with autologous CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) enriched for HIV-specific cytotoxicity targeted against a diversity of HIV epitopes in gp120, gag p17 and p24, and nef. There was no toxicity and no subject deteriorated clinically. In the first 2 weeks, CD4 counts increased for all subjects and plasma viremia decreased in five of six subjects. Twenty-four weeks later, the mean values of all measures of viral burden and surrogate markers of HIV infection were either unchanged or improved, but none of the changes was statistically significant. Two subjects continued to have decreased cell-associated viral burden and another subject had more than doubled CD4 cell count. HIV-specific CTL activity increased in most subjects. The increase in CD4 T-cell counts in the first weeks after the infusion suggests that antiviral CTLs of diverse specificities do not play a significant role in CD4 T-cell decline. The lack of any acute toxicity or adverse effect on viral burden suggests that therapy with antiviral CTLs deserves further study.

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Lieberman, Judy, Paul R. Skolnik, G. Robert Parkerson, et al. "Safety of Autologous, Ex Vivo-Expanded Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Infusion in HIV-Infected Patients." Blood 90, no. 6 (1997): 2196–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v90.6.2196.2196_2196_2206.

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We infused six human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive subjects with autologous CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) enriched for HIV-specific cytotoxicity targeted against a diversity of HIV epitopes in gp120, gag p17 and p24, and nef. There was no toxicity and no subject deteriorated clinically. In the first 2 weeks, CD4 counts increased for all subjects and plasma viremia decreased in five of six subjects. Twenty-four weeks later, the mean values of all measures of viral burden and surrogate markers of HIV infection were either unchanged or improved, but none of the changes was statistically significant. Two subjects continued to have decreased cell-associated viral burden and another subject had more than doubled CD4 cell count. HIV-specific CTL activity increased in most subjects. The increase in CD4 T-cell counts in the first weeks after the infusion suggests that antiviral CTLs of diverse specificities do not play a significant role in CD4 T-cell decline. The lack of any acute toxicity or adverse effect on viral burden suggests that therapy with antiviral CTLs deserves further study.

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Ahuja Parikh, Divya, Meera Vimala Ragavan, Debeshi Maitra, Sangeeta Aggarwal, and Manali I. Patel. "Financial toxicity of cancer treatment at a diverse county hospital." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 30_suppl (2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.30_suppl.76.

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76 Background: The rising costs of cancer care increasingly results in financial distress for patients and their families. Low-income patients face a greater burden of financial toxicity, but few studies have characterized what factors contribute to this, and what interventions can relieve toxicity. Methods: From October 2017 to December 2017, we used a validated COST survey tool to understand the extent of financial burden that patients with cancer experience. We surveyed patients who receive their oncology care in a medical system that serves predominantly minority and low-income patients in Santa Clara County. We collected demographic information including sex, education level, ethnicity, income, insurance status, monthly out of pocket costs (OOPC) and employment status prior to diagnosis. We used a multivariable linear regression to study the association between the patient factors and financial burden as demonstrated by the COST score. All data were analyzed using Stata 14. Results: Demographic information is presented in Table 1. A total of 152 patients completed all 11 items of the COST survey. In the multivariate model, there was no significant difference in COST score by sex, education level, or ethnicity. However, income ≤$25,000 was associated with higher COST scores (p = 0.019), as was higher monthly OOPC (p = 0.003). Medicare patients and patients who were employed prior to diagnosis tended to have higher COST scores although not quite statistically significant (p = 0.057, p = 0.083). Conclusions: Patient-reported financial toxicity is an unmet concern among patients in this single institution study with a high proportion of underinsured patients. Higher OOPC and low income was associated with a higher financial burden. These findings suggest that patients would benefit from targeted interventions to mediate out of pocket costs of cancer care.[Table: see text]

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Guo, Feng, Xiaojin Wang, Jingning Huan, et al. "Association of platelet counts decline and mortality in severely burnt patients." Journal of Critical Care 27, no. 5 (2012): 529.e1–529.e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.12.006.

