Journal articles: 'Burnt brick'

1

Maroušková, Aneta, and Jan Kubát. "SOLID BURNT BRICKS’ TENSILE STRENGTH." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 13 (November 13, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2017.13.0075.

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This paper deals with experimental testing of solid burnt bricks and mortar in pure (axial) tension. The obtained working diagrams will be further use for a detailed numerical analysis of whole brick masonry column under concentric compressive load. Failure mechanism of compressed brick masonry column is characterized by the appearance and development of vertical tensile cracks in masonry units (bricks) passing in the direction of principal stresses and is accompanied by progressive growth of horizontal deformations. These cracks are caused by contraction and interaction between two materials with different mechanical characteristics (brick and mortar). The aim of this paper is more precisely describe the response of quasi-brittle materials to uniaxial loading in tension (for now only the results from three point bending test are available). For these reasons, bricks and mortar tensile behavior is experimentally tested and the obtained results are discussed.

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Baiden, Bernard K., Kofi Agyekum, and Joseph K. Ofori-Kuragu. "Perceptions on Barriers to the Use of Burnt Clay Bricks for Housing Construction." Journal of Construction Engineering 2014 (July 21, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/502961.

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Burnt clay bricks can be readily manufactured in Ghana as all ten regions have significant clay deposits with the Ashanti region having the highest estimated deposit of 37.1 million metric tonnes. In recent times, burnt clay bricks have been regarded as old fashioned and replaced by other perceived modern walling units within Kumasi, the metropolitan capital of Ashanti Region, despite its availability, unique advantages (aesthetics, low maintenance cost, etc.), and structural and nonstructural properties. This study involved a questionnaire survey of 85 respondents made up of architects, brick manufacturing firms, and brick house owners or occupants in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana and sought to examine their perceptions on barriers to the use of burnt clay bricks for housing construction. The findings revealed that the key factors inhibiting the use of burnt clay bricks for housing construction are low material demand, excessive cost implications, inappropriate use in construction, noncompatibility of burnt clay bricks with other materials, unreliable production, and transportation problems. The findings however provide a platform for stakeholders to address the barriers to enable the extensive use of clay bricks in housing constructions.

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Rahman, MK, M. Eunuch, GM Fazlul Haque, HR Khan, and AJM Abdur Rouf. "Nutrient losses of agricultural land due to brick manufacturing in the central region of Bangladesh." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 24, no. 1 (January 15, 2015): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v24i1.46308.

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Nutrient losses due to brick production were evaluated at 50 Upazilas in nine districts of the central region of Bangladesh. The average land area occupied by a brick kiln was 0.59 ha. Water‐ extractable N, P, K and S, and total N, P, K and S decreased by 67, 60, 62, 53, 67, 67, 87 and 33% in burnt bricks compared to unburnt one, respectively. Permanent loss of huge quantity of plant nutrients is occurring due to brick manufacturing every year in Bangladesh. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 24(1): 53-57, 2015 (January)

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Dai, De Wei, Chun Ping Li, and Li Mei Ren. "Technology of Non-Burned Brick Using Heavy Metal Polluted Soil and Solidification of Heavy Metal." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 2709–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.2709.

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Ten sets of experiments were designed to process non-burnt bricks by adding different proportion of cement as binder and 10% of carbide slag as activator into heavy metal polluted soil. The results showed that: compressive strength at 3d, 7d and 28d of non-burnt bricks compound by T2 were the highest with 10.552MPa, 19.291 MPa and 20.135 MPa respectively, achieving the high quality standard brick. Besides, leaching concentration of heavy metals were lower than that of GB3838-2002 "environmental quality standard for surface water" in V water requirements; heavy metals Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd mostly exist in the organic and residual fraction with 97.88%90.31%97.44% and 98.92% of the total fraction, respectively.

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Islam, Md Jahidul, Jesika Rahman, Sadia Nawshin, and Mohammad M. Islam. "Comparative Study of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Machine and Manually Crushed Brick Aggregate Concrete." MIST INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 8 (July 21, 2020): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.47981/j.mijst.08(01)2020.188(01-09).

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With technological advancement on the rise, manual crushing of bricks is gradually being replaced by machine crushing to obtain coarse aggregates for construction. However, properties of the brick aggregates obtained from these two methods vary which in turn, may affect the properties of the concrete matrix as well. This study represents a comparison between the machine crushed and manually crushed brick aggregates to be used as coarse aggregates in preparation of concrete. Four types of bricks, namely first class, second class, picket (over burnt) and ceramic were investigated, and each was crushed both manually and mechanically to a usable form of aggregates. The physical and mechanical properties of the brick aggregates derived from the two methods were tested and compared. In all types of brick, aggregates size, shape and strength properties such as flakiness and elongation indices, aggregate impact and crushing values and Los Angeles abrasion value showed lower values for manually crushed aggregate indicating better properties compare to machine crushed aggregates. This was evident while comparing compressive and tensile strength of concrete prepared with both manually and machine crushed first class and picket brick aggregates. Concrete with manually crushed brick aggregates showed marginally higher compressive and tensile strength in both types of brick aggregates.

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Ibrahim, A. A., and A. A. Adedeji. "Internal Microclimate: Cumulative Exergy Consumption in a Sandcrete and a Burnt Brick- Walled Structure." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 17, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v17i1.9.

