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1
Kitchin, Duncan. Post traumatic stress disorder and burnout: A general theory. Sheffield: University of Sheffield Management School, 1991.
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2
Gould, Stephen Jay. Time's arrow, time's cycle: Myth and metaphor in the discovery of geological time. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1987.
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3
Gould, Stephen Jay. Time's arrow, time's cycle: Myth and metaphor in the discovery of geological time. London: Penguin, 1988.
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5
1953-, Schaufeli Wilmar, Maslach Christina, and Marek Tadeusz, eds. Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1993.
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Professional Burnout: Recent Developments in Theory and Research. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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8
Nattkemper, Craig Ashley. THE APPLICATION OF TEMPERAMENT THEORY TO BURNOUT IN NURSING PERSONNEL OF TRAUMA CENTER EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS (MYERS-BRIGGS, PERSONALITY, STRESS). 1986.
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9
Selfcare For The Mental Health Practitioner The Theory Research And Practice Of Preventing And Addressing The Occupational Hazards Of The Profession. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2014.
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10
Harding, Nancy. Jacques-Marie-Èmile Lacan (1901–1981). Edited by Jenny Helin, Tor Hernes, Daniel Hjorth, and Robin Holt. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669356.013.0022.
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Jacques Lacan is a French psychoanalyst and philosopher who was both admired and loathed and regarded by some as a guru and by others as a charlatan. His work helps illuminate how the unconscious and the concept of organization are intertwined. By subjecting Sigmund Freud’s theories to an inspirational rereading, Lacan contributed in a major way to post-structuralist theory. Lacanian theory has emerged as a basis for interpreting various aspects of organizational life, from entrepreneurship and identity to power and resistance, embodied subjectivity, organizational burnout, and organizational dynamics. This chapter first provides a brief overview of Lacan’s life before discussing some of the major aspects of his work and their relevance to organization studies. It also examines Lacanian organization theory and how it is influenced by his notions of lack/desire/jouissance, focusing on the three registers of the Symbolic, Imaginary, and the Real.
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Lavery, Gavin G., and Linda-Jayne Mottram. Managing ICU staff welfare, morale, and burnout. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0019.
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Low morale, stress, and burnout are significant and under-recognized in critical care staff. The link between these conditions is complex and not fully only understood with burnout as a potential end result. Conflict and lack of clear protocols regarding end-of-life care appear to be particularly prone to generate stress and potentially burnout. We have little scientific basis to design interventions, but expert opinion suggests multiple approaches at individual, departmental, and organizational levels. Many are based on giving workers a degree of control and flexibility where possible, and a feeling that their contribution is valuable and valued. Engagement (with an organization and its aims) is now viewed as the antithesis of burnout and only staff who are engaged can deliver high quality care. It is increasingly recognized that organizations that actively manage staff welfare are more likely to provide care that is safe, effective, and patient-centred, and less likely to error and adverse events.
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Cherny, Nathan I., Batsheva Werman, and Michael Kearney. Burnout, compassion fatigue, and moral distress in palliative care. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0416.
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Clinicians involved in the provision of palliative care constantly confront professional, emotional, and organizational challenges. These challenges can make clinicians vulnerable to experiencing one or more of three well-described interrelated syndromes-burnout, compassion fatigue, and moral distress-each of which can lower the threshold for the development of the others. Burnout results from stresses that arise from the clinician’s interaction with the work environment, compassion fatigue evolves specifically from the relationship between the clinician and the patient, and moral distress is related to situation in which clinicians are asked to carry our acts that run contrary to their moral compass. Clinicians who care for dying patients are at risk of all of these and it is vital that palliative care clinicians are aware of these potential problems and with strategies to mitigate risks and to manage them when they present either in their own individual lives or in the work environment.
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Walsh, Richard A. When Less Is More. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0006.