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Latifi, Noor-Ahmad, Hamid Karimi, Seyed Abbas Motevalian, and Mahnoush Momeni. "Economical Burden of Burn Injuries in a Developing Country." Journal of Burn Care & Research 38, no. 6 (2017): e900-e905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bcr.0000000000000515.

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Cogo, Haude, Marion Caseris, Noémie Lachaume, Aurélie Cointe, Albert Faye, and Virginie Pommelet. "Tuberculosis in Children Hospitalized in a Low-burden Country." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 40, no. 3 (2021): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000002990.

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Agot, George N., Marshal M. Mweu, and Joseph K. Wang'ombe. "Risk factors for major external structural birth defects among children in Kiambu County, Kenya: a case-control study." F1000Research 10 (April 30, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.50738.2.

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Background: Although major external structural birth defects continue to occur globally, the greatest burden is shouldered by resource-constrained countries with no surveillance systems. To our knowledge, many studies have been published on risk factors for major external structural birth defects, however, limited studies have been published in developing countries. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for major external structural birth defects among children in Kiambu County, Kenya. Methods: A hospital-based case-control study was used to identify the risk factors for major external structural birth defects. A structured questionnaire was used to gather information retrospectively on maternal exposure to environmental teratogens, multifactorial inheritance, and sociodemographic-environmental factors during the study participants' last pregnancies. Descriptive analyses (means, standard deviations, medians, and ranges) were used to summarize continuous variables, whereas categorical variables were summarized as proportions and percentages in frequency tables. Afterward, logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the effects of the predictors on the odds of major external structural birth defects in the country. Results: Women who conceived when residing in Ruiru sub-county (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 5.28; 95% CI: 1.68-16.58; P<0.01), and Thika sub-county (aOR: 0.27; 95% CI; 0.076-0.95; P =0.04); and preceding siblings with history of birth defects (aOR: 7.65; 95% CI; 1.46-40.01; P =0.02) were identified as the significant predictors of major external structural birth defects in the county. Conclusions: These findings pointed to MESBDs of genetic, multifactorial inheritance, and sociodemographic-environmental etiology. Thus, we recommend regional defect-specific surveillance programs, public health preventive measures, and treatment strategies to understand the epidemiology and economic burden of these defects in Kenya. We specifically recommend the integration of clinical genetic services with routine reproductive health services because of potential maternal genetic predisposition in the region.

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Akpalu, Yao, Ibraheem Karaye, Julie Anderson, Osaro Mgbere, and Jennifer A. Horney. "Demographic Determinants of Influenza Vaccination and Infection, Brazos County, Texas, 2017." Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment 12 (January 2019): 117863371986381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178633719863815.

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Background: Seasonal influenza constitutes an enormous public health burden. The 2017-2018 influenza season was the most severe since the 2009 novel Influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. The State of Texas, like other states, experienced unusually high and persistent influenza activity. Methods: Data on confirmed cases of influenza and influenza-like illness (ILI) in Brazos County during December 2017 were collected by the Brazos County Health Department (BCHD) from medical records. Records of vaccine administered between January 1 and December 31, 2017 were collected from vaccination providers. The total number of influenza cases for 2017 was compiled from regular weekly influenza counts reported to BCHD by healthcare providers. Results: A total of 1651 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza were reported in Brazos County residents in December 2017, 10 times more than that reported in December 2016. The highest rates of infection were in 2 ZIP codes where vaccination rates were also high. A total of 16 027 influenza vaccinations were given to individuals reporting a residential address in Brazos County in 2017. Vaccination coverage was lowest among adults aged 18 to 49, whereas those aged 65 or older and Hispanics were most likely to be hospitalized. Discussion: Overall, vaccination coverage in Brazos County, Texas is low, less than half of the Healthy People 2020 target. The development of health education materials and an increased use of social media, local television and radio, and communication methods that can reach parents, younger adults, and Hispanic residents are needed.