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Current practices of planning and designing of buildings in Nigeria do not consider the thermal comfort, the building energy and exergy demand. There is a need for better understanding of exergy analysis to improve the quality match between building energy demand and supply. The aim of this study is to estimate the exergy consumption value for a hollow sandcrete and a burnt brick-walled structure in a tropical sub-region. The properties of the building were assessed, eQuest software was used to estimate the energy demand of the respective buildings and the exergy analysis was conducted using the exergetic factor of electricity. The cumulative exergy consumptions of the existing sandcrete-walled building, the modelled sandcrete and the burnt brick-walled building were found to be 246,074.4 MJ/year, 128,646 MJ/year, and 128,595.6 MJ/year respectively. The modelled sandcrete-walled building, as well as the burnt brick-walled building, were found to be 48% more energy efficient than the existingbuilding as a result of improving the airtightness of the building, reducing the solar heat gain, and utilizing extremely efficient systems. However, the exergy analysis suggested that the hollow burnt brick-walled building perform better than the hollow sandcrete-walled building. Keywords: Building, electricity, energy, eQuest, exergy, sandcrete.

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Pruthvi Raj, G., Mehar B. Ravula, and Kolluru V. L. Subramaniam. "Failure in Clay Brick Masonry with Soft Brick under Compression: Experimental Investigation and Numerical Simulation." Key Engineering Materials 747 (July 2017): 472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.747.472.

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An experimental investigation of compressive failure in masonry made of soft clay bricks is presented. The research attempts to address the concern of strong/stiff mortars available in the market today in combination with poor quality burnt clay bricks available in India. Masonry assemblages are tested to evaluate the influence of the relative strength of mortar on the observed damage evolution and compressive failure. Damage evolution associated with the formation and propagation of vertical splitting cracks during the compressive load response of masonry assemblages in the stack bonded arrangement are studied using a full-field optical technique based on digital image correlation. The stress state in the composite material produces tension in the mortar and confined compression in brick. Using image correlation clear evidence of the crack forming in the mortar and propagating into the brick is established. Failure is produced by vertical splitting and the number of cracks depend upon the tensile strength of the mortar relative to the brick and the number of head joints. Head joints act as stress risers, leading to high tensile stress.

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Namboonruang, Weerapol, Rattanakorn Rawangkul, Wanchai Yodsudjai, and Nutthanan Suphadon. "Thermal Conductivity and Strength Properties of Soil-Based Lime Adobe Stabilized with Pottery Burnt Hull Ash." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1950–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1950.

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This work studies the possibility to produce the new novel brick by mixing between the local soil, local lime and burnt hull ash which is the waste in the earthenware industry. All materials conducted in this work are found in Ratchaburi province located in the western of Thailand. The chemical and mechanical properties are studied including the thermal conductivity will be determined. Varying burnt hull ash (BHA) contents are added into the combination and compared properties with the soil cement brick (RCB) at the same percentage weight. Results show that the compressive strength and flexural strength of soil brick mixed with 10% constant lime and varying burnt hull ash contents (CLBA) shows the maximum values at BHA of 25% by weight at water to powder ratio of 0.4225 and the thermal conductivity of CLBA is lower than that of SCB given as 43.98%.

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Sahu, Vaishali, Rounak Attri, Prashast Gupta, and Rakesh Yadav. "Development of eco friendly brick using water treatment plant sludge and processed tea waste." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 18, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-06-2019-0168.

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Purpose This paper aims to study the effect of the addition of water treatment plant sludge (WTPS) and processed tea waste (PTW) on the properties of burnt clay bricks. The reuse of WTP sludge as a raw material for brick production is a long-term approach, to sludge disposal, for economic and environmental sustainability. Sludge have been added at 10, 20, 30 and 40% and processed tea waste at 5% (by weight) in replacement of clay for brick manufacturing. Each batch of hand-moulded bricks was fired in a heat controlled furnace at a temperature of 990°C. The compressive strength has been found to increase with the sludge content, however, a slight decrease in compressive strength was observed with tea waste addition. Further, PTW addition has improved the thermal insulation of bricks as compared to controlled bricks. The study shows that 40% WTPS, 5% PTW and 55% natural clayey soil can be considered as an optimum mix for bricks with good compressive strength as well as improved thermal insulation property. Design/methodology/approach Four different mixing ratios of sludge at 10, 20, 30 and 40% of the total weight of sludge-clay mixtures were used to make bricks. Similarly, PTW was investigated as a substitute of natural clayey soil in brick manufacturing. Each batch of hand-moulded bricks was fired in a heat controlled furnace at a temperature of 990°C. The physical, mechanical and engineering properties of the produced WTPS bricks and PTW bricks were determined and evaluated according to various Indian Standard Codes of Specification for burnt clay bricks and certain reference books. Findings The results exhibited that WTP sludge and PTW can be used to produce good quality brick for various engineering applications in construction and building. Increasing the sludge content increases the compressive strength. Moreover, thermal insulation of PTW bricks depicted an upward trend when compared to controlled bricks. Hence, an optimum mixture of 40% WTPS, 5% PTW and 55% natural clayey soil was found, at which bricks showed good compressive strength as well as improved thermal insulation property of the building material. Research limitations/implications The present work provides a sustainable solution for disposal of WTP sludge and tea waste. Utilization of these waste materials in brick manufacturing is viable and economic solution. Practical implications Bricks with 40% WTP sludge and 5% processed tea waste proved to be economic, technically sound for construction purposes with added thermal insulation properties. Social implications Bulk amount of waste such as WTP sludge is a threat to society owing to its environmental implications of disposal. Authors propose to use WTP sludge and tea waste for brick manufacturing and provide a solution to its disposal. Originality/value Water treatment plant sludge along with tea waste have not been tried for brick manufacturing so far. Hence, the composition is new in itself and also have resulted into good performance.