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The natural history of PD produces a predominance of nonmotor complications in the later years that can often be more disabling than the motor complications due to their impact on quality of life. Quality of life is less impaired by motor symptoms than it is by cognitive impairment, hallucinations, autonomic involvement, and sleep disruption. Carer burden can be significant, and a shift of emphasis toward maximizing quality of life for patient and carer over the achievement of continuous dopaminergic stimulation is required. Recognition of the carer burden is an important facet of the palliative neurology consultation, which should target resources to limit carer burnout in recognition of their critical role.
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Krauter, Cheryl. We’re All in This Together. Edited by Cheryl Krauter. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190636364.003.0002.
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This chapter highlights and endorses a focus on continued progress in the area of integrative cancer care that assists the needs of the patients and also includes attention to the well-being of clinicians in cancer survivor care. Introducing a simple, relational structure that allows for both patients and clinicians to create a healing connection is one workable solution to the issues of quality survivorship care that can provide meaning and satisfaction to all concerned. The chapter provides evidence-based material on the vital importance of providing clinicians with meaningful support in their professional lives. It addresses their work–life balance and the importance of restoring their sense of personal meaning and quality of life to prevent burnout.
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Dias, Amit, Dilip Motghare, Daisy Acosta, Jacob Roy, A. T. Jotheeswaran, and Ralph N. Martins. Trials of interventions for people with dementia. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199680467.003.0012.
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There is very little awareness in LAMIC of people with dementia and the treatment gap ranges from 70%–90%. This chapter highlights the tremendous scope for well-designed RCTs to test innovative interventions that would be affordable and effective for the people with dementia and their families in low-resource settings. The Dementia Home Care Project demonstrates the process of developing and evaluating an intervention, to test the effectiveness of a flexible, stepped-care, psychosocial intervention, designed using locally available resources to help families of people with dementia. Non-specialist health workers were trained to deliver an intervention at the residence of the person with dementia in Goa, India. The trial concluded that locally available resources could be utilized to decrease the burden and burnout associated with caring for a person with dementia and should be integrated with primary health care in LAMIC to bridge the treatment gap for dementia.
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Cloud, Dana L. “The Feeble Strength of One”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036378.003.0007.
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The period after the 1995 strike was one during which management regrouped and the Boeing workforce settled in after their victory. To some extent, managerial and official union intimidation, along with the ongoing pressure on workers in the plants, can explain the difficulty that activists had in sustaining their reform organizations. This chapter describes how the activists themselves were caught up in the dilemmas of representation. Their commitment to democracy informed their critique from below of the discourse and practices of union leadership. Yet their taking on the tasks of leading a rank-and-file movement put them in a position to replicate, in form if not in goal, some of the habits they decried. In particular, focusing on getting elected to powerful union posts, making decisions on behalf of members of rank-and-file organizations, using top-down and double-edged legal tools to reform the official union, and decrying the passivity of the membership all contributed to the burnout and eventual retreat from dissident activity of many of the activists whose voices are chronicled here.
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Carse, Alisa, and Cynda Hylton Rushton. Moral Distress. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190619268.003.0003.
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Moral distress, a response to moral adversity that imperils integrity under conditions of constraint, has been studied for more than three decades. The context of clinical practice, the complexities of healthcare, clinicians’ roles, and broader society, alongside exponential advances in technology and treatment, create circumstances that regularly imperil integrity. These circumstances create the conditions for burnout, disengagement, and imperiled patient care. Specifically, they foster powerlessness, frustration, anger, diminished moral responsiveness, disillusionment, and shame. The cumulative dynamic of moral distress results in myriad detrimental consequences affecting the bodies, emotions, minds, and souls of clinicians. Transforming these experiences requires a shift in orientation toward restoring and preserving integrity by cultivating capacities of moral resilience and strategies to foster systemic ethical practice.
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Lim, Renee, and Stewart Dunn. Journeys to the centre of empathy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0002.