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Salinas, Jennifer J., Manasi Shah, Bassent Abdelbary, Jennifer L. Gay, and Ken Sexton. "Application of a Novel Method for Assessing Cumulative Risk Burden by County." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9, no. 5 (2012): 1820–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9051820.

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36

Kapil, Sasha, S. Kapil, N. Manley, et al. "Number of Long Term Care Beds by County Correlates with Caregiver Burden." Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 19, no. 3 (2018): B28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.12.085.

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Chirilă, S., S. Rugină, and V. Broască. "Neoplastic Diseases Incidence in Constanta County During 2007 – 2012." ARS Medica Tomitana 20, no. 4 (2014): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arsm-2015-0008.

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Abstract According to the reports provided by the World Health Organization, cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Recognised methods for reducing the burden of cancers are screening for early detection followed by proper treatment. We studied the cancer incidence during 2007 - 2012 for the population in Constanta County. The main results support the importance of wide screening programs in early detection of neoplastic diseases, especially for elder and lower access to medical services populations, such as people from rural areas.

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Lewison, Grant, Richard Sullivan, and Cengiz Kiliç. "Mental health disorders research in the countries of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), 2008–17, and the disease burden: Bibliometric study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (2021): e0250414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250414.

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The 57 countries of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation are suffering from an increasing burden from mental health disorders. We investigated their research outputs during 2008–17 in the Web of Science in order to compare them with the burden from different mental health disorders and in different countries. The papers were identified with a complex filter based on title words and journals. Their addresses were parsed to give fractional country counts, show international collaboration, and also reveal country concentration on individual disorders and types of research. We found 17,920 papers in the decade, with output quadrupling. Foreign contributions accounted for 15% of addresses; they were from Europe (7%), Canada + USA (5%) and elsewhere (3%). They were much greater for Qatar and Uganda (> 60%), but less than 10% for Iran and Turkey. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder were over-researched, but suicide and self-harm were seriously neglected, relative to their mental health disorder burdens. Although OIC research has been expanding rapidly, some countries have published little on this subject, perhaps because of stigma. Turkey collaborates relatively little internationally and as a result its papers received few citations. Among the large OIC countries, it has almost the highest relative mental health disorders burden, which is also growing rapidly.

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Sithithaworn, P., S. Tesana, V. Pipitgool, et al. "Relationship between faecal egg count and worm burden of Opisthorchis viverrini in human autopsy cases." Parasitology 102, no. 2 (1991): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000062594.

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SUMMARYThe relationship between faecal examination for egg output and worm burden of Opisthorchis viverrini in man of 181 autopsy cases from Northeast Thailand is described. Diagnosis of the parasite infection by stool examination for the presence of eggs was less sensitive than the worm recovery technique. Using Stoll's dilution and formalin–ether technique, no eggs were detected in the faeces of 20 cases harbouring low worm burdens (< 20 worms). The quantitative faecal egg count by Stoll's dilution technique showed a strikingly close positive correlation with the number of worms recovered (r = 0·96, P < 0·001) indicating a strong linear association between eggs per gram of faeces (epg) and worm burden. The number of epg per worm was inversely correlated to the worm burden (P < 0·001), suggesting that density-dependent constraints on fecundity could operate to restrict egg output in heavy infections. The accuracy of egg counts for estimating worm burden and its relevance to parasite epidemiological research are discussed.

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BISHOP, S. C., and M. J. STEAR. "The use of a gamma-type function to assess the relationship between the number of adult Teladorsagia circumcincta and total egg output." Parasitology 121, no. 4 (2000): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182099006526.

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The relationship between faecal nematode egg count and the number of adult Telordasagia circumcincta was examined in 508 naturally infected lambs at 6–7 months of age. The relationship was found to be convex and was empirically described by a gamma-type function of the form y = anb e−cn, where n is the number of adult nematodes present and y is the number of nematode eggs per gramme (epg) of faeces. This equation predicted that the peak expected egg count (277 epg) would occur at a worm burden of 2167 adult worms. The absence of a linear relationship between egg counts and worm numbers is consistent with the existence of severe density-dependent constraints on the fecundity of T. circumcincta.