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10

Hussain, Zahid, and Shamshad Ali. "Comparative Study on Breaking Strength of Burnt Clay Bricks Using Novel Based Completely Randomized Design (CRD)." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 5 (May 21, 2019): 1162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091320.

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The aim of this study is to present the results of breaking strength tests for burnt clay bricks from various historical deposits. The native clay bricks production technique is the known method of brick making, particularly in South Asian countries. Numerous studies have been conducted on hand-molded formed bricks. The clay bricks that were considered for the comparative study, were made from four different clays sources. Their breaking strength was determined using for examining the maximum load at failure and the effects were investigated subsequently. The basic objective of this experimental study was to compare the breaking strength of locally fired clay bricks using a novel based completely randomized design via a single factor with four levels of clay sources representing the factors. For this purpose, 24 brick samples were made from four different clay sources while the breaking strength of each sample was measured. Pairwise comparison trials, including Duncan’s multiple range, Newman–keuls, Fisher’s least and Tukey’s tests were conducted. Based on experimental investigations, the results revealed that using analysis of variance at 95% CI, the difference in breaking strength between clay source of Hyderabad (A) and Rawalpindi (B), followed by Kohat (C) and Peshawar (D) was significant and also the difference among the means of these clay courses was significant which clearly exposed that the clay site and chemical composition has a great impression of the breaking strength of the burnt bricks.

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Meghna, P., K. P. Dilraj, S. V. Aswin, K. R. Sreejith, and N. Thrishna. "Styrofoam bricks." Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research 10, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7770/safer-v10n1-art2518.

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Pollution and accumulation of waste is one of the major problems that the present world faces. Of the waste materials the non-degradable plastic waste is the major issue. Among the plastic wastes, Styrofoam wastes share the lion's share. Styrofoam wastes are non-degradable also possess the threat of poisonous gas emission when burnt the main challenge is to recycle without the emission of poisonous gases. In this thought we come to the idea of Styrofoam bricks. The Styrofoam brick mainly consists of Styrofoam, acetone and sand. Styrofoam bricks can be manufactured through 4 kinds of process, dissolution of Styrofoam in acetone, mixing with sand, moulding and drying. Why we are preparing this brick is to get high strength and reduced weight also it is not brittle like the ordinary bricks. This will have good load bearing capacity. It can be used to construct partition wall, pavement, roofing etc. Key Words: Polystyrene Foam; Lightweight Bricks; Thermal Insulation; Pore-Forming.

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Navrátilová, Eva, Hana Šimonová, Barbara Kucharczyková, Ivana Havlíková, Jan Bedáň, Pavla Rovnaníková, and Zbyněk Keršner. "Mechanical Fracture Parameters of Mortars Modified by Burnt Clays." Advanced Materials Research 969 (June 2014): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.969.241.

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This paper presents the results of three-point bending fracture tests. Specimens were made from lime mortar modified by brick powder or metakaolin. The first, reference mixture only used hydrated lime, while the other mixtures were enhanced by brick powder or metakaolin in amounts of 25, 50 and 100 % of the weight of hydrated lime.

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Afzal, Qasim, Safeer Abbas, Wasim Abbass, Ali Ahmed, Rizwan Azam, and M. Rizwan Riaz. "Characterization of sustainable interlocking burnt clay brick wall panels: An alternative to conventional bricks." Construction and Building Materials 231 (January 2020): 117190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117190.

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Paudel. "Dissolved Ammonia Adsorption in Water Using Over Burnt Brick." Energy Research Journal 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/erjsp.2010.1.5.

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Saraswathy, R., Jijo James, P. Kasinatha Pandian, G. Sriram, J. K. Sundar, G. Swarna Kumar, and A. Sathish Kumar. "Valorization of Crushed Glass as a Potential Replacement for Sand in Cement Stabilized Fly Ash Bricks." Civil and Environmental Engineering 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cee-2019-0008.

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AbstractThe present study involved the utilization of crushed glass as an auxiliary additive in the manufacture of cement stabilized fly ash (CSF) bricks. The bricks were made with 1:1 proportion of fly ash and sand stabilized with 20 % cement. Crushed glass was used as replacement for the fine aggregate in increments of 10 % up to 40 % wherein the sand was completely replaced with crushed glass. The various mix proportions were then moulded into bricks with the addition of water by hand moulding method of forming the bricks and sun dried followed by sprinkle curing over a period of 21 days. The bricks were then subjected to compressive strength, water absorption and efflorescence tests to gauge its performance. The investigation revealed that the addition of crushed glass to the brick mix resulted in an increase in strength of the bricks, however, the maximum strength achieved could not achieve the strength of the control specimen. But the strength was higher than the minimum strength recommended by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for stabilized blocks as well as burnt bricks. It also reduced the water absorption marginally while no efflorescence was seen in any of the combinations. A cost comparison revealed that the optimal combination with crushed glass was able reduce the cost of the brick by 20 %.

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Riza, Fetra Venny, Ismail Abdul Rahman, Ahmad Zaidi Ahmad Mujahid, and Lee Yee Loo. "Effect of Soil Type in Compressed Earth Brick (CEB) with Uncontrolled Burnt Rice Husk Ash (RHA)." Advanced Materials Research 626 (December 2012): 971–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.971.