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As a species, we appear to be programmed to respond to the situations and emotions of others. However, there is wide variation in the ways doctors and other health professionals experience and express this capacity, and there is a need for effective training to enhance these skills. Unfortunately, systematic reviews suggest that many of our current training programmes do not improve the quality of communication in cancer and palliative care so as to limit the burden of professional burnout, and to improve patients’ mental or physical health and satisfaction. Our attempts to produce a generation of empathic clinical communicators are inconsistent and reviews of patient complaints reveal an increasing discontent with professional communication. So what is missing? How do we develop, sustain, and teach empathic communication? The answer, according to Lim and Dunn, is to shift the focus from empathy to authenticity.
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Winsley, Richard J. Overtraining syndrome. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0038.
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Prevalence rates of overreaching/overtraining syndrome in young athletes are ~30–35%, and burnout ~5–10%, indicating that a significant minority of young athletes are thus affected at some time during their sporting careers. Presenting symptoms vary considerably, most commonly including a sustained reduction or stagnation in performance, increased perception of effort during exercise, feelings of muscle heaviness, frequent upper respiratory tract infections, persistent muscle soreness, mood changes, sleep disturbance, and loss of appetite. Excessive training is not always the cause and both training and non-training stressors need to be considered as potential culprits. Power imbalances, single identity, early specialization, coach and/or parent pressure, conditional love, perfectionism, and entrapment may all help explain overtraining in childhood and adolescence. Screening and prevention strategies should take a holistic overview of the young athlete’s sporting environment in order that he/she continues to enjoy and develop in their chosen sport(s).
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Balboni, Michael J., and Tracy A. Balboni. Why Medicine Should Resist Immanence. Edited by Michael J. Balboni and Tracy A. Balboni. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199325764.003.0013.
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This chapter outlines four reasons why medicine should resist a spirituality of immanence as its chief love. First, this spirituality is incongruent with the beliefs of most American patients and their experience of serious illness. Second, a spirituality of immanence fails the test of religious pluralism, an essential characteristic of medicine in the twenty-first century. Third, this spirituality enables and encourages impersonal social forces, including bureaucracy, market forces, and the technological imperative, to affect how medicine is conceived, practiced, and experienced. Finally, immanence is creating a professional socialization with negative clinician outcomes, such as burnout. The argument especially focuses on the impact of immanence in creating conditions for impersonal medicine and its subsequent impact on clinician socialization. Apart from partnership with traditional religions, medicine is helpless to resist impersonal forces overtaking the patient–clinician relationship.
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Cheah, Joseph. Buddhism, Race, and Ethnicity. Edited by Michael Jerryson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199362387.013.16.
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This chapter argues that race and ethnicity have been central factors in the development of US Buddhism. It begins with a construction of North American convert Buddhism, whose antecedent goes back to a process of Orientalism initiated by Brian Houghton Hodgson, Eugene Burnouf, and other founding figures of Western Buddhism. Then it examines the term “ethnic Buddhist” as a problematic and unstable category, an assimilationist underpinning in the theories employed by many investigators of US Buddhism that treats ethnicity as an extension of race, the employment of racial formation theory in the study of US Buddhism, the limitation of totalizing teleology and the use of Gramscian theory to transcend the limits of teleology, and the pivotal role that human agency has played in the adaptation of Buddhist practices and beliefs by Asian immigrant Buddhists to the US context.
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Gasperini, Valentina. Tomb Robberies at the End of the New Kingdom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818786.001.0001.
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At the end of the 19th century W.M.F. Petrie excavated a series of assemblages at the New Kingdom Fayum site of Gurob. These deposits, known in the Egyptological literature as 'Burnt Groups', were composed by several and varied materials (mainly Egyptian and imported pottery, faience, stone and wood vessels, jewellery), all deliberately burnt and buried in the harem palace area of the settlement. Since their discovery these deposits have been considered peculiar and unparalleled. Many scholars were challenged by them and different theories were formulated to explain these enigmatic 'Burnt Groups'. The materials excavated from these assemblages are now curated at several Museum collections across England: Ashmolean Museum, British Museum, Manchester Museum, and Petrie Museum. For the first time since their discovery, this book presents these materials all together. Gasperini has studied and visually analysed all the items. This research sheds new light on the chronology of deposition of these assemblages, additionally a new interpretation of their nature, primary deposition, and function is presented in the conclusive chapter. The current study also gives new information on the abandonment of the Gurob settlement and adds new social perspective on a crucial phase of the ancient Egyptian history: the transition between the late New Kingdom and the early Third Intermediate Period. Beside the traditional archaeological sources, literary evidence ('The Great Tomb Robberies Papyri') is taken into account to formulate a new theory on the deposition of these assemblages.