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41

Kafle, Shristi, Erika Shrestha, and Sanjay Yadav. "Evaluation of Serum C-Reactive Protein, Plasma Fibrinogen, and Blood Leukocytes in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis." Journal of Nepalese Society of Periodontology and Oral Implantology 5, no. 1 (2021): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnspoi.v5i1.38177.

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Introduction: Periodontal health is crucial and indispensable element of general health. Epidemiologically, it has been linked with cardiovascular diseases with elevated acute phase reactant C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and rheological variables such as total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte counts, which are potential predictors of cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To evaluate and compare cardiovascular disease-related biochemical markers in periodontally healthy subjects, and patients with moderate and severe chronic periodontitis. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in patients attending Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Chitwan Medical College and Teaching hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal from September 2019 to January 2021. A total of 81 individuals of both gender of which 27 periodontally healthy individuals, 27 diagnosed with moderate and 27 diagnosed with severe periodontitis based on gingival index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level were enrolled in a study. After which, peripheral blood samples were drawn and serum C-reactive protein, plasma fibrinogen, total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte counts were quantified using the turbidimetric immunoassay. Convenience sampling technique was done. Data was analysed in SPSS v.26.0. Results: The mean serum levels of C-reactive protein, plasma fibrinogen, total leukocyte and differential leukocytes were found to be statistically (P value <0.001) higher in severe and moderate periodontitis subjects compared to periodontally healthy subjects. Conclusion: The increased levels of serum C-reactive protein, plasma fibrinogen, total leukocyte count, and differential leukocyte counts in chronic periodontitis contribute to the inflammatory burden of the individual potentially striking toward an increasing risk for cardiovascular events.

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Cibulskis, Richard E., David Bell, Eva-Maria Christophel, et al. "Estimating Trends in the Burden of Malaria at Country Level." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 77, no. 6_Suppl (2007): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.77.6.suppl.133.

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43

Green, Andrew. "Country in Focus: the growing burden of NCDs in Nigeria." Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 4, no. 1 (2016): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00485-4.

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Ken-Opurum, J., T. Fukuda, Y. Chen, Y. Gilliam, and A. Stankus. "PMH14 Uncovering the Hidden Burden of Depression: A Country Comparison." Value in Health Regional Issues 22 (September 2020): S64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vhri.2020.07.336.

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Singh, A., T. Devasia, Y. Rao, et al. "PCV25 DISEASE BURDEN OF HEART FAILURE IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY." Value in Health 22 (May 2019): S122—S123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2019.04.461.

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46

Kamper-Jørgensen, Zaza, Aase Bengaard Andersen, Axel Kok-Jensen, Ib Christian Bygbjerg, Vibeke Ostergaard Thomsen, and Troels Lillebaek. "Characteristics of non-clustered tuberculosis in a low burden country." Tuberculosis 92, no. 3 (2012): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tube.2012.02.001.

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47

Antola, Esko. "The burden of history: Finland as a status quo country." International Spectator 29, no. 4 (1994): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03932729408458070.

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48

SCHWARTZ, ZVI, and ELI COHEN. "Tipping and the Nation's Tax Burden: A Cross-Country Study." Anatolia 10, no. 2 (1999): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13032917.1999.9686976.

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49

Steer, Andrew C., Adam W. J. Jenney, Joseph Kado, et al. "High Burden of Impetigo and Scabies in a Tropical Country." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 3, no. 6 (2009): e467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000467.

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50

Alp, E., G. Kalin, R. Coskun, M. Sungur, M. Guven, and M. Doganay. "Economic burden of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a developing country." Journal of Hospital Infection 81, no. 2 (2012): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2012.03.006.

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