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Compressed Earth Brick (CEB) as building material has many advantages compared to conventional fired clay brick in the view of sustainability, moreover if incorporated uncontrolled burnt RHA waste that usually dumped off since it has no commercial value. This paper tried to assess the effect of soil types of clay and laterite in CEB properties which abundantly available in Malaysia. The result showed that the compressive strength of CEB with 20% RHA using clay at 5.5 MPa is better than that of laterite 4.9 MPa, and both exceed that of commercial unfired clay brick from UK.

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Hossain, MB, Z. Barman, and M. Dey. "Properties of locally available river dredged soil stabilized with cement." Progressive Agriculture 32, no. 1 (September 20, 2021): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v32i1.55717.

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In Bangladesh, the topsoil of agricultural land is being used to manufacture burnt clay bricks for a long time. This is one of the major reasons for reducing the cultivable land every year. But, we have a huge amount of River Dredged Soil (RDS) available that could be used for manufacturing building materials as an alternate to the conventional bricks. In this regard, the present study has been performed to investigate various properties of RDS from the Brahmaputra River and different mixes of RDS containing different percentages of cement content. The physical properties such as specific gravity, unit weight, mean diameter, maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of RDS were determined following standard procedures. Cylindrical specimens of RDS were prepared by mixing with different amounts of cement content. All the specimens were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days before testing. Water absorption of the RDS-cement specimens after 28 days was found between 14 to 18% which is in the range of first-class burnt clay brick. It was found that the water absorption decreases with the increase in the percentages of cement content. The unconfined compressive strength was observed to increase with the increment of cement content as well as curing age. The maximum unconfined strength was recorded for the specimens containing 14% cement and the rate of strength increment was about 45% in two weeks. It means the addition of cement with RDS will definitely increase the strength. But, the maximum use of cement must be decided based on the required strength and economic consideration. The deformation at failure was found decrease with the increase in cement content. This indicates that the stiffness of the stabilized RDS would increase upon the increment of cement content. Based on the above test results, it is concluded that the dredged soil from Brahmaputra River can be stabilized with cement for making compressed earth block which would be an alternative to the burnt clay brick that uses valued agricultural soil as raw material. Progressive Agriculture 32 (1): 71-77, 2021

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Iftikhar, Sahar, Khuram Rashid, Ehsan Ul Haq, Idrees Zafar, Fahad K. Alqahtani, and M. Iqbal Khan. "Synthesis and characterization of sustainable geopolymer green clay bricks: An alternative to burnt clay brick." Construction and Building Materials 259 (October 2020): 119659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119659.

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Sarkar, Dipankar, Manish Pal, Ashoke K. Sarkar, and Umesh Mishra. "Evaluation of the Properties of Bituminous Concrete Prepared from Brick-Stone Mix Aggregate." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2761038.

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The paper describes an investigation into mechanical properties of brick-stone bituminous concrete mix. The effect of brick-stone mix on various mechanical properties of the bituminous concrete such as Marshall stability, flow, Marshall Quotient (stability to flow ratio), Indirect Tensile Strength, stripping, rutting, and fatigue life of bituminous concrete overlay has been evaluated. In this study over-burnt brick aggregate (OBBA) and stone aggregate (SA) have been mixed in different ratios (by weight) such as 20 : 80, 40 : 60, 60 : 40, and 80 : 20, respectively. The laboratory results indicate that bituminous concrete, prepared by 20% brick aggregate and 80% stone aggregate, gives the highest Marshall stability. This bituminous concrete mix shows considerable improvement in various mechanical properties of the mix as compared to the other mixes.

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Vlasova, Marina, Aguilar Márquez, Veronica González-Molina, Ariadna Trujillo-Estrada, and Mykola Kakazey. "Development of an energy- and water-saving manufacturing technology of brick products." Science of Sintering 50, no. 3 (2018): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1803275v.

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In the work, the carrying of realizing three problems in the manufacture of brick products, namely, energy saving, water saving, and processing of large-scale waste (ecological problem), are considered. Four types of bricks have been obtained and investigated: red clay, red clay-milled cullet mixture, red clay-milled basalt (tezontle) mixture, and red clay-milled glass-milled tezontle mixture. To form the semi-finished products, water or wet waste of activated sludge were added to the dry mixtures. It is established that the presence of low-melting glass into double and triple compositions reduces the sintering temperature of ceramic products down to 900-1000 ?C and sintering time to 8-12 h while maintaining good strength properties of ceramics. This means that the energy-saving technology is provided. The use of waste activated sludge (biowaste) with high water content allows us to exclude the introduction of water into dry mixtures at the stage of molding. This means that the water-saving technology is achieved. The introduction of a different content of burnt out bio waste contributes to the formation of brick products of different porosity. Variations on mixtures compositions and sintering modes make possible to synthesize ceramics of different applications: as a stone products, bricks for external and internal walls, porous bricks, and a filtering ceramics.

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Logvyn, Natalia. "SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILDING MATERIALS OF ANCIENT KYYIVAN MONUMENTS OF THE X-TH - THE XIІ-TH CENTURIES." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 58 (November 30, 2020): 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2020.58.260-271.