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McBurney, John W., Ilene S. Ruhoy, and Andrew T. Weil, eds. Integrative Neurology. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190051617.001.0001.
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Over the past decade, there has been increasing interest in alternative methods of treatment for many diseases. Physicians have recognized the limitations in the conventional use of pharmaceuticals and surgical intervention. Integrative approaches to patient care combine evidence-based conventional care with the best of evidence-based alternative care. Neurologists, in particular, manage many patients who have difficult-to-treat symptoms and disorders and can greatly benefit from integrative medicine. Many neurologists in practice have been incorporating alternative means of treatment in conjunction with current standards of care and experiencing improved patient response and satisfaction. This text covers some of the more commonly seen disease states in neurology and discusses integrative approaches to treatment and management. It also addresses the importance of self-care for the neurologist as stress and burnout are problematic for neurologists, further impairing patient care and the critical patient–doctor relationship.
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Murray, Shannon. Bunyan for Children. Edited by Michael Davies and W. R. Owens. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199581306.013.41.
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Bunyan had a profound if largely accidental influence on English children’s literature. He wrote a collection of poems for children, but it was The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678; 1684) that became a staple of the nursery shelf, adopted by children who seem to have read it more for the adventure than for the theology. Editions aimed specifically for that audience followed, and these often radically adapted Bunyan’s language, theology, and subject matter. So ubiquitous was The Pilgrim’s Progress that children’s writers such as Louisa May Alcott, Francis Hodgson Burnett, and L. M. Montgomery could assume that their readers would know Bunyan’s allegory and so could use it as a significant subtext for their own novels. While the variety and number of books for children in the twentieth century means that The Pilgrim’s Progress was read less often, there are still many versions for young readers, including pop-up books and graphic novels.
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Gould, Stephen Jay. Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle: Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery of Geological Time (The Jerusalem-Harvard Lectures). Harvard University Press, 1988.
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26
Rosenberg, Joseph Elkanah. Wastepaper Modernism. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852445.001.0001.
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At the same time that writers were becoming infatuated with new technologies like the cinema and the radio, they were also being haunted by their own pages. From Henry James’s fascination with burnt manuscripts to destroyed books in the fiction of the Blitz, from junk mail in the work of Elizabeth Bowen to bureaucratic paperwork in Vladimir Nabokov, modern fiction is littered with images of tattered and useless paper that reveal an increasingly uneasy relationship between literature and its own materials over the course of the twentieth century. Wastepaper Modernism argues that these images are vital to our understanding of modernism, disclosing an anxiety about textual matter that lurks behind the desire for radically different modes of communication. Having its roots in the late nineteenth century, but finding its fullest constellation in the wake of the high modernist experimentation with novelistic form, “wastepaper modernism” arises when fiction imagines its own processes of transmission and representation breaking down. When the descriptive capabilities of the novel exhaust themselves, the wastepaper modernists picture instead the physical decay of the book’s own primary matter. Bringing together book history and media theory with detailed close reading, Wastepaper Modernism reveals modernist literature’s dark sense of itself as a ruin in the making.
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Wong, Agnes M. F. The Art and Science of Compassion, A Primer. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197551387.001.0001.