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The development of brickwork technique in ancient Kyyiv dates back to the X- th century. Old Rus` monuments’ masonry was made of large thin bricks called “plynfa” and lime-and-ceramic mortar. The size of the X-th – the XII-th brick sides varies from 27 to 36 cm, its thickness – from 2.5 to 4.5 cm. Different kinds of clay and loess extracted from the territory of Kyyiv and its vicinities were used as a raw material for brick and ceramic addition to mortar. That is why bricks in Kyyivan monuments differ in colour from light yellow to orange and dark red. Some gruss or cut straw were used as addition to fat clay. Limestone was brought to Kyyiv from Chernihiv area and lime mortar was produced in lime kilns situated near building sites. Ceramic addition to mortar called “tsemianka” was of refined clay, and crushed brick waste was used as well. Bricks were burnt under the temperature of 1000 – 1200 degrees C. That’s why bricks were very firm regardless of chink-like pores appeared as a result of hand-moulding of brick. The author took some investigation for the purpose to determine physical and mechanical properties of ancient bricks of Kyyivan monuments. Bricks were picked out of excavations or waste after building repairs. Small cubes were cut out of bricks with the height equal to brick thickness. Those samples were examined concerning their strength by compressing them perpendicularly to the sides the bricks were bedded in mortar. The strength of samples varied from 100 to 200-300 kg per sq.cm, water absorption was 10 % to 20 %. Some bricks taken from the Cathedral of the Assumption of Kyyiv-Pechersk monastery were the most firm. The strength of those samples was about 400-500 kg per sq. cm, their water absorption was the smallest, about 5.6 %. Because of high porosity and water absorption of building materials the surface of ancient masonry was exposed to destruction under the influence of temperature overfalls and precipitation, as it can be seen on the open parts of walls of the Old Rus` monuments. To prevent destruction of masonry, the walls of ancient monuments were covered with fine lime-and-ceramic mortar. Fragments of original plaster can be found on the walls of the XI-th century monuments St.Sophia Cathedral and St.Michael Church of Vydubychy monastery in Kyyiv. High level of well-developed building technique and high quality of building materials caused durability of ancient masonry and constructions in Kyyivan monuments, which preserved until nowadays.

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Bassah, E. J., and W. K. Joshua. "Assessing the Correlation between Brick Properties and Firing Hours of Locally Produced Clay-burnt Bricks in Taraba State, Nigeria." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2021.6.1.2324.

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The use of burnt-clay bricks is increasing in rural areas because of its availability and low cost. However, the burning of bricks locally at unknown temperatures will likely result in the production of bricks that are unfit for construction purposes. The study assesses the minimum number of days bricks require to attain the minimum stipulated standards for compressive strength and water absorption. The results obtained were compared to the NIS 87: 2000 standards to assess their conformity. From the study results, the mean compressive strength of bricks (1.576 N/mm², 2.306 N/mm², 3.634 N/mm²) at 48, 72 and 96 hours of firing fails to attain the target value of 5N/mm² as stipulated by the NIS building code. However, the mean compressive strength after 120 hours (5.386 N/mm²) attains the stipulated unit value. The water absorption rate displayed similar findings with mean values of 37.12%, 34.2%, 28.88% failing to conform with the stipulated 20% standards. However, the mean of water absorption after 120 hours (21.02%) has no significant difference and hence conforms to the stipulated value. This therefore means that bricks should be burnt far beyond the 120 hours in order to safely conform to 5N/mm² and 20% compressive strength and water absorption respectively.

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Joglekar, Saurabh N., Rhushikesh A. Kharkar, Sachin A. Mandavgane, and Bhaskar D. Kulkarni. "Sustainability assessment of brick work for low-cost housing: A comparison between waste based bricks and burnt clay bricks." Sustainable Cities and Society 37 (February 2018): 396–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.11.025.

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., Sachin N. Bhavsar. "EFFECT OF BURNT BRICK DUST ON ENGINEERING PROPERTIES ON EXPANSIVE SOIL." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 03, no. 04 (April 25, 2014): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0304078.

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Priyantha, N., S. Keerthiratna, N. Lokuge, and H. Gajanayake. "Removal of blue colouration from industrial effluents by burnt brick particles." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 28, no. 4 (December 29, 2000): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v28i4.2643.

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Debnath, Barnali, and Partha Pratim Sarkar. "Characterization of pervious concrete using over burnt brick as coarse aggregate." Construction and Building Materials 242 (May 2020): 118154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118154.

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Shah, T. M., A. Kumar, S. N. R. Shah, A. A. Jhatial, and M. H. Janwery. "Evaluation of the Mechanical Behavior of Local Brick Masonry in Pakistan." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 3 (June 8, 2019): 4298–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2850.

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Masonry is the oldest form of construction in the world [1]. Research shows that it is the most widely used construction material in Pakistan and it has remained as such for more than the past hundred years. The majority of buildings in Pakistan are load-bearing burnt-brick masonry structures. Unfortunately, the brick masonry structures in Pakistan are not designed with respect to any regulatory code, because none exist. Consequently, these structures are not constructed according to a safe design and thus become hazardous and often face considerable damage and sometimes prove to be fatal. This study aims to study the behavior of local brick masonry under normal, shear and thermally challenging conditions and to model its behavior by relating the crushing strength (f’m) to the height-to-thickness ratio and temperature.

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Miah, Md Jihad, Mohammad Shamim Miah, Anisa Sultana, Taukir Ahmed Shamim, and Md Ashraful Alom. "The Effect of Steel Slag Coarse Aggregate on the Mechanical and Durability Performances of Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 833 (March 2020): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.833.228.

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This work performs experimental investigations on concrete made with difference replacement percentage of first-class burnt clay brick aggregate (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100%) by steel slag (SS) aggregate. The aim is to evaluate the mechanical properties as well as durability performances, additionally, water absorption porosity test is performed to investigate the influence of steel slag aggregate on the durability of tested concrete. The experimental results have shown that the compressive strength was improved significantly due to the replacement of brick aggregate by steel slag aggregate. The crushing strength of concrete made with 100% steel slag aggregate has gained up to 70% more than the control concrete (100% brick aggregate). However, the porosity of concrete was reduced with the adding percentage of brick aggregate by steel slag aggregate which is consistent with the compressive strength results. Further, a quite good agreement between compressive strength and porosity was observed as well.