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The Art and Science of Compassion, A Primer is designed as a short, “all-in-one,” introductory text that covers the full gamut of compassion, from the evolutional, biological, behavioural, and psychological, to the social, philosophical, and spiritual. Written with busy trainees, clinicians, and educators in mind, it aims to address the following questions: What is compassion? Is it innate or a trainable skill? What do different scientific disciplines, including neuroscience, tell us about compassion? Why is “compassion fatigue” a misnomer? What are the obstacles to compassion? Why are burnout, moral suffering, and bullying so rampant in healthcare? And, finally, what does it take to cultivate compassion? Drawing on her diverse background as a clinician, scientist, educator, and chaplain, Dr. Wong presents a wealth of scientific evidence supporting that compassion is both innate and trainable. By interleaving personal experiences and reflections, she shares her insights on what it takes to cultivate compassion to support the art of medicine and caregiving. The training described draws on both contemplative and scientific disciplines to help clinicians develop cognitive, attentional, affective, and somatic skills that are critical for the cultivation of compassion. Compassion not only benefits the recipients, produces better patient care, and improves the healthcare system, but it is also a boundless source of energy, resilience, and wellness for the givers. With striking illustrations for key concepts and a concise summary for each chapter, this book provides a solid conceptual framework and practical approaches to cultivate compassion. It serves to complement the experiential component of compassion that the readers are strongly encouraged to develop and practise in their daily lives.
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Kapitaniak, Pierre. Staging Devils and Witches: Had Shakespeare Read Reginald Scot’s The Discoverie of Witchcraft? Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427814.003.0003.
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Pierre Kapitaniak follows up on Laroque’s study by turning to witchcraft and demonology. Doing so, he examines the tenuous line distinguishing superstition from science, and analyses the staging of devils and witches in Shakespeare’s drama. Despite legends about King James I ordering it to be burnt, Reginald Scot’s The Discoverie of Witchcraft, was an ongoing success from the moment it was published, more often meeting with approval than with condemnation. Among those who approved of Scot’s ideas and who plundered them eagerly, were several generations of London playwrights. In The Discoverie of Witchcraft they found the buds of inspiration for all their supernatural figures that became so successful on Elizabethan and Jacobean stages, and one can only wonder whether the slow evolution from the usual supernatural paraphernalia (ghosts, demons, witches and wizards) towards more and more unbelievable figures, is not due to Scot’s widespread influence. Kapitaniak thus tries to reassess whether undisputable traces of Scot’s treatise can be found and ascertained in Shakespeare’s plays, and if his findings yield no easy conclusion, they offer fascinating hypotheses.
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Paul, Drew. Israel/Palestine. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474456128.001.0001.
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Since the early 1990s, Israel has greatly expanded a system checkpoints, walls and other barriers in the West Bank and Gaza that restrict Palestinian mobility. As a result, such border spaces have become ubiquitous elements of everyday life, with profound political, socio-cultural, and economic effects. Israel/Palestine examines how authors and filmmakers in the West Bank, Gaza, and Israel have grappled with the spread and impact of these borders in the period since the Oslo Accords of 1994. Focusing on novels by Raba’i al-Madhoun, Ghassan Kanafani, Sami Michael and Sayed Kashua, and films by Elia Suleiman, Simon Bitton, Emad Burnat, and Guy Davidi, Israel/Palestine traces how political engagement in literature and film has shifted away from previously common paradigms of resistance and coexistence. Instead, it has become reorganised around these now ubiquitous physical barriers. Using strategies of narrative fragmentation, multivocality, metafiction, fantasy, and silence to depict the effects of these borders, authors and filmmakers interrogate the notion that such spaces are impenetrable and unbreakable by revealing their deceptive and illusive qualities. In doing so, they also imagine distinct forms of protest, and redefine the relationship between cultural production and political engagement.
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Whitehouse, Tessa, and N. H. Keeble, eds. Textual Transformations. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808817.001.0001.