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Madhusudanan, Swetha, and Lilly Rose Amirtham. "Alternative Building Material Using Industrial and Agricultural Wastes." Key Engineering Materials 650 (July 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.650.1.

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The conventional building material used in the construction industry in India is the burnt clay brick which has high embodied energy (1.4W/m K). It causes significant environmental hazards as it consumes considerable amount of top soil. Hence there is a need to produce environmentally responsive building materials for the construction of new buildings in order to meet the rapid urban growth. As an alternative, natural resources used in conventional building material can be replaced by industrial and agricultural wastes like fly ash, copper slag and phosphogypsum, slag to address and solve socio-economic problems such as employment, shortage of residential spaces while ensuring the economic feasibility. This paper thus attempts to identify an eco-friendly alternative building material by utilizing wastes from industrial & agricultural sites as partial substitutes of sand, cement or aggregates, thereby reducing continuous exploitation of these natural resources. . The properties of the alternative building wall materials are identified and compared with that of conventional bricks. Additionally the thermal conductivity of the proposed block is determined and compared with that of brick to provide a comfortable building environment for the end user.

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Xia, Ming, Faheem Muhammad, Shan Li, Huirong Lin, Xiao Huang, Binquan Jiao, and Dongwei Li. "Solidification of electroplating sludge with alkali-activated fly ash to prepare a non-burnt brick and its risk assessment." RSC Advances 10, no. 8 (2020): 4640–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra08475d.

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31

T, Kibriya. "Sustainable Construction – High Strength Concrete with Crushed Burnt Clay Brick Waste Aggregates." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.1031.

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32

Sarkar, Dipankar, and Manish Pal. "Effect of Cement on Properties of Over-Burnt Brick Bituminous Concrete Mixes." Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A 97, no. 2 (May 10, 2016): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40030-016-0157-z.

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33

Gourav, K., and B. V. Venkatarama Reddy. "Bond Development in Burnt Clay and Fly Ash-Lime-Gypsum Brick Masonry." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 30, no. 9 (September 2018): 04018202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002412.

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34

Shah, Mati Ullah, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Usman Hanif, Iqra Naseem, and Sara Farooq. "Utilization of Solid Waste from Brick Industry and Hydrated Lime in Self-Compacting Cement Pastes." Materials 14, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051109.

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The huge amount of solid waste from the brick manufacturing industry can be used as a cement replacement. However, replacement exceeding 10% causes a reduction in strength due to the slowing of the pozzolanic reaction. Therefore, in this study, the pozzolanic potential of brick waste is enhanced using ultrafine brick powder with hydrated lime (HL). A total of six self-compacting paste mixes were studied. HL 2.5% by weight of binder was added in two formulations: 10% and 20% of waste burnt brick powder (WBBP), to activate the pozzolanic reaction. An increase in the water demand and setting time was observed by increasing the replacement percentage of WBBP. It was found that the mechanical properties of mixes containing 5% and 10% WBBP performed better than the control mix, while the mechanical properties of the mixes containing 20% WBBP were found to be almost equal to the control mix at 90 days. The addition of HL enhanced the early-age strength. Furthermore, WBBP formulations endorsed improvements in both durability and rheological properties, complemented by reduced early-age shrinkage. Overall, it was found that brick waste in ultrafine size has a very high degree of pozzolanic potential and can be effectively utilized as a supplementary cementitious material.

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Šimonová, Hana, Ivana Havlíková, Eva Navrátilová, Pavel Schmid, Pavla Rovnaníková, and Zbyněk Keršner. "Effect of Admixture Dosage and Specimens Age on Mechanical Fracture Parameters of Lime Mortars Enhanced by Burnt Clays." Advanced Materials Research 1000 (August 2014): 356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1000.356.

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In the restoration of historic buildings with priorities of historic preservation there exists an effort to modify the mortars by admixtures which are in compliance with historical materials and techniques. Therefore the specimens were made from lime mortar modified by brick powder or metakaolin. The reference mixture used only hydrated lime while the other mixtures were enhanced by brick powder or metakaolin in the amounts of 25, 50 and 100 % of the weight of hydrated lime. This paper presents the results of three-point bending fracture tests obtained by using double-K fracture model. The specimen’s age was 90 and 150 days.

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Ullah, Azmat, Khan Shahzada, Akhtar Naeem Khan, Amjad Naseer, Mohammad Ashraf, and Muhammad Shoaib. "Seismic Resistance of Unreinforced Brick Masonry Buildings: An Experimental Study." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 2622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.2622.

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This paper presents a study on seismic resistance of typical single and double storey masonry buildings constructed in the southern districts of Pakhthunkhwa, Pakistan. Two types of bricks; wooden and rice husk burnt bricks, have been investigated in combination with mud and cement-sand mortar. Plane and reinforced specimens have been tested in axial compression and diagonal compression. Analysis of the experimental results show that both single and double storey buildings constructed in the study area with mud mortar and mud plaster are seismically vulnerable. However application of the wire mesh on wall surface subsequently plastered increases the strength significantly and make the structure resistant to the earthquake forces.

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Kamran, Muhammad, and Muhammad Yousuf Awan. "MASONRY WALLS ANALYSIS FROM SHISH MAHAL IN LAHORE - PAKISTAN." Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning 19, no. 2 (December 25, 2015): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.53700/jrap1922015_3.