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This collection of twelve original essays by an international team of eminent scholars in the field of book history explores the many ways in which early modern books were subject to reworking, re-presentation, revision and reinterpretation. Their history is often the history of multiple, sometimes competing, agencies as their texts were re-packaged, redirected and transformed in ways that their original authors might hardly recognize. The essays discuss the processes of editing, revision, redaction, selection, abridgement, glossing, disputation, translation and posthumous publication that resulted in a textual elasticity and mobility that could dissolve distinctions between text and paratexts, textuality and intertextuality, manuscript and print, author and reader or editor, such that title and author’s name are no longer sufficient pointers to a book’s identity or contents. The essays are alive to the impact of commercial and technological aspects of book production and distribution (discussing, for example, the career of the pre-eminent bookseller John Nourse, the market appeal of abridgements, and the financial incentives to posthumous publication), but their interest is also in the many additional forms of agency that shaped texts and their meanings as books were repurposed to articulate, and respond to, a variety of cultural and individual needs. They engage with early modern religious, political, philosophical and scholarly trends and debates as they discuss a wide range of genres and kinds of publication (including fictional and non-fictional prose, verse miscellanies, abridgements, sermons, religious controversy) and of authors and booksellers (including Lucy Hutchinson, Richard Baxter, Thomas Burnet, Elizabeth Rowe, John Dryden, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lucy Hutchinson, Henry Maundrell, John Nourse; Jonathan Swift, Samuel Richardson, John Tillotson, Isaac Watts and John Wesley).
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Hansen, Christine, and Tom Griffiths. Living with Fire. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643104808.
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Within the Yarra River catchment area nestles the valley of Steels Creek, a small shallow basin in the lee of Kinglake plateau and the Great Dividing Range. The escarpment walls of the range drop in a series of ridges to the valley and form the south-eastern boundary of the Kinglake National Park. The gentle undulations that flow out from the valley stretch into the productive and picturesque landscape of Victoria’s famous wine growing district, the Yarra Valley.
Late on the afternoon of 7 February 2009, the day that came to be known as Black Saturday, the Kinglake plateau carried a massive conflagration down the fringing ranges into the Steels Creek community. Ten people perished and 67 dwellings were razed in the firestorm. In the wake of the fires, the devastated residents of the valley began the long task of grieving, repairing, rebuilding or moving on while redefining themselves and their community.
In Living with Fire, historians Tom Griffiths and Christine Hansen trace both the history of fire in the region and the human history of the Steels Creek valley in a series of essays which examine the relationship between people and place. These essays are interspersed with four interludes compiled from material produced by the community. In the immediate aftermath of the fire many people sought to express their grief, shock, sadness and relief in artwork. Some painted or wrote poetry, while others collected the burnt remains of past treasures from which they made new objects. These expressions, supplemented by historical archives and the essays they stand beside, offer a sensory and holistic window into the community’s contemporary and historical experiences.
A deeply moving book, Living with Fire brings to life the stories of one community’s experience with fire, offering a way to understand the past, and in doing so, prepare for the future.
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Broad, Jacqueline, ed. Women Philosophers of Seventeenth-Century England. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673321.001.0001.
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This volume is an edited collection of private letters and published epistles to and from English women philosophers of the early modern period (c. 1650–1700). It includes the letters and epistles of Margaret Cavendish, Anne Conway, Damaris Cudworth Masham, and Elizabeth Berkeley Burnet. These women were the correspondents of some of the best-known intellectuals of the period, including Constantijn Huygens, Walter Charleton, Henry More, Joseph Glanvill, John Locke, Jean Le Clerc, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Their epistolary exchanges range over a wide variety of philosophical subjects, from religion, moral theology, and ethics to epistemology, metaphysics, and natural philosophy. The volume includes a main introduction by the editor, which explains the significance of the letters and epistles with respect to early modern scholarship and the study of women philosophers. It is argued that this selection of texts demonstrates the intensely collaborative and gender-inclusive nature of philosophical discussion in this period. To help situate each woman’s thought in its historical-intellectual context, the volume also includes original introductory essays for each principal figure, showing how her correspondences contributed to the formation of her own views as well as those of her better-known male contemporaries. The text also provides detailed scholarly annotations, explaining obscure philosophical ideas and archaic words and phrases in the letters and epistles. Among its critical apparatus, the volume also includes a note on the texts, a bibliography, and an index.