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Lahore Fort is situated in the north-west corner of the Walled City of Lahore. Shish Mahal within the Lahore Fort was built in 1631-1632 by the then Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. The restoration works were done recently for the ceiling of Shish Mahal including the fixing of the roof, glass work and re-plaster. The side rooms and main courtyard were also restored. Nothing, however was properly proposed and implemented for masonry walls of Shish Mahal on which it is standing. Patches of bricks and plaster have deteriorated from walls due to effect of weather conditions. The main part of Lahore Fort was made of burnt bricks with lime mortar which has deterioration over time due to various reasons. The brick work in Lahore Fort and its special monument Shish Mahal are badly distressed. This research has been done to underscore the reasons behind decay of masonry walls of Shish Mahal and propose some remedial solutions for them. Keywords: Dampness, Deterioration, Erosion, Mortar, Masonry Walls, Shish Mahal, Lahore.

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Maryana, Okky Fajar Tri, Rifqi Ikhwanuddin, Safitri Anggini, and Ridho Barna. "Banner Waste Mixture: The Impact on Quality of Traditional Brick’s Compressive Strength." Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika Al-Biruni 9, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/jipfalbiruni.v9i2.5418.

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The regional election in Lampung province has finished. The events left the amount of ex-campaign props such as banner to become waste. The final landfills and the waste reuse system are still an unsolved issue in Lampung province. A study of materials composition is required to find potential reuse of the waste. One of the traditional products in Lampung province is conventional bricks. Previous studies show that mixing local clay with additional materials such as Rice Husk Ash (RHA) could improve its characteristics, especially water absorption potentiality. This study reported the prototype of bricks with banners waste mix produced employing a conventional method. The method obtains the best admixture composition is 0.002 kilograms banner waste/volume 0.125 liters or 0.02% total weight of clay-dough. The morphology of the prototype shows a similar texture with a non-waste mixture of traditional brick. It is burnt-clay red-bricks, which is used as a control in this study. The prototype bricks show smooth texture and nearly flat on all sides. The addition waste composition ratio of more than 0.002 kilograms indicated cracking texture that affects the market tend to buy bricks, which has good appearance and texture. This study also reported that the mixture's effect is decreasing compressive strength, almost 20% from the control sample.

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Manzur, Tanvir, Sayedur Rahman, Tafannum Torsha, Munaz Ahmed Noor, and Khandaker M. Anwar Hossain. "Burnt Clay Brick Aggregate for Internal Curing of Concrete under Adverse Curing Conditions." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 12 (October 30, 2019): 5143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-0834-3.

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Kulasooriya, T. P. K., Namal Priyantha, A. N. Navaratne, Anushka Bandaranayake, and Linda B. L. Lim. "Efficient removal of phosphate from aqueous solution by burnt brick clay: static conditions." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 227 (2021): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2021.27203.

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41

Torosyan, V. F., and E. S. Torosyan. "Development of Mixture "Clay – Electro-Smelting Slag" for Ceramic Brick." Applied Mechanics and Materials 682 (October 2014): 480–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.682.480.

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Industrial transition to a totally new level of resources and energy saving necessitates improving the technical level of building materials manufacturing, growing their raw materials base, the assortment, enhancing the quality of manufactured products, cutting their cost price. It requires, first of all, carrying out more detailed research in properties of clay and clay loams, and selecting optimal additives for pottery works. Such disadvantages of clays as burning sensitivity, low compression resistance and flexural strength in a burnt state, low frost resistance cause the impossibility of their application without corrective additives. It is quite difficult to find an additive which can solve all the technological problems mentioned above. This paper provides the development of mixture "clay – electro-melting slag" for ceramic brick, moreover, addition of a steel-smelting slag in the fusion mixture results in the change in mixing water content of ceramic masses, strength and coloration of ceramic samples.

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Kanchidurai, S., G. Bharani, and K. Saravana Raja Mohan. "Strength and durability studies on concrete with partial replacement over burnt brick bat waste." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 80 (July 2017): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/80/1/012018.

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Priyantha, Namal, and Anushka Bandaranayaka. "Optimization of parameters for effective removal of Cr(VI) species by burnt brick clay." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 38, no. 2 (June 30, 2010): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v38i2.2035.

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Okunade, Emmanuel Akintunde. "Engineering Properties of Locally Manufactured Burnt Brick Pavers for Agrarian and Rural Earth Roads." American Journal of Applied Sciences 5, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 1348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2008.1348.1351.

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Surya, Adhi, and Dewi Ariefah Noor. "TEKNOLOGI TRADISIONAL PEMBUATAN BATU BATA SUNGAI TABUK KALIMANTAN SELATAN." Jurnal Kacapuri : Jurnal Keilmuan Teknik Sipil 2, no. 1 (July 14, 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/jk.v2i1.2064.

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Teknologi tradisional pembuataan batu bata Sungai Tabuk terletak di kawasan bahari yang mempunyai nilai historis, ekonomis dan tradisional sebagaimana layaknya suatu kampung tradisional yang masih memegang nilai-nilai luhur. Sungai tabuk termasuk kedalam wilayah pemerintahan Kabupaten Banjar, Kecamatan Sungai Tabuk, memiliki luas 147,30 km2. Pada tahun 1890, kampung Sungai Tabuk termasuk ke dalam distrik Banjarmasin [1]. Yang menarik dari wilayah sungai tabuk adalah masyarakatnya adalah pekerja pembuatan batu-bata secara tradisional [2]. Material batu bata Sungai tabuk berasal dari tanah lempung (liat) pehumaan (pertanian). Sehingga tidak memerlukan pasir dan semen dalam campurannya hanya langsung dicetak, dikeringkan dan dibakar. Dalam satu hari bisa dikerjakan manusia 800-1000 batu-bata cetak tergantung dari daya tahan seseorang (sistem cetakan tradisional). Setelah dicetak maka dikeringkan dengan dijemur dengan panas sinar matahari selama 7 hari. Sistem tungku pembakaran secara tradisional yaitu dengan cara dibakar diatas tungku tumpukan batu bata dengan menggunakan kayu sibitan atau kulit-kulit kayu sampai batu-bata benar-benar masak berwarna merah ketika kering berwarna orange. Kenapa penulisan tentang teknologi tradisional pembuatan batu bata Sungai Tabuk ditulis? Agar ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi tradisional ini tidak lengkang oleh waktu sehingga bisa diwariskan ke anak cucu akang datang. Bagi dunia keilmuan teknik sipil merupakan warisan keilmuan bahan bangunan sipil Kalimantan Selatan yang sifatnya khas atau unik dan kebudayaan yang harus dilestarikan.The traditional technology of the Sungai Tabuk brick building is located in the maritime region which has historical, economic and traditional values as befits a traditional village that still holds noble values. Tabuk River is included in the government area of Banjar Regency, Sungai Tabuk District, has an area of 147.30 km2. In 1890, the village of Sungai Tabuk was included in the district of Banjarmasin. What is interesting from the Tabuk river area is that the people are traditional brick-making workers. Tabuk River brick material comes from clay soil (clay) pehumaan (agriculture). So that it does not need sand and cement in the mixture, it is only printed, dried and burned. In one day, humans can do 800-1000 printed bricks depending on one's resistance (traditional mold system). After printing it is dried by drying in the sun for 7 days. Traditional combustion stoves are burnt on brick stoves using sibitan wood or bark until really cooked bricks are red when dry orange. Why is writing about the traditional technology of Sungai Tabuk brick making written? So that traditional science and technology is not curved by time so that it can be passed on to the children and grandchildren who will come. For the scientific world, civil engineering is a scientific legacy of South Kalimantan's civilian building materials that are unique or unique in nature and culture that must be preserved.

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Rai, Sonali. "An Experimental Analysis on Expansive Soils Using Silica Fumes Including Burnt Brick Dust & Lime." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 5 (May 31, 2018): 745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.5124.

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Goetzke-Pala, A., and J. Hoła. "Influence of burnt clay brick salinity on moisture content evaluated by non-destructive electric methods." Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 1 (January 2016): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2015.08.001.

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48

Goyal, Ajay, M. Shokry Rashwan, M. A. Hatzinikolas, and S. Zervos. "Structural performance of cavity walls constructed with units containing sawdust and shear connected to the brick veneer." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 21, no. 4 (August 1, 1994): 576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l94-059.

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A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the behaviour of walls constructed using newly developed masonry sawdust blocks. Full-scale cavity walls consisting of the new masonry block backup and burnt clay brick veneer, connected together using metal connectors, were tested under lateral loads. The effects of block unit size, height of wall, reinforcement, grout, and cavity width on the behaviour of the wall were studied. The test results showed behaviour similar to that of walls constructed with lightweight concrete masonry units. A summary of the results is presented in this paper. Key words: masonry, cavity wall, shear connector, lateral loading, stiffness, veneer, sawdust block.

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Gorantla, Kiran Kumar, Saboor Shaik, and Ashok Babu Talanki Puttaranga Settee. "Simulation of Various Wall and Window Glass Material for Energy Efficient Building Design." Key Engineering Materials 692 (May 2016): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.692.9.

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Buildings consume huge amount of energy for forced ventilation and artificial day lighting. Use of appropriate material combinations for walls and window glass can help in reducing energy consumption for cooling and lighting. This paper presents the thermal properties of four building materials such as, laterite stone, dense concrete, burnt brick and mud brick. It also presents the experimentally measured optical properties of glass materials such as, clear glass, bronze glass, green glass and reflective. In this study building of size 5m X 5m X 3.2m with four wall materials and four glass materials were designed using design builder software. The thickness of the wall was considered as external wall with thickness 0.22m. All the walls covered with cement plaster on either side. Roof of the building is made of reinforced cement concrete and floor is dense concrete. Thermal analysis was carried out using by Energy plus software. Single sized glass windows were placed in south direction (Due to less heat gain in south direction) for Mangalore city (12.870N, 74.880E), Karnataka, India. Different window to wall ratios (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) were maintained for buildings. Total eighty building models were investigated for heat gain into buildings. From the results, it is observed that irrespective of the window to wall ratio, mud brick walls with reflective window glass were observed to be energy efficient from the lower heat gain point of view, and laterite stone wall building with clear glass windows were observed to be the worst due to their higher heat gain values. At 60% window to wall ratio mud brick walls with reflective window glass have 24.93kWh heat gain and dense concrete walls with clear glass have 32.9 kWh heat gain. The results of the study help in establishing the best combination of wall and glass materials for minimum heat gain into buildings.

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Li, Zepeng, Xiaoming Liu, Yong Li, Yongyu Ren, Yaguang Wang, and Wei Zhang. "Effects of sulfate on the mechanical performances and hydration characteristics of red mud based non-burnt brick." Construction and Building Materials 262 (November 2020): 120722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120722.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Burnt brick'

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